MALAYSIAN MS 146:2006

STANDARD
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HOT ROLLED STEEL BARS FOR THE

REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE
SPECIFICATION
(THIRD REVISION)

ICS: 77.140.15
Descriptors: steel bars, tensile test, bend test, mechanical properties, fatigue properties

Copyright 2006

DEPARTMENT OF STANDARDS MALAYSIA

 DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYSIAN STANDARDS

The Department of Standards Malaysia (DSM) is the national standardisation and

accreditation body.

The main function of the Department is to foster and promote standards,

standardisation and accreditation as a means of advancing the national economy,
promoting industrial efficiency and development, benefiting the health and safety of
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the public, protecting the consumers, facilitating domestic and international trade and
furthering international cooperation in relation to standards and standardisation.

Malaysian Standards are developed through consensus by committees which

comprise of balanced representation of producers, users, consumers and others with
relevant interests, as may be appropriate to the subject in hand. To the greatest
extent possible, Malaysian Standards are aligned to or are adoption of international
standards. Approval of a standard as a Malaysian Standard is governed by the
Standards of Malaysia Act 1996 (Act 549). Malaysian Standards are reviewed
periodically. The use of Malaysian Standards is voluntary except in so far as they are
made mandatory by regulatory authorities by means of regulations, local by-laws or
any other similar ways.

The Department of Standards appoints SIRIM Berhad as the agent to develop

Malaysian Standards. The Department also appoints SIRIM Berhad as the agent for
distribution and sale of Malaysian Standards.

For further information on Malaysian Standards, please contact:

Department of Standards Malaysia OR SIRIM Berhad

Level 1 & 2, Block C4, Parcel C (Company No. 367474 - V)
Federal Government Administrative Centre 1, Persiaran Dato Menteri
62502 Putrajaya P.O. Box 7035, Section 2
MALAYSIA 40911 Shah Alam
Selangor D.E.

Tel: 60 3 88858000 Tel: 60 3 5544 6000

Fax: 60 3 88885060 Fax: 60 3 5510 8095

http://www.dsm.gov.my http://www.sirim.my

E-mail: [email protected]
 MS 146:2006

CONTENTS

Page

Committee representation........................................................................................ iii

Foreword .................................................................................................................. iv

1 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 1
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2 Normative references............................................................................................... 1

3 Definitions ................................................................................................................ 1

4 Information to be supplied by the purchaser............................................................ 2

5 Nominal size ............................................................................................................ 3

6 Preferred size........................................................................................................... 3

7 Nominal cross-sectional area and mass.................................................................. 3

8 Process of manufacture .......................................................................................... 4

9 Chemical composition ............................................................................................. 4

10 Quality of finished steel ........................................................................................... 5

11 Weldability ............................................................................................................... 5

12 Effective cross-sectional area of deformed bars .................................................... 6

13 Tolerances on cut length, mass and cross-sectional dimensions .......................... 6

14 Bond classification of deformed bars ...................................................................... 7

15 Routine inspection and testing ................................................................................ 8

16 Mechanical properties ............................................................................................. 8

17 Fatigue properties of deformed bars ....................................................................... 9

18 Retests .................................................................................................................... 10

19 Verification of characteristic strength ...................................................................... 10

20 Report of purchasers and other non-routine tests ................................................... 10

21 Examination after delivery ....................................................................................... 11

22 Marking of bars ....................................................................................................... 11

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 MS 146:2006

CONTENTS (continued)

Page

Tables

1 Preferred sizes ........................................................................................................ 3

2 Cross-sectional area and mass .............................................................................. 3

3 Chemical composition of steel grades .................................................................... 4

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4 Maximum carbon equivalent values: Cast analysis ................................................ 4

5 Maximum deviations in chemical composition on product analysis ........................ 5

6 Tolerance on mass ................................................................................................. 7

7 Tensile properties .................................................................................................... 9

B1 Frequency tensile, bend and rebend testing............................................................ 15

B2 Percentage total strain . ........................................................................................... 16

B3 Bend test formers .................................................................................................... 18

B4 Acceptability index (k) as a function of the number (n) of the test results (for a
reliable failure rate of 5 % (pass = 0.95) at a probability of 90 % (1 = 0.90) ... 19

D1 Test stress ranges for nominal bar sizes ................................................................. 24

Figure A1 Typical mould to be used for bond test ............................................................ 14

Annexes

A Bond performance test for deformed bars ............................................................... 12

B Inspection, testing and certification.......................................................................... 15

C Recommended formulae for calculating projected rib area ..................................... 23

D Method of test for fatigue properties of deformed bars............................................ 24

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 MS 146:2006

Committee representation

The Iron and Steel Industry Standards Committee (ISC P) under whose authority this Malaysian Standard was
developed, comprises representatives from the following organisations:

Association of Marine Industries of Malaysia

Department of Standards Malaysia
Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers
IKRAM QA Services Sdn Bhd
Institute Materials Malaysia
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Malaysian Automotive Association
Malaysian Industrial Development Authority
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Malaysian Iron and Steel Industry Federation

Master Builders Association Malaysia
Ministry of International Trade and Industry
Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia
SIRIM Berhad (Foundry Center)
SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd
Universiti Malaya
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

The Technical Committee on Steel Bars, Wire Rods and Wire Products which developed this Malaysian Standard
consists of representatives from the following organisations:

Amsteel Mills Sdn Bhd

Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia

Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia

IKRAM QA Services Sdn Bhd

Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia

Malayawata Steel Bhd

Malaysian Iron and Steel Industry Federation

Master Builders Association Malaysia

Perwaja Steel Sdn Bhd

SIRIM Berhad (Secretariat)

SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd

Southern PC Steel Sdn Bhd

Southern Steel Mesh Sdn Bhd

The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia

Universiti Malaya

Universiti Teknologi MARA

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 MS 146:2006

FOREWORD
This Malaysian Standard was developed by the Technical Committee on Steel Bars, Wire
Rods and Wire Products, under the authority of the Iron and Steel Industry Standards
Committee.

