B.Tech Comp. Sc. & Engg.

, University of Kerala 91

APPENDIX (R)
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF MINI /MAJOR PROJECTS AND
SEMINAR REPORTS FOR B.TECH

Facing page: The title of the project, list of students with roll numbers, name of guide,
department, month and year of submission along with the Institute address and emblem
will be included on the first cover. This may be made in special quality paper like
plastic coated paper.

Inner cover: Contents can be same as that of the front cover, but on ordinary A4 size
paper.

The report may contain three main parts. These include the preliminary part, body of the
report, and reference and appendices (if any) as the concluding or final part. The order
of these items is as given below.

PRELIMINARY PART
Certificate from staff member in-Charge
Acknowledgements, if any
Abstract
Contents
List of abbreviations, if any
List of figures, if any
List of tables, if any
BODY OF THE PROJECT REPORT
Chapter I INTRODUCTION
Motivation and Overview
Literature Survey, if any

Chapter II MATERIALS AND

METHODOLOGY Algorithms, if any
Program development, if any
……………………
……………………..
Chapter N-1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Chapter N: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK

CONCLUDING PART
References
Appendix or Appendices
B.Tech Comp. Sc. & Engg., University of Kerala 92

Abstract
It should be a concise description of the problem(s) addressed and your method of solving
it/them, your results and conclusions. An abstract must be self-contained. The number of words
may be limited not exceeding three-quarter of a page of spacing 1.5 and font type Times New
Roman with size 12.
Contents
The contents should list the chapter headings, sections and subsections of the different chapters
along with page numbers of each. It should be possible to get a complete picture of the project
report by looking at the contents.

List of abbreviations
List the full form of the abbreviations used

List of figures
List the number and captions of the figures with page numbers
List of tables
List the number and titles of the tables with page numbers

Page numbering
The preliminary parts are numbered in roman numerals (i, ii, etc). The first page of the first
chapter (Introduction) onwards will be numbered in Arabic numerals 1 2 3 etc.

Numbering sections, subsections, equations, figures etc

It is common practice to use decimal numbering in the report. If the chapter number is 2, the
section numbers will be 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 etc. The subsections in section 2.2 will be numbered as
2.2.1, 2.2.2 etc. Unless essential, it is not necessary to use numbers to lower levels than three
stages. Headings of paragraphs below the subsections may be bold faced and in sentence case.
Similarly, it is useful and convenient to number the figures also chapter-wise. The figures in
chapter 4 will be numbered Fig.4.1, Fig 4.2 etc. This helps you in assembling the figures and
putting it in proper order. Similarly, the tables also numbered as Table 4.1 Table 4.2 etc.
Usually the figure captions are written below the figure and table captions on top of the table.
All figures should have proper description by legends, title of the axes and any other
information to make the figures self-explanatory. Figures in colour are not essential, but if it is
essential, can be given.
The same numbering scheme can be used for equations also. Only thing to be remembered is
that references to the figures are made like Fig 4.2 and equations as Eqn (5.8) and tables as
Table 3.8. If there are some appendices, these can be numbered as A1, A2, A3 etc. The
equations in these appendices can be numbered as (A1.1), (A2.3) etc.
All figures and tables must be in place in the text near, but not before, where they are first
mentioned.
References can be numbered as 1, 2, 3 etc in the order in which they are referred to in the body
of the report. A typical reference in the body of the report will appear as “as stated in [ 3] or in
[3 ] – [5]” etc.
B.Tech Comp. Sc. & Engg., University of Kerala 93

References to journal papers should contain the name of the author(s), title of the paper, name
of the journal, volume number, issue number, particular pages (pp) and year of publication.

Example:
Abcddfrtgyf T M, Pqrstmyutfd V K, Xyzmnjuhf M : Improving BTC image compression Using
a fuzzy complement edge operator, Signal Processing Journal (ELSEVIER) 88(12), Dec. 2008,
pp 2989-2997.

