6 Energy Efficient Electrical Systems: 6.1 Guideline
6 Energy Efficient Electrical Systems: 6.1 Guideline
6 Energy Efficient Electrical Systems: 6.1 Guideline
Efficient
Electrical
systems Guidelines Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefits
Mandatory Clause
6.1 Guideline
Hlectrical systems
The electrical system in a building comprises the infrastructure
that brings in electrical supply. The main infrastructures are the
electrical substation, transformers, distribution systems, circuit
breakers, electrical meters, capacitors, etc.
A C motors
L.T. 0.130.34
Table 6.3.3: Oil filled transformers- total losses for oil filled transformers should
confirm as per the following table as specified in Central Electricity Authority
Norms
Rating kVA Maximum losses Maximum losses at Total losses at 50% Total losses at
at 50% loading kW 100% loading kW loading kW 100% loading kW
Up to 11 kV Up to 33 kV
100 0.5 1.8 0.6 1.8
160 0.8 2.2 0.8 2.6
200 0.9 2.7 0.9 3.0
250 1.1 3.3 NA NA
315 1.1 3.6 1.3 4.3
400 1.5 4.6 1.5 5.1
500 1.6 5.5 2.0 6.5
630 2.0 6.6 2.3 7.6
1000 3.0 9.8 3.5 11.4
1250 3.6 12.0 4.0 13.3
1600 4.5 15.0 4.9 16.0
2000 5.4 18.4 5.7 18.5
2500 6.5 22.5 7.1 23.0
Capacitor rating in KVAr when motor speed Capacitor rating in KVAr when motor speed
Moto is Motor is
r H.P. 3000 150 1000 750 600 500 H.P. 3000 1500 1000 750 600 500
r.p.m. 0 r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m r.p.m. r.p.
r.p. m.
m
2.5 1 1 1.5 2 2.5 2.5 105 22 24 27 29 36 41
5 2 2 2.5 3.5 4 4 110 23 25 28 30 38 43
7.5 2.5 3 3.5 4.5 5 5.5 115 24 26 29 31 39 44
10 3 4 4.5 5.5 6 6.5 120 25 27 30 32 40 46
12.5 3.5 4.5 5 6.5 7.5 8 125 26 28 31 33 41 47
15 4 5 6 7.5 8.5 9 130 27 29 32 34 43 49
17.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 8 10 10.5 135 28 30 33 35 44 50
20 5 6 7 9 11 12 140 29 31 34 36 46 52
22.5 5.5 6.5 8 10 12 13 145 30 32 35 37 47 54
25 6 7 9 10.5 13 14.5 150 31 33 36 38 48 55
27.5 6.5 7.5 9.5 11.5 14 16 155 32 34 37 39 49 56
30 7 8 10 12 15 17 160 33 35 38 40 50 57
32.5 7.5 8.5 11 13 16 18 165 34 36 39 41 51 59
35 8 9 11.5 13.5 17 19 170 35 37 40 42 53 60
37.5 8.5 9.5 12 14 18 20 175 36 38 41 43 54 61
40 9 10 13 15 19 21 180 37 39 42 44 55 62
42.5 9.5 11 14 16 20 22 185 38 40 43 45 56 63
45 10 11.5 14.5 16.5 21 23 190 38 40 43 45 58 65
47.5 10.5 12 15 17 22 24 195 39 41 44 46 59 66
50 11 12.5 16 18 23 25 200 40 42 45 47 60 67
55 12 13.5 17 19 24 26 205 41 43 46 48 61 68
60 13 14.. 18 20 26 28 210 42 44 47 49 61 69
5
65 14 15.5 19 21 27 29 215 42 44 47 49 62 70
70 15 16.5 20 22 28 31 220 43 45 48 50 63 71
75 16 17 21 23 29 32 225 44 46 49 51 64 72
80 17 19 22 24 30 34 230 45 47 50 52 65 73
85 18 20 23 25 31 35 235 46 48 51 53 65 74
90 19 21 24 26 33 37 240 46 48 51 53 66 75
95 20 22 25 27 34 38 245 47 49 52 54 67 75
100 21 23 26 28 35 40 250 48 50 53 55 68 76
Note: The recommended capacitor rating given in the above table is only for
guidance purpose. (The capacitor rating should correspond approximately to the
apparent power of the motor on no-load).