This Malaysian Standard is the third revision of MS 146:2001, Specification for hot rolled steel
bars for the reinforcement of concrete.

Major modifications in this revision are as follows:

a) the inclusion of the definition on cast analysis in 3.4;

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b) the inclusion of the definition on characteristic strength in 3.5;

c) the number of year for the record keeping has been changed from six years to ten
years; and

b) Clause 16 has been revised and rearranged as Annex B.

This Malaysian Standard cancels and replaces MS 146:2001 (Second revision).

Compliance with a Malaysian Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal
obligations.

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 MS 146:2006

HOT ROLLED STEEL BARS FOR THE REINFORCEMENT OF

CONCRETE - SPECIFICATION
(THIRD REVISION)

1. Scope
This Malaysian Standard specifies the requirements for hot rolled steel bars for the
reinforcement of concrete. It covers the following types of hot rolled steel bars:

a) plain round steel bars in grade 250 only; and

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b) deformed bars in grades 460 and 500.

2. Normative references
The following normative references are indispensable for the application of this standard. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the normative references (including amendments) applies.

MS ISO 6892, Metallic material Tensile testing at ambient temperature

MS 1492, Specification for the process of arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels

3. Definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the following definitions apply.

3.1 Batch

Any quantity of bars of one size and grade, whether in coils or bundles produced by one
manufacturer or supplier, presented for examination at any one time.

3.2 Bar

A steel product of plain round or deformed cross-section.

3.3 Bundle

Two or more coils or a number of lengths properly bound together.

3.4 Cast analysis

Chemical analysis of a sample during the process of casting.

3.5 Characteristic strength

That value of the yield stress below which fall not more than 5 % of the test results.

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 MS 146:2006

3.6 Coil

One continuous as-rolled bar in the form of a coil.

3.7 Hot rolled deformed bar

A bar, which has been so shaped during hot rolling that it conforms to either the geometrical or
performance test classification given in Clause 14.

3.8 Length

A piece of straight bar, without joint or weld, cut to a specified length.

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3.9 Longitudinal rib

A uniform continuous rib parallel to the axis of the bar.

3.10 Nominal density

2
The value of 0.007 85 kg/mm per metre run, taken for the purpose of converting a length and
cross-sectional area of a bar to its mass, as described in Clauses 5 and 13.

3.11 Nominal size

The diameter of a nominally round bar or, for deformed bars, the diameter of a circle, derived
from the effective cross-sectional area in accordance with Clauses 5 and 12.

3.12 Transverse rib

Any rib on the surface of a bar other than a longitudinal rib.

3.13 Yield stress

The stress measured during the tensile test when the total extension of the gauge length is that
specified in the grade.

4. Information to be supplied by the purchaser

The purchaser shall give the following basic requirements on the order:

a) the number of this standard, i.e. MS 146;

b) the nominal size of the bar;

c) the steel grade;

d) bond classification; and

e) any additional requirements (see 10.2 and Clauses 11 and B1.1).

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 MS 146:2006

5. Nominal size
In checking the nominal size of a bar in accordance with Clauses 3, 6 and 12, the rolling
deviations specified in Clause 13 shall be taken into account.

6. Preferred size
6.1 The nominal sizes of bars given in the Table 1 are the preferred sizes.

Table 1. Preferred sizes

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Nominal sizes
8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
(mm)

6.2 Where a bar larger than 40 mm is to be used, the recommended size is 50 mm. Where a
bar smaller than 8 mm is to be used, the recommended size is 6 mm.

7. Nominal cross-sectional area and mass

7.1 The exact value for the nominal cross-sectional area and mass of individual bars shall be
as given in Table 2.

Table 2. Cross-sectional area and mass

Nominal size Cross-sectional area Mass per metre run

2
(mm) (mm ) (kg)
a
6 28.3 0.222
8 50.3 0.395
10 78.5 0.616
12 113.1 0.888
16 201.1 1.579
20 314.2 2.466
25 490.9 3.854
32 804.2 6.313
40 1 256.6 9.864
a
50 1 963.5 15.413
a
Attention is drawn to 6.2.

7.2 The total cross-sectional area and total mass of two or more bars shall be calculated pro-
rata on the basis of the values for an individual area. All cross-sectional area derived from the
values in Table 2 shall be expressed to at least three significant figures.

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 MS 146:2006

8. Process of manufacture
The steel shall be manufactured by refining molten iron in a top-blown basic oxygen
converter, or by melting in a basic-lined electric arc furnace.

9. Chemical composition
9.1 Cast analysis

9.1.1 The chemical composition of the steel based on cast analysis shall meet the
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requirement given in Table 3 and 9.2 and, where applicable, Clause 11.

