Indian Polity TNPSC
Indian Polity TNPSC
Indian Polity TNPSC
,q;fpyhe;jpd; gpujkuhd ,isa gpl; -bdhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rl;lk; vd;gjhy; gpl; ,e;jpa
rl;lk; vdg;gl;lJ.
,e;j rl;lj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; yz;ldpy; cs;s fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; jhaf muR
epHthfk; njhlHghdJ.
,J ,q;fpyhe;jpdpy; ,e;jp tptfhuq;fSf;fhdj; Jiwapid cUthf;fpaJ. ,J NghHL
M/g; fd;l;Nuhy; (Board of Control) fl;Lg;ghl;L FOtpidAk; mjw;fhd jiytH
gjtpiaAk; cUthf;fpaJ.
,af;FdH FOtpw;F fk;ngdp gzpaplq;fis epug;Gtjw;fhd mjpfhujijj; njhFj;jJ.
(Patronage)
,e;jpahtpy; ftHdH n[duypd; epHthf FO cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;zpf;ifapid
ehd;fpypUe;J %d;whf Fiwj;jJ. fk;ngdp gilfspd; gilj; jsgjp mjdpy; xUtuhf
,Ug;ghH.
,e;jpahtpdpy; fk;ngdp tptfhuq;fis ,af;FdHfs; FO kw;wk; NghHL M/g; fd;lN
; uhy;
Mfpa ,uz;Lk; xU Nru fl;Lg;ghL nra;jJ. ,J ,ull;ilf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiw
vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Kiwahd 1858-k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; tiuapYk;
ePbj;jJ.
jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifapid gpd;gw;wTk;> jiyaPl;Lg; NghHfis jLf;fTk; toptif
nra;jJ.
gl;lar; rl;lk; - 1786
fhud;thyp]; gpuGtpw;F rpwg;G mjpfhuq;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb
ftHn[duy; kw;Wk; uhZt gilj; jsgjp Mfpa ,uz;L gjtpf;Fk; ,tH xUth; trk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
gl;lar; rl;lk; - 1793
NghHL M/g; fd;l;Nuhypd; jiytH kw;Wk; mjd; cWg;gpdHfs; rk;gs nryTfs; ,e;jpa
tUthapypUe;J nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gpd;dhspy; 1919 –k; Mz;L epWj;jg;gl;lJ.
fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp NkYk; 20 Mz;LfSf;F ePl;bg;G nra;ag;gl;lJ.
gl;lar; rl;lk; - 1813
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp NkYk; 20 Mz;LfSf;F ePl;bg;G nra;ag;gl;lJ.
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; thzpg KW;Whpik xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fk;ngdpapd; gFjpfspd; murpay; rhrd hPjpahd epiyapid
Kjd; Kjyhf njspthf tiuaiw nra;jJ.
,e;jpahtpd; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; fy;tp tsHr;rpf;fhf Ntz;b Mz;L NjhWk; &.1>00>000/-
xJf;fL
P nra;a toptif nra;jJ.
fk;ngdp gzpapdpy; Nru Kd; gapw;rp fl;lhak; vdf; $wpaJ. uhZt gapw;rpf;fhf
mb];Nfhk;Ng vd;Dk; ,lj;jpdpy; uhZt fy;Y}hpAk;> rptpy; gapw;rpf;fhf n`a;ypGHhpapYk;
xU rptpy; fy;Y}hpapidAk; epWtpaJ.
kjg; gpur;rhuk; nra;a fpUj;Jt rka gug;G rq;fq;fSf;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
1947Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; 29k; ehs; tiuTf;FO lhf;lh; B. R. mk;Ngj;fhh; (gPkhuht; uhk;[p
mk;Ngj;fhh;) jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
1947k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; khjk; ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpd; Kjy; tiuT jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tiuTf;FOtpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tiuT 1948Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp
21k; ehs; mitj; jiythplk; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1948k; Mz;L etk;gh; 15 Kjy; 1949k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 17 tiu ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;
tiuT xt;nthU \uj;Jf;fshf ghprPyidf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
1949k; Mz;L etk;gh; 26k; ehs; ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G ,e;jpa kf;fshy; murpay;
eph;za rigapd; %ykhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L rl;lkhf ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G murpay; eph;za rigahy; mjd; filrp ehshd 1950k; Mz;L
[dthp 24k; ehs; mjd; cWg;gpdh;fshy; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ.
1950Mk; Mz;L [dthp 26k; ehs; ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G KOtJkhf eilKiwf;F
te;jJ.
,e;jf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; murpay; eph;za rig jw;fhypf ghuhSkd;wkhf nray;gl;lJ.
(1947 Mf];l; 15> 1949 etk;gh; 26).
,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Ng cyfpd; KjyhtJ ePskhd murpayikg;ghf fUjg;gl;lJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; ,t;turpayikg;G 22 gphpTfisAk; 395 xg;ge;jq;fisAk; 8
ml;ltizfisAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
murpay; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ba rig murpay; mikg;ig cUthf;f 2 tUlq;fs;
11 khjq;fs; kw;Wk; 18 ehl;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
,jw;fhf 6.4 Nfhb &gha; muRg;gzk; nrytopf;fg;gl;lJ.
Njrpaf;nfhbapd; tiuglk; murpay; eph;za rigahy; 1947k; Mz;L [_iy khjk; 22k;
ehs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Njrpa fPjk; murpay; eph;za rigahy; 1950Mk; Mz;L [dthp 24k; ehs; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpd; murpay; eph;za rig 1949k; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; 26k; ehs; ,e;jpa
ghuhSkd;wkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.
jdJ nrhe;j murpayikg;igf; nfhz;l xNu ,e;jpa khepyk; [k;K fh\;kPh.;
1952k; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;fhd Kjy; Njh;jy; eilngw;wJ.
1951k; Mz;L ,e;jpa murpayikg;G Kjd;Kiwahf jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.
1991k; Mz;L nly;yp ,e;jpahtpd; jiyefug; gFjpahf;fg;gl;lJ.
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapdhy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tiuT jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nfhhpf;if 1935k; Mz;L murpay; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ba rigapy; vOg;gg;gl;lJ.
Mq;fpNya muR ,f;Nfhhpf;ifis 1940k; Mz;L Mf];l; nfhilapd; NghJ Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lJ.
Kd;Diu
Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 10
(THE PREAMBLE)
Kd;Diu:
,e;jpa kf;fshfpa ehq;fs; ,e;jpahit ,iwahz;ik kpf;f> rkj;Jt>
kjr;rhh;gw;w> [dehaf Fbaurhf fl;b vOg;GNthk; vd;W cWjp nfhs;fpNwhk;.
NkYk; r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay;> ePjp> fUj;Jr;Rje;jpuk;> fUj;ij
ntspapLk; Rje;jpuk;> ek;gpf;if ve;j kjj;ijak; gpd;gw;Wk; kw;Wk; topgLk;
Rje;jpuk;> midtUf;Fk; rk me;j];J kw;Wk; tha;g;G Mfpait midj;J
Fbkf;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gLk;. jdpkdpj khpahijia kjpf;Fk; xw;WikAk;>
xUikg;ghLk; rNfhjuj;JtKk; cila ,e;jpahit cUthf;FNthk;. vq;fsJ
murpay; eph;za rigapy; nra;af;$ba ,e;j 1949Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; 26Mk; ehs;
,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L rl;lkhf ,aw;wg;gl;L vq;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;
(UNION TERRITORIES)
FbAhpik
(CITIZENSHIP – PART – II)
gpd;tUk; Ie;J Kiwfspd; %yk; ,e;jpa FbAhpikiag; ngwyhk;
gpwg;gpd; %yk; (By Birth)
guk;giuapd; %uk; (By Desent)
gjptpd; %yk; (By Registration)
Fbkf;fshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; (By Naturalisation)
gpuNjrq;fspd; xd;wpizg;gpd; %yk; (By incorporation of Territories)
mbg;gil chpikfs;
(FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (PART – III)
36tJ tpjp kf;fs; ey;tho;tpw;F Njitahd r%f xOq;fpizg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
$Wfpd;wJ
topfhl;b newpfs; murhq;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jgit my;y. Mdhy; mit xU ehl;b;d
muRf;F mbg;gilahFk;. muR topfhl;b newpfis gpd;gw;Wk; flik cilajhFk;
muR topfhl;b newpfis nray;gLj;jtpy;iy vdpy; kf;fs;> ePjpkd;wq;fis mZf
KbahJ
topfhl;L newpfis ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F mg;ghw;gl;litahf cUthf;f
fhuzk; vd;dntd;why; mtw;Wf;F murplNk ,y;yhj rpy tsq;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd
topfhl;b newpKiwfis fPo;f;fz;l 3 jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; tifg;gLj;jyhk;
rkj;Jt newpfs;: (SOCIALIST PRINCIPLES)
1. tpjp 38: kf;fspd; eytho;fpid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf r%f xOq;fpid ghJfhj;jy;
2. tpjp 39 : tUkhd cah;T jho;Gfis Fiwf;f Kidjy;
3. tpjp 39 (a): rk ePjp kw;Wk; vspjhd rl;l cjtp
4. tpjp 39 (b): xU r%fj;jplk; ,Uf;Fk; %yg;nghUs; tsq;fis midj;J r%fj;jpw;Fk;
gadspf;Fk;
tifapy; gfph;e;jspj;jy;
5. tpjp 39 (c): rpyhpd; ifapNyNa vy;yh nrhj;Jf;fSk; ,Ug;gij jLj;jy;
6. tpjp 39 (d): rkkhd Ntiyf;F rkkhd Cjpak;
7. tpjp 39 (e): njhopyhsh;fspd; MNuhf;fpak; cly; typik kw;Wk; Foe;ijfspd; ,sk;
gUtk;
Mfpait J\;gpuNahfg;gLj;jf;$lhJ
8. tpjp 42 : NtiyfSf;F epahakhd kw;Wk; kdpjhgpkhdKs;s epge;jidfs;
kw;Wk; gpurtfhy tpLg;G
9. tpjp 43(a): njhopw;rhiyfspd; eph;thfj;jpd; njhopyhsh;fSk; gq;Nfw;gJ
fhe;jpa newpfs;: (THE GANDHIAN PRINCIPLES)
1. tpjp 40: fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fis mikg;gJ
2. tpjp 46: jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; gpw eyptile;j gphpTfis
Nrh;e;Njhhpd; fy;tp kw;Wk; nghUshjhu eyidf; fhj;jy;
3. tpjp 48: gRf;fs; fd;Wf;Fl;bfs; kw;Wk; ghy; nfhLf;Fk; kw;Wk; ghuk; Rkf;Fk; tpyq;Ffis
nfhy;tij jilnra;Ak; nghUl;L fhy;eil guhkhpg;igAk;
gaph;j;njhopiyAk; tpQ;Qhd Kiwapy; khw;wp mikj;jy;
4. tpjp 43: Fbirj; njhopy;fis Nkk;ghL milar; nra;jy;
5. tpjp 47: cly; eyj;jpw;F CWtpistpf;ff;f$ba Fb> Nghijg;nghUs;fs; kUe;Jfs;
Kjypatw;iw tpyf;Fjy;
Nkw;fj;jpa jhuhska nfhs;iffs;: (THE WESTERN LIBERAL PRINCIPLES)
1. tpjp 44: midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; nghJthd r%f tpjpfs;
2. tpjp 45: 14 taJf;Fl;lg;l Foe;ijfSf;F ,ytr fl;lha fy;tpaspj;jy;
mbg;gil flikfs;
(FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES)
PART – IV - A
,e;jpa eph;thfk;
(THE UNION EXECUTIVE)
PART – IV
9. 1977 Mk; Mz;L [Piy khjk; ePyk; rQ;rPt nul;b mth;fs; ahUk; vjph;j;J kDjhf;fy;
nra;ahjjhy; Nghl;bapd;wp FbauRj;jiyth; gjtpf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;
10. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLk; ve;j kNrhjhTk; FbauRj;jiythpd; mDkjp ngw;w
gpwNf rl;lkhf ,aw;wg;gLk;
11. 1986 Mk; Mz;L mQ;ry; top kNrhjh jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;L FbauRj;jiyth; fpahdp
nrapy; rpq; mth;fshy; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;L gpd;dh; 1989 Mk; mz;L jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;lJ
12. r%f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tp\aq;fspy; FbauRj;jiyth; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
mwpTiuiaf; Nfhuyhk;. Mdhy; mt;twpTiu FbauRj;jiytiuf; fl;LgLj;jhJ.
