Journal’s Title, Vol. x, 20xx, no.

xx, xxx - xxx

HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com
http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/

Ecuaciones diferenciales Deformadas

Osmin Ferrer

Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad de Sucre

e-mail: [email protected], Carrera 28 No. 5-267, Sincelejo, Colombia

Jorge Rodriguez

Coordinación de Matemáticas, Universidad del Atlántico

e-mail: [email protected], Barranquilla, Colombia

Jorge Ramirez

Faculty of Engineering, Corporación Universitaria del Huila

e-mail: [email protected], Neiva, Colombia

Copyright c 20xx Author 1 and Author 2. This article is distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract
With this work we introduce exponential matrix notions and deformed loga-
rithms, wherof we realize a complete study of their properties with a deformation
generator introduced by G. Kaniadakis 1. Furthermore, we establish deformed dif-
ferential equations and some of their solution techniques, which permit to solve
common physical problems which are modeled with the mentioned equations. We
show an application of K-differential equations to a physical application of basic
engineering demonstrating its effectiveness for engineering calculations.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 53C21, 53C42

Keywords: multivariate stochastic processes, positive definite kernels, Toeplitz ker-

nels, Kolmogorov Decomposition.

1 Introduction
—– In this article we define the k-exponential matrix and the k-logarithmic matrix of a
square matrix A, which we will denote expk (A), and lnk (A) respectively. Additionally,
2 Osmin Ferrer, Jorge Ramirez Zarta and Jorge Rodriguez

we will present some convergence properties and criteria for the same matrices [1], [2].
In the first part we will discuss the deformation generator according to G. Kaniadakis,
some aspects of deformed k-algebra and properties of the k-exponential and k-logarithmic
functions [3], [4], [5]. In the second part we will define the k-exponential and k-logarithmic
matrices of an A-square matrix by using their performances in a series of convergent
matrices. Finally, in the last part, we define the k-differential equations, understood as
differential equations with kaniadakis deviations and k-deformation parameters. Also,
we present some techniques for solving k-differential equations and k-differential equation
systems, where the k-exponential matrix forms part of the solutions for some of these
systems.

2 Matriz k-exponencial y k-logarı́tmica

En este capı́tulo definiremos la matriz k-exponencial y la matriz k-logarı́tmica de una
matriz cuadrada A, la cual denotaremos expk (A) y lnk (A) respectivamente, además se
presentarán unas propiedades y criterios de convergencia para dichas matrices. En la
primera seccı́on estudiaremos el generador de deformaciones según G. Kaniadakis, al-
gunos aspectos del álgebra k− deformada y propiedades de la k− exponencial y la k−
logarı́tmica. En la segunda seccı́on definiremos la matriz k− exponencial de una matriz
cuadrada A, utilizando par ello la representación en series de matrices convergentes, y en
la ultima sección se definirá la matriz k− logarı́tmica similarmente a lo generado con la
matriz k-exponencial por medio de una representación de series de matrices.

3 Matemáticas deformadas según Kaniadiakis

Definition 3.1. G. Kaniadiakis en {} define una clase de funciones real-ampliada
de variable real g, las cuales cumplen: i) g es de clase C ∞ (R) ii) g (−x) = −g (x)
d
∀x ∈ R iii) g (x) > 0 iv ) g (±∞) = ±∞ v ) g (x) −→ x cuando x −→ 0, g es
dx
llamada generadora de deformaciones.

Definition 3.2. Dado un parámetro real R 6= 0 y unafunción generadora de defor-

mación g, nosotros introducimos el deformador x(R) = R1 ln sec(g (Rx)) + tan(g (Rx)) =
[  π π

1
R arctanh(sin(g (Rx))) con Rango de g igual a (2n − 1) , (2n + 1) .
n∈Z
2 2
 
Proposition 3.3. El deformador x(R) = R1 ln sec(g (Rx)) + tan(g (Rx)) , es solución
dy g 0 (Rx)
de la ecuación diferencial =
dx cos(g (Rx))
Proof 3.4.
0
 
dxR 1 1   0  g (Rx)
=     cos g (Rx) g (Rx) R =
dx 2
R 1 − sin g (Rx) cos(Rx)
Ecuaciones diferenciales Deformadas 3

Proposition 3.5. x(R) definido en 3.2 cumple:

