Lab Report Experiment 2
Lab Report Experiment 2
Lab Report Experiment 2
College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
Manila
Experiment No. 2
MOLECULAR WEIGHT DETERMINATION
BY VAPOR DENSITY METHOD
Group Number: 3
1. Custodio, JV L 201510352
2. Decatoria, Terry SJ 201510304
3. Legaspi, Lhaila T. 201510085
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Physical Chemistry Lab Report-Experiment 2- Molecular Weight
Determination by Vapor Density Method
Abstract
The experiment aims to determine the molecular weight of gas by vapor density
method. Experimental procedures sought to answer the objectives.
Six Erlenmeyer flasks were initially weighed. After covering the flasks with an aluminum
foil associated with a tiny hole, the masses were again recorded. Five milliliters of ethyl acetate
and ethyl alcohol was poured in the two sets of three flasks. The flasks were immediately
covered. A temperature of 75 degrees Celsius was maintained as the flasks were individually
immersed in water bath.
As the liquid inside the flasks evaporated, the flasks were removed in the water bath
and cooled at a room temperature. The masses of the flasks were recorded. The volumes of the
flasks were measured by the filling of the distilled water up to the brim of the flasks.
Calculations were based from the data collected after the three trials for each reagent.
The experimentation led to a mean molecular weight of 32. 86 g/mole for Ethyl Alcohol
and 90.79 g/mole for Ethyl Acetate.
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Physical Chemistry Lab Report-Experiment 2- Molecular Weight
Determination by Vapor Density Method
Introduction
The discovery of Avogadro’s Law led to the first measurements of molecular weights,
since if we know the mass of a sample of gas and the number of moles it contains, molecular
A method of determining the molecular weight of substances that turned into vapor
was devised by Jean-Baptiste Dumas. In the Dumas method a volatile liquid is heated to a
known temperature, above its boiling point, and allowed to escape from a container through a
tiny hole. Once the liquid has vaporized, the container is cooled to room temperature.
Gradually the vapor which remained in the container at the higher temperature condenses to a
molecules have primarily London dispersion forces and very little thermal energy is required to
overcome these attractive forces since the molecules are relatively small. Therefore, the liquid
The determination of molar mass in the Dumas method experiment uses the ideal gas
law: knowing the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas sample allows one to know the
PV = nRT = mRT/M
M = mRT/(pV)
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Physical Chemistry Lab Report-Experiment 2- Molecular Weight
Determination by Vapor Density Method
the molecular weight of the sample is to determine the moles of the gas produced.
Theoretical Background
The experiment is based from various scientific laws. The concepts to be used are as
follows:
Jean-Baptiste Dumas devised a method of determining the molar mass of substances that can
conveniently be turned into vapor. The Dumas method is still the subject of laboratory exercises in
chemistry courses. It involves finding the mass, volume, temperature, and pressure of a substance in the
vapor phase. The determination of molar mass in a modern Dumas method experiment uses the ideal
gas law: knowing the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas sample allows one to know the
number of moles; knowing the mass that corresponds to that number of moles allows computation of
pV = nRT = mRT/M
So,
M = mRT/(pV) .
The procedure entailed placing a small quantity of the unknown substance into a tared vessel of
known volume. The vessel is then heated in a boiling water bath; all the air within the flask would be
expelled, replaced by the vapor of the unknown substance. When no remaining liquid can be observed,
the vessel may be sealed (e.g. with a flame), dried, and weighed.
Physical Chemistry Lab Report-Experiment 2- Molecular Weight
Determination by Vapor Density Method
By subtracting the tare of the vessel, the actual mass of the unknown vapor within the vessel
can be calculated. Assuming the unknown compound obeyed the ideal gas equation, the number of
pV = nRT
where the pressure, p, is the atmospheric pressure, V is the measured volume of the vessel, T is
the absolute temperature of the boiling water bath, and R is the ideal gas constant.
