Reviewer in Obligations and

Contracts
FOREWORD

This study guide was especially created for the

Block 1-I. The questions here are not actually
Consolidated Study Guide sequentially arranged according to the
provisions of Obligations and Contract, however
Sources: Atty. Linsangan are based and separated by each of their
chapter. Furthermore this will serve as basic
Hector de Leon Book on Obligations guide to the subject Obligations and Contracts.
and Contracts Answers are not guaranteed to be absolutely
right, in case of doubt, kindly resolve this by
Edgardo I. Paras Book on Obligations reading comprehensively the books and
and Contracts jurisprudence to strongly support your legal
basis. If you have comments & suggestions or
any form of reaction and even corrections,
kindly send it to my e-mail:
Section 1-I [email protected]

Thank You!

SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF

LAW
Mendiola, Manila
 Based on equity and natural law.

Title I Obligations Q: What are the essential requisites of an

obligation?
Chapter 1
A passive subject (debtor), active
subject (creditor), object or prestation (subject
General Provisions
matter of the obligation) and a juridical or legal
Q: What is an obligation? tie (efficient cause).

An obligation is a juridical necessity to Q: What are the obligations according to

give, to do or not to do. (Art.1156) prestation?

Q: Why are obligations under Civil Code a To give, to do or not to do.

juridical necessity? Q: Distinguish Obligation, Right and a Wrong
Obligation is a juridical necessity or Injury
because in case of noncompliance, the courts of
Obligation is the act or performance
justice may be called upon by the aggrieved
which the law will enforce.
party to enforce its fulfillment; obligor may also
be made liable for the damages suffered by the Right is the power which a person has
creditor or obligee. under the law, to demand from another any
prestation.
Q: What is meant by damages in the preceding
question? A wrong or injury is an act or omission
of one party in violation of the legal right or
Damages are which represents the sum
rights of another.
of money given as compensation for the injury
or harm suffered by the creditor or obligee. Q: What are the requisites in order that a
person may acquire a right of action in court
Q: Distinguish civil obligations from natural
against another to enforce the performance of
obligations.
the latters obligation?
Civil obligations are those which give to
(1) a legal right in favor of a person
the creditor or oblige a right under the law to
(creditor)
enforce their performance in courts of justice.
(2) a correlative legal obligation on the
Natural obligations do not grant a right
part of another (debtor)
of action to enforce their performance.
(3) an act or omission by the latter in
Q: Where are civil obligations based?
violation of said right resulting to injury
Civil obligations are based on positive
Q: When does a wrong or cause of action
law.
arises?
Q: Where are natural obligations being based?
 The moment a right has been No. An employer has no obligation to
transgressed or violated. furnish free legal assistance to his employees
because no law requires this.
Q: Distinguish real obligation from personal
obligation Q: Debtor borrowed P100,000 from Creditor.
On due date of the loan, D could not pay C
Real obligation is the obligation to give because he lost to a robber the P100,000
or deliver to the creditor. intended for C. In addition, he suffered
Personal obligation is the obligation to financial reverses, and he was short of cash
do or not to do. even for his current family needs. Is D legally
justified to refuse to pay C?
Q: What are the sources of obligation?
No. Mere pecuniary inability or poverty
(1) Law; is not an excuse for the non-fulfillment of an
obligation.
(2) Contracts; (Art. 1305)
Q: What is a contract?
(3) Quasi-contracts; (Art. 2142)
A contract is a meeting of minds
(4) Act or omissions punishable by law
between two persons whereby one binds
(Art. 1161)
himself, with respect to the other, to give
(5) Quasi-delicts (Art. 2176) something or to render some service. (Art.
1305)
Q: Are obligations arising from law presumed?
Q: Can Selma and Paul enter a contract where
No one has to slap a public officer?

