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Introduction To HTML

HTML is defined using SGML and was designed to specify document structure at a higher level of abstraction. It allows specifying text formatting like font style, size, and color. The first browser was MOSAIC which increased HTML's popularity. HTML has evolved through versions like HTML 2.0, 3.2, and 4.01, with XHTML 1.0 bringing HTML syntax into compliance with XML. HTML tags specify document structure and formatting, while XHTML has stricter rules but allows validation. Basic HTML tags include headings, paragraphs, line breaks, and images to structure and style text content.

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Jayachandra Venkataramanappa
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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96 views

Introduction To HTML

HTML is defined using SGML and was designed to specify document structure at a higher level of abstraction. It allows specifying text formatting like font style, size, and color. The first browser was MOSAIC which increased HTML's popularity. HTML has evolved through versions like HTML 2.0, 3.2, and 4.01, with XHTML 1.0 bringing HTML syntax into compliance with XML. HTML tags specify document structure and formatting, while XHTML has stricter rules but allows validation. Basic HTML tags include headings, paragraphs, line breaks, and images to structure and style text content.

Uploaded by

Jayachandra Venkataramanappa
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

1 Introduction to HTML

HTML is defined using the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) which is
an ISO standard notation for describing text formatting languages. The Original version
of HTML was designed in conjunction with the structure of the web and the first
browser. It was designed to specify document structure at a higher and more abstract
level. It also defines details of text such as font style, size and color.

The use of web became more popular when the first browser MOSAIC was
developed and marketed by Netscape. The next browser was Internet explorer by
Microsoft.

2.1.1 History of HTML

HTML was the standard developed by Microsoft for web technologies. First HTML
standard was HTML 2.0 was released in 1995. Next HTML standard was HTML 3.2
was released in 1997. The latest version of HTML standard is HTML 4.01 was released
and approved by W3C in 1999. The XHTML1.0 standard was approved in early 2000
which is a redefinition of HTML 4.01 using XML IE7 and FIREFOX2 (FX2) support
XHTML 1.1

2.1.2 HTML versus XHTML

HTML is easier to write whereas XHTML requires a level of discipline. HTML has
more number documents available on the web hence most of the browsers still prefer
supporting HTML. XHTML is preferred for its quality and consistency in any
endeavor. HTML lacks these features as it has few syntactic rules and high degree of
freedom to create documents.

XHTML has strict rules to document and we can check the syntactic correctness
through XML browser and validation tools. XHTML editors are also available to create
documents.

2.2 Basic syntax

2.2.2 HTML TAGS


The fundamental syntactic units of HTML are called tags. They specify the categories
of the contents. For each category the browser has default presentation specifications
for the specified contents. The syntax of the tag is a tag’s name surrounded by angle
brackets (<>) Tag names must be written in lower case letters and in pairs of opening
and closing.

A browser display of an XHTML document shows the content of all of the documents
tags; it is the information the document is meant to portray. Not all tags can have
content.
2.2.3 Basic syntax

E.g.: if <p> is opening tag then corresponding closing tag is <\p> and what appears
between them is the content of the tags. Comments in programs increase the readability
of those programs.

In XHTML they appear as <!-- -->. Browser ignores the comments,


unrecognized tags, multiple spaces and tabs, line breaks etc. The tags are like
suggestions to the browser. Any error in the document is ignored by the browser like a
misspelled tag.

Para tag

<?xml version ="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>


<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1 //EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p> HI!!!!this is good</p>


</html>
HI!!!!this is good

2.3 Standard XHTML document structure

Each document must begin with an xml declaration element (which is the first line of
XHTML document and begins in the first character position) that identifies the
document as one based in XML. Version number is specified. Second attribute
encoding specifies the encoding used for the document which here is Unicode utf-8.

<?xml version = “1.0” encoding= “utf-8”?>

Following the xml declaration element is an SGML DOCTYPE command specifies


particular SGML document type definition(DTD).

2.3.1 XHTML Document

XHTML document must include four tags <html>,<head>,<title>,<body>. The


<html> tag identifies the root element of the document. The html element includes the
attribute xmlns which specifies XHTML namespace. The document contains two parts
head and the body. The <title> tag is used to give the document a title, which is
normally displayed in the browser’s window title bar.

2.4 Basic text mark up


2.4.1 Line Breaks

The browser supplies a line break at the end of each line. Line breaks embedded in text
are ignored by the browser. Sometimes text requires a line break without the preceding
blank line. This is exactly what the break tag does. The break tag differs from the
paragraph tag in that it can have no content and therefore has no closing. The break tag
is specified as <br/>.