By dividing the mass in grams of the vapor within the vessel by the calculated number of moles,
Meanwhile, the following formulas are expected to be used to carry out the
calculations;
Mass of condensed liquid= Mass of flask and condensed liquid-Mass of empty flask and cover
Mass of distilled water= Mass of flask with Distilled Water-Mass of empty flask
Materials
Experimental Procedures
The experiment started as six Erlenmeyer flask were barely weighed. After covering the
mouth of the flask with the aluminum foil and pinching a hole using a small pin, the flasks were
weighed again. The holes were ensured to be small enough and nearly visible to the naked eye
Five milliliters of ethyl alcohol was poured in the first three flasks. The flasks were
immediately covered. A temperature of 75 degrees Celsius was maintained as the flasks were
individually immersed in water bath. As the liquid inside the flasks evaporated, the flasks were
removed in the water bath and cooled at a room temperature. The masses of the flasks were
recorded. The volumes of the flasks were measured by the filling of the distilled water up to the
brim of the flasks. Same procedures were made for Ethyl Acetate. Three trials for each reagent
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
The masses of bare flasks Reagents were measured Three trials for the Ethyl
and the covered flasks were and poured into the flasks Alcohol were performed
measured.
Figure 1.4
Figure 1.5
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Physical Chemistry Lab Report-Experiment 2- Molecular Weight
Determination by Vapor Density Method
120
100
80
Ethyl Alcohol
60
Ethyl Acetate
40
20
0
AVERAGE 2 3
120
100
80
Ethyl Alcohol
60
Ethyl Acetate
40
20
0
AVERAGE 2 3
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Physical Chemistry Lab Report-Experiment 2- Molecular Weight
Determination by Vapor Density Method
120
100
80
Ethyl Alcohol
60
Ethyl Acetate
40
20
0
AVERAGE 2 3
120
100
80
Ethyl Alcohol
60
Ethyl Acetate
40
20
0
AVERAGE 2 3
120
100
80
Ethyl Alcohol
60
Ethyl Acetate
40
20
0
AVERAGE 2 3
AVERAGE
100
80
60
AVERAGE
40
20
0
Ethyl Alcohol Ethyl Acetate
Figure 7. Average
Based on the graphical presentations above, ethyl acetate exhibit higher values
compared to ethyl alcohol. Despite of the large difference between the two samples, each
sample showed precise data on the three trials. These values can be reflected on the time it
took the ethyl acetate to evaporate completely during the experiment which is longer than
ethyl alcohol.
Physical Chemistry Lab Report-Experiment 2- Molecular Weight
Determination by Vapor Density Method
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
The liquid evaporated The liquid evaporated for The liquid evaporated
about
ETHYLL ACETATE
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
The evaporation lasted for The evaporation lasted for The evaporation lasted for
about 55 minutes about 57 minutes about 50 minutes
Physical Chemistry Lab Report-Experiment 2- Molecular Weight
Determination by Vapor Density Method
DATA TRIAL
1 2 3 1 2 3
Mass of empty flask and 132.85 130.55 110.49 108.69 122.54 123.99
cover (g)
Temperature of liquid(˚C) 29 29 29 29 29 29
Temperature of distilled 29 29 29 29 29 29
water (˚C)
Conclusion
Based on our conducted experiment using vapor density method the following
conclusions such as (1) the desired mass of the condensed liquid of a particular compound were
determined (2) the relationship of pressure, volume and temperature were proved, (3) sources
By observing the data collected, the researchers have concluded that the ideal amount
of mass for the condensed liquid of ethyl alcohol is around 0.5 while ethyl acetate should be
around 0.8 to get accurate molecular weight of a certain compound. Furthermore, the direct
relationship of volume and temperature and the inversely proportional relationship of volume
and pressure were proved. On a different note, instrumental errors like the improper apparatus
to properly measure vapor density method; and the impurities of the compound could explain
Reccomendation
The experiment results may be improved if the following conditions were followed and
applied:
2. Be sure to consider factors such as intermolecular forces and consequent deviations from ideality
3. Pay particular attention to the contribution that stray water dropsmight have on your results
Physical Chemistry Lab Report-Experiment 2- Molecular Weight
Determination by Vapor Density Method
References
Websites
https://web.lemoyne.edu/giunta/classicalcs/dumas.html
http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch105/lesson1MW_and_mixtures.html
http://www.lahc.edu/classes/chemistry/arias/Exp%209%20-%20Vapor%20Density.pdf
http://www.asfa.k12.al.us/ourpages/auto/2016/9/9/51957417/03%20Determination%
20of%20Molar%20Mass%20by%20Vapor%20Density.pdf
