Transient Analysis Compressible Fluid PDF

Tutorial 4.
Modeling Transient Compressible Flow
Introduction
In this tutorial, ANSYS FLUENT’s density-based implicit solver is used to predict the
time-dependent flow through a two-dimensional nozzle. As an initial condition for the
transient problem, a steady-state solution is generated to provide the initial values for
the mass flow rate at the nozzle exit.
This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following:
• Calculate a steady-state solution (using the density-based implicit solver) as an

initial condition for a transient flow prediction.
• Define a transient boundary condition using a user-defined function (UDF).
• Use dynamic mesh adaption for both steady-state and transient flows.
• Calculate a transient solution using the second-order implicit transient formulation

and the density-based implicit solver.
• Create an animation of the transient flow using ANSYS FLUENT’s transient solution
animation feature.
Prerequisites
This tutorial is written with the assumption that you have completed Tutorial 1, and
that you are familiar with the ANSYS FLUENT navigation pane and menu structure.
Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be shown explicitly.
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c ANSYS, Inc. March 12, 2009 4-1
Problem Description
The geometry to be considered in this tutorial is shown in Figure 4.1. Flow through a
simple nozzle is simulated as a 2D planar model. The nozzle has an inlet height of 0.2 m,
and the nozzle contours have a sinusoidal shape that produces a 20% reduction in flow
area. Due to symmetry, only half of the nozzle is modeled.
plane of symmetry
0.2 m p (t )
exit
p = 0.9 atm p = 0.7369 atm

inlet
exit
Figure 4.1: Problem Specification
Setup and Solution

Preparation
1. Download unsteady_compressible.zip from the User Services Center to your
working folder (as described in Tutorial 1).
2. Unzip unsteady_compressible.zip.
The files nozzle.msh and pexit.c can be found in the unsteady compressible
folder created after unzipping the file.
3. Use FLUENT Launcher to start the 2D version of ANSYS FLUENT.

For more information about FLUENT Launcher, see Section 1.1.2 in the separate
User’s Guide.
Note: The Display Options are enabled by default. Therefore, once you read in the
mesh, it will be displayed in the embedded graphics window.
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c ANSYS, Inc. March 12, 2009
Step 1: Mesh
1. Read the mesh file nozzle.msh.
File −→ Read −→Mesh...
2. Check the mesh.

General −→ Check
ANSYS FLUENT will perform various checks on the mesh and will report the progress
in the console window. Ensure that the reported minimum volume is a positive num-
ber.
3. Verify that the mesh size is correct.

General −→ Scale...
(a) Close the Scale Mesh dialog box.
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4. Mirror the view across the centerline (Figure 4.2).

Graphics and Animations −→ Views...
(a) Select symmetry in the Mirror Planes selection list.

(b) Click Apply to refresh the display.
(c) Close the Views dialog box.
Figure 4.2: 2D Nozzle Mesh Display with Mirroring
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Step 2: General Settings

General
1. Select the solver settings.

General
(a) Select Density-Based from the Type list in the Solver group box.
The density-based implicit solver is the solver of choice for compressible, tran-
sonic flows without significant regions of low-speed flow. In cases with sig-
nificant low-speed flow regions, the pressure-based solver is preferred. Also,
for transient cases with traveling shocks, the density-based explicit solver with
explicit time stepping may be the most efficient.
(b) Retain the default selection of Steady from the Time list.
Note: You will solve for the steady flow through the nozzle initially. In later
steps, you will use these initial results as a starting point for a transient
calculation.
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2. For convenience, change the unit of measurement for pressure.

General −→ Units...
The pressure for this problem is specified in atm, which is not the default unit in
ANSYS FLUENT. You will need to redefine the pressure unit as atm.
(a) Select pressure in the Quantities selection list.

Scroll down the list to find pressure.
(b) Select atm in the Units selection list.
(c) Close the Set Units dialog box.
Step 3: Models
Models
1. Enable the energy equation.