FbauRj; jiythpd; rkNahrpj mjpfhuq;fs; (Directionary owers of the President)
1. FbauRj; jiyth; vg;NghJk; mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridg;gbNa
nray;gLthh;. Mdhy; gpd;tUk; #o;epiyfspd; NghJ kl;Lk; mth; jdJ
rkNahrpj mwptpd;gb nray;glyhk;
2. ve;j fl;rpf;Fk; kf;fsitapy; ngUk;ghd;ik fpilf;fhj Neuq;fspy; gpujkh;
gjtpf;F Nghl;bapLgth;fspy; xUtiu gpujkuhf epakpf;Fk; NghJ
3. mikr;ruit ngUk;ghd;ik ngw ,ayhjjhfp tpl;l gpd;dh; mikr;rh;fs;
uh[pdhkh nra;Jtpl;L mikr;ruitia fiyj;J tpl;L Gjpa Njh;jy;
elj;Jk;gb FbauRj;jiytUf;F MNyhrid $Wk; nghOJ mth; jdJ
Kbtpd; gb nray;glyhk;. Mdhy; mth; kf;fsitapd; tho;ehs; mg;gbNa
,Uf;Fk;gbAk;> kw;nwhU muR mikf;f tha;g;gspf;Fk; tpjkhfTk; ele;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
4. ghf;nfl; tPl;Nlh mjpfhuj;ij cgNahfpf;Fk; nghOJ mikr;ruitapd;
mwpTiuia kPz;Lk; xUKiw kWghprPyidf;F mDg;gyhk;
5. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjhf;fis kPz;Lk; xUKiw
kWghprPyidf;F mDg;gp itf;fyhk;
13.05.1967 – 03.05.1969
3 lhf;lu;. [hfPu; cNrd; Kjy; K];yPk; FbauRj; jiytu;
(,wg;G tiu)
25.07.2012 Kjy;
17 gpuzhg; Kfu;[p
njhlu;fpwhu;
jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp gw;wpa cld;ghLfs; 148 Kjy; 151 tiuapyhd
tpjpfspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd
mth; 6 tUlq;fs; my;yJ 65 taJ ,uz;by; vJ Kd;dNjh mJ tiu gjtpapy; ePbg;ghh;
jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhpapd; flikfs;: (Duties of CAG)
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fzf;Ffis jzpf;if nra;J FbauRj;jiytUf;Nfh
my;yJ MSeUf;Nfh mwpf;if mspj;jy;
,e;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fspd; njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J nra;ag;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; midj;J
nrytpdq;fSk; rl;lg;gb jhd; nra;ag;gl;L cs;sd vd cWjp nra;jy;
Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 38
gpujk ke;jphp
(THE PRIME MINISTER)
,e;jpag; gpujkh;fs;
(PRIME MINISTERS OF INDIA)
vz; gpujkh; fl;rp fhyk;
1 gz;bl; [t`h;yhy; NeU ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; (Mf];l; 15> 1947 – Nk 27>
(1889 – 1964) 1964)
2 Fy;rhhpyhy;ee;jh (nray;) ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; (Nk 27> 1964 – [_d; 9> 1964)
(1898 – 1998)
3 yhy; gfJ}h; rh];jphp ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ([_d; 9> 1964 – [dthp 11>
(1904 – 1966) 1966)
4 Fy;rhhpyhy;ee;jh (nray;) ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ([dthp 11> 1966 – [dthp
(1898 – 1998) 24> 1966)
5 ,e;jpuhfhe;jp (1917 – 1984) ,e;jpuh fhq;fpu]; ([dthp 24> 1966 – khh;r; 24>
1977)
6 nkhuhh;[p Njrha; [djh fl;rp (khh;r; 24> 1977 – [_iy 28>
(1896 – 1995) 1979)
7 nrsj;hp ruz;rpq; [djh fl;rp (S) ([dthp 28> 1979 – [dthp
(1902 – 1987) 14> 1980)
8 ,e;jpuh fhe;jp ,e;jpuh fhq;fpu]; ([dthp 14> 1980 –
(1917 – 1984) mf;Nlhgh; 31> 1984)
9 uh[Pt; fhe;jp ,e;jpuh fhq;fpu]; (mf;Nlhgh; 31> 1984 – brk;gh;
(1944 – 1911) 1> 1989)
khepy eph;thfk;
(THE STATE EXECUTIVE)
Kjyikr;rh;
(THE CHIEF MINISTER)
mikr;ruitf;F njhlh;Gilait:
1. mikr;rh;fshf epakpf;gg;gl Ntz;bath;fis MSeUf;F ghpe;Jiug;gJ
2. mikr;rh;fSf;F ,yhf;fhf;fis xJf;fL P nra;tJ
3. fUj;J NtWghL Njhd;Wk; NghJ xU mikr;riu gjtp tpyf nrhy;yNth> me;j
mikr;riu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak;gb MSeUf;F ghpe;Jiuf;fNth KbAk;
4. mikr;ruit $l;lq;fSf;F jiyikNaw;fTk;> mjd; KbTfspy; jiyaplTk; KbAk;
5. midj;J mikr;rh;fspd; eltbf;iffisAk; topelj;jTk;> xUq;fpizf;fTk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; KbAk;
6. jhd; gjtp tpyFtjd; %yk; mikr;ruitia fiyf;f KbAk;
MSeUf;F njhlh;Gilait (IN RELATION TO THE GOVERNOR)
1. Kjyikr;rNu MSeUf;Fk; mikr;ruitf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlh;G ghykhf
tpsq;Ffpwhh;
2. khepy eph;thfk; njhlh;ghf mikr;ruit vLf;Fk; KbTfis MSeUf;F njhptpf;fpwhh;
3. khepy eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd tptuq;fis MSeh; NfhUk; NghJ Kjyikr;rh; mspg;ghh;
4. mikr;ruitapy; tpthjpf;fg;glhky; jdp xU mikr;ruhy; vLf;fg;gl;l Kbtpid
mikr;ruitapd; ghprPyidf;F mDg;Gk;gb MSeh; Nfhhpdhy; mt;thNw Kjyikr;rh;
nray;gLthh;
5. jiyik tof;fwpQh;> khepy nghJg;gzp Mizak; kw;Wk; khepy Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd;
jiyth;> cWg;gpdh;fs; MfpNahiu epakpg;gjpy; MSeUf;F MNyhrid toq;Fthh;
rl;l rigf;F njhlh;Gilait: (IN RELATION TO THE STATE LEGISLATURE):
1. khepy rl;lrig $l;lj;njhliu $l;Ljy; kw;Wk; js;spg;NghLjy; njhlh;ghf MSeUf;F
MNyhrid toq;Fthh;
2. rl;l rigapy; murpd; nfhs;iffis mwptpg;ghh;
3. Kjy;th; mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;s fl;rpapd; jiyth;> khepyj;jpd; jiyth;> khepyg;gzpfspd;
murpay; jiyikahthh;
jiyik tof;fwpQh;: (ADVOCATE GENERAL)
1. ,tNu khepyj;jpd; Kjy; rl;l mjpfhhpahthh;
2. ,tuJ gjtpAk; gzpfSk; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQNuhL xg;gplg;glf;$bait
3. ,th; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;L mth; tpUk;Gk; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;
4. ,tuJ CjpaKk; MSeuhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;
5. jiyik tof;fwpQuhf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;F cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahtjw;F Njitahd
jFjpfis ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
6. ,tUf;F rl;lrig $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;sTk; ciu epfo;j;jTk; chpik cz;L.
Mdhy; Xl;Lhpik fpilahJ
7. khepyj;jpy; cs;s vy;yh ePjpkd;wq;fspYk; Kd;dpiyg;gLtjw;fhd chpik ,tUf;F
cz;L
8. jw;Nghija ml;tNfl; n[duy; ahh; vd;gij njhpe;J nfhs;sTk;
khepy rl;lrig
(THE STATE LEGISLATURE)
kpNrhuhk; (40)> ehfhyhe;J (60)> xhp];]h (147)> gQ;rhg; (117)> uh[];jhd; (200)>
rpf;fpk; (32)> jkpo;ehL (234)> jphpGuh (60)> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; (404)> Nkw;Ftq;fk; (294)>
rl;b];fh; (90)> [hh;fz;l; (81)> cj;juhQ;ry; (70)> A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;: ghz;br;Nrhp
(30)> nly;yp (70)
12. jiyikr; nrayhpd; gjtpf;fhyk; 3ypUe;J 4 tUlq;fs; tiu ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
,e;jpa eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jf;FO ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ
mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; (Powers and Functions)
1. jiyikr; nrayh; khepy eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd midj;J tptfhuq;fspYk;
Kjyikr;rUf;F MNyhrid toq;Fk; Kjy; MNyhrfuhf cs;shh;
2. khepy Nfgpdl;bw;F nrayuhf nray;gLthh;
3. ,th; Nfgpdl; jiyikr; nrayfj;jpd; jiytuhthh;. NkYk; Njitg;gl;lhy; Nfgpdl;
kw;Wk; mjd; cl;FOf;fspd; $l;lq;fspYk; fye;J nfhs;thh;
4. Nfgpdl; $l;lq;fspd; epfo;rr
; p epuiy jahhpg;gNjhL mf;$l;lq;fspd; eilKiwfisAk;
gjpT nra;thh;
5. Khepy r%fg;gzpfspd; jiytuhf nray;gLthh;. %j;j khepy r%fg;gzpahsh;fspd;
epakdk;> gzpaplkhWjy;> kw;Wk; gjtp cah;T njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fis ifahSjy;
6. midj;J r%fg; gzpahsh;fisAk; kdrhl;rpg;gb nray;glitj;jy;
7. khepy eph;thfj;jpd; jiyik xUq;fpizg;ghsh; Mthh;
8. JiwfSf;fpilNaahd xj;Jiog;ig cWjp nra;jy;
9. JiwfSf;fpilNaahd xj;Jiog;gpw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l FOf;fspd; jiytuhthh;
10. gy Jiwfspd; nrayh;fspd; $l;lq;fis jiyikNaw;W elj;Jthh;
11. kz;ly Mizahsh;fs; khtl;l Ml;rpahsh;fs; khtl;l eph;thf Jiwfspd; jiyth;fs;
gq;Nfw;Fk; $l;lq;fSf;F jiyikNaw;ghh;
12. rpy jiyikr; nrayfj;Jiwfspd; eph;thf jiytuhf nray;gLthh;
13. nghJthf nghJ eph;thfj;Jiw> njhopyhsh; Jiw> jpl;lj;Jiw> eph;thf rPh;jpUj;j Jiw
Nghd;wit jiyikr;nrayhpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;
14. nghJ eph;thfj;Jiwjhd; jiyik nrayf JiwfSs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jd;
murpay; jiyth; khepy Kjyikr;ruhthh;
15. midj;J khepyq;fspYk; njhopyhsh; Jiw jiyikr;nrayhpd; Neubj;jiyikapd; fPo;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;jpa eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jf;FO ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ
16. ,th; neUf;fbahd #o;epiyfspy; cah;epiy nfhs;if KbTfis vLg;gjw;fhf
mikf;fg;gl;l FOf;fspd; jiytuhfNth my;yJ Kf;fpa cWg;gpduhfNth ,Ug;ghh;
17. ,th; epthuzg;gzpfspy; midj;J mYtyh;fSf;Fk; khepy murpd; gpujpepjahf
nray;gLthh;
18. kw;w nrayh;fspd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fs; tuhj tptfhuq;fis jiyik nrayNu ftdpg;ghh;
19. rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepyk; ve;j kz;lyf;FOtpy; cWg;gpduhf cs;sNjh mf;FOtpd;
nrayuhf $ow;rp Kiwapy; nray;gLthh;
20. ,th; khepy murpd; jiyik kf;fs; njhlh;G mjpfhhpahf nray;gLthh;
21. ,th; Njrpa Nkk;ghl;L FOtpd; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;thh;
22. ,th; khepy murpd; rhh;ghf NgRgtuhf nray;gLthh;
23. rl;lk; xOq;F kw;Wk; jpl;leph;thfj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;whh;
24. khepy jiykr;nrayfk; KOtJkhf ,tuJ Nkw;ghh;it kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;
Njhw;wk; (Evolution)
1. khtl;lk; vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpd; eph;thfj;jpDila mbg;gil Gtpapay; myF MFk;
2. khtl;lk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F eph;thf fhuzj;jpw;fhf Fwpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrk; vd;W
Mf;];.Nghh;L mfuhjp nghUs; $Wfpd;wJ
3. nkhfyha eph;thfj;jpd; NghJ khtl;lk; rh;f;fhh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;L RNgjhhpd; khtl;l
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; gzpGhpAk;> fNuhhp/gh[;jhh; vdg;gLk; uhZt mjpfhhpapd; jiyikapy;
fPo; ,Ue;jJ
4. jw;nghOJ cs;s khtl;l Ml;rpah; gjtp 1772 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa MSeuhf ,Ue;j
thud; n`];bq;]; gpuG mth;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