Q: Why? No. A contract should not be contrary

to law, morals, good customs, public order and
Because they are considered burden
public policy. From the facts is an act
upon the obligor.
considered as against morals hence void. (Art.
Q: Is this an absolute rule? 1306)

No. This rule is the exception. For it to Q: Lia and Bianca entered into an agreement.
be demandable, they must be clearly set forth It was agreed that if Lia will attend mass for
in the law. four consecutive Sundays, Bianca will give Lia
the amount of P100,000. Is Lias obligation
Q: Jerry hired a lawyer to sue Joseph who legally enforceable?
caused him injury while hes in the
performance of his duties. He then paid the Yes. It has complied with the essential
legal assistance. Thereafter, Jerry demands to requisites of a contract and involves money.
recover the amount he has paid the lawyer
Q: Selma entered an agreement with Paul to
hired by him from his employer. Is the claim of
render domestic service gratuitously until his
Jerry tenable?
loan to Paul is paid. Is this a valid contract?
 Void as being contrary to law or morals. Yes. Even though consent was not given
by Nissa, Vanessas act qualified as solution
Q: On November 20, 2012, Dioms entered into indebiti making her entitled for the
an agreement with Chiz. Among other things, reimbursement.
the parties agreed that: (a) Dioms will borrow
P50,000 from Chiz due for payment on January Q: Loi owns a Kikiam Business in Morayta. He
20, 2013, (b) in case of non-payment, Dioms went to market to buy cooking oil. After
will render free service as a servant to Chiz. Is getting back to his Kikiam Stall he saw Moya
the agreement valid? handling his kikiam business. Moya then asked
to get reimbursed. Is Moyas claim tenable?
Not a valid obligation. A violation of Art.
1306. No. There was no pre-existing contract
or obligation between Loi and Moya.
Q: What do the law means in compliance in
good faith? Q: Can Moya invoke negotiorum gestio?

This means compliance or performance It cannot be considered negotiorum

in accordance with the stipulations of terms of gestio because the property or business is not
the contract or agreement. neglected or abandoned.

Q: What is a quasi-contract? Q: You went to the bank and let the teller
change your P1,000.00 bill. By error, the teller
A juridical relation resulting from
gave you P1,100.00. What is your obligation?
lawful, voluntary and unilateral acts by virtue of
which the parties become bound to each other Obligation to return the amount in
to the end that no one will be unjustly enriched excess of the 1,000.00. This is a case of solutio
or benefited at the expense of another. indebiti.

Q: What is negotiorum gestio? Q: What is solutio indebiti?

Any voluntary management of the It is the juridical relation which is

property or affairs of another without the created when something is received and there
knowledge or consent of the latter; such is is no right to demand it and it was unduly
abandonment or neglect be done by the owner. delivered through mistake.
(Art. 2144)
Q: Kenneth ordered 13-year old Carlo to climb
Q: Vanessa about 1:00 pm saw a child alone in a high and slippery santol tree, and promised
the shopping mall. The child who strayed from to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be
Nissa, her mother, was very hungry. Vanessa able to pick. While climbing the tree, however,
out of pity took the child to a restaurant to eat Carlos foot slipped. As a result, Carlo fell from
which she spent P 100.00. Is Vanessa entitled the tree to the ground and died
to be reimbursed by Nissa for the amount of instantaneously. Will Kenneth be liable in
P100.00. damages for the death of Carlo?
 The facts show that Kenneth was (4) Crime carries civil and criminal
negligent enough to let the boy climb the tree, liability while quasi-delict only carries civil
as such person in bad faith may be liable to pay liability.
for the expenses that might be incurred upon
(5) Criminal liability can not be settled
the boy who died. This is a case of
indemnification for consequential damage. by the parties themselves while the liability in
(Art.104 of RPC) quasi-delict may be compromised.