Models −→ Energy −→ Edit...
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2. Select the k-omega SST turbulence model.

Models −→ Viscous −→ Edit...
(a) Select k-omega (2eqn) in the Model list.

(b) Select SST in the k-omega Model group box.
(c) Click OK to close the Viscous Model dialog box.
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Step 4: Materials
Materials
1. Set the properties for air, the default fluid material.

Materials −→ air −→ Create/Edit...
(a) Select ideal-gas from the Density drop-down list, so that the ideal gas law is
used to calculate density.
Note: ANSYS FLUENT automatically enables the solution of the energy equa-
tion when the ideal gas law is used, in case you did not already enable it
manually in the Energy dialog box.
(b) Retain the default values for all other properties.
(c) Click the Change/Create button to save your change.
(d) Close the Create/Edit Materials dialog box.
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Step 5: Operating Conditions

1. Set the operating pressure.
Boundary Conditions −→ Operating Conditions...
(a) Enter 0 atm for Operating Pressure.

(b) Click OK to close the Operating Conditions dialog box.
Since you have set the operating pressure to zero, you will specify the boundary
condition inputs for pressure in terms of absolute pressures when you define them
in the next step. Boundary condition inputs for pressure should always be relative
to the value used for operating pressure.
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Step 6: Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions
1. Set the boundary conditions for the nozzle inlet (inlet).

Boundary Conditions −→ inlet −→ Edit...
(a) Enter 0.9 atm for Gauge Total Pressure.

(b) Enter 0.7369 atm for Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure.
The inlet static pressure estimate is the mean pressure at the nozzle exit. This
value will be used during the solution initialization phase to provide a guess
for the nozzle velocity.
(c) Select Intensity and Viscosity Ratio from the Specification Method drop-down
list in the Turbulence group box.
(d) Enter 1.5% for Turbulent Intensity.
(e) Enter 10 for Turbulent Viscosity Ratio.
(f) Click OK to close the Pressure Inlet dialog box.
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2. Set the boundary conditions for the nozzle exit (outlet).

Boundary Conditions −→ outlet −→ Edit...
(a) Enter 0.7369 atm for Gauge Pressure.

(b) Select Intensity and Viscosity Ratio from the Specification Method drop-down
list in the Turbulence group box.
(c) Enter 1.5% for Backflow Turbulent Intensity.
(d) Enter 10 for Backflow Turbulent Viscosity Ratio.
If substantial backflow occurs at the outlet, you may need to adjust the backflow
values to levels close to the actual exit conditions.
(e) Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet dialog box.
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Step 7: Solution: Steady Flow

In this step, you will generate a steady-state flow solution that will be used as an initial
condition for the time-dependent solution.
1. Set the solution parameters.

Solution Methods
(a) Retain the default selection of Least Squares Cell Based from the Gradient drop-
down list in the Spatial Discretization group box.
(b) Select Second Order Upwind from the Turbulent Kinetic Energy and Specific
Dissipation Rate drop-down lists.
Second-order discretization provides optimum accuracy.
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2. Modify the Courant number.

Solution Controls
(a) Set the Courant Number to 50.

(b) Retain the default values for the under-relaxation factors.
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3. Enable the plotting of residuals.

Monitors −→ Residuals −→ Edit...
(a) Make sure Plot is enabled in the Options group box.

(b) Select none from the Convergence Criterion drop-down list.
(c) Click OK to close the Residual Monitors dialog box.
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4. Enable the plotting of mass flow rate at the flow exit.

Monitors (Surface Monitors) −→ Create...
(a) Enable Plot and Write.

Note: When Write is enabled in the Surface Monitor dialog box, the mass flow
rate history will be written to a file. If you do not enable the write option,
the history information will be lost when you exit ANSYS FLUENT.
(b) Enter noz ss.out for File Name.
(c) Select Mass Flow Rate in the Report Type drop-down list.
(d) Select outlet in the Surfaces selection list.
(e) Click OK to close the Surface Monitor dialog box.
5. Save the case file (noz ss.cas).