Table 6.3.4: Multiplying factor for calculating the sizes of capacitor for power
factor improvement
Power Size of capacitors in kVAr per kW of load for raising the power factor to
factor of
load before 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 Unity
applying
capacitors
0.45 1.230 1.360 1.501 1.532 1.561 1.592 1.626 1.659 1.695 1.737 1.784 1.846 1.988
0.46 1.179 1.309 1.446 1.473 1.502 1.533 1.567 1.600 1.636 1.677 1.725 1.786 1.929
0.47 1.130 1.260 1.397 1.425 1.454 1.485 1.519 1.552 1.588 1.629 1.677 1.758 1.881
0.48 1.076 1.206 1.343 1.370 1.400 1.430 1.464 1.497 1.534 1.575 1.623 1.684 1.826
0.49 1.030 1.160 1.297 1.326 1.355 1.386 1.420 1.453 1.489 1.530 1.578 1.639 1.782
0.50 0.982 1.112 1.248 1.276 1.303 1.337 1.369 1.403 1.441 1.481 1.529 1.590 1.732
0.51 0.936 1.066 1.202 1.230 1.257 1.291 1.323 1.357 1.395 1.435 1.483 1.544 1.686
0.52 0.894 1.024 1.160 1.188 1.215 1.249 1.281 1.315 1.353 1.393 1.441 1.502 1.644
0.53 0.850 0.980 1.116 1.144 1.171 1.205 1.237 1.271 1.309 1.349 1.397 1.458 1.600
0.54 0.809 0.939 1.075 1.103 1.130 1.164 1.196 1.230 1.268 1.308 1.356 1.417 1.559
0.55 0.769 0.899 1.035 1.063 1.090 1.124 1.156 1.190 1.228 1.268 1.316 1.377 1.519
0.56 0.730 0.860 0.996 1.024 1.051 1.085 1.117 1.151 1.189 1.229 1.277 1.338 1.480
0.57 0.692 0.822 0.958 0.986 1.013 1.047 1.079 1.113 1.151 1.191 1.239 1.300 1.442
0.58 0.655 0.785 0.921 0.949 0.976 1.010 1.042 1.076 1.114 1.154 1.202 1.263 1.405
0.59 0.618 0.748 0.884 0.912 0.939 0.973 1.005 1.039 1.077 1.117 1.165 1.226 1.368
0.60 0.584 0.714 0.849 0.878 0.905 0.939 0.971 1.005 1.043 1.083 1.131 1.192 1.334
0.61 0.549 0.679 0.815 0.843 0.870 0.904 0.936 0.970 1.008 1.048 1.096 1.157 1.299
0.62 0.515 0.645 0.781 0.809 0.836 0.870 0.902 0.936 0.974 1.014 1.062 1.123 1.265
0.63 0.483 0.613 0.749 0.777 0.804 0.838 0.870 0.904 0.942 0.982 1.030 1.091 1.233
0.64 0.450 0.580 0.716 0.744 0.771 0.805 0.837 0.871 0.909 0.949 0.997 1.058 1.200
0.65 0.419 0.549 0.685 0.713 0.740 0.774 0.806 0.840 0.878 0.918 0.966 1.027 1.169
0.66 0.388 0.518 0.654 0.682 0.709 0.743 0.775 0.809 0.847 0.887 0.935 0.996 1.138
0.67 0.358 0.488 0.624 0.652 0.679 0.713 0.745 0.779 0.817 0.857 0.905 0.966 1.108
0.68 0.329 0.459 0.595 0.623 0.650 0.684 0.716 0.750 0.788 0.828 0.876 0.937 1.079
0.69 0.299 0.429 0.565 0.593 0.620 0.654 0.686 0.720 0.758 0.798 0.840 0.907 1.049
0.70 0.270 0.400 0.536 0.564 0.591 0.625 0.657 0.691 0.729 0.769 0.811 0.878 1.020
0.71 0.242 0.372 0.508 0.536 0.563 0.597 0.629 0.663 0.701 0.741 0.783 0.850 0.992
0.72 0.213 0.343 0.479 0.507 0.534 0.568 0.600 0.634 0.672 0.712 0.754 0.821 0.963
0.73 0.186 0.316 0.452 0.480 0.570 0.541 0.573 0.607 0.645 0.685 0.727 0.794 0.936
0.74 0.159 0.289 0.425 0.453 0.480 0.514 0.546 0.580 0.618 0.658 0.700 0.767 0.909
0.75 0.132 0.262 0.398 0.426 0.453 0.487 0.519 0.553 0.591 0.631 0.673 0.740 0.882
0.76 0.105 0.235 0.371 0.399 0.426 0.460 0.492 0.526 0.564 0.604 0.652 0.713 0.855
0.77 0.079 0.209 0.345 0.373 0.400 0.434 0.466 0.500 0.538 0.578 0.620 0.687 0.829
0.78 0.053 0.183 0.319 0.347 0.374 0.408 0.440 0.474 0.512 0.552 0.594 0.661 0.803
0.79 0.026 0.156 0.292 0.320 0.347 0.381 0.413 0.447 0.485 0.525 0.567 0.634 0.776
0.80 - 0.130 0.266 0.294 0.321 0.355 0.387 0.421 0.459 0.499 0.541 0.608 0.750
0.81 - 0.104 0.240 0.268 0.295 0.329 0.361 0.395 0.433 0.473 0.515 0.582 0.724
0.82 - 0.078 0.214 0.242 0.269 0.303 0.335 0.369 0.407 0.447 0.489 0.556 0.698
0.83 - 0.052 0.188 0.216 0.243 0.277 0.309 0.343 0.381 0.421 0.463 0.530 0.672
0.84 - 0.026 0.162 0.190 0.217 0.251 0.283 0.317 0.355 0.395 0.437 0.504 0.645
0.85 - - 0.136 0.164 0.191 0.225 0.257 0.291 0.329 0.369 0.417 0.478 0.620
0.86 - - 0.109 0.140 0.167 0.198 0.230 0.264 0.301 0.343 0.390 0.450 0.593
Power Size of capacitors in kVAr per kW of load for raising the power factor to