Table 3. Chemical composition of steel grades

Plain round steel bars Deformed steel bars

Grade 250 Grade 460 Grade 500
Element (% max.) (% max.) (% max.)
Carbon 0.25 0.25 0.30
Sulphur 0.060 0.050 0.050
Phosphorus 0.060 0.050 0.050
a, b
Nitrogen 0.012 0.012 0.012
a
The maximum value for nitrogen does not apply if the chemical composition shows a minimum aluminium
content of 0.02 %, or if sufficient other nitrogen binding elements are present.
b
Nitrogen content is not normally given on a release certificate.

9.1.2 The various grades shall have a carbon equivalent value based on cast analysis, not
exceeding the maximum values given in Table 4.

Table 4. Maximum carbon equivalent values: cast analysis

Grade Maximum carbon equivalent value

(%)
250 0.42
460 0.51
500 0.51

The carbon equivalent value shall be calculated using the following formula:
Mn Cr + Mo + V Ni + Cu
C + + +
6 5 15

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 MS 146:2006

where,

C is the percentage of carbon content;

Mn is the percentage of manganese content;

Cr is the percentage of chromium content;

V is the percentage of vanadium content;

Mo is the percentage of molybdenum content;

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Cu is the percentage of copper content; and

Ni is the percentage of nickel content.

9.2 Product analysis and permitted deviation

The product analysis may vary from the cast analysis due to heterogeneity arising during
casting and solidification. The maximum deviations on product analysis from the values
specified for cast analysis (see Tables 3 and 4) shall be as given in Table 5.

Table 5. Maximum deviations in chemical composition on product analysis

Elements Deviation above the specified maximums given in
Tables 3 and 4
(% max.)
Carbon 0.02
Sulphur 0.005
Phosphorus 0.005
Total nitrogen 0.001
Carbon equivalent value 0.03

10. Quality of finished steel

10.1 All bars shall be free from harmful defects which can be shown to adversely affect the
mechanical properties of the steel specified in this standard.

10.2 Rust, seams, surface irregularities, or mill scale shall not be the cause for rejection,
provided the mass, dimensions, cross-sectional area, and the mechanical properties of a hand
wire brushed test specimen are not less than the requirements of this standard.

11. Weldability
Grades 250, 460 and 500 of reinforcing steel supplied in accordance with this standard are of
weldable quality, grade 250 being described as readily weldable, and grade 460 and 500 as
weldable. They shall be capable of being welded on site provided that, in general, the
requirements of 9.1 and 9.2 and MS 1492 as well as the manufacturer's recommendations
are followed.

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 MS 146:2006

12. Effective cross-sectional area of deformed bars

12.1 For bars where the configuration is such that by visual inspection, the cross-sectional
area is substantially uniform along the length of the bar, the effective cross-sectional area shall
be the gross cross-sectional area determined by weighing and measuring, to a precision of
0.5 %, a length of not less than 0.5 m when:

Gross cross-sectional area (in mm) = effective cross-sectional area

M
A=
0.007 85L
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where,

M is the mass of the bar (in kg); and

L is the length of the bar (in m).

12.2 For a bar where the cross-sectional area varies along its length, a sample not less
than 0.5 m shall be weighed (M) and measured to a precision of 0.5 % in the as-rolled
condition, and after the transverse ribs have been removed, it shall be weighed again (M').

12.2.1 Where the difference between the two masses (M M) is less than 3 % of M', the
effective cross-sectional area shall be obtained as in 12.1.

12.2.2 Where the difference between the two masses (M - M') is equal to or greater than 3
2
% of M, the effective cross-sectional area (mm ) shall be taken as:
1.03M'
0.007 85L

where,

M' is the mass of the bar with transverse ribs removed (in kg); and

L is the length of the bar (in m).

12.2.3 For routine test purposes, a nominal ratio of effective to gross cross-sectional area of
bars covered by 12.2.2 shall be stated and used by the manufacturer.

13. Tolerances on cut length, mass and cross-sectional dimensions

13.1 Nominal density

For the purpose of checking a bar for compliance with the tolerances specified in this standard,
the nominal density of steel shall be used (see 3.10).

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 MS 146:2006

13.2 Specified lengths

If it is specified that bars are to be cut to certain lengths, each bar shall be cut within a tolerance
of 25 mm on the specified length. Where minimum lengths are specified, the tolerance shall
be +50 mm and where maximum lengths are specified, the tolerance shall be -50 mm.

13.3 Mass

Unless otherwise agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser, the tolerances on
mass of individual bars shall be as given in Table 6. For bars where the effective cross-sectional
area is determined by 12.2.2, the nominal mass per metre run shall equate to the gross mass.
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Table 6. Tolerance on mass

Nominal size Tolerance on mass per metre run
(mm) (%)
6 9
8 and 10 6.5
12 and over 4.5

13.4 Cross-sectional dimensions

The tolerance on any cross-sectional dimension, other than those of ribs; from the specified
shape of a bar shall not exceed 8 % of the principal nominal dimension.

14. Bond classification of deformed bars

14.1 General

Deformed bars shall be classified as Type 1 or Type 2 from the results of the bond performance
tests as described in Annex A or by reference, if the shapes are applicable, to the geometrical
classifications in 14.3.

14.2 Performance test classification

The performance tests shall be conducted by an accredited testing laboratory. The classification
shall be established as final, and thereafter the classification of the type of bar which passes the
tests shall be by reference to the geometrical description stated on the test certificate issued by
the test laboratory.

14.3 Geometrical classifications

14.3.1 The geometrical classifications of deformed bars that determine the performance test
reference levels for this standard are as follows:

a) Type 1: A plain square twisted bar or a plain chamfered square twisted bar, each with a
pitch of twist not greater than 14 times the nominal size of the bar.