File −→ Write −→Case...
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6. Initialize the solution.

Solution Initialization
(a) Select inlet from the Compute from drop-down list.

(b) Click Initialize.
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7. Perform gradient adaption to refine the mesh.

Adapt −→Gradient...
You will enable dynamic adaption so that the solver periodically refines the mesh
in the vicinity of the shocks as the iterations progress. The shocks are identified by
their large pressure gradients.
(a) Select Gradient from the Method group box.

The mesh adaption criterion can either be the gradient or the curvature (second
gradient). Because strong shocks occur inside the nozzle, the gradient is used
as the adaption criterion.
(b) Select Scale from the Normalization group box.
Mesh adaption can be controlled by the raw (or standard) value of the gradient,
the scaled value (by its average in the domain), or the normalized value (by its
maximum in the domain). For dynamic mesh adaption, it is recommended to
use either the scaled or normalized value because the raw values will probably
change strongly during the computation, which would necessitate a readjust-
ment of the coarsen and refine thresholds. In this case, the scaled gradient is
used.
(c) Enable Dynamic in the Dynamic group box.
(d) Enter 100 for the Interval.
For steady-state flows, it is sufficient to only seldomly adapt the mesh—in
this case an interval of 100 iterations is chosen. For time-dependent flows, a
considerably smaller interval must be used.
(e) Retain the default selection of Pressure... and Static Pressure from the Gradients
of drop-down lists.
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(f) Enter 0.3 for Coarsen Threshold.

(g) Enter 0.7 for Refine Threshold.
As the refined regions of the mesh get larger, the coarsen and refine thresholds
should get smaller. A coarsen threshold of 0.3 and a refine threshold of 0.7
result in a “medium” to “strong” mesh refinement in combination with the
scaled gradient.
(h) Click Apply to store the information.
(i) Click the Controls... button to open the Mesh Adaption Controls dialog box.
i. Retain the default selection of fluid in the Zones selection list.

ii. Enter 20000 for Max # of Cells.
To restrict the mesh adaption, the maximum number of cells can be lim-
ited. If this limit is violated during the adaption, the coarsen and refine
thresholds are adjusted to respect the maximum number of cells. Addi-
tional restrictions can be placed on the minimum cell volume, minimum
number of cells, and maximum level of refinement.
iii. Click OK to close the Mesh Adaption Controls dialog box.
(j) Close the Gradient Adaption dialog box.
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8. Start the calculation by requesting 500 iterations.

Run Calculation
Figure 4.3: Mass Flow Rate History
9. Save the case and data files (noz ss.cas and noz ss.dat).
File −→ Write −→Case & Data...
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10. Display the steady flow contours of static pressure (Figure 4.4).
Graphics and Animations −→ Contours −→ Set Up...
(a) Enable Filled in the Options group box.

(b) Click Display and close the Contours dialog box.
Figure 4.4: Contours of Static Pressure (Steady Flow)
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The steady flow prediction in Figure 4.4 shows the expected pressure distribution,
with low pressure near the nozzle throat.
11. Display the steady-flow velocity vectors (Figure 4.5).

Graphics and Animations −→ Vectors −→ Set Up...
(a) Retain all default settings.

(b) Click Display and close the Vectors dialog box.
You can zoom in to view the recirculation of your velocity vectors.
The steady flow prediction in Figure 4.5 shows the expected form,with peak velocity
of approximately 300 m/s through the nozzle.
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Figure 4.5: Velocity Vectors (Steady Flow)
12. Check the mass flux balance.

Reports −→ Fluxes −→ Set Up...
! Although the mass flow rate history indicates that the solution is con-
verged, you should also check the mass flux throughout the domain to
ensure that mass is being conserved.
(a) Retain the default selection of Mass Flow Rate.
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(b) Select inlet and outlet in the Boundaries selection list.

