Example: Axial Load vs. Moment Interaction Diagram

Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs.
M om ent
I nteraction Diagram
Consider an square column (20 in x 20 in.) with 8 #10

(ρ = 0.0254) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Draw the
interaction diagram.
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs. M om ent
Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
= (
Ast 8=1.27 in 2
) 10.16 in 2
= ( = )
2 2
Ag 20 in. 400 in
Ast 10.16 in 2
ρ =
= =2
0.0254
Ag 400 in
Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
=P0 0.85 f c ( Ag − Ast ) + f y Ast
0.85 ( 4 ksi ) ( 400 in − 10.16 in
2 2
)
+ ( 60 ksi ) (10.16 in 2 )
= 1935 k
Pn = rP0 [ Point 1 ]
= 0.8
= (1935 k ) 1548 k
Determine where the balance point, cb.
Determine where the balance point, cb. Using similar
triangles, where d = 20 in. – 2.5 in. = 17.5 in., one can
find cb
cb 17.5 in.
=
0.003 0.003 + 0.00207
 0.003 
⇒ cb =  17.5 in.
 0.003 + 0.00207 
cb = 10.36 in.
Determine the strain of the steel
 cb − 2.5 in.   10.36 in. − 2.5 in. 

ε s1 =  ε cu   ( 0.003)
 cb   10.36 in. 
= 0.00228
 cb − 10 in.   10.36 in. − 10 in. 
ε s2 =  ε cu   ( 0.003)
 cb   10.36 in. 
= 0.000104
Determine the stress in the steel
= sε s1
fs1 E= 29000 ksi ( 0.00228 )
= 66 ksi ⇒ 60 ksi compression
= sε s1
fs2 E= 29000 ksi ( 0.000104 )
= 3.02 ksi compression
Compute the forces in the column
Cc = 0.85 f cb β1c
= 0.85 ( 4 ksi )( 20 in.)( 0.85 )(10.36 in.)
= 598.8 k
Cs1 As1 ( fs1 − 0.85 f c )
=
3 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 60 ksi − 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )
= 215.6 k
Cs2 2 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 3.02 ksi − 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )
=
−0.97 k ⇐ neglect
=
Ts A=
s fs 3 (1.27 in 2
) ( 60 ksi )
= 228.6 k
Pn = Cc + Cs1 + Cs2 − Ts
= 599.8 k + 215.6 k − 228.6 k
= 585.8 k
Compute the moment about the center
h a h   h
M= Cc  −  + Cs1  − d1  + Ts  d3 − 
2 2 2   2
 20 in. 0.85 (10.85 in.) 
599.8 k  − 
 2 2 
 20 in. 
+ 215.6 k  − 2.5 in. 
 2 
 20 in. 
+ 228.6 k 17.5 in. − 
 2 
= 6682.2 k-in ⇒ 556.9 k-ft
A single point from interaction diagram,
(585.6 k, 556.9 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as
M 6682.2 k-in
=
e = = 11.41 in.
P 585.8 k
[ Point 2 ]
Now select a series of additional points by selecting
values of c. Select c = 17.5 in. Determine the strain
of the steel. (c is at the location of the tension steel)
 c − 2.5 in.   17.5 in. − 2.5 in. 
ε s1 =  ε cu   ( 0.003)
 c   17.5 in. 
= 0.00257 ⇒= f s1 74.5 ksi → 60 ksi (compression)
 c − 10 in.   17.5 in. − 10 in. 
ε s2 =  ε cu   ( 0.003)
 c   17.5 in. 
= 0.00129 ⇒ = f s2 37.3 ksi (compression)
Cc =
0.85 f cb β1c 0.85 ( 4 ksi )( 20 in.)( 0.85 )(17.5 in.)
= 1012 k
Cs1 = As1 ( fs1 − 0.85 f c ) =3 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 60 ksi − 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )
= 216 k
Cs2 2 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 37.3 ksi − 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )
= 86 k
=
Ts A=
s fs 3 (1.27 in 2
) ( 0 ksi )
=0k
Pn = 1012 k + 216 k + 86 k
= 1314 k
h a h 
M= Cc  −  + Cs1  − d1 
2 2 2 
 20 in. 0.85 (17.5 in.) 
= 1012 k  − 
 2 2 
 20 in. 
+ 216 k  − 2.5 in. 
 2 
= 4213 k-in ⇒ 351.1 k-ft
(1314 k, 351.1 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as
M 4213 k-in
=
e = = 3.2 in.
P 1314 k
[ Point 3 ]
Select c = 6 in. Determine the strain of the steel, c =6 in.
 c − 2.5 in.   6 in. − 2.5 in. 
ε s1 =  ε cu   ( 0.003)
 c   6 in. 
= 0.00175 ⇒= fs1 50.75 ksi (compression)
 c − 10 in.   6 in. − 10 in. 
ε s2 =  ε cu   ( 0.003)
 c   6 in. 
=−0.002 ⇒ fs2 = 58 ksi (tension)
 c − 17.5 in.   6 in. − 17.5 in. 
ε s3 =  ε cu   ( 0.003)
 c   6 in. 
=−0.00575 ⇒ fs3 = 60 ksi (tension)
Cc = 0.85 f cb β1c
= 0.85 ( 4 ksi )( 20 in.)( 0.85 )( 6 in.)
= 346.8 k
Cs1 As1 ( fs1 − 0.85 f c )
=
3 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 50.75 ksi − 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )
= 180.4 k ( C )
Cs2 = 2 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 58 ksi )
= 147.3 k ( T )
=
Ts A=
s fs 3 (1.27 in 2
) ( 60 ksi )
= 228.6 k
Pn = 346.8 k + 180.4 k − 147.3 k − 228.6 k
= 151.3 k
h a h   h
M= Cc  −  + Cs1  − d1  + Ts  d3 − 
2 2 2   2
 0.85 ( 6 in.) 
= 346.8 k 10 in. − 
 2 
+ 180.4 k (10 in. − 2.5 in.)
+228.6 k (17.5 in. − 10 in.)
= 5651 k-in ⇒ 470.9 k-ft
Ex am ple: Ax ial Load Vs. M om ent
(151 k, 471 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as
M 5651.2 k-in
=
e = = 37.35 in.
P 151.3 k
[ Point 4 ]
Select point of straight tension. The maximum tension
in the column is
=
Pn A=
s fy 8 (1.27 in 2
) ( 60 ksi )
= 610 k
[ Point 5 ]
Point c (in) Pn Mn e
1 - 1548 k 0 0
2 20 1515 k 253 k-ft 2 in
3 17.5 1314 k 351 k-ft 3.2 in
4 12.5 841 k 500 k-ft 7.13 in
5 10.36 585 k 556 k-ft 11.42 in
6 8.0 393 k 531 k-ft 16.20 in
7 6.0 151 k 471 k-ft 37.35 in
8 ~4.5 0k 395 k-ft infinity
9 0 -610 k 0 k-ft
Use a series of c
values to obtain the Column Analysis
Pn verses Mn. 2000
1500
1000
P (k)
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-500
-1000
M (k-ft)
Max. compression
Column Analysis
1200
1000
Location of the 800
linearly varying φ. 600
400
Cb
f Pn (k)
200
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
-200
-400
-600
Max. tension
-800
φ Mn (k-ft)
Behavior under Com bined
Bending and Ax ial Loads
The same theory could be used for round columns, but
the mathematics would be somewhat complicated
Several approximate methods have been developed that