(6) The guilt of the accused must be

Note: Check 1161 & 1173
proved beyond reasonable doubt in crime. The
Q: While Tin and her friends were playing fault or negligence may be proved by
football, the football kicked by Tin hit and preponderance of evidence in quasi-delict.
broke the glass of the neighbor. The neighbor
asked Tin to pay the damages. Tin insisted that Chapter 2
she should not be liable because there were no
pre-existing contractual relation between Nature and Effect of Obligations
them and it was just an accident. Decide.
Q: Distinguish specific or determinate to
Tin is under the obligation to pay the generic or indeterminate. Expound
damage because she is gulty of fault or
negligence hence a quasi-delict arose. Determinate thing is identified by its
individuality. The debtor cannot substitute it
Q: What is a quasi-delict? with another although the latter is of the same
kind and quality without the consent of the
It is an act or omission by a person
creditor. (Art. 1244)
which causes damage to another in his person,
property or rights giving rise to an obligation to A generic thing is identified only by its
pay for the damage done, there being fault or specie. The debtor can give anything of the
negligence but there is no pre-existing same class as long as it is of the same kind.
contractual relation between the parties.
(Art.2176) Q: Supposing Nikki promised to deliver Alvin a
female horse named Chechee, what are the
Q: Can you distinguish crime from quasi-delict? duties of Nikki in obligation to deliver
Chechee?
(1) Crime has malicious intent or
criminal negligence while quasi-delict is only (1) To preserve the thing;
negligence;
(2) Deliver the fruits of the thing; (Art
(2) Purpose of crime is punishment 1164)
while quasi-delict is indemnification;
(3) Deliver the accessions and
(3) Crime affects public interest, quasi- accessories (Art. 1166)
delict concerns private interest;
(4) Deliver the thing itself
 (5) Answer the damages in case of Q: In a contract of sale?
breach or non-fulfillment (Art. 1170)
Obligation arises from the perfection of
Q: How about in a case of a generic thing? the contract even if the obligation is subject to a
suspensive condition or a suspensive period
(1) To deliver a thing which is of the where the price has been paid.
quality intended by the parties. (Art. 1246)
Q: How about in obligations to give arising
(2) To be liable for damages in case of from law, quasi-contracts, delict and quasi-
fraud, negligence, or delay in the performance delicts?
of his obligation, or contravention of tenor
thereof. (Art. 1170) The time of performance is determined
by the specific provisions of the law applicable.
Q: Distinguish Natural Fruits, Industrial Fruits
and Civil Fruits and example. Q: Soliva sold his cow to Bennet for P20,000.
No date or condition was stipulated for the
Natural fruits are the spontaneous delivery of the horse. While still in the
products of the soil, and the young and other possession of Soliva, the cow gave birth to a
products of animals. Grass, trees and plants calf. Who has the right over the calf?
produced without intervention of human labor.
All fruits shall pertain to the vendee
Industrial fruits are those produced by from the day on which the contract was
lands of any kind through cultivation or labor.
perfected. Hence, Bennet is entitled to the calf.
Rice, sugar cane and vegetables brought by
reason of human labor. Q: What if its in suspensive condition and
Bennet has paid the price?
Civil fruits are those derived by virtue of
a juridical relation. Rents of buildings, price of Same
lease of lands and other property.
Q: What is a personal right?
Q: When does the creditor receive personal
right over the thing? It is the right or power of a person to
demand from another.
The moment the obligation to deliver
arises. Q: How about real right?

Q: When does the obligation to deliver arises. It is the right or interest of a person
over a specific thing, like ownership, against
Generally, after the perfection of the whom the right may be personally enforced.
contract.
Q: If Andrea sold a horse to Flores without
Q: What if the obligation is subject to a having it delivered yet. Then sold and
suspensive condition or period? delivered the same horse to Alvin, acting in
good faith. Who then acquires the ownership
It arises upon the fulfillment of the
of the horse?
condition or arrival of the term.
 Alvin receives the real right over the fortuitous event, can Cha be exempted from
horse thus entitled to the ownership. the responsibility?

Q: The horse was already paid by Flores, No. Genus nunquam perit or genus
shouldnt it belong to Flores? never perishes explains that an indeterminate
thing cannot be the object of destruction by a
No. Flores only acquired the personal
fortuitous event.
right to demand from Andrea, however, it
makes Andrea liable for the damages. Q: What are accessions and accessories?

Q: Supposing Romeo agreed to deliver pair of Accessions are the fruits of a thing or
Jordan 11 to Zhon for the amount of P 12,000 additions to or improvement upon a thing
paid by the latter. However Romeo failed to (principal).
deliver the shoes on the due date. Zhon to
Accessories are things joined to or
demand his rights over the shoes sent his
assistant Jethro to coerce Romeo by pointing a included with the principal thing for the latters
gun. Was the demand properly executed? embellishment or completion.