(c) Click Compute and examine the values displayed in the dialog box.
! The net mass imbalance should be a small fraction (e.g., 0.1%) of the total
flux through the system. The imbalance is displayed in the lower right
field under kg/s. If a significant imbalance occurs, you should decrease
your residual tolerances by at least an order of magnitude and continue
iterating.
(d) Close the Flux Reports dialog box.
Step 8: Enable Time Dependence and Set Transient Conditions

In this step you will define a transient flow by specifying a transient pressure condition
for the nozzle.
1. Enable a time-dependent flow calculation.

General
(a) Select Transient in the Time list.
2. Read the user-defined function (pexit.c), in preparation for defining the transient
condition for the nozzle exit.
Define −→ User-Defined −→ Functions −→Interpreted...
The pressure at the outlet is defined as a wave-shaped profile, and is described by
the following equation:
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pexit (t) = 0.12 sin(ωt) + pexit (4.1)
where
ω = circular frequency of transient pressure (rad/s)
pexit = mean exit pressure (atm)
In this case, ω = 2200 rad/s, and pexit = 0.7369 atm.
A user-defined function (pexit.c) has been written to define the equation (Equa-
tion 4.1) required for the pressure profile.
Note: To input the value of Equation 4.1 in the correct units, the function pexit.c
has to be written in SI units.
More details about user-defined functions can be found in the separate UDF Man-
ual.
(a) Enter pexit.c for Source File Name.

(b) Click Interpret.
The user-defined function has already been defined, but it needs to be compiled
within ANSYS FLUENT before it can be used in the solver.
(c) Close the Interpreted UDFs dialog box.
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3. Set the transient boundary conditions at the nozzle exit (outlet).

Boundary Conditions −→ outlet −→ Edit...
(a) Select udf transient pressure (the user-defined function) from the Gauge Pressure
drop-down list.
(b) Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet dialog box.
4. Update the gradient adaption parameters for the transient case.

Adapt −→Gradient...
(a) Enter 10 for Interval in the Dynamic group box.
For the transient case, the mesh adaption will be done every 10 time steps.
(b) Enter 0.3 for Coarsen Threshold.
(c) Enter 0.7 for Refine Threshold.
The refine and coarsen thresholds have been changed during the steady-state
computation to meet the limit of 20000 cells. Therefore, you need to reset
these parameters to their original values.
(d) Click Apply to store the values.
(e) Click Controls... to open the Mesh Adaption Controls dialog box.
i. Enter 8000 for Min # of Cells.
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ii. Enter 30000 for Max # of Cells.

You need to increase the maximum number of cells to try to avoid readjust-
ment of the coarsen and refine thresholds. Additionally, you need to limit
the minimum number of cells to 8000, because it is not desired to have a
coarse mesh during the computation (the current mesh has approximately
20000 cells).
iii. Click OK to close the Mesh Adaption Controls dialog box.
(f) Close the Gradient Adaption dialog box.
Step 9: Solution: Transient Flow

1. Modify the plotting of the mass flow rate at the nozzle exit.
Monitors (Surface Monitors) −→ surf-mon-1 −→ Edit...
Because each time step requires 30 iterations, a smoother plot will be generated by
plotting at every time step.
(a) Enter noz uns.out for File Name.

(b) Select Time Step from the X Axis drop-down list.
(c) Select Time Step from the Get Data Every drop-down list.
(d) Click OK to close the Surface Monitor dialog box.
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2. Save the transient solution case file (noz uns.cas).

File −→ Write −→Case...
3. Modify the plotting of residuals.

Monitors −→ Residuals −→ Edit...
(a) Make sure Plot is enabled in the Options group box.
(b) Make sure none is selected from the Convergence Criterion drop-down list.
(c) Set the Iterations to Plot to 100.
(d) Click OK to close the Residual Monitors dialog box.
4. Set the time step parameters.