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 MS 146:2006

b) Type 2: A bar with transverse ribs at a substantially uniform spacing not greater than 0.8
(and continuous helical ribs where present), having a mean area of ribs per unit length
(above the core of the bar projected on a plane normal to the axis of the bar) of not less
2
than 0.15 mm /mm, where is the nominal bar size (in mm).

Any deformed bar, the surface of which is so shaped that it complies with the geometrical
classifications (which shall be regarded as the minimum requirement), shall be deemed to be
of that type.

14.3.2 For the purpose of checking compliance with the geometrical classifications, the
average height of transverse ribs, in a length of the bar equal to at least 10 times the nominal
size, shall be taken as the mean of measurements from the centre and quarter points of the
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overall length of each rib.

14.3.3 The average spacing of transverse ribs shall be determined by dividing a measured
length of bar, equal to at least 10 times the nominal size, by the number of spaces between ribs
on one side of the bar. The measured length of the bar shall be the distance from the centre of
one rib to the centre of another rib on the same side of the bar, measured parallel to the axis of
the bar.

NOTE. Recommended formulae for calculation of the projected rib area was given in Annex C.

15. Routine inspection and testing

All materials shall be subjected to routine inspection and testing as described in Annex B and
shall include the manufacturers inspection (see Clause B1); and either:

a) for material covered by a third party certification scheme, the requirements of Clause B2;
or

b) for material not covered by a certification scheme, the requirements of Clause B3.

The records shall be made available for inspection by the purchaser or his representative for a
period of ten years from the date of delivery.

16. Mechanical properties

All bars should be free from defects, e.g. seams, porosity, segregation, non-metallic
inclusions etc., which can be shown to adversely affect the mechanical properties.

16.1 Tensile properties

16.1.1 The tensile properties of the steel obtained from test specimens selected, prepared
and tested in accordance with B1.2, B1.3 and B1.4 shall comply with 16.1.2 and 16.1.3. The
specified tensile properties apply to the delivery condition.

16.1.2 The specified characteristic strength and elongation of the three grades of steel shall
be as given in Table 7.

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 MS 146:2006

Table 7. Tensile properties

Grade Specified characteristic strength Minimum elongation on gauge

a
2
(N/mm ) So x d
length 5.65
(%)
250 250 22
460 460 12
500 500 12
a
d is the nominal size of the test piece.
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NOTE. The method of calculation of the effective cross-sectional area of deformed bars is given in Clause 12.

16.1.3 The tensile strength shall be either:

a) at least 5 % greater than the actual yield stress measured in the tensile test in
accordance with B1.2, B1.3 and B1.4; or

b) between 5 % and 10 % greater than the actual yield stress measured in the tensile test in
accordance with Annex B. In this case the actual yield stress shall not be less than the
2
value determined from the following formula, in N/mm :

A = (2.1 B)

where,

A is either 250, 460 or 500 according to the grade concerned; and

B is the ratio of measured tensile strength to actual yield strength.

16.2 Bend test

The method of bend testing shall be as given in Annex B. The test specimens shall withstand
being bent through 180 round a former of the diameter specified in Table B3. For the purposes
of this test, the presence of any mill scale shall be ignored. The test specimens shall show no
sign of fracture on visual examination.

16.3 Rebend test

When test specimens selected and prepared in accordance with Annex B are subjected to the
test described in that annex the test specimens shall show no sign of fracture or irregular
bending deformation.

17. Fatigue properties of deformed bars

Deformed bars of grade 460 and grade 500 shall be subjected to type testing as described in
Annex D to determine the fatigue characteristics of a particular geometrical shape. Thereafter
the characteristics shall be confirmed by periodic testing on a three-yearly cycle. For both type
6
and periodic testing, deformed bars shall endure 5 x 10 cycles of stress.

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 MS 146:2006

18. Retests
If any test specimen fails to meet the tensile, elongation, bending or rebend test requirements,
two additional test specimens shall be taken from different bars of the same batch and shall be
subjected to the test(s) which the original specimen failed. If both additional test specimens
pass the retest(s), the batch from which they were taken shall be deemed complying with this
standard. If either of them fails, the batch shall be deemed not complying with this standard.

19. Verification of characteristic strength

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19.1 Where the characteristic strength of the material is in dispute, it shall be verified by
selecting and testing three test specimens from different bars in the batch. If any one test result
is less than the characteristic strength specified in Table 7, the requirements of 19.2 shall apply.
If the three valid test results have an actual yield stress equal to or greater than the
characteristic strength specified in Table 7, the batch shall be deemed to comply with this
standard.

19.2 When one or more of the test results in 19.1 fall below the characteristic strength
specified in Table 7, ten specimens shall be selected from different bars in the batch.

If any one test result is less than 93 % of the characteristic strength specified in Table 7, both
the test specimen and the test method shall be carefully examined. If there is a local fault in the
specimen or reason to believe that an error has occurred in the test, the bar from which the test
specimens was taken shall be disregarded and the test result shall be ignored.

If the valid test results have an actual yield stress equal to or greater than 93 % of the
characteristic strength specified in Table 7, the batch shall be deemed to comply with this
standard.

If one or more valid test results are less than 93 % of the characteristic strength specified in
Table 7, the batch shall be deemed not complying with this standard.