No. Use or force or violence upon the Q: Is the right of the creditor over the
debtor is not what the law requires but to bring accessions and accessories an absolute rule?
the matter to the court. No. The exception is where there is a
Q: In case the debtor fails to comply with his stipulation to that effect.
obligation, what are the creditors remedies? Q: What is the principle why the creditor has
(1) Demand specific performance with a the right over the accessions and accessories?
right to indemnity for damages Accessory follows the principal.
(2) Demand rescission or cancellation Q: What are the remedies of creditor if debtor
with a right to recover damages. fails to do his obligation?
(3) Demand payment of damages only, (1) To have the obligation performed by
where it is the only feasible remedy. himself or another at the debtors expense
Q: Cha obliges herself to deliver to Pau 200 (2) Damages
sacks of rice on December 4 for P80,000.
However, Cha did not deliver it on time, as a Q: If I ask Eroll to buy 2 cavans of rice in
consequence, Pau bought from another on the exchange for 4,000 then he failed to deliver
amount of P85,000. If Pau has not yet paid the cavans of rice, may I claim damages against
Cha, can she recover 5,000 from the latter? Eroll?

Yes. No. Damages alone cannot substitute

the performance if owners can do it; if purely
Q: If in case Cha is obliged to deliver rice to personal or special.
Pau, however was destroyed due to the
Q: What if Eroll, a well-known painter, entered (2) Mora accipiendi delay on the part of
into agreement with you to paint but fails to the creditor to accept the performance or
do it, may you claim damages? obligation

Yes, as this is purely personal or special (3) Compensatio Morae or delay of the
thing to be rendered. obligors in reciprocal obligations.

Q: Lenin bought a land from Francis. It was Q: What are the requisites of mora solvendi?
stipulated that Francis would not construct a
fence on a certain portion of his land adjoining (1) Failure to perform his obligation on
that sold to Lenin. A week passed and Francis the date agreed upon
constructed a fence. Lenin asked Francis to (2) Demand made by the debtor
remove the fence. Francis asked for the
expense of the removal. Does Lenin have the (3) Failure of the debtor to comply with
obligation to pay the expense of the removal such demand
of the fence?
Q: What is the demand required to make
No. It was stipulated that Francis may debtor liable?
not construct a fence thus the liability for
A demand that may be judicial or
removal should only be borne to him.
complaint is filed in court or extra-judicial which
Q: Jopet should deliver a pig to Lenin on is made in writing or in oral manner. (Not mere
November 30 but delivered it on December 2 reminder or notice)
instead, is Jopet already mora accipiendi?
Q: Is the demand only the thing that put the
No. Jopet has just incurred ordinary debtor liable in default or mora?
delay since there was no demand done by
No.
Lenin.
Q: What are the exceptions?
Q: Distinguish ordinary delay from legal delay
or default. (1) When the obligation so provides
Ordinary delay is merely the failure to (2) When the law so provides
perform an obligation on time.
(3) When time is of the essence
Legal delay or default is the failure to
perform an obligation on time which failure (4) When demand would be useless
constitutes a breach of obligation.
(5) When there is performance by a
Q: What are the kinds of default or mora party in reciprocal obligations.

(1) Mora Solvendi or delay on the part Q: Nino obliged himself to deliver to Nina 20
of the debtor to fulfill his obligation (to give or bottles of wine, of a particular brand.
to do) Subsequently, Nino delivered 20 bottles
knowing that they contain cheaper wine. Did
Ninos performance incur a liability? What is eject him from the premises as a contravention
it? of the terms?

Nino is guilty of fraud and liable for No. It is necessary that Rina follows the
damages to Nina in accordance with Art. 1170. proper procedure to eject Edgar by giving notice
or demand against the latter and seeking the
Q: What is fraud? action of the court regarding the case.
It is the deliberate or intentional Q: What is the contravention of the terms of
evasion of the normal fulfillment of an the obligation?
obligation.
The violation of terms and conditions
Q: What are the two kinds of fraud referred in stipulated in the obligation.
1170?
Q: Distinguish fraud from negligence
Incidental fraud (dolo incidente) and
Causal fraud (dolo causente).