 π
1
i) x(R) es de clase C ∞ (R) ii) (−x)(R) = −x(R) iii)  g −1 (2n ± 1) 2  = ∓∞ O(R) =
R
(R )
d
0 iv) xR > 0 v) xR −→ x cuando R −→ 0 ( x0 = x )
dx
Proof 3.6.
i) ??? (duda)
1 1 1
ii) (−x)(R) = arcotanh(sin(g (R(−x)))) = arcotanh(sin(−g (Rx))) = arcotanh(− sin(g (Rx
R R R
1
= − arcotanh(sin(g (Rx))) = −x(R)
R
d
iii) xR > 0
dx
[  π π

cos(g (Rx)) > 0 en (2n − 1) , (2n + 1) y g 0 (Rx) > 0. Además,
n∈Z
2 2
!
d 1 1 1
x(R ) = 2 cos(g (Rx))g 0 (Rx)R = · g 0 (Rx)
dx R 1 − sin (g (Rx)) cos(g (Rx))
[  π π

Pero vemos que x(R) esta definida para (2n − 1) , (2n + 1) en efecto,
n∈Z
2 2
!
1 1 + sin(g (Rx))
x(R ) = ln
R cos(g (Rx))
, x(R) está definida para cos(g (Rx)) > 0. Por otro lado cuando sin(g (Rx)) = −1 ya que
1 1
(1 + sin(g (Rx))) ≥ 0. Tenemos x(R) = arcotanh(sin(g (Rx))) = arcotanh(−1) (N o existe).
R R
y = tanh(x)

Gráfico pendiente

Por lo tanto x(R) no esta definida cuando sin(g (Rx)) = −1 o sea cuando g (Rx) los val-
3π 7π π
 
ores , , . . . , (4n − 1) , . . . , de todas maneras para dichos valores cos(g (Rx)) = 0
2 2 2
y no está definidos en x(R) .
[ π π
veamos la gáfica de x(R) para g (x) = x, por lo tanto el dominio de x(R) es (2n − 1) , (2n + 1)
2R 2R
y en cada interior x(R) es creciente:

Gráfico pendiente

(Obs.) x(R) es periódica de periodo 2π en efecto,

! !
1 1 + sin(g (Rx + 2π )) 1 1 + sin(g (Rx))
(x + 2π )(R) = ln = ln = x(R )
R cos(g (Rx)) + 2π R cos(G(Rx))
4 Osmin Ferrer, Jorge Ramirez Zarta and Jorge Rodriguez

1
(Obs.) x(R) = 0, arctanh(sin(g (Rx))) = 0 cuando sin(g (Rx)) = 0 o sea cuando g (x)
R
toma los valores {0, ±2π, ±4π, . . .}
π π [  
iv) como x(R) esta definida cuando g (Rx) se define en (2n − 1) , (2n + 1) ,
n∈Z
2 2
además cuando g (Rx) −→ +∞ (La condición 4 cambia con respecto al x(k ) de Ka-
!
ln(sec(g (Rx)) + tan(g (Rx)))
niadiakis (±∞)k = ±∞ ) v) limR→0 xR = limR→0 =
R
0
Indet.
0

0!
(ln(sec(g (Rx)) + tan(g (Rx)))
limR→0
R0
 !
1 d
· (sec(g (Rx)) tan(g (Rx))) + sec2 (g (RX )) · (g (Rx)) · x
 sec(g (Rx)) + tan(g (Rx)) dR
 

= lim 
 
R→0  1 


= x
! !!
d g (Rx + h) − g (Rx)
Vemos que lim (g (Rx) = lim lim
R→0 dR R→0 h→0 h
! !
g (Rx + h) − g (Rx) Rx + h − Rx
Sea G(x, R, h) = luego, lim G(x, R, h) = lim =
h (R,h)→0 (h)→0 h
1 (????)
1 1
 
vi) lim XR = lim ln (sin(g (Rx)) + tan(g (Rx)) = ln(1) = 0
x→0 x→0 R R
viii) X(−R) = X(R)

esin(g (−Rx)) − e− sin(g (−Rx))

!
1 1
X(−R) = arctanh(sin(g (Rx))) = −
−R R esin(g (−Rx)) + e− sin(g (−Rx))
e− sin(g (Rx)) − esin(g (Rx)) esin(g (Rx)) − e− sin(g (Rx))
! !
1 1
= − = = X(R )
R e− sin(g (Rx)) + esin(g (Rx)) R esin(g (Rx)) + e− sin(g (Rx))