Run Calculation
The selection of the time step is critical for accurate time-dependent flow predic-
tions. Using a time step of 2.85596 × 10−5 seconds, 100 time steps are required for
one pressure cycle. The pressure cycle begins and ends with the initial pressure at
the nozzle exit.
(a) Enter 2.85596e-5 s for Time Step Size.

(b) Enter 600 for Number of Time Steps.
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(c) Enter 10 for Max Iterations/Time Step.

(d) Click Calculate to start the transient simulation.
! Calculating 600 time steps will require significant CPU resources. Instead
of calculating the solution, you can read the data file (noz uns.dat.gz)
with the precalculated solution. This data file can be found in the folder
where you found the mesh and UDF files.
By requesting 600 time steps, you are asking ANSYS FLUENT to compute six pres-
sure cycles. The mass flow rate history is shown in Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.6: Mass Flow Rate History (Transient Flow)
5. Save the transient case and data files (noz uns.cas and noz uns.dat).
File −→ Write −→Case & Data...
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Step 10: Saving and Postprocessing Time-Dependent Data Sets

At this point, the solution has reached a time-periodic state. To study how the flow
changes within a single pressure cycle, you will now continue the solution for 100 more
time steps. You will use ANSYS FLUENT’s solution animation feature to save contour
plots of pressure and Mach number at each time step, and the autosave feature to save
case and data files every 10 time steps. After the calculation is complete, you will use
the solution animation playback feature to view the animated pressure and Mach number
plots over time.
1. Request the saving of case and data files every 10 time steps.
Calculation Activities (Autosave Every)−→ Edit...
(a) Enter 10 for Save Data File Every.

(b) Select Each Time for When the Data File is Saved, Save the Case File.
(c) Retain the default selection of time-step from the Append File Name with drop-
down list.
(d) Enter noz anim for File Name.
When ANSYS FLUENT saves a file, it will append the time step value to the
file name prefix (noz anim). The standard extensions (.cas and .dat) will
also be appended. This will yield file names of the form noz anim0640.cas
and noz anim0640.dat, where 0640 is the time step number.
Optionally, you can add the extension .gz to the end of the file name (e.g.,
noz anim.gz), which will instruct ANSYS FLUENT to save the case and data
files in compressed format, yielding file names of the form noz anim0640.cas.gz.
(e) Click OK to close the Autosave dialog box.
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Extra: If you have constraints on disk space, you can restrict the number of
files saved by ANSYS FLUENT by enabling the Retain Only the Most Recent
Files option and setting the Maximum Number of Data Files to a nonzero
number.
2. Create animation sequences for the nozzle pressure and Mach number contour plots.
Calculation Activities (Solution Animations)−→ Create/Edit...
(a) Set Animation Sequences to 2.

(b) Enter pressure for the Name of the first sequence and mach-number for the
second sequence.
(c) Select Time Step from the When drop-down lists for both sequences.
With the default value of 1 for Every, this instructs ANSYS FLUENT to update
the animation sequence at every time step.
(d) Click the Define... button for pressure to open the associated Animation Se-
quence dialog box.
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i. Select In Memory from the Storage Type group box.

The In Memory option is acceptable for a small 2D case such as this. For
larger 2D or 3D cases, saving animation files with either the Metafile or
PPM Image option is preferable, to avoid using too much of your machine’s
memory.
ii. Set Window to 3 and click the Set button.
iii. Select Contours from the Display Type group box to open the Contours
dialog box.
A. Make sure that Filled is enabled in the Options group box.