https://www.scribd.com/doc/35250197/Molecular-Weight-Determination-by-Vapor-
Density-Method
Nomenclature
M = molecular weight (g/mol)
m = mass (g)
T = Temperature (˚C or K)
APPENDICES
A. Raw Data
DATA TRIAL
1 2 3 1 2 3
Compound Ethyl Alcohol Ethyl Acetate
Mass of empty flask(g) 131.97 129.72 109.64 107.80 121.67 122.14
Mass of empty flask and 132.85 130.55 110.49 108.69 122.54 123.99
cover (g)
Mass of flask and 133.30 130.89 110.99 109.59 123.7 124.82
condensed liquid(g)
Mass of condensed 0.45 0.34 0.50 0.90 1.16 0.83
liquid(g)
Mass of flask with 404.88 404.88 404.88 404.88 404.88 404.88
distilled water (g)
Temperature of distilled 29 29 29 29 29 29
water (˚C)
Volume of 280 280 280 280 280 280
water=Volume of
flask(mL)
Barometric 713.74 713.74 713.74 713.74 713.74 713.74
pressure(mmHg)
B. Sample Calculations
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 − 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
Ethyl Alcohol
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Ethyl Acetate
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Ethyl Alcohol
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Ethyl Acetate
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Ethyl Alcohol
Trial 1
272.91𝑔 𝑔
= 0.97
280 𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝑙
Trial 2
275.16 𝑔 𝑔
= 0.98
280 𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝐿
Trial 3
295.24𝑔 𝑔
= 1.05
280𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝐿
Ethyl Acetate
Trial 1
297.08𝑔 𝑔
= 1.06
280𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝐿
Trial 2
283.21𝑔 𝑔
= 1.01
280𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝐿
Physical Chemistry Lab Report-Experiment 2- Molecular Weight
Determination by Vapor Density Method
Trial 3
282.74𝑔 𝑔
= 1.01
280𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝐿
Ethyl Alcohol
Trial 1
𝐿 𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(0.45𝑔) 𝑥 ( 0.08206𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 𝐾) 𝑥 (29 +273)𝐾 𝑔
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 1𝐿 = 42.66
(713.74𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑥 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)𝑥 (280𝑚𝐿 𝑥 1000 𝑚𝐿) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Trial 2
𝐿 𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(0.34𝑔) 𝑥 (0.08206𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 𝐾 )𝑥 (29 +273)𝐾 𝑔
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 1𝐿 = 34.51
(713.74𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑥 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)𝑥 (280𝑚𝐿 𝑥 1000 𝑚𝐿) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Trial 3
𝐿 𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(0.50𝑔) 𝑥 (0.08206 ) 𝑥 (29 +273)𝐾 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 𝐾
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 1𝐿 = 47.12
(713.74𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑥 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔) 𝑥 (280𝑚𝐿 𝑥 1000 𝑚𝐿) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Physical Chemistry Lab Report-Experiment 2- Molecular Weight
Determination by Vapor Density Method
Ethyl Acetate
Trial 1
𝐿 𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(0.90𝑔) 𝑥 (0.08206 ) 𝑥 (29 +273)𝐾 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 𝐾
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 1𝐿 = 84.82
(713.74𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑥 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)𝑥 (280𝑚𝐿 𝑥 1000 𝑚𝐿) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Trial 2
𝐿 𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(1.16𝑔) 𝑥 (0.08206 ) 𝑥 (29 +273)𝐾 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 𝐾
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 1𝐿 = 109.32
(713.74𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑥 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔) 𝑥 (280𝑚𝐿 𝑥 1000 𝑚𝐿) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Trial 3
𝐿 𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(0.83𝑔) 𝑥 (0.08206 )𝑥 (29 +273)𝐾 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 𝐾
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 1𝐿 = 78.22
(713.74𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑥 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)𝑥 (280𝑚𝐿 𝑥 1000 𝑚𝐿) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Ethyl Alcohol
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
42.66𝑚𝑜𝑙+34.51 𝑚𝑜𝑙+47.12 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑔
= 41.43
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Ethyl Acetate
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
84.82𝑚𝑜𝑙+109.32𝑚𝑜𝑙+78.22𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑔
= 90.79
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