19.3 Where the purchaser has inspected the routine test records of the manufacturer of
supplier, he may use an alternative abbreviated purchaser's test as follows:

Three test piece shall be selected form different bars in the batch. If any one test result is less
than 93 % of the specified characteristic strength, the requirements of 19.2 shall apply. If the
three valid test results have a yield stress equal to or greater than the specified characteristic
strength, the batch shall be deemed to comply with this standard in respect of the specified
characteristic strength requirements.

20. Report of purchasers and other non-routine tests

The test report shall include the following information:

a) a full description of test samples, including size, as stated by the person submitting them
for testing;

b) identification of the batch to which test samples relate, e.g. 'test samples taken from Bar
Mark 32, delivered to site on 17 January 1981 (or not known');

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 MS 146:2006

c) the name of the steel maker or supplier, e.g. Anon Steel Mills Ltd' (or not known');

d) approval of the test house obtained from the manufacturer or supplier (or 'not known');

e) by inspection, a description of the pattern of deformation, mill marks, any marks stamped
on, any signs of damage, any paint or other marks or labels;

f) the length and mass of test piece used for the derivation of the cross-sectional area;

g) the length of test piece used for the tensile test;

h) the results of purchaser's tests on chemical composition, or statement that no tests of

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chemical composition were carried out;

j) the results of purchaser's tests of weldability, or a statement that no tests of weldability

were carried out; and

k) the purchaser's test results on chemical composition, weldability, verification of specified

characteristic strength, tensile strength, elongation bend, rebend show that the batch
tested is acceptable/rejected according to Clauses 9, 11 and 19.

Where the abbreviated purchaser's test of specified properties is used, the report should include
confirmation that the manufacturer's/supplier's records of routine testing have been examined
and found to be satisfactory.

21. Examination after delivery

Defects resulting from improper treatment after delivery shall not be considered as grounds for
rejection. In the event of dispute concerning failure to meet any of the specified properties, the
test pieces shall be retained for examination by the supplier.

22. Marking of bars

In order to identify the source of manufacture, deformed bars shall be identified by rolled-on
legible marks on the surface or thickened ribs at intervals not greater than 1.5 m.

NOTE. If necessary, transverse ribs intersecting the type mark may be omitted.

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 MS 146:2006

Annex A
(normative)

Bond performance test for deformed bars

A1. Principle
The principle of the test is to show that deformed bars, claimed to be equal to those satisfying
the classification, will hold for a given time the specified characteristic strength in a pull-out test
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with a free and slip not greater than 0.2 mm.

A2. Selection of test samples

For a range of sizes of bar which are geometrically similar in shape, tests shall be carried out on
two sizes, preferably 20 mm and largest available size. The surface shape of the bars to be
tested shall comply with the manufacturer's published specification, and shall be as near to the
minimum amount of deformation as is possible. Six specimens of each size shall be tested. The
surface condition of the bar shall be no more than lightly rusted.

A3. Test prisms

The test prism shall be a square cross-section of 150 mm side for bars up to 20 mm in size, and
250 mm side for bars over 20 mm in size. The length of prism shall be:
fy
mm for deformed Type 1 bars; and
21
fy
mm for deformed Type 2 bars.
28

where,
2
fy is the specified characteristic strength of the steel (in N/mm ); and
is the nominal bar size (in mm).

A4. Apparatus
The test bar shall be rigidly embedded and cast vertically in, and pass completely through the
prism of concrete along its longitudinal axis. The prism shall be reinforced with a helix of d mm
diameter plain mild steel at 25 mm pitch along the embedded length. The outer diameter of the
helix shall be 5 mm less than the side of the square cross-section. A suitable mould is shown in
Figure A1.
2
At the time of the pullout test, the concrete cube strength shall be between 40 N/mm and 45
2
N/mm .

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 MS 146:2006

The test piece shall be mounted in a suitable testing device in such a manner that the bar is
pulled axially from the prism. The end of the bar at which the pull is applied shall be that which
projected from the top end of the prism as cast. Plaster bedding or rubber or plywood packing
shall be placed between the top end of the prism and the surface of the testing device bearing
on it.

A suitable dial gauge shall be mounted in such a manner that the gauge records the relative slip
between the unloaded end of the bar and the bottom end of the prism as cast.

A5. Procedure
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During a period of approximately 2 min, the axial load in the bar shall be increased steadily until
the tensile stress in the bar attains the specified characteristic strength fy for the grade of steel
from which the bars are made. This stress shall be held constant for further 2 min, after which
the free end slip of the bar shall be recorded.

A6. Free end slip

If the average free end slip of the six bars tested exceeds 0.2 mm, they shall not qualify for that
classification.

A7. Test report

The test report shall include measurements which define the deformation of the bars tested.

13
 MS 146:2006

150 mm

150 mm
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A
A

3 clamping screw

steel bridge spacing block

spacing
block

varies

bushed hole for passage of base

bottom end of test wire

Figure A1. Typical mould to be used for bond test

14
 MS 146:2006

Annex B
(normative)

Inspection, testing and certification

B1. Manufacturers inspection

B1.1. Certificate of routine testing
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B1.1.1 The manufacturer or the supplier shall issued a certificate of routine testing stating:

a) that the material supplied complies with the requirements of and has been tested at the
frequency specified in this standard; and

b) the address at which the record of test results is available for inspection.

B1.1.2 In the case of material delivered to a supplier, the manufacturer shall issue a certificate
of routine testing stating:

a) the cast analysis of the bars supplied;

b) the carbon equivalent value;

c) the results of the tensile, bend and rebend tests on samples taken from the material. The
tensile test results shall include the cross-sectional area; and

d) in the case of deformed bars, the rolled-on mill mark for materials supplied.