5. mth; kpfTk; mjpfhuk; cilatuhf ,Ue;J rpwpa neg;Nghypad; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;
jhYfh (TEHSIL)
1. Xt;nthU Jiz kz;lyKk; NkYk; rpWrpW gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gLk;
2. epytUtha;> epyNfhg;Gfs;> fUT+yk;> ePjpkd;wk; Nghd;w mk;rq;fSf;F jhYfhNt
mbg;gil myfhFk;
3. gy;NtW Jiwfspd; mYtyfq;fSk; ,jDs; mike;jpUg;gjhy; ,J xU rpwpa
khtl;lkhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ
4. jhrpy;jhh; khepy r%fg;gzpfis rhh;e;jtUk; nf]l;ll; me;j];j;jpy; cs;s mjpfhhpAk;
Mthh;
5. ,th; jhYfhtpy; tUtha; t#ypg;gjw;Fk; rl;lk; xOq;if guhkhpg;gjw;Fk;
nghWg;Gilatuhthh;
tl;lk; (Circle)
1. tUtha; eph;thfj;jpw;fhf xt;nthU jhYfhTk; rpWrpW gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
2. tl;l Ma;thsh; tUtha; eph;thf rq;fpypapy; Kjy;epiy Nkw;ghh;itahsuhf cs;shh;
3. ,th; tUtha; eph;thfj;ijak; epyNfhg;GfisAk; Nkw;ghh;it ,Lthh;
4. ,th; nghJthf khtl;l Ml;rpauhy; epakpf;fg;gLthh;
fpuhkk; (Village)
1. midj;J khepyq;fspYk; eph;thf kw;Wk; epjp rhh;e;j fhuzq;fSf;fhf gphpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
midj;Jf;Fk; fPohd mikg;G fpuhkNkahFk;
2. jkpo;ehl;by; fpuhkj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd gjtpapd; ngah; fpuhkj;jiyth; MFk;
3. ,tUf;F ,izahd gjtp kfhuh\;buhtpy; gNly; vdg;gLfpd;wJ
4. ,jw;F ,izahd gjtp vJTk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,y;iy
5. gQ;rhg;> ,khryg;gpuNjrk;> mhpahdh kw;Wk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; gl;thhp
vdg;gLgth; jhd; tUtha; fzf;FfisAk; epy Nfhg;GfisAk; guhkhpg;ghh;
1. 1986Mk; Mz;L uh[Pt; fhe;jp muR> [dehafk; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa
mikg;GfSf;F kPz;Lk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;f L. M. rpq;tp jiyikapyhd xU FOtpid
epakpj;jJ. ,jd; Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs;
2. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfs; murpayikg;gpd;gb mq;ff P hpf;fg;gl;L> ghJfhf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf xU Gjpa mj;jpahaj;ij ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpy; ,izf;f
Ntz;Lk;
3. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;GfSf;F Kiwahd epahakhd Njh;jy;fis elj;jTk; ,f;FO
rpy murpayikg;G cld;gbf;iffis ghpe;Jiuj;jJ
4. gy fpuhkq;fs; ,ize;j FOtpw;F epaha gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; mikf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
5. fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; NkYk; tYg;ngWk; tifapy; fpuhkq;fs; xd;wpizf;f Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; ,J fpuhk rghtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,J fpuhk rghit Neub
[dehafj;jpw;F cUf;nfhLf;ff;$baJ vd;W $Wfpd;wJ
6. fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;F mjpf epjp Mjhuq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
7. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfspd; Njh;jy;> fiyg;G> kw;Wk; gzpfs; njhlh;ghd
rh;ri
; rfis ePf;f xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; ePjpj; jPh;g;ghaq;fs; mikf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
murpayikg;G jpUj;j kNrhjh (Constitutionalisation)
1. eurpk;kuht; muR 1991Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; khjk; kf;fsitapy; murpayikg;G jpUj;j
kNrhjhit jhf;fy; nra;jJ
2. ,J 1992> brk;gh; 22y; kf;fsitapYk;> 1992> brk;gh; 23y; khepyq;fsitapYk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
3. gpd;dh; ,J 17 khepy rl;lrigfspdhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L 1993 Vg;uy; 20y;
FbauRj;jiythpd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw;wJ
73-tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; (73rd Amendment Act of 1992)
1. ,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; 11-tJ ml;ltiziaAk; ,izj;jJ
2. ,J gQ;rhaj;Jf;fisg; gw;wpa 23 tptfhuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. NkYk; ,J tpjp 243-
Giaf; ifahSfpd;wJ
3. ,r;rl;lk; murpayikg;gpd; 40tJ tpjpf;F eilKiw cUtk; nfhLj;jJ
,r;rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;GfSf;F murpayikg;G rhh;e;j me;j];j;jpid toq;fpaJ
1. ,r;rl;lj;jpDila tpjpfspd;gb mike;j Gjpa gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa Kiwia Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tJ khepy muRfspd; flikahFk;
2. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fis cUthf;FtNjh> rPuhd ,ilntspfspy; gQ;rhaj;J Njh;jy;fis
elj;JtNjh khepy muRfspd; tpUg;gj;ij rhh;e;jjy;y
3. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfs; 2 tifg;gLk; - fl;lhakhdit kw;Wk; jd;dpr;irahdit
4. ,jd; fl;lhakhd tpjpfs; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa Kiwia mikg;gjw;fhd khepy
rl;lq;fspy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;
5. ,jd; jd;dpr;irahd tpjpfs; khepyq;fs; jd; tpUg;gg;gb ele;J nfhs;tjpy;
cs;slq;fpapUf;Fk;
6. ,J gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafj;ij gq;Nfw;Fk; [dehafkhf khw;Wk;
,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw
(JUDICIARY IN INDIA)
cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs;
(THE HIGH COURTS)
nrytpdq;fshFk; nrytpdq;fshFk;
11. murpayikg;G rhh;e;j tof;Ffspd; kPJ Murpayikg;ig rhh;e;j tof;Ffspy;
cr;rePjpkd;wk; kl;LNk KbT vLf;f KbAk; cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs; KbntLf;f
KbahJ.
Njrpa neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; (tpjp 352) (National Emergency (Article 352)
1. ,e;jpah my;yJ ,e;jpahtpd; xU gFjpapd; ghJfhg;Gf;F Nghh; my;yJ may; ehl;lthpd;
jhf;Fjy; my;yJ MajNke;jpa Nghuhl;lj;jpdhy; mghak; Vw;glf;$ba epiyik
cUthfpwJ vd;W FbauRj; jiyth; njspthf mwpe;jhy; ,e;jpah KOikf;FNkh
my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l me;j xU gFjpf;F kl;LNkh mtru epiy gpufldk; nra;ayhk;
2. cz;ikapNyNa mg;gb xU mghak; Vw;gLtjw;F Kd;dNu $l mj;jifa mghak;
Vw;glg;Nghtjhf FbauRj; jiyth; KOikahf czh;e;jhy; mth; mtru epiyia
gpufldk; nra;ayhk;
3. mj;jifa mtru epiy gpufldj;ij FbauRj;jiyth; khw;wNth jpUk;gg;ngwNth ,aYk;
4. mikr;ruit jdJ MNyhridia vOj;J tbtpy; FbauRj; jiytUf;F toq;fpdhy;
kl;LNk mth; mtru epiyia gpufldk; nra;aNth my;yJ mjid khw;wNth ,aYk;
5. tpjp 352d; fPo; FbauRj;jiytuhy; ntspaplg;gl;l neUf;fb epiy gpufldk;
ePjpg;Gduha;Tf;F cl;gl;lJ
6. Vw;fdNt ntspaplg;gl;l gpufldj;ij jpUk;gg;ngWk; gpufldj;ij jtpu tpjp 352d; fPo;
ntspaplg;gLk; midj;J gpufldq;fSk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; Kd;Dk;
rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;L rigf;F te;jpUe;J Xl;lspf;Fk; cWg;gpdh;fspy; 2/3 gq;F ngUk;ghd;ik
ngw;W xU khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;
17. ,r;rl;lj;jpw;F Kd; neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ midj;J my;yJ VNjDk;
xU mbg;gil chpikfs; nrayw;W NghFk;. Mdhy; ,r;rl;lj;jpw;F gpd; neUf;fb
epiyapd; NghJ $l tpjp 20 kw;Wk; 21d; fPohd chpikfs; mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;
neUf;fb epiy gpufldj;jpd; tpisTfs; (Effects of the Proclamation of Emergency)
xU KOikahd xd;Wgl;l murhq;fj;jpd; Njhw;wNk mtru epiy gpufldj;jpd;
tpisthFk;. ,tw;iw 3 tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1. eph;thf tpisTfs;: (Executive)
neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ khepy muRfspd; eph;thf mjpfhuq;fis
vt;tifapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W FbauRj;jiyth; khepy muRfSf;F cj;juTfs;
gpwg;gpf;fyhk;
rhjhuz Neuq;fspy; FbauRj;jiyth; jfty; njhlh;G guhkhpg;G uapy;Ntapd; ghJfhg;G
Nghd;w tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ kl;LNk khepy muRfSf;F cj;juTfis gpwg;gpf;fKbAk;
Mdhy; neUf;fb epiy Neuj;jpy; midj;J tptfhuq;fspd; kPJk; FbauRj;jiyth; khepy
muRfSf;F cj;juTfis gpwg;gpf;fyhk;. vdNt eph;thfk; vd;gJ xU xd;Wgl;l
Kiwahf khw;wg;gLk;
2. rl;l tpisTfs;: (Legislative)
neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ khepy muRfSf;fhd gl;baypy; ,Uf;Fk;
tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ $l ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lq;fis ,aw;w KbAk;
neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ khepy rl;lrigfs; fiyf;fg;glhJ. Mdhy; kj;jpa khepy
muRfspilNa gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;s rl;l mjpfhuq;fs; epWj;jp itf;fg;gLk;
neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ ghuhSkd;wk; kf;fsitapd; Mal;fhyj;ij 5
tUlq;fSf;Fk; Nky; xU jlitapy; Xuhz;bw;F kpfhky; ePl;bf;f KbAk;. Mdhy; ve;j
epiyapYk; xU jlitapy; 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fk; Nky; neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Ug;gij
ePl;bf;f KbahJ
,Nj Kiwapy; khepy rl;lrigfspd; gjtpf;fhyj;ijAk; ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
ePl;bf;fyhk;
3. epjp tpisTfs;: (Financial)
neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRf;fSf;fpilNa epjp
Mjhuq;fis gfph;e;jspg;gJ njhlh;ghd murpayikg;gpd; tpjpfis FbauRj; jiyth;
khw;wp mikf;fyhk;
FbauRj;jiythpd; mj;jifa cj;juT neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Ue;j epjpahz;bw;F
Nky; mkypy; ,Uf;f KbahJ
FbauRj; jiythpd; cj;juT ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;gjYf;Fl;gl;lJ
mbg;gil chpikfspd; kPJ neUf;fb epiy Vw;gLj;Jk; tpisTfs;:
(Effects of the Proclamation of Emergency on the Fundamental Rights)
tpjp 358 Nghh; my;yJ ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjy; (MAjNke;jpa Nghuhl;lk; jtpu)
Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lTld; tpjp 19-d; fPo; $wg;gl;Ls;s
6 mbg;gil chpikfSk; jhdhfNt nrayw;Wg;NghFk; vd;W $Wfpd;wJ
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Fwpg;G: tpjp 356-d; fPo; FbauRj;jiyth; MSehpd; mwpf;if my;yJ NtW vjd; kPJk;
nray;glyhk;. mjhtJ FbauRj;jiyth; MSehpd; mwpf;if ,y;yhkYk; nray;glKbAk;.