Similarly conference papers should mention the name of author(s), title of the paper, name of
the conference, place in which the conference was held and date, month and year of the
conference along with the page numbers of the paper in the proceedings of the conference.
Example:
Bgfrd M M, Swerft A J, Abqwesd T S : A fuzzy complement edge operator, IEEE Proceedings
of the 14th Int. Conf. on Advanced Computing and Communications ADCOM 2006,
Mangalore, Karnataka, India, 20-23 Dec., 2006, pp 344-348.

References to books should contain name of the author, title of the book, name of the publisher,
edition number, and year of publication. If possible ISBN Number also can be quoted.

Example
Griffths and Manuel: Introduction to Neuro-fuzzy Systems, Prentice Hall Inc, Edition 2,
1998.

Reference to web sites can be given as follows:

Example
http://www.freefoto.com : ‘Freefoto.com – Free Pictures’.
Appendices
If there is material that if included in the body of the report w o u l d break up the flow of
reading or bore the reader unbearably, it is better to include it as an appendix. Some items
which are typically included in appendices are: major derivations or theoretical developments,
important and original computer programs, data files that are too large to be represented simply
in the results chapters, pictures or diagrams of results which are not important enough to keep
in the main text etc.
General Notes:
-Single column format and print only on one side.
-Use 1.5 spacing for the continuous text.
-Minimum margin:- Binding side –30 mm and 24mm on all other
sides -Full justification of all texts
-Ensure that each new paragraph is clearly indicated.
-Ensure that each new section head is separated by a double space.
-Use 12 pt font Times New Roman for the continuous text (except headings) in MS
Word -Chapter/section headings shall be as per the fonts shown in the sample report
structure -All chapters to be started on a fresh page
-Follow internationally accepted symbols, rules and conventions
-Use the Int. system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, give their eqvnt. in SI units
B.Tech Comp. Sc. & Engg., University of Kerala 94

Suggested Font sizes and margins

Details Font Type Font size Spacing

Facing page (cover and Times New 14pt bold Centered
first page) Roman capitals (Adjustable spacing)
Chapter headings with Times New 14pt bold Centered
chapter number on top Roman capitals
Section headings Times New 12pt bold Left adjusted
Roman capitals
Subsection headings Times New 12pt Left adjusted
Roman sentence case
Paragraph headings Times New 12pt bold Left adjusted
Roman sentence case
Body of the report Times New 12pt Adjusted on both left and
Roman right and with 1.5 spacing
for text and double spacing
for equations
Left Margin 1.5 inch to accommodate
binding area
Right Margin 1.0 inch
Top Margin 2.0 inch on pages on
which chapter begins and
1.0 inch on other pages
Bottom Margin 1.25 inch

A sample structure of the project report is given below

B.Tech Comp. Sc. & Engg., University of Kerala 95

B.Tech Project Report

AN EDGE DETECTION SCHEME FOR

COLOUR IMAGES

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering

Submitted by

ABCD (Roll No.8005)

List all students , Roll
EFGH (Roll No.8034)
no one by one
ABED (Roll No.8057)

Under the guidance of

Mr/Ms/Dr XYMNL

Institute Emblem

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

T.K.M. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOLLAM
KERALA
MARCH 2009
B.Tech Comp. Sc. & Engg., University of Kerala 96

CERTIFICATE

Institute Emblem

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “AN EDGE

DETECTION SCHEME FOR COLOUR IMAGES” is a bonafide record
of the major project done by ABCD (Roll No.8005), EFGH (Roll No. 8034) and
ABED (Roll No. 8057) under my supervision and guidance, in partial

fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in

Computer Science and Engineering from the University of Kerala for the
year 2009.