Q: Distinguish the two. Fraud Negligence

There is deliberate There is no intention
Incidental fraud is committed in the intention to cause to cause damage or
performance of an obligation already existing damage or injury injury
because of a contract while causal fraud is the Waiver of the liability Waiver is permissible
false representation or inducement of another for future fraud is void
to enter the contract. Must be clearly There is a
proved presumption on the
Q: Pam is a passenger of a taxi driven by violation of
Lawrence. Along Espana, Lawrence drove at an contractual obligations
Liability for fraud Liability may be
unjustified rate of speed then entered a one-
cannot be mitigated reduced by the courts
way street, an accident occurs, as a result of by courts discretion
which Pam is injured. Can Pam claim for
damages?
Q: Romeo promised to deliver 120 bottles of
Yes. Since there is a negligence of champagne of particular brand and quality to
Lawrence made and is in violation of Art. 1170. Maximo at the rate of 10 bottles a week.
Romeo made an agreement with Maximo
Q: What is negligence or culpa?
whereby Maximo may not file an action
It is any voluntary act or omission, there against Romeo, should Romeo commit to do
being no malice, which prevents the normal fraud. Is this contract valid?
fulfillment of an obligation.
No. In the case at bar, there shows the
Q: Edgar leased the apartment of Rina for waiver of action for future fraud hence is a void
P8,000.00 a month. On the second month, contract.
Edgar failed to pay the rent. Is Rina entitled to
Q: May an action arising from fraud be Q: Suppose the creditor is also guilty of
waived? negligence, can he recover damages?

Yes, but only waiver of action for future When the plaintiffs own negligence
fraud. was the immediate and proximate cause of his
injury, he cannot recover damages. But if his
Q: Why is a waiver of action for future fraud is negligence was only contributory, the
void? immediate and proximate cause of the injury
It is against the law and public policy as being the defendants lack of due care, the
it would also encourage the perpetration of plaintiff may recover damage, but the courts
fraud because it would be easy for the shall mitigate the damages to be awarded. (Art.
facilitation of escape from liability. 2179)

Q: A jeepney driver, Erap, entered an Q: Flores is a passenger in a carefully driven

agreement with Gloria that he will give a ride bus. Without warning, she jumped off the bus,
from Manila to Tagaytay and any accident that as a result of which, she suffered injuries.
would happen will not make Erap liable. Is the Should the bus company be liable for the
contract valid? Why? damages? Why?

No. Waiver of action arising from The bus company is not liable for
negligence from common carriers may not be damages because the cause of Flores injuries is
stipulated hence void. her own negligence.

Q: What are the kinds of negligence according Q: Supposing Joey was standing on the running
to source of obligation? board of the bus and was repeatedly told by
the conductor to go inside but he did not pay
(1) Contractual Negligence or Culpa attention. Suddenly, the bus swerved to avoid
Contractual collision with another vehicle; as a result, Joey
was thrown off the bus. At the time of the
(2) Civil Negligence or Culpa Aquiliana
mishap, the driver was driving recklessly at the
(3) Criminal Negligence or Culpa very high speed. May Joey demand for
Criminal damages?

Q: If Carlo entered into a contract of sale with Yes. Even if there is the existence of
Lenin to deliver a 3 and half feet great dane contributory negligence, Joey still observed
dog on a certain day. It got sick and was not diligence of a good father of a family. The
brought by Carlo to the veterinarian. proximate cause of the damage was done
Consequently the dog died. Should Carlo be arising from the negligence of the common
liable? carrier. However the amount of damages shall
be equitably reduced.
Yes for having failed to fulfill a pre-
existing obligation because of his negligence Q: Suppose in the above example, the bus
which is culpa contractual. rounded a curve causing Joey to lose his
balance and fall off the platform, sustaining
injuries. The bus at the time of the accident Q: What are the requisites of a fortuitous
was travelling at a moderate rate of speed. event?
May Joey be entitled for the recovery of
damages? (1) Event must be independent of the
will of the debtor
No. He should have been on his guard
against a contingency as natural as that of (2) Event could not be foreseen, or if
losing his balance to a greater or lesser extent foreseen, is inevitable;
when the bus rounded the curve. (3) Event must be of such character as
Q: It is said that negligence is a question of fact to render it impossible for the debtor to render
and its existence is dependent on the his obligation in a normal manner;
particular circumstances, what are the (4) Debtor should be free from any
following factors that should be considered? negligence
(1) Nature of the obligation Q: Is it safe to say that when a debtors thing
to be delivered suffered loss or damage from a
(2) Circumstances of the person
fortuitous event, his obligation to deliver is
(3) Circumstances of time extinguished?