1. tpjp 356d; fPohd gpufldk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; Kd;Gk; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
2. ,g;gpufldk; ,uz;L khjq;fSf;Fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; xg;Gjiy
ngwj;jtwpdhy; nrayw;Wg;NghFk;
3. Xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl;l mtru epiy gpufldk; FbauRj;jiytuhy; jpUk;gg;ngwg; gl;lhyd;wp
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l ehspypUe;J 6 khj fhyj;jpw;F mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;
4. ,g;gpufldj;jpw;F ghuhSkd;wk; NkYk; 6 khj fhyj;jpw;F xg;Gjy; toq;fyhk;
tpjp 355:
khepyq;fis ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L fpsh;r;rpfspy; ,Ue;J fhf;Fk;
kj;jpa murpd; flik. khepyq;fis ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjy;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; cs;ehl;L
fpsh;rr
; pfspypUe;J fhg;ghw;WtJk; murpayikg;Gg;gb khepyq;fspy; murhq;fk; eilngWtij
cWjp nra;tJk; kj;jpa murpd; flikahFk;
tpjp 356:
khepy murpd; Njhy;tp gw;wpa tpjpfs; murhq;fj;ij elj;j ,ayhj epiy xU
khepyj;jpy; cUthfp ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;W me;j khepy MSehpd; mwpf;if %yk; my;yJ
Ntnwe;j tpjkhf NtDk; mwpfpd;w FbauRj;jiyth; khepy muRj;Njhy;tp gpufldj;ij nfhz;L
tuyhk;. ,jd; %yk; khepy murpd; mjpfhuq;fis FbauRj;jiytNu Vw;Wf;nfhs;thh;
Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 95
tpjp 365:
kj;jpa murpd; cj;juTfis filgpbf;f jtWjy; kj;jpa muR jdJ eph;thf
mjpfhuj;jpd;gb ntspapl;l ve;j cj;juitNaDk; khepy muR gpd;gw;w jtwpdhy;
FbauRj;jiyth; mk;khepyj;jpy; murpayikg;gpd;gb murhq;fk; elj;j ,ayhj #o;epiy Vw;gl;L
,Ug;gjhf fUjyhk;
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;
(UNION TERRITORIES)
7-tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1956d; %yk; A, B> kw;Wk; C vd;w khepyq;fspd;
tiffSk; gphpT D-d; fPo; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; ePf;fg;gl;ld. NkYk;
,e;jpah KOikAkhf khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
epjpf;FO
(FINANCE COMMISSION)
Njh;jy;fSk;> Fw;wthspfSk;
(Elections and Criminals)
1. ,J ,e;jpa murpd; eph;thf jPh;khdj;jpd; %yk; 1950 Mz;L khh;r; 15-Mk; ehs;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ
2. 1946Mk; Mz;L K. C. epNahfp jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;l MNyhrid jpl;l thhpaj;jpd;
ghpe;Jiufspd; Nghpy; ,J mikf;fg;gl;lJ
3. ,J murpayikg;Gf;F mg;ghw;gl;l rl;l mikg;G my;yhj xU mikg;ghFk;
4. ,JNt ,e;jpahtpd; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd jpl;lkpLjypy; cah;e;j
mq;fkhFk;
5. ,e;jpa gpujkNu jpl;lf;FOtpd; jiytuhthh;
6. ,jd; Jizj;jiytNu KONeu eph;thfj; jiyth; Mthh;
7. jpl;lf;FOtpd; Jizj;jiytNu Ie;jhz;L jpl;lq;fis jahhpf;fTk; mjid kj;jpa
Nfgpdl;bd; Kd; rkh;gg; pf;fTk; nghWg;Gilatuhthh;
8. ,th; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F kj;jpa Nfgpdl;lhy; epakpf;fg;gLthh;. NkYk; ,tUf;F
Nfgpdl; mikr;rhpd; me;j];J cz;L
9. mth; Nfgpdl;bd; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; mjd; midj;J Nfgpdl; $l;lq;fSf;Fk;
miof;fg;gLthh; (thf;Fhpik fpilahJ)
10. rpy kj;jpa mikr;rh;fs; ,f;FOtpd; gFjp Neu cWg;gpdh;fshf epakpf;fg;gLth;
11. epjp mikr;rUk; jpl;l mikr;rUk; mth;fspd; gjtpapd; fhuzkhf ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fshth;
12. ,f;FO 4ypUe;J 7 tiuapyhd KONeu cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
13. ,jd; KONeu cWg;gpdh; ,iz mikr;rh;fspd; me;j];jpid ngw;wth;fshth;
14. jpl;lf;FO xU cWg;gpdh; nrayiu nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mth; nghJthf xU %j;j I. V. v];
mjpfhhpahf ,Ug;ghh;
15. ,f;FO KOikahf kj;jpa mstpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; khepyq;fSf;F
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,y;iy
16. jpl;l kjpg;gPL mikg;G 1952Mk; Mz;L jpl;lf;FOtpd; xU Rje;jpukhd myfhf
mikf;fg;gl;lJ
17. jpl;lf;FO MNyhrid toq;Fk; gzpapd nra;fpd;wJ
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18. ,J #g;gh; Nfgpdl; vd;Wk;> nghUshjhu Nfgpdl; vd;Wk; ,iz Nfgpdl; vd;Wk;
tz;bapd; Ie;jhtJ rf;fuk; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
19. jw;NghJ gjpNdhuhtJ jpl;lf;FOtpd; Jizj;jiyth; khz;nlq; rpq; mYthypah Mthh;
Njrpa Nkk;ghl;Lf; FO: (National Development Council)
1. ,f;FO Kjy; Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy; ,e;jpa murpd; eph;thf
jPh;khdj;jhy; 1952Mk; mz;L Mf];l; khjk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
2. ,J gpujkh; (,jd; jiyth;) midj;J Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fs; midj;J khepy
Kjyikr;rh;fs;> A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; Kjyikr;rh;fs; my;yJ eph;thfpffs; kw;Wk;
jpl;lf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; MfpNahiu nfhz;lJ
3. jpl;lf;FOtpd; nrayNu ,jw;Fk; nrayuhf nray;gLthh;
4. khepyq;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig ngWtJk;> jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;JtJNK ,jd;
Nehf;fkhFk;
5. jpl;lf;FOtpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gLk; Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; Kjypy; kj;jpa murpd; Ngdpl;blk;
rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLk;. mjd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw;wgpd; ,f;FOtpd; mDkjpia ngWtjw;fhf
,f;FOtpd; Kd; itf;fg;gLk;
6. r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL jpl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghd nfhs;if tptufhuq;fis
nghWj;jtiu Njrpa Nkk;ghl;L FONt ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mLj;jgbahf cs;s
mikg;ghFk;
7. ,f;FO jpl;lf;FOtpw;F MNyhrid toq;Fk; mikg;ghFk;
8. ,jd; ghpe;Jiufs; jpl;lf; FOtpid fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ
9. ,J kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfSf;Fk; ghpe;Jiufis mDg;Gk;
10. ,f;FO tUlj;jpw;F ,uz;L KiwahtJ $l Ntz;Lk;
11. kj;jpa muR> khepy muRfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lf;FO Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNa xU njhlh;G
ghykhf nray;gLtNj ,f;FOtpd; Kjy; gzpahFk;
EXTRA ACTS
1. National Commission for SC & ST Act – 1990
2. National Commission for SC & ST started on – 1922
3. National Commission for Women Act – 1990
4. National Commission for Women – 1992
,ju jiyg;Gfs;
(MISCELLANEOUS)
Nfs;tpfs; vdg;gLk;. vOj;J %ykhf gjpyspf;fg;gl;l gpd; NkYk; Jizf; Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;f
KbahJ
Nfs;tp Neuk;: (Qustion Hour):
nghJthf xU mitapd; Kjy; xU kzp Neuk; Nfs;tp gjpy;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gLk;.
me;NeuNk Nfs;tp Neuk; vdg;gLk;
ftd <h;g;G jPh;khdk;: (Calling Attention)
xU mtrukhd nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xU tptfhuj;jpd; kPJ xU mikr;rhpd;
ftdj;ij <h;f;Fk; tifapy; rghehafhpd; Kd; mDkjpNahL nfhz;Ltug;gLk; jPh;khdkhFk;.
mt;tptfhuj;jpd; kPJ mikr;rh; xU FWfpa mwpf;if mspf;fyhk;. my;yJ gjpyspf;f xU kzp
Neuk; my;yJ xU ehs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mtfhrk; Nfl;fyhk;. khepyq;fsitapy; ftd<h;gG
;
jPh;khdk; eilKiw ,y;iy. mjw;F gjpyhf fhfpjj;jPhk
; hdk; cs;sJ
ghapd;l; M/g; Mh;lh;: (Point of Order)
,J mitapy; vOg;gg;gLk; NghJ mitapd; eilKiwfisAk; mjd; cWg;gpdh;fSila
nray;ghl;bidAk; epWj;jf; $baJ. xU mitapd; eilKiwfis xOq;F gLj;j Njitahd
tpjpfs; cj;juTfs; Mfpatw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; mitapd; jiytUf;F cjTk;.
G+[;[pa Neuk;: (Zero Hour)
Nfs;tp Neuj;ij njhlh;e;J tUk;> cWg;gpdh;fs; nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j
tptufhuq;fis vOg;gf;$ba NeuNk G+[;[pa NeukhFk;. Mdhy; ,J ghuhSkd;w eilKiw
kw;Wk; tpjpfspdhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; 1970fspy; ,Ue;J eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.
fhge;J muR: (Care-Taker Government)
xU murpd; gjtpf;fhyk; Kbtile;j gpd;dUk; Gjpa muR nghWg;Ngw;Fk; tiu mt;tuR
gjtpapy; ,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt xU murpd; gjtpf;fhyk; Kbe;j gpd;dUk; Gjpa muR
nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tiu mt;tuR gjtpapy; ,Ue;jhy; mJ fhge;J muR vdg;gLk;. fhge;J
muRf;nfd rpy xOf;f fl;Lg;ghLfs; cs;sd. NkYk; ,J nghpa nfhs;if KbTfis vLf;f
$lhJ. Mdhy; FbauRj; jiyth; fhge;J murhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; kNrhjhf;fis jpUg;gp
mDg;gyhk;. 1996 Mk; Mz;L P. A. eurpk;kuhtpd; fhge;J murhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l fpwp];Jt
xJf;fL
P kNrhjhit FbauRj; jiyth; S. D. rh;kh epuhfhpj;jhh;.
,ilepiy murhq;fk;: (Interim Government)
,j;jifa murhq;fk; xU ehl;bDila tuyhw;wpd; ,ilepiy fl;lj;jpd; nghJ
mikf;fg;gLk;. ,J xU KOikahd muR NkYk; ,J vj;jifa KbtpidAk; vLf;fyhk;.