If there is more than

one guide, write side
Provide Correct Mr/Ms/Dr XYMNL
Name &
by side and provide (Guide)
space for HOD’s designation
Asst. Professor
signature at the
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
bottom

Provide Correct
Name & designation Mr/Ms/Dr PQRX
Professor & Head
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering

Place:
Date:
B.Tech Comp. Sc. & Engg., University of Kerala 97

This is only a format. Sentences can be

changed as per students’ requirement

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we wish to place on records our ardent and earnest gratitude to
our project guide Mr/Ms/Dr XYMNL, Assistant Professor, Dept. of computer
Science and Engineering. His tutelage and guidance was the leading factor in
translating our efforts to fruition. His prudent and perspective vision has shown light
on our trail to triumph.

We are extremely happy to mention a great word of gratitude to Prof. Khalid M,

Head of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering for providing us with
all facilities for the completion of this work.

Finally yet importantly, we would like to express our gratitude to our project
coordinator Mr/Ms/Dr YZXVH for his/her valuable assistance provided during the
course of the project.

We would also extend our gratefulness to all the staff members in the Department. We
also thank all our friends and well-wishers who greatly helped us in our endeavour.

ABCD, EFGH, ABED

List name of all
students
B.Tech Comp. Sc. & Engg., University of Kerala 98

One page, self contained. Highlighting significance, objectives,

methods adopted, contributions, achievements, applications etc

ABSTRACT

Edge detection process for colour images is an important research issue.

Typically, a colour image -----------------------

----------------------------

In this project, --------------------------------------------------an attempt has been

made --------

----------------------------------------------- using the moment preserving thresholding

technique.

This scheme locates the edge boundaries

--------------------------------------------- ------------------------------

---------------------------------------------- such as data hiding and image watermarking.

B.Tech Comp. Sc. & Engg., University of Kerala 99

CONTENTS

Chapter No TITLE Page No

List of Abbreviations ii
List of Figures iii
List of Tables iv

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Definition 2
1.3 Outline 3
2 REVIEW OF MODELS 4
2.1.1.1 Significance of Models 5
2.1.1 Art of Modeling 6

Only this framework to be followed

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 60

5.1 Results 61
5.2 Analysis 65

6 CONCLUSION 68
6.1 Conclusion 68
6.2 Future Scope of work 69

REFERENCES 70
BIBLIOGRAPHY 73
APPENDIX-1 74

Appendix only, If required. Computer codes (developed for the project if any,
lengthy derivations, explanations/details of some already existing
algorithms, formulations used in the thesis shall be given in the appendices.

Page no to be given from this page in the form i

B.Tech Comp. Sc. & Engg., University of Kerala 100

List of Abbreviations

RMSE – Root Mean Square Value

PSNR – Peak Signal to Noise Ratio

ELTSV – Edge Location To Sub-pixel Values

BD – Bit Difference

CED – Canny Edge Detector

GT – Ground Truth

MAE – Mean Absolute Error

FOM – Figure of Merit

ii
B.Tech Comp. Sc. & Engg., University of Kerala 101

List of Figures

Figure No Title Page No

2.1 A 3x3 region of an image 12

2.2 Masks for determining gradient magnitude of edge image 15

4.3 Masks for Robert’s edge detector 53

4.6 Edge image of Cameraman by Sobel and Prewitt edge detectors 57

iii
B.Tech Comp. Sc. & Engg., University of Kerala 102

List of Tables

Table No. Title Page No.

4.1 Performance of classical edge detectors with Canny edge image

as the GT image 50

5.2 Performance of the proposed edge detection scheme 62

iv
B.Tech Comp. Sc. & Engg., University of Kerala 103

Continues text of thesis starts from

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Edge detection is a fundamental task in image processing and computer vision.

It has been broadly covered and documented since the early stage of image processing
studies. Its importance arises from the fact that edges are considered as important
features for analyzing the most important information contained in images, leading
----------------- ----------------------------- classification of objects in an image.

1.1 Introduction

There are many different methods for edge detection [1], such as Sobel filtering,
Prewitt filtering, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------, but
some common problems of these methods are -------------------------------.

All references are to be serially given in this form [1] only

Page number to be given from this page in the form 1 up to the end