B1.2 Selection of test samples

For the specified tests, samples shall be 600 mm long or 20 times the nominal size, whichever
is the greater. Samples shall be selected from each batch at a frequency of not less than one
per x tonnes or part thereof, where x has the value given in Table B1 provided that, if a batch
comprises bars from more than one cast, at least one test sample shall be selected to represent
each cast. Samples for the bend and rebend tests shall not be selected from the same bar.

B1.3 Preparation of test pieces

B1.3.1 The tensile, bend and rebend tests shall normally be carried out on straight bars in
the as-rolled condition without machining or prior heat treatment.

Table B1. Frequency of tensile, bend and rebend testing

Nominal size of bar Value of x (quantity of material)
(mm) (metric tonnes)
For tensile test For bend test For rebend test
< 10 25 50 50
10 to 16 35 70 70
20 to 32 45 90 90
> 32 55 110 110

15
 MS 146:2006

B1.4 Tensile testing

B1.4.1 The tensile strength, yield stress and elongation of the steel shall be determined
generally in accordance with MS ISO 6892.

For routine testing, the yield stress shall be derived from:

a) nominal stress measured when the plastic deformation of the test piece first occurs
without increase of load or, alternatively; and

b) the load on the specimen corresponding to an increase measured by the extensometer of

percentage total strain specified in Table B2 on any convenient gauge length.
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Table B2. Percentage total strain

Specified characteristic strength Percentage total strain

2
(N/mm ) (%)
250 0.33
460 0.43
500 0.43

In the case of steel with no distinct yield point, or when the yield stress results is in doubt or
dispute, the yield stress may be taken as the stress derived from the load on the specimen
corresponding to an increase, measured by an extensometer, of 0.2 % strain in any convenient
extensometer gauge length of not less than the bar nominal size.

The strain rate when approaching the yield stress shall correspond to a rate of loading not
2
exceeding 10 N/mm per second.

For elongation values, the test results are regarded as valid, irrespective of the position of the
fracture, provided that the minimum elongation specified has been obtained.

Where the minimum elongation specified is not obtained, the results of the test shall be
discarded and the test considered invalid if the distance between the fracture and the nearer
gauge mark is less than one third of the gauge length and if the relevant end of gauge length
used for assessing the elongation is 2d or closer to the face of the testing machine grips, where
d is the diameter of the test piece.
NOTE. It is recommended that test pieces are lightly scribed at one diameter d or 10 mm centres, whichever is more
convenient, throughout their length, and that a gauge length that is as nearly symmetrical about the fracture as
possible, and clear of the machine grips, is selected.

B1.4.2 The stresses shall be calculated using the cross-sectional area of the bar tested. For
all bars the effective cross-sectional area shall be determined by weighing as in Clause 12.

B1.5 Evaluation of tensile test results

B1.5.1 The following requirements on the individual values (x) and on the average value (m)
of the cast shall be met in assessing the characteristic strength.

a) x 0.93 x cv, where cv is the characteristic strength specified in Table 7.

16
 MS 146:2006

2
b) m cv + a, where a = 10 N/mm .

NOTE. It is not necessary to assess the mean value m of the cast if all individual values of x are equal to or greater
than the characteristic strength cv.

B1.5.2 Each individual value for the tensile strength shall comply with the requirements of
16.1.3 and each individual value of the elongation shall comply with the requirements of
16.1.2.

B1.6 Bend testing

B1.6.1 Bend test

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The bend test shall be carried out on test piece at ambient temperature in such a way as to
produce a continuous and uniform bending deformation (curvature) at every section of the bend.
The methods of doing a bend test shall be as follows:

a) on a power bar bending machine, in which the test piece is adequately supported by plain
smooth surfaces or rolls which do not offer resistance to longitudinal movement of the test
piece; or

b) on a 3-point bending machine.

Any machine shall be serviceable and capable of imparting constant loading to the specimen
and shall be without impact effect.

The rate of application of the load shall not exceed 3 revolutions/minute or equivalent if method
b) is used.

The test pieces shall withstand being bent through 180 round a former of the diameters
specified in Table B3. There shall be no transverse fracture of the surface of the metal. For the
purposes of this test, the presence of any mill scale shall be ignored.

B1.6.2 Rebend test

The bars shall withstand without fracture:

a) being bent through 45 using the method of bending specified in B1.6.1 round a former of
diameter equal to twice the nominal size of the bar for grade 250 steel and five times the
nominal size of the bar for grades 460 and 500 steel;

b) being then maintained at a temperature of up to 100 C for not less than 30 min;

c) when the test piece has been cooled to ambient temperature, being bent back (partially
re-straightened) by a steadily applied force through at least 23 on the same bending
machine as used in a) above. The rates of application of the load shall not exceed 3
revolutions/minute or equivalent.

17
 MS 146:2006

Table B3. Bend test formers

Grade Nominal sizes of Diameter of former

bar
250 All sizes Two times the nominal size of the bar
460 All sizes Three times the nominal size of the bar
500 All sizes Three times the nominal size of the bar

B1.6.3 Failure in relation to the rib damage

In the event of failure, if there is any damage to the ribs caused by carrying out the initial
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bending, the test shall be deemed invalid.

NOTE. Damage to the ribs can be avoided by the use of an aluminium sheet insert placed between the specimen
and the former. The maximum thickness of the aluminium sheet insert is to be 6 mm.