greatly simplify the mathematics. Perhaps the best known
of these is the one proposed by Charles Whitney, in which
equivalent rectangular columns are used to replace the
circular ones.
Preparing an interaction curve with a hand calculator for
just one column, however, is quite tedious.
Consequently, designers resort almost completely to

computer programs, computer-generated interaction
diagrams, or tables for their column calculations.
Any combination of loading that falls inside the curve is

satisfactory, whereas any combination falling outside the
curve represents failure.
The shape of the P-M
Interaction diagrams would
be the same for the
different reinforcement
ratios inserted in the
concrete section of similar
dimensions but the values
of Pn and Mn would be
larger for the higher
values.
It would be necessary to have a diagram for each
different column cross section, for each different set of
concrete and steel grades, and for each different bar
arrangement. The result would be an astronomical
number of diagrams.
 The number can be tremendously reduced, however,

if the diagrams are plotted with ordinates of Kn =
Pn/fc*Ag (instead of Pn) and with abscissas of Rn =
Pn*e/fc*Ag*h (instead of Mn).
The resulting normalized interaction diagrams can be

used for cross sections with widely varying dimensions.
The short 14-in. × 20-in. tied column is to be used to
support the following loads and moments: PD = 125 k, PL
= 140 k, MD = 75 ft-k, and ML = 90 ft-k. If f’c = 4000 psi
and fy = 60,000 psi, select reinforcing bars to be placed in
its end faces only using appropriate ACI column interaction
diagrams.
Note: φ = 0.65 as initially assumed since

the graphs used show fs/fy < 1.0 and, thus,
ft<0.002.
Using the appropriate interaction curves, determine the
value of Pn for the short tied column, if ex = 10 in. Assume
fc = 4000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi.

Example: Axial Load vs. Moment Interaction Diagram

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Example: Axial Load vs. Moment Interaction Diagram

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Ex am ple: Ax ial Load vs.

Consider an square column (20 in x 20 in.) with 8 #10

Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi

 cb − 2.5 in.   10.36 in. − 2.5 in. 

Pn verses Mn. 2000

linearly varying φ. 600

Several approximate methods have been developed that

Consequently, designers resort almost completely to

Any combination of loading that falls inside the curve is

 The number can be tremendously reduced, however,

The resulting normalized interaction diagrams can be

Note: φ = 0.65 as initially assumed since

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