,e;jpahtpy; ,t;tuR ,e;jpa Rje;jpur;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Mf];l; 15 Mk; ehs; mikf;fg;gl;L
1952Mk; Mz;L khh;r; khjk; tiu ,Ue;jJ
rpWghd;ik murhq;fk;: (Minotiry Government)
kf;fsitapy; jdJ nrhe;j ngUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhky; ntspapypUe;J Mjutspf;Fk;
fl;rpfspd; JizNahL ,Uf;Fk;. muR rpWghd;ik muR vdg;gLk; cjhuzkhf 1990-91Mk;
Mz;by; re;jpu Nrfh; muRk; 1996-97Mk; Mz;by; NjtfTlh kw;Wk; F[uhy; MfpNahhpd; muRk;>
fhq;fpu]; fl;rp muRf;F ntspapy; ,Ue;J mspj;j Mjutpd; %yk; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;jd.
$l;lzp muR: (Coalition Government)
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ePjpj;Jiwapd; nray;ghL
(JUDICIAL ACTIVISM)
jghy; %yk; thf;fspf;ff;$ba Fbkf;fs;: (Categories of the citizen who can vote by Post)
1. gzpapy; ,Uf;Fk; r%f Copah;fs;
2. gzpapy; cs;s ghJfhg;G giltPuh;fs;
3. murpay; fhuzq;fSf;fhf NtWehLfSf;F mDg;gg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fSk; mth;fsJ
FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fSk;
4. jLg;Gf; fhtypd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;bUg;gth;fs;
5. Njh;jy; Mizaj;jhy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l egh;fs;
Nfgpdl; me;j];J cila mYtyh;fs;: (Offices of the Cabinet Rank by the Statute)
1. jpl;lf; FOtpd; Jizj;jiyth;
2. kf;fsit rghehafh;
3. kf;fsit vjph;fl;rpj;jiyth;
4. epjpf;FO jiyth;
murpay; mikg;G – xU ghh;it (CONSTITUTION AT A GLANCE)
A
XV Njh;jy;fs; 324ypUe;J 329A
tiu
XVI jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh;> gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; 330ypUe;J 342
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fs; Nghd;w rpy gphptpdUf;fhd rpwg;G tiu
tpjpfs;
XVII Ml;rpnkhop 343ypUe;J 351
tiu
mj;jpahak; I – kj;jpa murpd; nkhop 343 kw;Wk; 344
mj;jpahak; II – kz;ly nkhopfs; 345ypUe;J 347
tiu
mj;jpahak; III – cr;rePjpkd;wk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; nkhopfs; 348 kw;Wk; 349
XVIII mj;jpahak; IV – rpwg;G topfhl;b newpfs;
XIX neUf;fb epiy tpjpfs; 350 kw;Wk; 351
kw;wit 352ypUe;J 360
tiu
XXI murpayikg;G jpUj;jq;fs; 361ypUe;J 367
tiu
XXII jw;fhypf> khw;wf;$ba kw;Wk; rpwg;G tpjpfs; 368
FWfpa gl;lk;> njhlf;fk;> ,e;jpapy; cs;s 369ypUe;J 392
mjpfhukspf;Fk; %ythf;fpak;> kw;Wk; ePf;fg;gl;lit tiu
393ypUe;J 395
tiu
rghehafh;
5. khepy rl;lNkyitfspd; jiyth; kw;Wk;
Jizj; jiyth;
6. cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah;ePjp kd;wq;fspd;
ePjpgjpfs;
7. ,e;jpa jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp
3tJ 3 gpd;tUgth;fSf;fhd cWjpnkhopapd; tbtq;fs; 75> 99> 124> 148>
ml;ltiz
1. kj;jpa mikr;rh;fs; 164> 188 kw;Wk; 219
2. ghuhSkd;w Njh;jypd; Ntl;ghsh;fs;
3. ghuHSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;
4. cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs;
5. ,e;jpa jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp
6. khepy mikr;rh;fs;
7. khepy rl;lrig Njh;jypd; Ntl;ghsh;fs;
8. khepy rl;lrig cWg;gpdh;fs;
9. cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs;
4tJ 4 khepyq;fsitapd; ,lq;fis khepyq;fSf;Fk;> 4 kw;Wk; 80
ml;ltiz A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; xJf;fL
P nra;jy;
5tJ 5 goq;Fbadg; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd 244
ml;ltiz kf;fspd; eph;thfk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL njhlh;ghd
tpjpfs;
6tJ 6 m];]hk;> Nkfhyah> jphpGuh> kw;Wk; kpNrhuk; 244 kw;Wk; 275
ml;ltiz Mfpa khepyq;fspy; cs;s goq;Fbapdg;
gFjpfspd; eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
7tJ 7 gl;bay; I (kj;jpa mjpfhug; gl;bay;)> gl;bay; 246
ml;ltiz II (khepy mjpfhug; gl;bay;)> gl;bay; III
(nghJ mjpfhug;gl;bay;) Mfpatw;wpd; gb kj;jpa
khepy muRfSf;fpilNa mjpfhuq;fis
gfph;e;jspj;jy;
tUlkhf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ
19. tdk; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffs; ghJfhg;G>
fy;tp> vil kw;Wk; msTfs;> kf;fs; njhif
fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw eph;thfk; Nghd;w
rpy nghUs;fs; nghJ mjpfhug;gl;baypw;F
khw;wg;gl;ld
20. nghJ Copah;fSf;fhf eph;thf
jPh;g;ghaq;fis mikg;gJ njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
43tJ 1978 tpjp 145> 226> 228> 366 1. ePjpj;Jiwapd; chpikfSk; mjpfhuq;fSk;
Mfpait ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. fhf;fg;gl;ld.
31D> 32A> 131A> 144A> 2. ePjpg;Gduha;Tf;F Gj;Japh; mspf;fg;gl;lJ
226A> 228A Mfpait 3. xU mikg;ig Njrj;jpw;F vjpuhdJ vd;W
ePf;fg;gl;ld mwptpf;f ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ,Ue;j mjpfhuk;
ePf;fg;gl;lJ
44tJ 1978 tpjp 19> 20> 30> 31A, 38, 1. nrhj;jpd; kPjhd mbg;gil chpik
74, 77, 83, 105, 123, 132, ePf;fg;gl;lJ
2. kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspd;
133, 134, 139A, 150, 166,
gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ
172, 194, 213, 217, 226, 227,
3. ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspd;
239A, 327, 352, 356, 358, cWg;gpdh;fSila jFjpfspd; kPjhd
359, 360, 371F kw;Wk; 9tJ gpur;rpidfs; KiwNa FbauRj;jiyth;
ml;ltiz Mfpait kw;Wk; MSeuhy; KbT nra;ag;gLk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld 4. rl;lrigfspd; $l;lq;fis elj;j
tpjp 19(i), (f), 31, 257F, 329, Njitahd Fiwe;j gl;r cWg;gpdh;fspd;
Mfpait ePf;fg;gl;ld. vz;zpf;if gw;wpa tpjpfs; 42tJ
tpjp 71> 103> 192 Mfpait jpUj;jj;jpw;F Kd;G ,Ue;jthNw khw;wg;gl;ld
Gj;Japh; mspf;fg;gl;ld. 5. FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk;
tpjp 134A> 330AgFjp Jizf;FbauRj;jiythpd; Njh;jy; gw;wpa
XIId; mj;jpahak; IV rh;ri
; rfspd; kPJ cr;rePjpkd;wKk;>
ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspd;
kw;Wk; 361A Mfpait
cWg;gpdh;fSila Njh;jypy; Vw;gLk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld
rh;ri
; rfspd; kPJ cah;ePjp kd;wq;fSk;
KbntLf;Fk; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ.
6. Nfgpdl;bd; vOj;Jg;G+h;tkhd ghpe;Jiuia
ngw;whyd;wp Njrpa neUf;fb epiyia
gpufldk; nra;a KbahJ
7. thOk; chpik> jd;Dhpik kw;Wk;
gj;jphpf;if Rje;jpuk; Mfpait kPz;Lk;
toq;fg;gl;ld
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45tJ 1980 tpjp 330> 332> 333 kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;
334 goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa
r%fj;jpdUf;F toq;fg;gl;l ,l xJf;fL P
NkYk; 10 tUlq;fSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
46tJ 1982 tpjp 269> 286> kw;Wk; 7tJ khepy muRfshy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l tpw;gid thp
ml;ltiz kWrPuikg;G nra;ag;gl;lJ
47tJ 1984 9tJ ml;ltiz epyr;rhP ;j;jpUe;jq;fs; njhlh;ghd 14 Gjpa
tpjpfs; 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;ld
48tJ 1984 tpjp 356 gQ;rhgpy; mkyhf;fg;gl;l FbauRj;jiythpd;
Ml;rp ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
49tJ 1984 tpjp 244> ml;ltizfs; V jphpGuh khepy goq;Fbapd gFjpfis gw;wp
kw;Wk; VI Mfpait rl;lq;fs; ,aw;w ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; jphpGuh
ghjpf;fg;gl;l
; d khepy rl;lrigf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cz;L
murpd;ik (Anarchy):
,J ve;j xU murhq;fKk; ,y;yhj> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp eilngwhj #o;epiyia Fwpf;Fk;.
,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf rl;lkpd;ik gyKs;sth;fs; ed;whf ,Ug;gh;. gykw;wth;fs; Jd;gg;gLthh;fs;.
mdhh;fp]k; (Anarchism):
xU muNrh my;yJ rl;lNkh my;yJ xU mjpfhhpNah jdpkdpj Rje;jpuj;ij mlf;fp
jdpkdpj kw;Wk; r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;F jilfis cUthf;f KbAk; vd;W rpy murpay;
rpe;jidthjpfs; thjpLfpd;wdh;. vdNt mth;fs; muNrh> rl;lNkh my;yJ mjpfhhpNah ,y;yhj
xU epiyia Mjhpf;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j #o;epiy murpd;ikf;F rkkhdjhFk;. ,j;jifa
NahridfNs mdhh;fp]hk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. Kjy; tif td;Kiw
mlf;Fjy; (Containment):
xU ehl;bd; nfhs;iffs; kw;nwhU ehl;by; guthky; jLg;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.
cjhuzkhf u\;ah kw;Wk; rPdhtpd; fk;A+dpr nfhs;iffs; %d;whk; cyf ehLfSf;Fg; guthky;
jLf;f mnkhpf;fh ,f;nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
Vfkdjhd KbT (Consensus):
rpy nfhs;iffs; my;yJ tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ gy egh;fs; my;yJ fl;rpfs; xNu kdjhf
KbT nra;tNj Vfkdjhd KbthFk;. etPd [dehaj;jpy; rpy rh;ri
; rfspd; kPJ xg;ge;jk;
my;yJ KbT Vw;gl ,J cjTfpd;wJ.
vjph;j;jy; (Confrontation):
,uz;L FOf;fs;> ehLfs; my;yJ fl;rpfspilNa Kuz;ghL Vw;gLk; #o;epiyiaNa ,J
Fwpf;Fk;. ,r;#o;eiyapd;NghJ ,U jug;Gk; xU gpur;rpidapd; kPJ NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fis
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,J rpy Neuq;fspy; ,U ehLfspilNa ,uhZt vjph;g;igAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;.
$l;L ,iwahd;ik (Condominium):
,J Rje;jpukhf ,y;yhj xU ehl;bd; kPJ ,uz;L ehLfs; jq;fsJ ,iwahd;ikia xNu
Neuj;jpy; gpuNahfpf;f toptFf;Fk; xg;ge;jk; MFk;. rpy tUlq;fSf;F Kd; $lhd ehl;bd; kPJ
,q;fpyhe;Jk; vfpg;Jk; ,iwahd;ikia gpuNahfpj;jd.
Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 135
fk;a+dprk; (Communism):
fk;A+dprk; vd;gJ fhuy; khh;f]; hy; cUthf;fg;gl;L gpd;G u\;ahtpd; nydpd; kw;Wk;
rPdhtpd; khNrJq; MfpNahuhy; khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;L gpd;gw;wg;gl;l nfhs;ifahFk;. fk;A+dprj;jpd;
Nehf;fk; gphpTfs; ,y;yhj r%fj;ij mikg;gNj MFk;. midtUk; mtuth; Njitf;Nfw;g
nghUl;fis ngwTk;> mtutuhy; ,ad;w msT nray;glTk; toptFf;Fk;. tifapy; cw;gj;jpAk;
tpepNahfKk; eilngw Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa r%fj;ij mikg;gjw;fhf Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij
mopf;f Gul;rp kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; gphpTfis mof;f Nghuhl;lk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; <Lgl fk;A+dprk;
typAWj;jpaJ. fhuy;khh;f;]d
; ; nfhs;if tpQ;Qhd rkj;Jtk; vd;Wk; nydpDila nfhs;if
Gul;rp rkj;Jtk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
fhydp Mjpf;fk; (Colonialism):
xU ehl;il ntspapypUe;J tUk; kw;nwhU ehL Ms;tNj fhydp Mjpf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
rk;ge;jg;gl;l ehL Ml;rp nrYj;Jk; ehl;bDila fhydp ehlhFk;. ,k;Kiwapy; fhydp
ehl;bDila murpay;> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;ij Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk;. ehl;il
KOikahf fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. NkYk; fhydp ehl;il jq;fsJ nrhe;j eyd;fSf;fhf Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;Jk; ehL Ruz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf 1947f;F Kd; ,e;jpah ePz;l fhykhf ,q;fpyhe;jpd; fhydp
Mjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;jJ. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; %ykhf Vwj;jho midj;J fhydp
ehLfSNk ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg;gpd; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wtpl;ld. vdNt fhydp Mjpf;fk; xU
KbTf;F te;jJ.
fl;rpfis nfhz;l [dehaf ehl;by; $l;lzp muR mikf;fg;gLk;. mly; gpfhhp th[;ghapd;
jiyikapy; Kd;G ,Ue;j muRk; $l;lzp murhFk;. $l;lzp murpw;F xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk;
tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLk;. mg;gpur;rpidfis murpd; Fiwe;j gl;r
nghJ jpl;lj;jpd; kPJ midj;J fl;rpfSk; Vfkdjhf KbntLg;gjd; %yk; jPh;f;f KbAk;.
rht;dp]k; (Chauvinsim):
r%fj;Jiwapy; ,J Mz;fSf;F mjpf kjpg;gspj;Jtpl;L ngz;fSf;F vjpuhf
jPq;fpog;gij Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy; murpaypy; ,J xUth; jdJ ehl;bd; kPJ nfhz;bUf;Fk;
kpifg;gbahd ehl;Lg;gw;W czh;r;rpia Fwpf;Fk;. kw;nwhU gf;fk; ,J kw;w ehLfs; kw;Wk;
r%fq;fspd; kPJ ntWg;G njhptpg;gijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
rhh;[; b m/Ngh;]; (Charge d’affaires):
xU ehl;by; epue;ju J}Jth; ,y;yhj NghJ mtuJ flikfis ftdpf;Fk; egh; ,t;thW
miof;fg;gLthh;.
fz;ldj;jPhk
; hdk; (Censure Motion):
,J muR my;yJ xU mikr;rUf;F vjpuhf mth;fsJ nfhs;iffisAk;> jpl;lq;fisAk;
tpkh;rpj;J vjph;fl;rpfshy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; jPh;khdk; MFk;. ,j;jPh;khdj;jpy; muirNah my;yJ
mikr;riuNah tpkh;rpg;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ij Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;. mitapy; ,j;jPh;khdk;
epiwNtw;wg;gLtJ murplk; ek;gpf;ifapy;yhjijf; Fwpf;Fk;. vdNt ,j;jPh;khdk;
epiwNtw;wg;gLtij MSk; fl;rp vjph;f;Fk;.
Kjyhspj;Jtk; (Capitalism):
,J tiuaWf;fg;glhj jpd nrhj;Jhpik kw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyfis nrhe;jkhf
itj;jpUf;Fk; chpik Mfpait mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU nghUshjhu KiwahFk;. ,j;jifa
nghUshjhu Kiwapy; muR jiyaplhJ. nghUshjhu nray;ghLfspd; kPJ re;ij rf;jpfshd
NjitAk; mspg;Gk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. Kjyhspj;Jtk; nghUshjhu Vw;Wj;jho;TfSf;Fk;
Kjyhspfs; njhopyhspfis Ruz;lTk; top tFf;Fk;. fhuy; khh;f;]; Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij kpfTk;
tpkh;rpj;jhh;. NkYk; mth; njhopyhsh;fspd; Gul;rp kw;Wk; rkj;Jt Kiwia mikg;gjd; %yk;
Kjyhspj;Jtk; tPOk; vd;W $wpdhh;. Mdhy; Mlk; ];kpj; Nghd;wth;fs; Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwapd;
jpwikiaAk; Nghl;bapLk; jd;ikiaAk; Gfo;e;jdh;.
fk;A+dyprk; (Communalism):
kw;w r%fq;fs; my;yJ ehLfspypUe;J NtWgl;l kw;Wk; cah;e;j xU r%fj;ij Nrh;e;j
czh;Nt fk;A+dyprk; vdg;gLk;. kj mbg;gilapyhd ,r;r%f czh;T nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
murpay; eyd;fspy; Nkk;ghl;bw;F mbg;gilia cUthf;Fk;. mjhtJ kjj;ij> kjk; rhuhj
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;JtNj fk;A+dyprkhFk;. gy r%fq;fisAk; mtw;wpw;fpilNa
gjl;lj;ijAk; rh;r;irfisAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; fk;A+dyprk; ,e;jpa murpaYf;F jPq;F
tpistpf;ff; $bajhFk;.
murpayikg;G rhh;e;j murhq;fk; (Constitutional Government):
ve;j xU murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; murpayikg;ghy; tiuaQf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh kw;Wk;
ve;j xU muR murpayikg;gpd; tpjpfspd; gb nray;gLfpwNjh mt;turhq;fk; murpayikg;G
rhh;e;jjhFk;.
gjl;lf;Fiwg;G (Detente):
,U ehLfSf;F ,ilNaahd gdpg;Nghiu jtph;gg ; jd; %yk; me;ehLfSf;F ,ilNa
,Uf;Fk; gjl;lk; Fiwf;fg;gLk;. ehLfSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; gjl;lk; kw;Wk; ntWg;Gzh;r;rp
Nghf;fg;gl;L rf[ epiy nfhz;Ltug;gLk;. cyfpd; ty;yuRfSf;F ,ilNa 1960 kw;Wk;
1970fspy; fhzg;gl;l gjl;lk; 1962Mk; Mz;L fpA+gh gpur;rpidapd; NghJ Vw;gl;l gdpg;Nghh;
KbTf;F te;jTld; Fiwe;jJ.
lanyf;bfy; nkl;Bhpayprk; (Dialectical Materiaslim):
,jid Nkk;ghl;L eilKiwia Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf fhuy; khh;f]
; ; toq;fpdhh;. ,jd;gb
jhdhf ce;jg;gl;l xU tptfhuk; r%f Nkk;ghl;bd; mbg;gilahf tpsq;Fk;. ,J %d;W
epiyfis fle;J nry;Yk;. jP]p]> Md;bjP]p];> kw;Wk; rpd;jP]p]; ,tw;Ws; Md;bjP]p];
vd;gJ jP]p];f;Fk;> rpd; jP]p];f;Fk; vjpuhdJ. ,J ,it ,uz;bYk; cs;s Kuz;ghLfis
rhpnra;a Kay;fpd;wJ. nghUshjhu mikg;G r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd mbj;jsj;ij mikf;fpd;wJ
vd;W czh;j;jNt fhuy; khh;f]; ; ,k;Kiwia gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
,ul;il Ml;rpKiw (Diarchy):
,J eph;thf mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; ,uz;L gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU Ml;rp
Kiwia Fwpf;Fk;. eph;thfj;jpd; xU gFjp khepy rl;lrigf;F nghWg;GilajhFk;. kw;nwhU
gFjp mjw;F nghWg;Gilajy;y. ,k;Kiw ,e;jpa khepyq;fspy; ,e;jpa murhq;fr;rl;lk; 1919d;
tpjpfspd;gb Mq;fpNya murhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,k;Kiwapd; fPo; khepy murpd; mjpfhuq;fSk;
flikfSk; ,uz;L gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gLk;. rpy mjpfhuq;fis khepy rl;lrigf;F
nghWg;Gila mikr;rh;fs; gad;gLj;Jth;. Rpy mjpfhuq;fis rl;lrigf;F nghWg;gpy;yhj
MSeh;fs; gad;gLj;Jth;.
vk;ghh;Nfh (Embargo):
xU ehl;bd; fly; vy;iyfSf;Fs;Sk;> JiwKfq;fSf;Fs;Sk; kw;w ehLfspd; fg;gy;fs;
EiotijNah my;yJ elkhLtijNah jilnra;tijNa ,J Fwpf;Fk;. ,j;jil Nghhpd; NghJ
2. btp\dhy; ngQ;r; jiyik ePjpgjp gq;Nfw;why; %d;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cr;rePjp
kd;w ePjpgjpfisAk; kw;w Neuj;jpy; ,uz;L (m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cr;rePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
cah;ePjp kd;wk;:
1. KO ngQ;r; : %d;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ePjpgjpfs;
2. btp\dy; ngQ;r; : ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ePjpgjpfs;
3. xw;iw ngQ;r; : xNu xU ePjpgjp
Njh;jy; Fw;wq;fs;: (Electoral Offcences):
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l Njh;jy; rl;lq;fis xU egNuh my;yJ xU mjpfhhpNah
kPWtNj Njh;jy; Fw;wq;fshFk;.
Njh;jy; tpjpKiwfs; kPwy;: (Electroral Malpractices):
Njh;jy; Mizaj;jhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l Njh;jy; elj;ij tpjpfis xU fl;rpNah my;yJ
xU mjpfhhpNah kPWtNj Njh;jy; tpjpKiw kPwy; vdg;gLk;.
,Ufl;rp Kiw: (Two – Party System):
xU ehl;by; ngUk;ghd;ikahd thf;Ffis ngwf;$ba typiktha;e;j ,U fl;rpfs;
,Ue;jhy; me;j ehL ,U fl;rp Kiwapy; nray;gLk; ehL vdg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwapy; kw;w fl;rpfs;
vJTk; ,Uf;fhJ vd;W mh;j;jkpy;iy. kw;w fl;rpfs; ,Ue;jhYk; mtw;Wf;F ngUk;ghd;ik ngWk;
msT murpaypy; nry;thf;F ,Uf;fhJ. ,k;Kiw ,yq;ifapYk; tq;fNjrj;jpYk; ntw;wpfukhf
nray;gLfpd;wJ.
kj;jpa gzpfs; kw;Wk; midj;J ,e;jpa gzpfs;: (Central Services & All India Services)
midj;J ,e;jpa mstpy; guhkhpf;fg;gLk; kj;jpa murpd; fPo; cs;s gzpfNs kj;jpag;
gzpfshFk;. Mitahtd ,e;jpa may;ehl;L gzpfs;> ,e;jpa jzpf;if kw;Wk; fzf;F gzpfs;>
,e;jpa Rq;f kw;Wk; fyhy; gzpfs; Nghd;wit. Mdhy; midj;J ,e;jpa gzpfs; vd;gJ
,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gzpfs; ,e;jpa fhty;Jiw gzp kw;Wk; ,e;jpa tdj;Jiw gzpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
Fwpf;f kl;LNk murpayikg;ghy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. khepyq;fsitapd; ghpe;Jiufspd; kPJ
NtW ve;jtpj gzpfis cUthf;fTk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; cz;L (tpjp 312).
Culq;F cj;jutpw;Fk;> jilcj;jutpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfs;: (Diffence between the
Curfew and the Prohibitory Order):
Culq;F cj;juT vd;gJ Xhplj;jpy; fytuk; Vw;gl;l gpd;dh; vLf;fg;gLk; eltbf;ifahFk;.
