BRITISH STANDARD BS 6611:1985

Guide to

Evaluation of the
response of occupants
of fixed structures,
especially buildings
and offshore structures,
to low-frequency
horizontal motion
(0.063 Hz to 1 Hz)

UDC 534.838.3:534.831-6:612.014.45
BS 6611:1985

Committees responsible for this

British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the General

Mechanical Engineering Standards Committee (GME/-) to Technical
Committee GME/21, upon which the following bodies were represented:

British Internal Combustion Engine Manufacturers Association

British Ship Research Association
British Steel Corporation
Department of Trade and Industry (National Engineering Laboratory)
Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales
Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research
Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Ministry of Defence
Motor Industry Research Association
Power Generation Association (BEAMA Ltd.)
Society of British Aerospace Companies Limited
Society of Environmental Engineers
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the General
Mechanical Engineering
Standards Committee, was
published under the authority
of the Board of BSI and comes
into effect on Amendments issued since publication
31 May 1985
Amd. No. Date of issue Comments
BSI 12-1999

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference GME/21
Draft for comment 82/73918 DC

ISBN 0 580 14492 5

 BS 6611:1985

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
0 Introduction 1
1 Scope and field of application 1
2 References 2
3 Response criteria 2
4 Measurement of motion in existing structures 2
Annex A Assessment of structural vibration with
respect to human response 4
Bibliography 8
Figure 1 Suggested satisfactory magnitudes of
horizontal motion of buildings used for general purposes
(curve 1) and of off-shore fixed structures (curve 2) 6
Figure 2 Average (curve 2) and lower threshold (curve 1)
of perception of horizontal motion by humans 7
Table Acceleration/frequency values at the one-third
octave points for the curves in Figure 1 and Figure 2 5
Publications referred to Inside back cover

BSI 12-1999 i
BS 6611:1985

Foreword

This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the General
Mechanical Engineering Standards Committee. The guidance contained in this
standard is technically equivalent to ISO 6897:1984 Guidelines for the
evaluation of the response of occupants of fixed structures, especially buildings
and off-shore structures, to low-frequency horizontal motion (0,063 to 1 Hz),
which was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 108 of the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and in the development of which the
United Kingdom played an active part. The only difference is that this standard
refers to BS 6472 where the International Standard refers to ISO 2631.
For ease of reproduction the text of the International Standard has been used,
amended to incorporate the difference outlined above. Some terminology and
certain conventions are not identical with those used in British Standards;
attention is drawn especially to the following.
The comma has been used as a decimal marker. In British Standards it is current
practice to use a full point on the baseline as the decimal marker.
Attention is drawn to the bibliography of supporting data included in this
standard and it is recommended that reference is also made to ISO 2041
Vibration and shock Vocabulary and ISO 5805 Mechanical vibration and
shock affecting man Vocabulary. BS 3015 Glossary of terms relating to
mechanical vibration and shock is a British Standard related to ISO 2041, but
there is no British Standard corresponding to ISO 5805.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity

from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.