La función inversa de X(R) , notada como X (R) , de tal forma que donde X(R) ◦ X (R) = X
es:

e2g (Rx)−1
!!
1 1 −1  −1 
X (R )
= g −1 sin−1 2g (Rx) = g sin (tanh(Rx))
R e +1 R

A través del R-deformador y su inversa, podemos generalizar el concepto de suma de

Ecuaciones diferenciales Deformadas 5

números reales mediante la suma R-deformada o R-suma, de la siguiente forma:

!!
R 1 −1 sin(g (Rx)) − sin(g (Ry ))
x ⊕ y = ( x(R ) + y(R ) ) (R ) = g sin−1
R 1 − sin(g (Rx)) sin(g (Ry ))
1 −1  
= g sin−1 (tanh(arctan h(sin(Rx)) + arctanh(sin(Rx)))
R

(Obs.): Cuando R → 0 la R-suma se reduce a la suma ordinaria de números reales

R
x⊕y = x+y

La R-suma cumple las siguientes propiedades

R R R R R R R R
i) (x ⊕ y ) ⊕ z = x ⊕ (y ⊕ z ) ii) x ⊕ y = y ⊕ x iii) x ⊕ 0 = x iv) x ⊕ (−x) =
R
(−x) ⊕ x = 0
R R
Definimos la R-diferencia como x y = x ⊕ (−y ) donde
!!
R 1 sen(g (Rx)) − sin(g (Ry ))
x y = g −1 sin−1
R 1 − sin(g (Rx)) sin(g (Ry ))
R 1 −1 1
   
x⊗y = g sin −1 tanh arctanh(sin g (Rx))arctanh(sin(g (Ry )))
R R
0
(Obs.): x0 = limR→0 xR = x, en efecto:limR→0 xR = (Indet. Aplicando L’Hopital)
0
1 1

· ·x
1 − R 2 x2
q
1 − tan 2 h(Rx)
limR→0 x(R) = limR→0 = x (Porque g −1 (h) → h
1
cuando h → 0)

Las siguientes propiedades de la R-Suma se demuestran a continuacion:

o o
i) (x ⊕ y ) = x + y, en efecto: (x ⊕ y ) = (x(0) + y(0) )(0) = (x + y )(0) = x + y

R R R R
ii) (x ⊕ y ) = y ⊕ x, en efecto: x ⊕ y = (x(R) + y(R) )(R) = (y(R) + x(R) )(R) = y ⊕ x

R R R R R R R
iii) (x ⊕ y ) ⊕ z = x ⊕ (y ⊕ z ), en efecto: (x ⊕ y ) ⊕ z = ((x(R) + y(R) )(R) ⊕ z ) =
(R ) (R )
((x(R) + y(R) )(R) + z(R) = (x(R) + y(R) + z(R) ) = (x(R) + (y(R) + z(R) )(R) =
R R
x ⊕ (y ⊕ z )

R R
iv) x ⊕ 0 = x, en efecto: x ⊕ 0 = (x(R) + 0(R) )(R) = (x(R) )(R) = x
6 Osmin Ferrer, Jorge Ramirez Zarta and Jorge Rodriguez

R R R
v) x ⊕ (−x) = (−x) ⊕ x = 0, en efecto: x ⊕ (−x) = (x(R) + (−x(R) ))(R) = (x(R) −
x(R ) ) (R ) = 0(R ) = 0

o o
vi) x ⊗ y = xy, en efecto: x ⊗ y = (x(0) y(0) )(0) = (xy )(0) = xy

(R )
vii) R R R (R )

(R )

( x ⊗ y ) ⊗ z = ( x(R ) y(R ) ) (R ) ⊗ z = ( x(R ) y(R ) ) (R ) z(R ) = x(R ) y(R ) z(R )
(R ) (R )
R R R
 
(R )
= x(R ) ( y(R ) z(R ) ) (R ) = x(R ) ( y ⊗ z ) = x ⊗ (y ⊗ z )

(R ) (R ) (R )

viii) R R R
 
(R )

z ⊗ (x ⊕ z ) = z(R ) ( x ⊕ y ) (R ) = z(R ) ( x(R ) + y(R ) ) (R ) = z(R ) ( x(R ) + y(R ) )
(R )  (R )
(R ) (R )