,j;jifa cj;juT ntspaplg;gl;lgpd;dh; kf;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpapy; elkhLtij
jilnra;Ak;. Mdhy; jil cj;juT vd;gJ r%fj;jpd; rl;lk; xOq;if fhg;ghw;w vLf;fg;gLk;
Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;ifahFk;. ,t;Tj;juT ntspaplg;gl;l gpd;dh; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpapy;
Ie;J mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egh;fs; $Ltij jilnra;Ak;. ,t;tpU cj;juTfisAk; xU jdpegh;
kPWk; NghJ mth; kPJ Fw;wtpay; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp: (Distributive Judges):
nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bd; gyd;fs; midtUf;Fk; gfph;e;jspf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd;
nghUshFk;. NkYk; ,k;Kiwapy; nrhj;Jf; Ftpg;Gk; ,Uf;fhJ ,J murpayikg;gpd; tpjp 39(a)
kw;Wk; (b) Mfpatw;wpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 146
ANNEXURE
ORIGINALLY INDIAN CONSTITUTION HAD 22 PARTS, 8 SCHEDULES & 395 ARTICLES,
BUT NOW, THERE ARE 24 PARTS 12 SCHEDULES & MORE THAN 450 ARTICLES
WRITS
12. Disapproval
1. President - 1,50,000/-
2. Vice President - 1,25,000/-
3. Governor - 1,10,000/-
4. Chief Justice of India - 1,10,000/-
5. Judges of Supreme Court &
Chief Justice of High Court - 1,00,000/-
6. Judges of High Court - 90,000/-
7. Cabinet Secretary - 90,000/-
360
3. Art – 249 – nghJeyd; fUjp uh[;a rigapd; 2/3rd ngUk;ghd;ikapy; xU jPh;khdk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; kj;jpa muR khepy gl;baypy; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk;.
4. ml;ltiz – 7: 1. kj;jpa gl;bay; - Union Life: ,jpy; cs;s Jiwfspy; kj;jpa
muR kl;LNk rl;lk; Nghl KbAk;
2. khepy gl;bay; - State Life: ,jpy; cs;s Jiwfspy; khepy
muR kl;LNk rl;lk; ,aw;w KbAk;
3. nghJ gl;bay; - Concurrent Life: ,jpy; cs;s Jiwfspy; ,U
muRfSk; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk;. Mdhy; gpur;rpid te;jhy; khepy muR
tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;
5. xNu FbAhpik
6. xNu Njh;jy; Mizak;
7. CAG – Comproller & Auditor General
8. fth;dh; kj;jpa murpd; gpujpepjp
9. Art – 312 – midj;jpe;jpa gzpfspy; cs;sth;fs; IAS, IPS, IFS Nky; khepy muR
xOq;F eltbf;if vLf;ff; $lhJ.
10. ,jdhy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G miuFiw $l;lhl;rp vd;fpNwhk; (Quasi Federal)
LATEST AMENDMENTS:
1. tpjp 13-xU muR NghLk; ve;j rl;lkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ mbg;gil chpikfis kPwpdhy;
ve;j msTf;F kPWfpwNjh me;j msTf;F me;j rl;lk; nry;yhJ vd;W $WfpwJ.
2. Art – 368 rl;l jpUj;jj;jpw;F cs;s tpjp
3. Golak nath case (1967)
- 368-I gad;gLj;jp F-Rs-I jpUj;j KbahJ
- Trancedental Position given to F Rs.
(kPwKbahj)
4. 24tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;
- FRs-I jpUj;jyhk;
5. Kesha wananda Bharathi Case (1973)
- FRs-I jpUj;jyhk;. Mdhy; mbg;gil fl;likg;ig kPwf;$lhJ
(Basic Structure)
Relationship between F.Rs. & DPSPs
1951 – NyNa Problem started - ahh; nghpath; vd;W
Supreme Court F.Rs nghpaJ So - Bank Nationalisation Act
nry;yhJ
Privy purses abolition Act
(kd;dh; khdpa xopg;G)
25AA (1971) Introduced – 31 (c) Part (1) 1) 39 (b) & 39 (c) nghpaJ
(14, 19, 31-I tpl)
Part (2) 2) 39 (b) & (c) d;
mbg;gilapy; rl;lk;
Nghl;lhy; mij vjph;j;J tof;F Nghl KbahJ
Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 153
3. 1953 - Nfy;fh; fkpl;b epakdk; - r%f kw;Wk; fy;tp hPjpahf gpd; jq;fpath;fis
fzf;fpLtj;wfhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,thpd; ghpe;Jiufspy; OBC –f;Fhpa ghpe;Jiufs;
epuhfhpf;fg;gl;ld
1956 - y;fhfh Nfy;fh; mwpf;ifapd; gb SC ml;ltiz khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ
1976 - y; ml;ltiz khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ
1979 - y; kz;ly; fkp\d; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
Vd; - r%f kw;Wk; fy;tp hPjpahf gpd; jq;fpath;fis fzf;fpl
1980 - mwpf;if rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ ,th; 52% OBC ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sjhf $wpdhh;.
1931- kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb $wpdhh; Vw;fdNt SC & ST f;F
cs;sJ 22.5% vdNt jw;nghOJ OBC-f;F 27% xJf;fpdhy; nkhj;jk; 49.5% vdNt
cr;rePjpkd;w jPh;g;gpd;gb ,lxJf;fPL 50%-I jhz;lhJ vd;W kz;ly;
ghpe;Jiuj;jhh;
1990 - gj;J tUlq;fs; fopj;J tp. gp. rpq; mth;fshy; kz;ly; mwpf;if
eilKiwf;F
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ
- ,jid vjph;j;J nly;yp gy;fiyf;fof khzth; uh[Pt; Nfh];thkp jPf;Fspf;f
Kaw;rpj;jhh;
- ,jw;F gpwF gy jPf;Fspg;Gfs; eilngw;wd
1991 - eurpk;kuht; muR cah;[hjpapy; cs;s ViofSf;F 10% ,l xJf;fL
P
mspj;jhh;
1992 - kz;ly; mwpf;if nry;yhJ vd;W cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; njhlugl;l tof;fpy;
jPh;g;G
toq;fg;gl;lJ. jPh;g;G vd;d? kz;ly; mwpf;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ
nry;Yk;
1993 - kj;jpa muR gjtpfspy; OBC f;F 27% nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ
1995 - 77tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; tpjp 16(4) vd;gij Gjpjhf Nrh;j;J SC &
STf;F gjtp cah;tpy; ,l xJf;fPL nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ
1998 - Kjy; Kiwahf kj;jpa muR rh;Nt elj;jp ,e;jpahtpy; 32% OBC cs;sjhf
Fwpg;gpl;lhh;fs;
- 49% vd;gij
eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ
1980 - mjpKf muR fphpkpNyaiu nfhz;Lte;jJ
- &.9000.00 tUlk; fphpkpNyaUf;F mbg;gilahf itf;fg;gl;lJ
- jpKfTk; kw;w fl;rpfSk; ,ij gaq;fukhf vjph;j;jhh;fs;
- clNd mjpKf muR fphpkpNyaiu ePf;fpaJ
- NkYk; OBCf;F – 50%
Sc & st - 18 - 68% vd;wJ
1989 - td;dpah; rq;f Nghuhl;lk;
- Vd; khepyj;jpy; 20% Ntz;Lk;
kj;jpapy; 2% Ntz;Lk;
- jpKf muR xj;Jf; nfhz;lJ vdNt
Bc - 30% Sc- 18%- 69%
MBc - 20% St - 1%
Fwpg;G:
jw;nghOJ - BC apy; K];yPk;fSf;F - 3.5%
SC apy; mUe;jjpahh;fSf;F - 3.0 % xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
1992y; cr;rePjp kd;wk; ,l xJf;fL
P 50% rjtPjj;ij jhz;lf; $lhJ vd;W $wpaJ.
1994 – jkpof muR ek;Kia 69% ,lxJf;fl
P ;il [dhgjp xg;GjYld; 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
Nrh;j;Jtpl;lJ
1994 – M. K. Vijayan – 69% nry;yhJ vd;W mwptpf;fr; nrhy;yp cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F
njhlh;e;jhh;
- mtUf;F mb> cij fpilj;jJ
- ,e;j tof;F ,d;Dk; njhlh;fpwJ
2010 - [_iy – cr;rePjpkd;wk; ,e;j 69% ,d;Dk; xU tUlk; ePl;bj;jJ
- NkYk; 69 rjtPjj;ij cWjpnra;J nfhs;s jkpof muR cr;rePjp kd;w
jPh;g;GfSf;F
cl;gl;L rl;lk; ,aw;wpf;nfhs;syhk; vd;W $wpAs;sJ.
murpayikg;gpd; tpjpfs;
ne;jpa murpayikg;g[ eilKiwf;F te;jBghJ 395 tpjpfisf; bfhz;oUe;jJ. nit nUgj;J
tpjpfs;
gFjp-2
Foa[hpik(Citizenship)
5. murpayikg;gpd; bjhlf;ff;fhyj;jpy; Foa[hpik
gFjp-3
mog;gil chpikfs; (fundamental Rights)
12. brhw;bghUs; tpsf;fk;
15. rkak;, ndk;, rhjp, ghypdk; my;yJ gpwe;j nlk; fhuzkhf BtWgLj;JjYf;Fj; jil
31. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
31.N. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
32. ne;jg; gFjpapy; tHA;fg;gl;l chpikfis mky;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ghpfhuA;fs;
32.m. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
33. ne;jg; gFjpapy; tHA;fg;gl;l chpikfis, mth jk; tpz;zg;gk; nd;dgpwtw;why; jpUj;jk; bra;tjw;F
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
34. gilj;Jiwr; rl;lk; gFjp vjpYk; mkypypUf;Fk; BghJ, ne;jg; gFjpahy; tHA;fg;gl;l chpikfSf;Ff;
fl;Lg;ghL
gFjp-4
murpd; bewpa[Wj;Jf; Bfhl;ghl;Lf; bfhs;if
(Directive Principles of State Policy)
36. brhw;bghUs; tpsf;fk;
46. gl;oay; kugpdu;, gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdu; kw;Wk; BtW gytPd gpuptpdu;fspd; fy;tp kw;Wk;
gFjp-5
xd;wpak;(The Union)
nay; 1
eph;thfk;(The Executive)
52. ne;jpaf; FoauRj; jiyth;
62. FoauRj; jiytupd; fhypahd gjtp nlj;ij epug;g[tjw;fhd Bjh;jYf;fhd fhy mst[k;, jw;brayhff;
fhypahd me;jg; gjtp nlj;ij epug;g Bjh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l eghpd; gjtpf;fhyKk;
68. FoauRj; Jizj;jiytupd; fhypahd gjtp nlj;ij epug;g[tjw;fhd Bjh;jYf;Fhpa fhy mst[k;,
jw;brayhf fhypahd me;jg; gjtp nlj;ij epug;g[tjw;fhd Bjh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l eghpd; gjtpf;fhyKk;
69. FoauRj; Jizj;jiytuhy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLk; Miz cWjpbkhHp my;yJ bka;a[Wjp bkhHp
tptuk;
72. FoauRj; jiytu; kd;dpg;g[ tHA;Ftjw;Fk;, gpwtw;wpw;Fk; kw;Wk; rpy tHf;Ffspy; jz;lidia
ePf;fr;bra;at[k;, Fiwf;ft[k; my;yJ khw;wpaikf;ft[k; cs;s mjpfhuk;
braw;gLgthpd; mjpfhuA;fs;
92. jiytu; my;yJ Jidj;jiytiu gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Ftjw;fhd jPu;khdk; guprPy ida[k; fPHpUe;J tUk;
94. jiytu; kw;Wk; Jizj;jiytu; gjtp fhypahf nUj;jy;, gjtp tpyfy;, gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Fjy;
95. kf;fsit Jizj; jiytu; my;yJ kf;fsit jiytupd; mYtyf flikia epiwBtw;Wk; my;yJ
kf;fsit jiytuhf bray;gLgtupd; mjpfhuA;fs;
96. khepyA;fs; mit jiytu;, Jiz jiytu; kw;Wk; kf;fsit jiytu; Jizj;jiytiu gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;Ftjw;fhd jPu;khdk; guprPyidapd; fPH; nUe;J tUk; BghJ mtu;fs; jiyik jhA;Fjy;
97. khepyA;fs; mit jiytu;, Jiz jiytu; kw;Wk; kf;fsit jiytu;, Jiz jiytupd; CjpaA;fSk;
go bjhiffSk;.