ii BSI 12-1999
 BS 6611:1985

0 Introduction Often the likely motion of a planned structure has to

be calculated in order to assess the probable
Until this century, buildings were seldom more than
response, to the vibration, of those who will use the
a few storeys high and the few tall buildings which
structure. The probable motion of a proposed
did exist were usually of a heavy gravity design
structure can generally be found by structural
which did not readily respond to wind or other dynamics using the structure stiffness and mass,
forces. Also, tall buildings constructed in the late the wind or wind and wave spectra, the structure
nineteenth century and early this century generally
shape, aspect and roughness, and the appropriate
had vertical load-bearing frames with massive
topographical parameters. Wind tunnel and wave
granite infills which provided another generation of
tank studies using aerodynamic and fluid dynamic
unresponsive buildings.
models can also be used to determine the likely
This history of unresponsive building structures has motion of structures.
led people to expect buildings to provide nearly In some forms of tall building construction, poor
stationary accommodation, even under storm
construction joints allow inter-storey drift in the
conditions, and the occupants of buildings are
structure and, when assessing the probable
prepared to accept only extremely low levels of
response of such structures, an allowance should be
motion.
made for the effects of inter-storey movements.
In contrast to these unresponsive structures, more Guidance on satisfactory magnitudes of vibration
modern buildings have tended, for reasons of for specific situations is given in the Annex.
economy of space, foundation requirements,
material outlay, speed of erection and elegance, to 1 Scope and field of application
be formed from more slender sections such that
these much lighter buildings are more responsive to 1.1 This British Standard relates to typical
dynamic forces than their predecessors. This responses of people to the horizontal motion of
British Standard proposes magnitudes of structures in the frequency range 0,063 to 1 Hz. The
low-frequency horizontal motion that should recommendations are categorized in accordance
produce only minimum adverse comment from with the use of the structures and, in the case of
people working or living in buildings. off-shore fixed structures, with the nature of work
Similarly, off-shore fixed structures were, until being carried out.
recently, generally of a non-habitable form or of an Injury of occupants due to structural vibration is
unresponsive design. Modern mineral exploitation outside the scope of this British Standard.
and production structures founded on the seabed 1.2 Whole-body motion caused by structural
are of such large proportions and subject to such vibrations induced by infrequent external
extreme wind and wave action that the dynamic environmental forces is considered separately from
response of both the overall structures and their whole-body motion resulting from structural
component parts has become the focus of much vibrations caused by frequently occurring force
attention from the view-point of the motion actions. Frequently occurring force actions may
transmitted to those operating and living on the arise from external sources, machinery or structure
structures. Also, although outside the scope of this services such as elevators, fans, air conditioners,
British Standard, the structural integrity, material heating units and plumbing. Both perceptible
fatigue and operation of off-shore fixed structures in magnitudes of low-frequency horizontal motion of
storm conditions receive much attention. This structures and magnitudes likely to raise minimum
British Standard therefore proposes magnitudes of adverse comment are included.
low-frequency horizontal motion which should prove NOTE 1 Visual perception of building motion, the influence of
satisfactory to those living on and operating torsional oscillations of structures and the effects of noise may
off-shore fixed structures. Allowances are made for influence the subjective response to vibrations of structures but
no quantitative assessment is made.
the fact that wind and waves shall be expected to
NOTE 2 Blasting, earthquakes and similar events are excluded
cause motion of these structures which, in addition, from the scope of this British Standard.
are generally manned by trained personnel who are NOTE 3 An off-shore fixed structure is one founded on the sea
prepared to accept some degree of motion so long as bed, such as a gravity platform or a steel jacket with a piled
it does not present a health hazard or interfere with foundation. Floating structures, tension leg and articulated
platforms are excluded from the scope of this British Standard.
the efficient operation of the installation. NOTE 4 In buildings, the response of people is for a normal
adult population and, although it is known that levels of
vibration considered acceptable vary with age groups and sex, no
definite correction factors can be put forward at present to adjust
the acceleration magnitudes for these influences. On off-shore
fixed structures, the recommendations only apply to trained
personnel.