B. Disable Auto Range.
C. Retain the default selection of Pressure... and Static Pressure from the
Contours of drop-down lists.
D. Enter 0.25 atm for Min and 1.25 atm for Max.
This will set a fixed range for the contour plot and subsequent anima-
tion.
E. Click Display and close the Contours dialog box.
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Figure 4.7 shows the contours of static pressure in the nozzle after 600
time steps.
Figure 4.7: Pressure Contours at t = 0.017136 s
iv. Click OK to close the Animation Sequence dialog box associated with the
pressure sequence.
(e) Click the Define... button for mach-number to open the associated Animation
Sequence dialog box.
i. Make sure that In Memory is selected in the Storage Type list.
ii. Set Window to 4 and click the Set button.
iii. Select Contours in the Display Type group box to open the Contours dialog
box.
A. Select Velocity... and Mach Number from the Contours of drop-down
lists.
B. Make sure that Filled is enabled from the Options group box.
C. Disable Auto Range.
D. Enter 0.00 for Min and 1.30 for Max.
E. Click Display and close the Contours dialog box.
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Figure 4.8 shows the Mach number contours in the nozzle after 600
time steps.
Figure 4.8: Mach Number Contours at t = 0.017136 s
iv. Click OK to close the Animation Sequence dialog box associated with the
mach-number sequence.
(f) Click OK to close the Solution Animation dialog box.
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3. Continue the calculation by requesting 100 time steps.

Run Calculation
By requesting 100 time steps, you will march the solution through an additional
0.0028 seconds, or roughly one pressure cycle.
With the autosave and animation features active (as defined previously), the case
and data files will be saved approximately every 0.00028 seconds of the solution
time; animation files will be saved every 0.000028 seconds of the solution time.
When the calculation finishes, you will have ten pairs of case and data files and
there will be 100 pairs of contour plots stored in memory. In the next few steps,
you will play back the animation sequences and examine the results at several time
steps after reading in pairs of newly saved case and data files.
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4. Change the display options to include double buffering.

Graphics and Animations −→ Options...
Double buffering will allow for a smoother transition between the frames of the
animations.
(a) Enable the Double Buffering option.

(b) Set Active Window to 3.
(c) Click the Set button.
(d) Click Apply and close the Display Options dialog box.
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5. Play the animation of the pressure contours.

Graphics and Animations −→ Solution Animation Playback −→ Set Up...
(a) Retain the default selection of pressure in the Sequences selection list.
(b) Click the play button (the second from the right in the group of buttons in
the Playback group box).
(c) Close the Playback dialog box.
Examples of pressure contours at t = 0.017993 s (the 630th time step) and t =
0.019135 s (the 670th time step) are shown in Figures 4.9 and 4.10.
6. In a similar manner to steps 4. and 5., select the appropriate active window and
sequence name for the Mach number contours.
Examples of Mach number contours at t = 0.017993 s and t = 0.019135 s are shown
in Figures 4.11 and 4.12.
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Extra: ANSYS FLUENT gives you the option of exporting an animation as an

MPEG file or as a series of files in any of the hardcopy formats available in
the Save Picture dialog box (including TIFF and PostScript).
To save an MPEG file, select MPEG from the Write/Record Format drop-down
list in the Playback dialog box and then click the Write button. The MPEG file
will be saved in your working folder. You can view the MPEG movie using an
MPEG player (e.g., Windows Media Player or another MPEG movie player).
To save a series of TIFF, PostScript, or other hardcopy files, select Picture
Frames in the Write/Record Format drop-down list in the Playback dialog box.
Click the Picture Options... button to open the Save Picture dialog box and set
the appropriate parameters for saving the hardcopy files. Click Apply in the
Save Picture dialog box to save your modified settings. In the Playback dialog
box, click the Write button. ANSYS FLUENT will replay the animation, saving
each frame to a separate file in your working folder.
If you want to view the solution animation in a later ANSYS FLUENT session,
you can select Animation Frames as the Write/Record Format and click Write.
! Since the solution animation was stored in memory, it will be lost if you
exit ANSYS FLUENT without saving it in one of the formats described
previously. Note that only the animation-frame format can be read back
into the Playback dialog box for display in a later ANSYS FLUENT session.
7. Read the case and data files for the 660th time step (noz anim0660.cas and
noz anim0660.dat) into ANSYS FLUENT.
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8. Plot vectors at t = 0.018849 s (Figure 4.13).