(4) Circumstances of the place Yes

Q: If Maximo contracted with Fernando to Q: Is this rule absolute?

deliver 12,000 copies of paper. Then on the
designated date, 12,000 copies of paper was No
not delivered resulting to the loss of profit Q: What are the exceptions?
which consequently causes Maximos heart
attack for which he was hospitalized for 1 (1) When expressly specified by law
week. Is there a breach of obligation and
(2) When declared by stipulation
should Fernando be liable for the expenses?
(3) When the nature of the obligation
The answer would depend whether
requires the assumption of risk.
Fernando acted in good faith or bad faith. When
in fact he has committed it in good faith, he is Q: Can you give examples on those exceptions
only liable to the extent of Maximos profit. In for fortuitous event under the law?
case he acted in bad faith, the hospitalization
expenses shall also be included. (1) The debtor is guilty of fraud,
negligence, or delay, or contravention of the
Q: What is a fortuitous event? tenor of the obligation. (Art. 1170)
It is any event which cannot be (2) The debtor has promised to deliver
foreseen or which, though foreseen, is the same (specific thing) to two or more
inevitable. persons who do not have the same interest.
 (3) The obligation to deliver a specific Q: Cynthia is obliged to deliver 20 sacks of
thing arises from a crime. (Art. 1268) sugar to Fely. Cyntha failed to deliver it
because their warehouse was said to have
(4) The thing to be delivered is generic. been ransacked. Can Cynthia still be compelled
(Art. 1263) to deliver?
Q: Lia is obliged to deliver an specific african Yes. It is in accordance to the principle
elephant to Tin on December 10. Lia did not that genus never perishes. Cynthia may still
deliver the horse on said date. On December comply with her obligation by deliver another
11, the elephant died from the typhoon.
thing of the same kind.
Should Lia be liable for the damages?
Q: In order that interest may be recovered, the
No. There was no demand made by Tin
following requisites must be present.
therefore the obligation is extinguished.
(1) The payment of interest must be
Q: What if in the preceding case, the demand
expressly stipulated (Art. 1956)
was made by Tin, should the obligation to
deliver the horse also extinguished? (2) The agreement must be in writing;

Yes, but it is converted into monetary (3) The interest must be lawful (Art.
obligation to pay damages. (Art. 1165) 1957

Q: If James promised to deliver a Mitsubishi Q: Define Simple loan or mutuum

Monterro to Seth and Barsuchel separetly,
should James be liable even for a fortuitous It is a contract whereby one of the
parties delivers to another, money or other
event? Explain.
consumable thing, upon the condition that the
Yes. It is because it would still be same amount of the same kind and quality shall
impossible for James to comply with his be paid.
obligation to both Seth and Baruschel even
Q: Gerry borrowed 20,000 from Madeja
without any fortuitous event taking place.
payable after one year. Is Gerry liable to pay
Q: Don stole the carabao of Julius. Later Julius interest? Why?
was informed that his carabao was in the
hands of Don. Julius asked for the carabao to No. There was no stipulation of interest
be returned however Don said that the in the stated facts.
carabao was devoured by the fissure created Q: Sabrina, lessor, issued a receipt that Adjiele,
by the earthquake in Bohol. Can Don still be lessee, has paid the rent for the month of
liable for damages? March, 2013. Can R still collect from Adjiele
Yes. Don is responsible for the results of the rents for January and February 2013?
whatever cause which flow from his criminal Yes. Provided that no receipt was
act. presented by Adjiele, however, such case only
shows the presumption that Sabrina already
paid the March rentals thus receipt was issued. (2) Those that were prohibited by the
It may be rebuttable in the absence of any stipulation of the parties
receipt from January or February.

Q: What is presumption contemplated under

Art. 1176?

By presumption is meant the inference

of a fact not actually known arising from its
usual connection with another which is known
or proved.

Q: What are the two kinds of presumption?

Describe.

(1) Conclusive presumption which

cannot be contradicted like Art. 3 of Civil Code.

(2) Disputable presumption which can

be contradicted like Art. 1176.

Q: In case the debtor does not comply with his

obligation, how would the creditor avail
himself of the remedies to satisfy his claim?

(1) Exact fulfillment with the right to

damages

(2) Pursue the leviable property of the

debtor

(3) Exercise all the rights and bring all

the actions of the debtor like the right to collect
of the debtor.

(4) Ask the court to rescind or impugn

acts or contracts which the debtor have done
for your recovery.

Q: All rights acquired in virtue of an obligation

are generally transmissible, what are the
exception?

(1) Prohibited by law (contract of

partnership, contract of agency, contract of
commodatum)