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BS 6611:1985

NOTE 5 This British Standard applies to horizontal motion of 3.5 The criteria for regularly occurring horizontal
structures as perceived by human beings in any posture, sitting, building motions are related to the perception
standing or reclining.
thresholds of horizontal motion for average and for
2 References sensitive humans, that is to the average and lower
thresholds.
The title of the publication referred to in this
3.6 The criteria for regularly occurring horizontal
standard is given on the inside back cover.
motion of structures at frequencies greater
than 1 Hz are given in BS 6472.
3 Response criteria
NOTE 1 The buildings are assumed to be properly clad and
3.1 This British Standard considers three categories acoustically insulated so that significant sounds caused by the
of human response to the vibration of structures: wind and by building motions are minimized to the occupants. If
this were not the case, the satisfactory magnitudes may be
a) basic threshold effects (see 3.5 and clause A.3); reduced since the effect of noise on the occupants is to influence
the subjective response to the motion.
b) intrusion, alarm and fear which may be
NOTE 2 People long accustomed to living in some forms of low
associated with minor or major adverse comment rise buildings, such as two-storey flexible wooden frame houses,
levels (see 3.3, 3.4 and notes 1 and 2 in 3.6); are sometimes prepared to accept magnitudes of motion due to
regularly recurring events, such as wind action or the passage of
c) interference with activities (see 3.4, 3.5 and heavy vehicles, which cause alarm in occasional visitors.
clause A.2). Conversely, occupants of high-rise buildings do not readily adapt
to motions which cause them alarm on the first occurrence.
3.2 The criterion for infrequently induced
NOTE 3 For a storm with a one-year return period which
low-frequency horizontal building vibrations caused causes the magnitudes of motion recommended as satisfactory
by storms is the alarm experienced by the occupants for a five-year return period, the adverse comment level from
of the structure [category b) above]. The level of people occupying the parts of the building where motion is
greatest is estimated to be 12 %. It is tentatively suggested that
adverse comment due to such alarm is dependent to obtain a probable adverse comment level of 2 % for storms with
upon the return period, the shorter the interval a one-year return period, the suggested satisfactory acceleration
between occurrences the higher the level of adverse magnitudes would be 0,72 times those for a five-year return
comment, and on the time over which motion of a period.
NOTE 4 In general, it may be assumed that the motions of
particular intensity is sustained for each duration less than 10 min associated with wind storms are not
occurrence. The perception of motion is assumed to sufficiently severe to impress significantly the memory of
be sensed through proprioceptive cues or the individuals. Where the exposure period is shorter than 10 min,
vestibular organs rather than through visual cues. vibration amplitudes which are vividly remembered are
generally a product of seismic activity.
The presence of even very small torsional vibrations NOTE 5 During the peaks of wind storms, accelerations much
may greatly influence subjects in their assessment in excess of the suggested satisfactory magnitudes will occur for
of the acceptability of the vibration of a structure short periods but these higher levels, briefly experienced, are not
(see A.1.3 and note 2 in A.3.2). considered to make any great contribution to the memory of the
storm except where momentary vibrations are in the extreme
3.3 In buildings used for general purposes, the category mentioned in note 4. Short periods of higher
criterion is that probably not more than 2 % of those acceleration which occur during the worst 10 consecutive
minutes of the storm occurrence are accounted for in the r.m.s.
occupying the parts of the building where the value of the vibration of the structure for the storm peak
motion is greatest comment adversely about the (see note 1 in 4.5).
motion caused by the peak 10 min of the worst wind
storm with a return period of 5 years or more. In 4 Measurement of motion in existing
regions where wind storm recurrence patterns are structures
not well defined, a longer return period should be
used. Present shortage of data prevents the definite 4.1 Motion measurements to determine the
stipulation of acceleration/frequency curves for magnitude and direction of the greatest horizontal
storms with a return period of less than 5 years. acceleration should be made on a structural surface
Guidance on the expected level of adverse comment supporting the human body at the point of entry to
for such storms is currently limited to that given in the human subject. Under some conditions,
note 3 in 3.6. measurements may have to be made on some
surface other than at the point of entry of the
3.4 For off-shore fixed structures where non-routine vibration to the human subjects. In such cases,
or skilled manual operations are carried out, the transfer functions need to be determined.
criteria for infrequently induced low-frequency
horizontal motion of such structures are related to
the performance of those engaged in the operations
(see clause A.2).