Graphics and Animations −→ Vectors −→ Set Up...
(a) Click Display and close the Vectors dialog box.

(b) Select Auto Range under Options.
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Figure 4.13: Velocity Vectors at t = 0.018849 s
The transient flow prediction in Figure 4.13 shows the expected form, with peak
velocity of approximately 241 m/s through the nozzle at t = 0.018849 seconds.
9. In a similar manner to step 7. and 8., read the case and data files saved for other
time steps of interest and display the vectors.
Summary
In this tutorial, you modeled the transient flow of air through a nozzle. You learned how
to generate a steady-state solution as an initial condition for the transient case, and how
to set solution parameters for implicit time-stepping.
You also learned how to manage the file saving and graphical postprocessing for time-
dependent flows, using file autosaving to automatically save solution information as the
transient calculation proceeds.
Finally, you learned how to use ANSYS FLUENT’s solution animation tool to create
animations of transient data, and how to view the animations using the playback feature.
Further Improvements
This tutorial guides you through the steps to generate a second-order solution. You
may be able to increase the accuracy of the solution even further by using an appropriate
higher-order discretization scheme and by adapting the mesh further. Mesh adaption can
also ensure that the solution is independent of the mesh. These steps are demonstrated
in Tutorial 1.
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Tutorial 4.

Modeling Transient Compressible Flow

• Calculate a steady-state solution (using the density-based implicit solver) as an

• Define a transient boundary condition using a user-defined function (UDF).

• Calculate a transient solution using the second-order implicit transient formulation

p = 0.9 atm p = 0.7369 atm

Figure 4.1: Problem Specification

Setup and Solution

3. Use FLUENT Launcher to start the 2D version of ANSYS FLUENT.

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2. Check the mesh.

3. Verify that the mesh size is correct.

(a) Close the Scale Mesh dialog box.

4. Mirror the view across the centerline (Figure 4.2).

(a) Select symmetry in the Mirror Planes selection list.

Figure 4.2: 2D Nozzle Mesh Display with Mirroring

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Step 2: General Settings

1. Select the solver settings.

2. For convenience, change the unit of measurement for pressure.

(a) Select pressure in the Quantities selection list.

1. Enable the energy equation.

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2. Select the k-omega SST turbulence model.

(a) Select k-omega (2eqn) in the Model list.

1. Set the properties for air, the default fluid material.

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Step 5: Operating Conditions

(a) Enter 0 atm for Operating Pressure.

Step 6: Boundary Conditions

1. Set the boundary conditions for the nozzle inlet (inlet).

(a) Enter 0.9 atm for Gauge Total Pressure.

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2. Set the boundary conditions for the nozzle exit (outlet).

(a) Enter 0.7369 atm for Gauge Pressure.

Step 7: Solution: Steady Flow

1. Set the solution parameters.

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2. Modify the Courant number.

(a) Set the Courant Number to 50.

3. Enable the plotting of residuals.

(a) Make sure Plot is enabled in the Options group box.

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4. Enable the plotting of mass flow rate at the flow exit.

(a) Enable Plot and Write.

5. Save the case file (noz ss.cas).

6. Initialize the solution.

(a) Select inlet from the Compute from drop-down list.

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7. Perform gradient adaption to refine the mesh.

(a) Select Gradient from the Method group box.

(f) Enter 0.3 for Coarsen Threshold.

i. Retain the default selection of fluid in the Zones selection list.

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8. Start the calculation by requesting 500 iterations.

Figure 4.3: Mass Flow Rate History

(a) Enable Filled in the Options group box.

Figure 4.4: Contours of Static Pressure (Steady Flow)

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