B2. Material covered by a third party product certification scheme

B2.1 Consistency of production

For the purpose of determining the consistency of the manufacturers production the long
term quality level shall be assessed at regular intervals. No conclusion regarding compliance
with this standard shall be made on the basis of this assessment.

B2.2 Determination of the long term quality level

B2.2.1 Extent of testing

The yield stress results obtained on all casts for each size shall be collated at intervals of 3
months or after at least 200 results have been obtained. These shall be used to determine the
long term quality level.

B2.2.2 Evaluation

The average value m, shall satisfy the following requirements:

m cv + k

where,

is the standard deviation of the population;

2
cv is the characteristic strength (in N/mm ); and

k is the acceptability index for which values are given in Table B4.

18
 MS 146:2006

Table B4. Acceptability index (k) as a function of the number (n) of the test results (for
a reliable failure rate of 5 % (pass = 0.95) at a probability of 90 % (1 = 0.90)

n k
5 3.40
6 3.09
7 2.89
8 2.75
9 2.65

10 2.57
11 2.50
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12 2.45
13 2.40
14 2.36

15 2.33
16 2.30
17 2.27
18 2.25
19 2.23

20 2.21
30 2.08
40 2.01
50 1.97
60 1.93

70 1.90
80 1.89
90 1.87
100 1.86
150 1.82

200 1.79
250 1.78
300 1.77
400 1.75
500 1.74

1 000 1.71
1.64

B2.2.3 Test certificates

B2.2.3.1 Certificate of compliance

A certificate of compliance shall be issued by a supplier when requested. This shall state:

a) that the material supplied complies with and has been tested at the frequency specified
in this standard; and

19
 MS 146:2006

b) the address at which the record of test results is available for inspection.

The certificate shall include the approval number issued by the recognised certification body.

B2.2.3.2 Manufacturers certificate

In the case of material delivered to a supplier, the manufacturer shall issue a certificate of
routine testing stating the following:

a) the cast number and cast analysis. The cast analysis shall include all specified
elements and those used for the calculation of the carbon equivalent value;
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b) the carbon equivalent value; and

c) the individual results of the tensile, bend and rebend test on specimens taken from the
material. The tensile test results shall include the effective cross-sectional area.

The certificate shall include the approval number issued by the recognised certification body.

B3. Material not covered by a third party product certification scheme

B3.1 General

Material not covered by a third party product certification scheme shall be assessed by
acceptance tests on each batch. Sampling and testing shall be carried out by an organisation
independent of the producer at the producers works or in the stockholders yard.

B3.2 Extent of sampling and testing

For the purpose of testing, the delivery is to be subdivided into test units with a maximum
mass of 100 t each. Each test unit shall consist of products of the same steel grade and the
same nominal diameter from the same cast. The manufacturer or supplier shall confirm in the
certification that all products in the test unit originate from one cast.

Test specimens shall be taken from each test unit as follows:

a) 15 test specimens (if appropriate 60 test specimens) from different bars for testing in
accordance with B3.3 a) and B3.3 b);

b) two test specimens from different bars for testing the chemical composition in the
product [see B3.3 c)].

The preparation of test specimens shall be carried out as described in Clause B1.

B3.3 Properties to be tested

The following properties are to be determined in testing the test specimens which have been
taken according to B3.2.

a) Inspection by variables:

i) tensile strength (Rm);

20
 MS 146:2006

ii) yield point (Re); and

iii) elongation after fracture (As).

b) Inspection by attributes:

i) behaviour in the bend test;

ii) behaviour in the rebend test;

iii) deviations from the nominal cross-section; and

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iv) bond test.

c) Chemical composition according to the product analysis.

All elements listed in Clause 9 and the carbon equivalent are to be determined.

The test procedures shall be as described in Clause B1.

B3.4 Evaluation of the results

B3.4.1 Inspection by variables

Inspection by variables shall be carried out as follows.

a) The following indices are to be determined when testing for the properties listed in B3.3
a).

i) all individual values x of the 15 test specimens (n = 15);

ii) the mean value m15 (for n = 15); and

iii) the standard deviations S15 (for n = 15).

The test unit shall be deemed to comply with the requirements of this standard if the condition
m15 2.33 x S15 cv is fulfilled by the characteristic strength.

where,

x is as defined in B1.5.1;

m is as defined in B1.5.1;

n is the number of test specimens as given in Table B4;

2.33 is the value for the acceptability index k; and

cv is the characteristic strength specified in Table 7.

21
 MS 146:2006

a) If the condition stated in B3.4.1 a) is not fulfilled, the secondary calculation of the
acceptability index:

m15 cv
k' =
S15

is to be determined from the test results available. Where k 2, testing can be continued. In
this case 45 further test specimens shall be taken and tested from different bars in the test
unit, so that a total of 60 test results are available (n = 60).

The test unit shall be deemed to comply with the requirements of this standard if the condition
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m60 1.93 x S60 cv

is fulfilled for all properties (1.93 is the value for the acceptability index k for n = 60 in
accordance with Table D1).

B3.4.2 Inspection by attributes

Inspection by attributes shall be carried out as follows.

a) When testing the properties listed in B3.3 b) either all results determined on the 15 test
specimens shall comply with the requirements of this standard; or

b) If a maximum of 2 of the 15 results do not comply with the requirements of this

standard, 45 further test specimens shall be taken and tested from different bars in the
test unit, so that a total of 60 test results are available. The test unit shall be deemed to
comply with this standard if no more than 2 of the 60 test results do not comply with the
requirements of this standard.