2 BSI 12-1999
 BS 6611:1985

4.2 If it is found that vibration occurs NOTE 2 For tall buildings, the highest magnitudes of
simultaneously at separate discrete frequencies acceleration generally occur near the top of the buildings at the
first natural frequency of the structure, but the possibility should
within the range 0,063 to 1 Hz, then the r.m.s. not be overlooked that unacceptable accelerations may occur
accelerations at these discrete frequencies should be elsewhere in such buildings in vibration modes with higher
found by analysing a continuous record of the frequencies.
structural motion during the peak of the storm. The NOTE 3 In some cases, infrasound generated by the flow of air
in ducts can induce the sensation of structural motion in the
highest magnitude of horizontal acceleration occupants of the structure. Care should be taken when assessing
(r.m.s.) at each discrete frequency found for 10 adverse comments of occupants that a combination of motion and
consecutive minutes of the storm peak can then be infrasound effects, acting simultaneously, have not combined to
exaggerate the sensation of motion (see also A.1.3).
used to assess the probable response of occupants to
NOTE 4 Data measurement can be made by recording the
the horizontal structural motion at each discrete output from calibrated systems of accelerometers and matched
frequency considered. Vibration outside the amplifiers using frequency-modulated tape recorders.
range 0,063 to 1 Hz should be filtered at not less Subsequent reduction of the recorded data can be carried out
using filters as described in 4.2 and Fast Fourier Transform
than 24 dB per octave. analysis equipment. To analyse even the minimum time record
4.3 When vibration occurs at a single discrete of 10 min, continuous averaging of record segments will probably
frequency, then the acceleration record at that be necessary and for 95 % confidence of being within 10 %
accuracy at 0,08 Hz, for example, the averaging time for
frequency should be analysed as in 4.2. one-third octave frequency analysis should be more than 200 s.
4.4 When horizontal motion of a structure occurs Therefore, record segments in excess of 200 s should be used in
the analysis.
simultaneously in more than one direction, then the
components of acceleration, in orthogonal
directions, may be analysed as in 4.2 and the
components added vectorially, taking account of
phase.
4.5 When random horizontal motion of a structure
occurs in a narrow band concentrated in a one-third
octave band or less, the r.m.s value of acceleration
within the band should be evaluated with reference
to the centre frequency of that band in the same
manner as in 4.2.
NOTE 1 Evaluating the acceleration record of a structure as
above, the extreme magnitudes of motion referred to in note 5
in 3.6 are taken into account.

BSI 12-1999 3
BS 6611:1985

Annex Assessment of structural A.3 Assessment of frequently induced

vibration with respect to human vibration in buildings used for special
response purposes for events with duration in excess
of 10 min
A.1 Assessment of infrequently induced A.3.1 The available data indicate that the lower
vibration in buildings used for general threshold of perception of horizontal motion by
purposes for events with duration in excess humans is represented by curve 1 in Figure 2. These
of 10 min magnitudes are appropriate for areas where an
A.1.1 Satisfactory magnitudes of low-frequency environment is required to be apparently
horizontal motion during the worst 10 consecutive stationary.
minutes of a wind storm with a return period of at A.3.2 The average threshold of perception
least 5 years, for buildings used for general represents the mean threshold of perception of
purposes, are given by curve 1 in Figure 1 for the horizontal motion for a normal adult population.
probable adverse comment levels of clause 3. These The magnitudes suggested by curve 2 in Figure 2
values are for vibration in the horizontal plane of are appropriate for special buildings where routine
buildings or structures and therefore for any precision work is carried out. These magnitudes are
whole-body axis depending upon whether the four times those given for the activities covered by
human is standing, sitting or reclining. curve 1 in Figure 2.
A.1.2 The satisfactory magnitudes of r.m.s. NOTE 1 Frequent occurrences refer to events of an everyday
acceleration are for discrete frequencies. If random nature.
NOTE 2 The perception of motion is assumed to be sensed
narrow-band vibrations, vibrations at several through proprioceptive cues or vestibular organs rather than
discrete frequencies or multi-axis vibrations occur, through visual cues. Even very small rotational oscillations about
then assessment should be made in accordance a vertical axis can significantly exaggerate the actual magnitude
with 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 or 4.5, whichever is appropriate. of acceleration acting on the subject.