= z(R ) x(R ) + z(R ) y(R ) = ( z(R ) x(R ) ) (R ) + ( z(R ) y(R ) ) (R )
(R )
R R R R R
    
= ( z ⊗ x ) (R ) ) + (z ⊗ y ) (R ) ) = z⊗x ⊕ z⊗y

R-Exponencial y R-Logaritmo

Definimos la función exponencial R-deformada

 o R-exponencial como
1 1
ln sec(Rx)+tan(Rx)
 
exR = exR = e R = (sec(Rx) + tan(Rx)) R Con g (x) = x
1
i) exp(R) (0) = (1 + 0) R = 1

ii) exp−R (x) = exp(R) (x)

Proof 3.7.
!1
1 i1 sec(Rx) + tan(Rx) R
−1
h
R
(sec(−Rx) + tan(−Rx)) −R = (sec(Rx) − tan(Rx)) =
sec2 (Rx) − tan2 (Rx)
1
= (sec(Rx) + tan(Rx)) R = exp(R) (x)

iii) exp(R) (x)exp(R) (−x) = 1

Proof 3.8.
1 1
expR (x)expR (−x) = (sec(Rx) + tan(Rx)) R (sec(Rx) − tan(Rx)) R
 1  1
2 2 R 2 2 R
= sec (Rx) − tan (Rx) = sec (Rx) − sec (Rx) + 1 =1
−1
Luego, expR (−x) = (expR (x))
iv) (exp(R) (x))k = exp k (kx) con k 6= 0
k
Ecuaciones diferenciales Deformadas 7

Proof 3.9.
1 k
" #
 k  h i k
R R
exp(R) (x) = sec(Rx) + tan(Rx) = sec(Rx) + tan(Rx)
1 1
i k R R
h  k
= sec(Rx) + tan(Rx) R = sec(k ( x)) + tan(k ( x)) R
k k
R
= [sec(R1 z ) + tan(R1 z )] = expR1 (z ) = exp R (kx) ∵ (R1 = y z = kx)
k k
 −1
Para k = −1, entonces exp−R (−x) = expR (x) = expR (−x).
R
v) expR (x)exp(R) (y ) = exp(R) (x ⊕ y )
Proof 3.10.
(R ) R
( x(R ) + y(R ) ) (R ) R
exp(R) (x)exp(R) (y ) = ex(R) ey(R) = ex(R) +y(R) = e = e(x⊕y )(R) = exp(R) (x ⊕ y )
vi) exp(0) (x) = lim exp(R) (x) = ex
k→0
Proof 3.11. Pagina 4 (foto)

R-derivada
 
 
!
df (x0 ) f ( x ) − f ( x0 )  dy dx  1 
dy   dy
= lim   = =  = cos(Rx)
R dx  dx(R) 

d(R ) x dx dx(R) dx

R→0
( x x0 )
dx
Propiedades:
i) dRd x (exR )
Proof 3.12.
d −1 1
1
 
x 2
(e ) = cos(Rx) (sec(Rx) + tan(Rx)) R (sec(Rx) tan(Rx)R + R sec (Rx))
dR x R R
1
= (tan(Rx) + sec(Rx)) R = exR
d x exR
ii) (eR ) =
dx cos(Rx)
La función inversa del R-exponencial es la función R-logaritmo, de notada ln(R) (x) donde:

e2R ln x − 1 x2R − 1
! !
1 1 1
ln(R) (x) = (ln(x)) (R )
= sin−1 2R ln x = sin−1 2R = sin−1 (tanh(R ln x)
R e +1 R x +1 R
Propiedades:
i) ln(0) (x) = ln x
 
ln(0) (x) = lim ln(R) x
R→0
8 Osmin Ferrer, Jorge Ramirez Zarta and Jorge Rodriguez

Proof 3.13.
e2R ln x − 1 x2R − 1
! !
 R 1 1
ln(r ) (x) = ln x = sin−1 2R ln x = sin−1 2R
R e +1 R x +1
 
 #
2x2R ln(x)(x2R + 1) − (x2R − 1)(2x2R ln(x))
"
1
 
 
= lim  ) 
(x2R + 1)2
v
r→0 
x2R − 1
! 
u 
ut1 − 
x2R + 1
 
 

 2x 2R ln(x)[x2R + 1 − x2R + 1] 

= lim  v  = ln x
r→0  u

2R 2 2R 2

 t (x + 1) − (x − 1)
u 
(x2R + 1)2 
(x2R + 1)2
1
Ası́, ln(r ) (x) = (ln x)R = sin−1 (tanh(R ln x))
R
ii) ln(R) (1) = 0
1 0 1
 