nay;-3
nay;-4
132. cau;ePjpkd;wA;fspypUe;J vGk; Bky; KiwaPLfspy; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;s Bky;KiwaPl;L mjpfhu
tuk;g[
gpwt[k;
144.m.(ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
nay;-5
gFjp-6
khepyA;fs;(The states)
nay;-1 (chapter1)
bghJthdit (General)
152. brhw;bghUs; tpsf;fk;
nay;-2
eph;thfj;Jiw(The Executive)
MSeh; (Governor)
153. khepy MSeh;fs;
nay;-3
khepyr; rl;lkd;wk;(The State Legislature)
bghJthdit(General)
168. khepyr; rl;lg;Bguitfspd; mikg;g[
ePf;fg;gLjy;
180. rl;lg;Bguitj; jiyth; gjtpaplk; fhypahftpUf;Fk; BghJ mtuJ mYty;fis Mw;Wk;
ePf;fg;gLjy;
CjpaA;fSk; goj;bjhiffSk;
189. fhypaplk; kw;Wk; Fiwbtz; ahjhf nUe;jpl;lg; BghjpYk; thf;bfLg;gpy; mitfSf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
193. cWg[ 186nd; fPH; cWjpbkhHp my;yJ gjtpg;gpukhzk; vLf;fhky; my;yJ jFjpapy;yhjpUf;Fk; BghJ
nd;d gpwt[k;
197. gzkBrhjh totpy;yhj BtW rl;l Kd;tot[fspy; rl;l Bkyitapd; mjpfhuA;fsp; jilf;fl;Lg;ghLfs;
nay;-4
MSeupd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuk;
(Legislative Power of the Governor)
213. rl;lg;Bguitapd; nilBtisapy; mtru Mizfisg; gpwg;gpf;f MSeUf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
nay;-5
khepyA;fspy; cs;s cau;ePjpkd;wA;fs;
(The High Court in the States)
214. khepyA;fSf;fhd cau;ePjp kd;wA;fs;
232. (ePf;fg;;gl;lJ)
bry;YgoahFbkd;gJ
234. khtl;l ePjpgjpfsy;yhj kw;w egu;fis ePjpj;Jiwg; gzpf;F mku;j;Jjy;
237.ne;j naypd; tifaA;fs; rpy tFg;g[ my;yJ tFg;g[fisr; rhu;e;j eLtu;fSf;Fg; bghUe; Jjy;
238. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
gFjp-8
xd;wpa kz;lyA;fs; (The Union Territories)
239. xd;wpa kz;lyA;fspd; epu;thfk;
nuz;ila[k; cUthf;Fjy;
239.m.m) jpy;yp rk;ge;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
240.xd;wpa kz;lyA;fs; rpytw;wpw;F xGA;F Kiwfis cUthf;f FoauR jiytUf;F cs;s mjpfhuk;
242. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
gFjp-9
Cuhl;rpfs; ( The Panchayts)
243. braw;bghUs; tpsf;fA;fs;
243.m. fpuhk mit
243.e. nlxJf;fPL
243.g. efuhl;rpfspd; gjtpf;fhyk;
gFjp-10
gFjp-11
kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepy muRfSf;Fkpilapyhd cwt[fs;
(Legislative Relations)
249. ehl;od; kPJ mf;fiw bfhz;L khepyg; gl;oay; bjhlu;ghd tp&aj;jpy; rl;lkpaw;Wtjw;fhd
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
250. mtru fhy gpufldk; mkypypUf;Fk; BghJ khepyg; gl;oaypYs;s tp&aA;fs; bjhlu;ghf rl;lkpaw;w
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
251. tpjpfs; 249 kw;Wk; 250 nd; fPH; ehlhskd;wk; naw;wpa rl;lA;fSf;Fk; khepyr; rl;lkd;wA;fs;
252. nuz;L my;yJ Bkw;gl;l khepyA;fspd; xg;g[jYld; kw;Wk; mj;jifa rl;lkpaw;wiy Vw;Fk; kw;w
Kuz;ghLfs;
nay;-2
bghJthdit(Generals)
256. khepyA;fs; kw;Wk; xd;wpaj;jpw;Fs;s fl;Lg;ghLfs;
257.m) (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
259. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
gFjp-12
epjp, brhj;J, xg;ge;jA;fs;, tHf;Ffs;
epjp(Finance)
bghJthdit(General)
264. bghUs; tpsf;fk;
268.m) xd;wpaj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; Brit tupa[k; mjid kj;jpa muRk; khepy muRfSk;
tr{ypj;jYk;;
kw;Wk; jdjhf;fpf; bfhs;SjYk;
269. kj;jpa mur tupia tpjpf;ft[k; tr{ypf;ft[k; bra;J khepyA;fSf;F xJf;fPLr; bra;jy;
272. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
273. rzy; kw;Wk; rzy; bghUs;fs; kpJ Vw;Wkjp jpu;itf;Fg; gjpyhf khdpak; tHA;Fjy;
274. tupfspy; mf;fiw bfhz;Ls;s khepyA;fspd; rl;l Kd; tot[fSf;F FoauRj; jiytupd;
277. tpyf;Ffs;
278. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
282. jkJ tUthapypUe;J kj;jpa muR my;yJ khepy muR bryitf; bfhLj;J jpu;j;jy;
283. bghJ fzf;fpy; tut[ itf;fg;gLk; bjhFg;g[ epjp vjpu;ghuhr; bryt[ epjp Mfpatw;wpd; ghJfhg;g[
284. bghJ CHpau;fshYk;, ePjpkd;wA;fshYk; bgwg;gLk; bjhiffs; kw;Wk; tHf;fhspfspd;
itg;gPLfSf;Fg; ghJfhg;g[
tpyf;fspg;g[
291. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
nay;-2
fld;fs; (Borrowing)
292. ne;jpa murhA;fk; fld; thA;Fjy;
293. khepyA;fshy; fld; thA;fg; bgWjy;
nay;-3
brhj;J, xg;ge;jA;fs;, cupikfs;, bghWg;gilt[fs;, fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tHf;Ffs;
nay;-4
brhj;Jhpik(Rights to Property)
300.m. rl;lj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l brhj;ij egh;fs; vLj;Jf; bfhs;sf;TlhJ.
gFjp-13
ne;jpa epytiuf;Fs; th;j;jfk;, tzpfk; kw;Wk;
Bghf;Ftuj;Jj; bjhlh;g[ Rje;jpuk;
302. th;j;jfk;, thzpgk; kw;Wk; tzpfk; my;yJ Bghf;Ftuj;Jj; bjhlh;gpd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghL tpjpg;gjw;F
303. th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; tzpfk; rk;;ge;jkhf kj;jpa, khepy murhA;fk;; rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuA;fSf;fhd
fl;Lg;ghL
bra;jYk;
306. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
307. cwg[fs; 301 Kjy; 304 tiuapyhd Behf;fA;fis epiwBtw;Wtjw;fhf mjpfhu epiyapdiu
epakpj;jy;.
309. kj;jpa my;yJ khepy murpy; gzpahw;Wk; egh;;fspd; gzp Fwpj;j tiuaiwfSk; epge;jidfSk;
310. kj;jpa my;yJ khepy murpy; gzpahw;Wk; egh;fspd; gzp Fwpj;j tiuaiwfsk; epge;jidfSk;
311. kj;jpa my;yJ khepyj;jpy; Ml;rpj;Jiwg; gzpapypUf;Fk; egh;fis btspBaw;Wjy;, ePf;Fjy; my;yJ
goj;juj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
314. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
nay;-2
muRg; gzpahsh; Bjh;thizaA;fs;
317. muRg; gzpahsh; Bjh;thizak; xd;wpd; cWg;gpdh; xUtiu ePf;ft[k; jw;fhypkhf tpyf;ft[k;
bra;jy;.
tFg;gjw;Fhpa mjpfhuk;.
gFjp-14m
jPh;g; ghaA;fs;(Tribunals)
gFjp-15
Bjh;jy;(Election)
324. Bjh;jy; xd;iwf; fz;fhzpf;ft[k;, fl;lisaplt[k; fl;lhs; ifapy; itf;ft[k;, Bjh;thizaj;jplk;
325. rhjp, rkak;, ndk; my;yJ ghypdk; fhuzkhf ve;j egUk; rpwg;g[ thf;fhsh; gl;oaypy;
326. kf;fsit kw;wk; khepyr; rl;lkd;wA;fSf;fhd Bjh;jy; taJ te;Bjhh; thf;Fhpik mog;gilapy;
eilbgWjy; Btz;Lk;.
328. rl;lg; Bguitj; Bjh;jy; rk;ge;jkhf tifaA;fis naw;w khepyr; rl;lg;Bguit xd;Wf;Fs;s
mjpfhuk;
gFjp-16
rpy tFg;gpdh; rk;ge;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
332. khepy rl;lg;Bguitfspy; gl;oay; kugpdh; kw;Wk; gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdUf;fhd nl xJf;fPL.
334. mWgJ Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF nl xJf;fPL kw;Wk; jdpg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Kot[f;F tUjy;
335. gzpfs; kw;Wk; gjtpfSf;;F gl;oay; kugpdh; kw;Wk; gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdhpd; Bfhhpf;if
339. gl;oay; kugpdh; kw;Wk; gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdh; ey;thH;t[ kPjhd kj;jpa murpd; fl;lhs;if
nay;-2
tifaA;fs;
nay;-3
cr;rePjpkd;wk;, cah;ePjp kd;wA;fs; nd;d gpwtw;wpd;
bkhHpfs;
348. cr;rePjpkd;wk;, cah;ePjp kd;wA;fs;, rl;lA;fs;, rl;l Kd; tot[fs;, nd;dgpwtw;wpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; bkhHp
(Special Directives)
350. FiwfSf;fhd KiwaPLfSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; bkhHp
gFjp-18
bghUe;Jif
ghJfhj;jy;
356. khepyA;fspy; murpayikg;g[ nae;jpuk; braw;glhky; jtWk; jUthapy; FoauRj; jiyth; Ml;rp
mky;gLj;Jjy;;
357. cWg;g[ 356d; fPH; gpufldk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ljpd; fPH; rl;lkd;w mjpfhuA;fis brYj;Jjy;
epWj;jpitj;jy;(20,21I jtpu)
359.m. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
gy;tif (Miscellaneous)
361. FoauRj; jiytu;, MSeh;fs;, nuh$;gpuKf;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;g[
362. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
363. ehl;oil cld;gof;iffs; kw;Wk; nju cld;gof;iffs; rk;ge;jkjf vGk; rr;rut[fspy;
xHpf;fg;gLjYk;.
gFjp-20
murpayikg;g[r; rl;l jpUj;jk;
mjpfhuk;.
gFjp-21
jw;fhypf, nilf;fhy kw;Wk; rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
rk;ge;jkhf mjpfhuk;
370. rk;K-fh&;kPu; khepyk; rk;ke;jkhd jw;fhypf tifaA;fs;
374. Tl;lhl;rp ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; Tl;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epYitapYs;s eilKiwfs; gw;wpa
tifaA;fs;
375. ne;j murpayikg;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; tifaA;fSf;F cl;gl;L ePjpkd;wA;fs;, mjpfhu epiyapdh; kw;Wk;
mYtyh; mYtiyj; bjhlh;e;J
gFjp-22
FWe;jiyg;g[, bjhlf;fk; ne;jpapy; Mjhug{u;tkhd }yk; kw;Wk; ePf;fA;fs;
394. bjhlf;fk;
395. ePf;fk;
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