factor of
load before 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 Unity
applying
capacitors
0.87 - - 0.083 0.114 0.141 0.172 0.204 0.238 0.275 0.317 0.364 0.424 0.567
0.88 - - 0.054 0.085 0.112 0.143 0.175 0.209 0.246 0.288 0.335 0.395 0.538
0.89 - - 0.028 0.059 0.836 0.117 0.149 0.183 0.230 0.262 0.309 0.369 0.512
0.90 - - - 0.031 0.058 0.089 0.121 0.155 0.192 0.234 0.281 0.341 0.484
0.91 - - - - 0.027 0.058 0.090 0.124 0.161 0.203 0.250 0.310 0.453
0.92 - - - - - 0.031 0.063 0.097 0.134 0.176 0.223 0.283 0.426
0.93 - - - - - - 0.032 0.066 0.103 0.145 0.192 0.252 0.395
0.94 - - - - - - - 0.034 0.071 0.113 0.160 0.220 0.363
0.95 - - - - - - - - 0.037 0.079 0.126 0.186 0.329
0.96 - - - - - - - - - 0.042 0.089 0.149 0.292
0.97 - - - - - - - - - - 0.047 0.107 0.250
0.98 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.060 0.203
0.99 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.143
Example: Given 100-kW load to be improved from 0.77 to 0.95 power factor. The
power factor from the table is 0.500.
Therefore, the capacitor required (kVAr) = 100 x 0.500 = 50 kVAr.
a. Emergy accoumtimg
Metering of the energy consumed by an establishment is
necessary so that:
Tab1e ð.3.5: IzR losses per phase (in watts) of various sizes (in
mmz) of aluminum cables of 1o m length in a three-phase
system
Loss reductiom
Power losses in lines depend upon the resistance of the lines
and the current carried. The resistance of lines may be
considered constant. Then it follows that the only way to reduce
the loss of power is to reduce the current. The current may be
reduced by using as many reserve lines as possible. Dual lines
should be connected in parallel for a more economical
operation.
Cable laying should be done strictly in accordance with carefully
and systematically planned schedule. Drawing of this should be
available at site and should be preserved at sub-stations. All
cable ends should be suitably labelled to facilitate easy
identification. In all control cables adequate number of spare
cores should be included. For cables, use IS:1z55-1q58, IS:q6z-
1q65 and IS:3o¢3-1q66 standards.
A. DG €ets
With the rampant power shortage, poor power quality,
disturbances, increased energy costs, as seen in the present SEB
grid power distribution, industries are put to tremendous
difficulties resulting in production losses, etc. This has led to the
need for captive power generation.
B. UP€/ Imverters
An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power
source, UPS or battery back-up, is an electrical apparatus that
provides emergency power to a load when the input power
source, typically the utility mains, fails. A UPS differs from an
auxiliary or emergency power system or standby generator in
that it will provide instantaneous or near-instantaneous
protection from input power interruptions by means of one or
more attached batteries and associated electronic circuitry. The
on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power sources is
relatively short—5–15 minutes being typical for smaller units—
but sufficient to allow time to bring an auxiliary power source
on line, or to properly shut down the protected equipment.
While not limited to protecting any particular type of
equipment, a UPS is typically used to protect computers, data
centers, telecommunication equipment or other electrical
equipment where an unexpected power disruption could cause
injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption and/or data loss.
UPS units range in size from units designed to protect a single
computer without a video monitor (around zoo VA rating) to
large units powering entire data centers, buildings.
The efficiency level of the inverters varies from qz -q5 % based
on the capacity.
6.4 Benefits: