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    07 ExplorationSeismology

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    kellwi
    This document discusses seismic exploration techniques, including refraction and reflection seismology. Refraction seismology uses seismic refraction to determine large-scale subsurface structures like crustal thickness and depth to bedrock. Reflection seismology is better for fine geologic structures. It uses a common midpoint method with geophones to record shot gathers and CMP gathers, which are then processed through normal moveout correction and stacking to generate seismic sections for interpretation. The document provides examples of how to model, acquire, process and interpret both refraction and reflection seismic data.

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    07 ExplorationSeismology

    Uploaded by

    kellwi
    91 views6 pages
    This document discusses seismic exploration techniques, including refraction and reflection seismology. Refraction seismology uses seismic refraction to determine large-scale subsurface structures like crustal thickness and depth to bedrock. Reflection seismology is better for fine geologic structures. It uses a common midpoint method with geophones to record shot gathers and CMP gathers, which are then processed through normal moveout correction and stacking to generate seismic sections for interpretation. The document provides examples of how to model, acquire, process and interpret both refraction and reflection seismic data.

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    07-ExplorationSeismology

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    This document discusses seismic exploration techniques, including refraction and reflection seismology. Refraction seismology uses seismic refraction to determine large-scale subsurface structures like crustal thickness and depth to bedrock. Reflection seismology is better for fine geologic structures. It uses a common midpoint method with geophones to record shot gathers and CMP gathers, which are then processed through normal moveout correction and stacking to generate seismic sections for interpretation. The document provides examples of how to model, acquire, process and interpret both refraction and reflection seismic data.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    91 views6 pages

    07 ExplorationSeismology

    Uploaded by

    kellwi
    This document discusses seismic exploration techniques, including refraction and reflection seismology. Refraction seismology uses seismic refraction to determine large-scale subsurface structures like crustal thickness and depth to bedrock. Reflection seismology is better for fine geologic structures. It uses a common midpoint method with geophones to record shot gathers and CMP gathers, which are then processed through normal moveout correction and stacking to generate seismic sections for interpretation. The document provides examples of how to model, acquire, process and interpret both refraction and reflection seismic data.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 1 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 2

    Seismic Refraction and Reflection: Acquisition,


    Processing and Interpretation Refraction, Snell’s Law
    „ Refraction Seismology
    • Determining relatively large-
    large-scale structure
    • Abrupt increase in velocity with depth
    „ Crustal thickness
    „ Depth to bedrock
    • Large “spread length” of receiver array
    „ ≥ twice the crossover distance
    • Processing technique
    • An example and Interpretation of Refraction section
    „ Reflection Seismology
    • Suitable for determining fine geologic structure
    • Acquisition
    „ Geophone
    „ Receiver Array (spread length=crossover distance)
    „ Common Midpoint Method
    • Processing
    „ Shot gather
    „ CMP gather
    „ Normal Moveout Correction and Stack
    „ Migrations
    • Examples and Interpretations

    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 3 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 4

    Single Horizontal Interface Several Horizontal Interfaces


    Forward Modeling
    Forward Modeling
    X
    T = t1 + X
    V2 Tn = tn −1 +
    2h cos θc
    Vn
    t1 = T − axis intercept = Tn = travel time down from the source,
    V1
    V1 horrizontally along the top of layer n,
    θc = critical angle = sin −1 ( )
    V2 and back to a receiver at X
    X c = critical distance = 2h tan θc t n-1 = T - axis intercept
    V2 + V 1 for refraction from layer n
    X cr = crossover distance = 2h
    V2 − V 1 n
    2hi cos θi ,n V
    tn −1 = ∑ , where, sin θi ,n = i
    Inversion Equations
    Inversion Equations i =1 Vi Vn
    1 X = horizontal distance
    V1 =
    slope of direct
    from the source to receiver
    1
    V2 = Vn = velocity of layer n
    slope of refracted
    tV
    h= 1 1
    2 cos θ c

    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 5 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 6

    An Example of Refraction Section Problem Situations

    1
    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 7 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 8

    Single Dipping Interface Reflection Data

    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 9 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 10

    Seismic Section Acquisition (1): Geophones

    „ Seismic reflection data


    • Offset sources
    • Recorded by several receivers offset from each source
    „ Seismic section (unmigrated time section)
    • Combined data of many shots
    • Presented as if a source and a receiver in the same position

    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 11 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 12

    Source-Receiver Design: Common Midpoint Method


    Source- Basics of Reflection Time

    X2
    T f = t02 +
    V12
    Tf = travel time from the source,
    to interface, to receiver
    t 0 = T - axis intercept
    2h
    t0 =
    V1
    X = horizontal distance
    from the source to receiver

    2
    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 13 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 14

    Reflection Data Processing (1): Reflection Data Processing (2):


    Shot Gather CMP Gather

    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 15 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 16

    Reflection Data Processing (3): Processing Details – (1) Gather


    Normal Moveout Correction and Stack

    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 17 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 18

    Processing Details – (2) Velocity Analysis Processing Details – (3) NMO Correction

    3
    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 19 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 20

    Processing Details – (4) Mute Processing Details – (5) Statics Corrections

    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 21 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 22

    Processing Details – (5) Stack Processing Details – (7) Migration

    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 23 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 24

    Dipping Reflector Migration – Find the Real Location

    4
    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 25 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 26

    Geometric Migration Effects


    Migration

    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 27 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 28

    Anticline An Example of Anticline

    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 29 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 30

    Syncline An Example of Syncline

    5
    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 31 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 32

    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 33 week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 34

    week 7, 02/27 Exploration Seismology slide 35

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