Proof 3.14. ln(r ) (1) = sin−1 = sin−1 (0) = 0
R 2 R
1
 
iii) ln(R) = − ln(R) (x)
x
Proof 3.15.
  2R
1 − x2R
  
1 
1 
1
 
1 − 1 1  x2R − 1 1 −1  x2R 
sin−1   x 2R
   
sin−1 

ln(r ) = 
=

 1
= sin
 1 + x2R 
 
x R  1  R + 1
 R
+1 x2R
x" x2R
x2R − 1 x2R − 1
#! !
1 1
= sin−1 − 2R = − sin−1 2R = − ln(r) (x)
R x +1 R x +1

iv) ln(R)(xk ) = k lnRx (x)

Proof 3.16.
(xk )2R − 1 x2Rk − 1
! !
1 1
k
ln(R) (x ) = sin−1 = sin−1
R (xk )2R + 1 R x2Rk + 1
x2w − 1 x2w − 1
! " !#
k 1
= sin−1 2w
= k sin−1 ∵ sea w = Rk
w x +1 w x2w + 1
= k lnw (x) = k lnRk (x)
R
v) ln(R) (xy ) = ln(R) (x) ⊕ ln(R) (y )

x2R y 2R − 1
" #
1
ln(R) (xy ) = sin−1 2R 2R
R x y +1
Ecuaciones diferenciales Deformadas 9

expR (x) − expR (−x)

sinh(R) (x) =
2

expR (x) + expR (−x)

cosh(R) (x) =
2
Proposition 3.17. cosh2(R) (x) − sinh2(R) (x) = 1

Proof 3.18.
 1   1 2
R
sec(Rx) + tan(Rx) + sec(−Rx) + tan(−Rx) R 
cosh2(R) (x) − sinh2(R) (x) = 


 2 

 1   1 2
R
 sec(Rx) + tan(Rx) + sec(−Rx) + tan(−Rx) R 
− 
 2 

"
1  2  1 1
= sec(Rx) + tan(Rx) R + 2 sec(Rx) + tan(Rx) R sec(Rx) − tan(Rx) R
4
#
 2
R
+ sec(Rx) − tan(Rx)
"
1  2  1 1
=− sec(Rx) + tan(Rx) R − 2 sec(Rx) + tan(Rx) R sec(Rx) − tan(Rx) R
4
#
 2 1 2 1 1 2 1
+ sec(Rx) − tan(Rx) R
= sec (Rx) − tan2 (Rx) R + sec (Rx) − tan2 (Rx) R
2 2
1 1
= + =1
2 2
Example 3.19. y(00R) − 2y(0 R) + y = 0 sol : y = exR

exR
!
y(0 R) = cos(Rx) exR + x = cos(Rx)exR + xexR (1)
cos(Rx)

exR xexR
!
y(00R) = cos(Rx) −R sin(Rx)exR
+ cos(Rx) + exR +
cos(Rx) cos(Rx)
= −R sin(Rx) cos(Rx)eR + cos(Rx)eR + cos(Rx)eR + xexR
x x x

(−R sin(Rx) cos(Rx)exR + 2 cos(Rx)exR + xexR ) − 2 (cos(Rx)exR + xexR ) + xexR = 0

x(−R sin(Rx) cos(Rx)exR )

=0
x
10 Osmin Ferrer, Jorge Ramirez Zarta and Jorge Rodriguez

R
− sin(Rx) cos(Rx)y
x
R
 
y(00R) − 2y(0 R) + 1 + sin(Rx)cos(Rx) y = 0
x
dx
Example 3.20. x2 + y 2 − y = 0 es solución dy = − xy
!
dx dy x
= cos(Rx) = cos(Rx) −
dy dx y

d 2 d dy
x (x ) + x (y 2 ) = 0 =⇒ cos(Rx)(2x) + cos(Rx)2y x = 0
dR dR dR
dy
=⇒ 2x cos(Rx) + 2y =0
dR ( x )
dy −2x cos(Rx)
=⇒ =
dR x 2y

d h i
sinh(R) (x) = cosh(R) (x)
dR x
" # " #!!
1 1 1 + sin(Rx) 1 1 + sin(Ry )
sin−1 tanh ln + ln
R 2 1 − sin(Rx) 2 1 − sin(Ry )

y = x2
Gráfico pendiente

E.R.T.
y = f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 ) + f (x0 )
R
y = f(0R) (x0 )(x x0 ) + f (x0 )