A.1.3 If a building is subject to even extremely small A.4 Events with duration less than 10 min
oscillations of rotation about a vertical axis, visual A.4.1 A definite procedure for assessing events of
effects would exaggerate the sensation of motion short duration can be compiled at a later date as
and the satisfactory magnitudes of acceleration more data become available. It may be appropriate
would be less than those of curve 1 in Figure 1. to commence analysis of acceleration records of
A.2 Assessment of infrequently induced short duration events when the r.m.s. acceleration
vibration of off-shore fixed structures for rises above that given by curve 2 in Figure 2 for the
frequency under consideration and to terminate
events with duration in excess of 10 min
analysis when the r.m.s. acceleration falls below
A.2.1 Satisfactory magnitudes of low-frequency this magnitude.
horizontal motion for off-shore fixed structures are
given by curve 2 in Figure 1 for cases where work of
a somewhat critical nature has to be performed.
This would be the case where a non-routine task has
to be executed or a skilled operation has to be
carried out. Above these magnitudes of motion, it is
difficult to perform such tasks.
A.2.2 As may be seen, the acceleration amplitudes
given by curve 2 in Figure 1 for the activities
described in A.2.1 above are six times greater than
those given by curve 1 in Figure 1.
NOTE For routine tasks such as drilling, an experienced team
may often work even in the roughest conditions, the magnitude
of acceleration found acceptable being governed by whether the
machinery will operate and the motivation of the workers.

4 BSI 12-1999
 BS 6611:1985

Table Acceleration/frequency values at the

one-third octave points for the
curves in Figure 1 and Figure 2
Frequency
Acceleration r.m.s., m/s2
(centre
frequency of
one-third octave Curve 1 Curve 2 Curve 1 Curve 2
band) Figure 1 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 2
Hz
0,063 0,081 5 0,489 0 0,012 6 0,050 4
0,080 0,073 5 0,441 0 0,011 4 0,045 0
0,100 0,067 0 0,400 0 0,010 3 0,040 9
0,125 0,061 0 0,366 0 0,009 2 0,037 0
0,160 0,055 0 0,330 0 0,008 3 0,033 0
0,200 0,050 0 0,300 0 0,007 5 0,030 0
0,250 0,046 0 0,276 0 0,006 9 0,027 0
0,315 0,041 8 0,250 0 0,006 1 0,024 0
0,400 0,037 9 0,228 0 0,005 5 0,021 9
0,500 0,034 5 0,207 0 0,004 9 0,019 8
0,630 0,031 5 0,189 0 0,004 45 0,017 8
0,800 0,028 5 0,167 0 0,003 98 0,015 9
1,000 0,026 0 0,156 0 0,003 60 0,014 4

BSI 12-1999 5
BS 6611:1985

Figure 1 Suggested satisfactory magnitudes of horizontal motion of buildings used for

general purposes (curve 1) and of off-shore fixed structures (curve 2)

6 BSI 12-1999
 BS 6611:1985

Figure 2 Average (curve 2) and lower threshold (curve 1) of perception of horizontal