B3.5 Test report

A test report shall contain the following data:

a) works producing the reinforcing steel;

b) nominal diameter;

c) grade of reinforcing steel;

d) marking on the reinforcing steel;

e) cast number;

f) date of testing;

g) mass of the test unit; and

h) the individual test results for all the properties specified in B3.3.

22
 MS 146:2006

Annex C
(informative)

Recommended formulae for calculating projected rib area

The projected rib area R, in millimetres square per millimetres length of bar, should be
calculated for ribbed bars using one of the following equations:

a) for rolled deformed bars:

n (lh t sin )
R=
c
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b) for cold twisted bars:

n (lht sin ) (Nh1)
R= +
c p

where,

n is the number of rows of transverse ribs1);

l is the length of the transverse rib (mm)2);

ht is the height of the transverse rib (mm)3);

is the angle between the centre line of the transverse rib and the bar axis ();

c is the centre to centre spacing between transverse ribs4);

N is the number of longitudinal ribs;

H1 is the height of longitudinal rib (mm)5);

p is the pitch of twist measured parallel to the bar axis6); and

is the nominal bar size.

1)
If more than one pattern of transverse ribs exists, e.g. alternate ribs are set at different angles, or there are
different angles, or there are different rib patterns in each row, the term containing n should be calculated for each
different set of ribs, and the summation of the values obtained.
2)
The length of the transverse rib is measure at the rib to core interface. The length should be determined as the
average of three measurements on each row or set of transverse ribs.
3)
The height of the transverse rib is measured perpendicular to the core of the bar. The height should be determined
as the average of three measurements on each row or set of transverse ribs. (Using Simpson's rule for approximation
under a curve, with rib height measurements at the mid and quarter points, the rib height for each rib profile may be
established as a proportion of its mid point height. For transverse ribs of parobolic profile, the rib height should be
taken as two thirds of the mid point height).
4)
The centre to centre spacing between transverse ribs is determined by dividing the distance, measured parallel to
the axis of the bar, between the mid points of two ribs, of about ten ribs apart, by the number of rib spaces in
between. For twisted bars, the rib spaces should be counted in a helical fashion.
5)
The height of the longitudinal rib is determined as the average of three measurements on each rib.
6)
The pitch of twist measured parallel to the bar axis is determined as the average of three measurements.
23
 MS 146:2006

Annex D
(normative)

Method of test for fatigue properties of deformed bars

D1. Fatigue testing

The fatigue properties of each defined bar shape and process route shall be established by a
competent test laboratory initially by testing three sizes selected from the top, intermediate and
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bottom of the preferred size range. The full product size range shall be tested on a three-yearly
cycle.

Testing shall be carried out in batches on bars in the commercially straight condition. Bars shall
6
be deemed defective or non-defective depending upon their ability to endure 5 x 10 cycles of
stress at the stress range given for the relevant bar size in Table D1.

Table D1. Test stress ranges for nominal bar sizes

Bar size Stress range

2
(mm) (N/mm )
Up to and including 16 200
Over 16 up to and including 20 185
Over 20 up to and including 25 170
Over 25 up to and including 32 160
Over 32 up to and including 40 150

D2. Sampling
For sampling purposes, bars shall be formed into batches of 50 bars of a single type and size,
manufactured at the same time. Test specimens shall not be taken from bars exhibiting isolated
defects which are not characteristic of the product. Each test specimen shall be cut from a bar
selected at random and shall have a minimum length of 30d and a minimum free length of 10d
where d is the nominal diameter of the test specimen. The test unit shall comprise five test
specimens.

D3. Test procedure

Test specimens shall be tested in air under axial tensile loading using tapered grips and a
suitable gripping medium. The stress ratio shall be 0.2 and the frequency shall not exceed
120 Hz. The sine wave form shall be used. Testing shall be carried out under load control and
stresses shall be calculated on the nominal area.

24
 MS 146:2006

The batch shall be deemed to comply with this standard provided that the number of cycles of
stress specified in Clause 17 have been achieved. Where this has not been achieved, the tests
shall be considered invalid if the failure initiated from a defect unique to the test specimen or in
an area adjacent to the testing machine grips.

D4. Retests
D4.1 The batch shall be deemed to comply with this standard if all five test specimens endure
6
5 x 10 cycles of stress.

D4.2 If one valid test specimen fails, a further five test specimens shall be selected from the
batch represented for retests. If one or more of these test specimens fail, the batch shall be
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deemed not to comply with this standard.

25
 Acknowledgements

Ir Dr Abdul Majid (Chairman) Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia

Puan Lee Hooi Lan (Secretary) SIRIM Berhad
Encik Yee Sen Tat/ Amsteel Mills Sdn Bhd
Encik Yap Kin Siong
Ir M. Ramuseren Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia
Encik Azman Idris IKRAM QA Services Sdn Bhd
Ir Dr Ismail Mohamed Taib Jabatan Kerja Raya
Encik Ng See Men Malayawata Steel Bhd
Encik Cheah Poh Kuen Malaysian Iron and Steel Industry Federation
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Encik Sai Swee Seong Master Builders Association Malaysia

Tuan Haji Jamaludin Mustafa Perwaja Steel Sdn Bhd
Puan Seri Banun Sujangi SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd
Puan Tan Bee Ee Southern PC Steel Sdn Bhd
Encik Yap Kong Lim Southern Steel Mesh Sdn Bhd
Ir Li Thang Fai The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia
Dr Iswadi Jauhari Universiti Malaya
Dr Azmi Ibrahim Universiti Teknologi MARA