R
y = cos(2R)(x 2) + 4
" #!
1 −1 sin(Rx) − sin(2R)
= 4 cos(2R) sin +4
R 1 − sin(2R) sin(Rx)
dy 1 x4
Example 3.21. dx = xy 2 solución y = 16

dy 1
= xy 2
dR x
dy 1
cos(Rx) = xy 2
dR x
Ecuaciones diferenciales Deformadas 11

Example 3.22. y = xex es solución de y 00 − 2y 0 + y = 0

d2 y dy
− 2 +y = 0
d ( R ) x2 d(R ) x

y = xex(R)
dy d
= (xexR )
d(R )x d(R ) x
d d x
= (x)exR + x e
dR x dR x R
= cos(Rx)xexR + xexR
= cos(Rx)

s
 2
v q
1− = 1 − sin2 (Rt) = cos(Rt)
c

dexR
= exR
dR x
d
cos(Rx) exR = exR
dx
d x
eR = sec(Rx)exR
dx

d2 y
= cos(Rx) (R sin(Rx)xexR + cos(Rx)exR + cos(Rx)x sec(Rx)exR + exR + x sec(Rx)exR )
dR x 2
= R sin(Rx) cos(Rx)exR + cos2 (Rx)exR + cos(Rx)xexR + cos(Rx)exR + xexR − 2 cos(Rx)exR
−2xexR + xexR
= 0

!
R 1 sin R ln x + sin R ln y
ln x ⊕ ln y = sin−1
R 1 + sin R ln x sin R ln y
    
1 sin ln xR + sin ln y R
= sin−1  
R 1 + sin (ln xR ) sin (ln y R )
1  h i
= sin−1 tanh arcotanh(sin(ln xr )) + arctanh(sin(ln y 2 ))
R
Por otro lado
(xy )R − (xy )−r
" #
1 1
sin−1 R −r
= sin−1 (tanh(xy ))
R (xy ) + (xy ) R
12 Osmin Ferrer, Jorge Ramirez Zarta and Jorge Rodriguez

??
xy = arcth(sin(xr ) + arcth(sin(ln y R )))
Factor de Lorentz
1 1 1 1
r=s = s = q =
v2
 2
v 1 − sin2 (Rx) cos(Rx)
1− 1−
c2 c
v
sin(Rx) =
c
Meter Gráfico

Cuando v = 0.5c s
 2
v √ √
1− = c 1 − 0.25 = c 0.75
c
0.5c
sin(Rx) = = 0.5 −→ sin(Rx) = 0.5 Rx = 30
c
Acknowledgements. Thanks to the universities Surcolombiana, De Sucre and Del
Atlı̈¿ 12 ntico for their support..

References
[1] N. L. Carothers, A Short course on Banach Space Theory, Cambridge University
Press, 2005.

[2] T. Constantinescu, Schur Parameters, Factorization and Dilation Problems (1st

ednt.), Birkhäuser Verlag, 1996.

[3] D. E. Evans and J. T. Lewis, Dilations of Irreversible Evolutions in Algebraic Quan-

tum Theory, Communications of the Dublin Institute of Advanced Studies, Series A
(Theoretical Physics), 1977.

[4] J. Lindenstrauss and L. Tzafriri, Classical Banach Spaces I, Springer Verlag, 1977.

[5] M. A. Naimark, Self-adjonnt extensions of the second kind of a symmetric operator,

Bulletin Acad. Scn. URSS (Ser. Math.), 1940, 4, 53-104.

[6] R. Paley and N. Wiener, Fourier transforms in the complex domain, Am. Math. Soc.
, New York. Colloq. Publ. 19, 1934.

[7] G. Strandell, Stationary in Hilbert spaces, Department of Mathematics, Uppsala

University, 2001, U.U.D.M. Report 2001:31, 13-32.
Ecuaciones diferenciales Deformadas 13

[8] R. M. Young, An introduction to Nonharmonic Fourier Series, Academic Press, New

York, 1980.

[9] A.G. Miamee, M. Pourahamadi, Degenerate multivarate stationary processes: past

and future autoregresive representation, Sankhya Ser, 1987, 316-334.

Received: Month xx, 20xx