motion by humans

BSI 12-1999 7
BS 6611:1985

Bibliography
[1] ALEXANDER S.J. et al. Studies of motion sickness: 1. The effects of variation of time intervals between
accelerations upon sickness rates. Jnl. Psychol., V.19, 1945.
[2] ALEXANDER S.J. et al. Studies of motion sickness. Jnl. Psychol., V.20, 1945.
[3] BENJAMIN J.R. and CORNELL C.A. Probability and decision for civil engineers. McGraw-Hill Publ. Co.,
New York, N.Y., 1970.
[4] BLUME J.A. Motion perception in the low-frequency range. Report No. JAB-99-47. JA Blume and Assoc.
Res. Div., San Francisco, USA, 1969.
[5] CHANG F.K. Wind and movement in tall buildings. Civil Eng., V.37, No. 8, 1967.
[6] CHANG F.K. Psychophysiological aspects of man-structure interaction, Proc. Symposium on Planning
and design of tall buildings. V.1a, Lehigh Univ., ASCE Publication, 1972.
[7] CHEN P.W. and ROBERTSON L.E. Human perception thresholds of horizontal motion. ASCE Jnl. Str.
Div., August 1972.
[8] COYLE D.C. Relation between motion and sensation. Civil Eng., V.1, No. 8, 1931.
[9] DIECKMANN D. A study of the influence of vibration on man. Ergonomics V.3, No. 4, 1958.
[10] ESKILDSEN P.E. The world trade center Wind effects No. 1. Oregon Research Inst., USA, 1965.
[11] ESKILDSEN P.E. The world trade center Wind effects No. 2. Oregon Research Inst., USA, 1966.
[12] FELD J. Construction failure. John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1968: p 151.
[13] GOTO T. Research on vibration criteria from the viewpoint of people living in high-rise buildings
(part 1). Various responses of humans to motion. Nippon Kenchiku Gakkai Rombun
Hokoku-shu, 237 (11), 1976: pp. 109118. Translated by Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical
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[14] HANSEN R.J., REED J.W. and VANMARKE E.H. Human response to wind-induced motion of buildings.
ASCE Jnl. Str. Div., July 1973.
[15] IRWIN A.W. Human reactions to oscillations of buildings acceptable limits. Build International.
Applied Science Publishers, 1975.
[16] IRWIN A.W. Probable occupant reaction to storm wind-induced motion of typical modern building
designs. UK Informal Group on Human Response to Vibration, 1975.
[17] IRWIN A.W. Perception, comfort and performance criteria for human beings exposed to whole body pure
yaw vibration and vibration containing yaw and translational components. Jnl. Sound and Vibration, V.76,
No. 4, 1981.
[18] Inst. Civil Engs. Seminar. The modern design of wind-sensitive structures. Construction Industry
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[19] KHAN F.R. and PARMELEE R.A. Service criteria for tall buildings for wind loading. Proc. 3rd Int. Conf.
on wind effects on buildings and structures. Tokyo, Japan, 1971.
[20] PARKS D. Human reaction to low-frequency vibration. The Boeing Co., Wichita, Kansas, Documents
D3-3511-1 and D3-3512-1, 1961.
[21] Proceedings of 1st-8th annual off-shore technology conferences, (19681976). 6200 North Central
Expressway, Dallas, Texas 75206, USA.
[22] REED J.W. Wind-induced motion and human discomfort in tall buildings 7, Research
Report No. R71-42. Mass. Inst. of Technology, USA, 1971.
[23] REED J.W., HANSEN R.J. and VANMARKE E.H. Human response to tall building wind-induced motion.
Proc. Symp. on planning and design of tall buildings. V11, Lehigh Univ., ASCE Publication, 1972.
[24] SIMIU E., MARSHALL R.D. and HABER S. Estimation of alongwind building response. ASCE Jnl. Str.
Div. July 1977.
[25] SOLIMAN J.I. A scale for the degrees of vibration perceptibility and annoyance. Ergonomics V.11,
No. 2, 1968.
[26] SOLIMAN J.I. Criteria for permissible levels of industrial vibrations with regard to their effect on
human beings and buildings. Proc. Sym. on Measurement and evaluation of dynamic effects and vibrations
of constructions RILEM, V.1, 1963, pp. 111147.

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 BS 6611:1985

[27] STEELE J.E. Motion sickness and special perception a theoretical study. Tech. report
ASD-TR-61-530. Nat. Tech. Inf. Service, USA, 1961.
[28] STEFFENS R.J. Some aspects of structural vibration. Proc. Symp. on Vibration in civil eng. British Sect.
IAEE, Ed. Skipp, Butterworths, 1966.
[29] STEWART J.D. Human perception of angular acceleration and implications in motion simulations. Jnl.
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[30] WISS J.F. and CURTH J.L. Wind deflections of tall concrete frame buildings ASCE Jnl. Str. Div.
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Cambridge, USA, 1965.

BSI 12-1999 9
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 BS 6611:1985

Publications referred to

BS 6472, Guide to evaluation of human exposure to vibration in buildings (1 Hz to 80 Hz).

BSI 12-1999
BS 6611:1985

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