2.4.2 Preserving whitespaces

Sometimes it is desirable to preserve the whitespace in text, that is, to prevent the
browser from eliminating multiple spaces and ignoring embedded line breaks. This can
be specified with the pre tag.
<pre> </pre>

2.4.3 Headings

Text is often separated into sections in documents by beginning each section with a
heading. Lager sections sometimes have headings that appear more prominent than
headings for sections nested inside them. In XHTML, there are six levels of headings,
specified by the tags <h1>,<h2>,<h3>,<h4>,<h5>, and <h6>, where <h1>, specifies the
highest-level heading. <h5> and <h6> use small sizes. The heading tags always break
the current line, so their content always appears on a new line.

2.4.4 Horizontal rules

<hr /> draws a line across the display, after a line break.

2.4.5 Superscripts and subscripts

Subscripts with <sub> & Superscripts with <sup>.

Example: x<sub>2</sub><sup>3</sup> Display: x23

<?xml version ="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1 //EN"


"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p> Twinkle twinkle little star how I wonder


what you are up above the world so high like
a diamond in the sky </p>
</html>
<?xml version ="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1 //EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head><title> Our first document </title></head>
<body>
<p> Twinkle twinkle
little star</p> <p> how I wonder
what you are ???</p> <p>up above the world so high</p><p> like
a diamond in the
sky.
</p>
</body>
</html>

<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">


<head><title> Our first document </title></head>
<body>
<h1> Twinkle twinkle little star</h1>
<h2> how I wonder </h2>
<h3>what you are ???</h3>
<h4>up above the world so high</h4>
<h5> like a diamond</h5>
<h6> in the sky.</h6>
</body>
</html>

2.4.6 Block quotes

Content of <block quote> to set a block of text off from the normal flow and
appearance of text. Browsers often indent, and sometimes italicize Font Styles and
Sizes (can be nested)
Boldface - <b>
Italics - <i>
Larger - <big>
Smaller - <small>
Monospace - <tt>

<head><title> Block quotes </title></head>


<body>
<p>
I shall be reciting a nursery rhyme::::
<pre><blockqoute><i>
"Twinkle twinkle little star
how I wonder what you are ???
up above the world so high
like a diamond in the sky."
</i></blockqoute>
hope you all have liked it.thank you....
</pre></p>
</body>
</html>

All of this font size and font style stuff can be done with style sheets, but these tags are
not yet deprecated
Character Entities

Char. Entity Meaning


& &amp; Ampersand
< &lt; Less than
> &gt; Greater than
” &quot; Double quote
’ &apos; Single quote
¼ &frac14; One quarter
½ &frac12; One half
¾ &frac34; Three quarters
° &deg; Degree
(space) &nbsp; Non-breaking space

<head><title> code tags </title></head><body><p>


<code>
<strong>cost</strong> = quantity * price;
</p></p>
x<sub>2</sub><sup>3</sup>
</code>
</p>
<p>
<p>&amp;</p>
<p>&lt;</p>
<p>&gt; </p>
<p>&quot; </p>
<p>&apos; </p>
<p>&frac14; </p>
<p>&frac12; </p>
<p>&frac34; </p>
<p>&deg; </p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</body>
</html>
cost = quantity * price;
x23
&
<
>
"
&apos;
¼
½
¾
°

2.5 Images

Images can be included to enhance appearance of the document. Most common


methods of representing the images are GIF (graphical interchange format and JPEG
(joint photographic experts group) format. The former is 8bit color representation
whereas the latter is 24 bit color representation. The image tag specifies an image that
appears in a document. It has attributes like src which specifies the source of the image.

<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">


<head><title> Images</title></head>
<body>
<h1> Twinkle twinkle
<h2>little star
<h3> how I wonder
<h4>what you are ???
up above the world so high
like a diamond in the sky.
<img src="hills.jpg" alt ="my picture" height=50 width=50 />
</body>
</HTML>

XHTML validation
2.5.1 The XHTML document validation

W3C provides a convenient way to validate XHTML documents against its standards.
The URL of this service is http://validator.w3.org/file-upload.html

The filename of the document to be validated is entered or found by browsing.


When validate the file button is pressed the specified file is uploaded to the validator
server where the validation system is run on it.
The system furnishes the details of report

Fig: display of file-upload.html, the W3C HTML validation


Fig: HTML validation output for image.html

2.6 Hypertext links


A hypertext link in a XHTML document acts as a pointer to some resource. It could be
an XHTML document anywhere in the web or another place in the document currently
displayed. Links that point to another document specifies the address of the document.
It could be a filename, complete url, directory path and a filename.

2.6.1 Links

Links are specified in an attribute of an anchor tag <a> which is an inline tag. The
anchor tag is the source of an link whereas the document is the target of the link. Links
facilitate reader to click on links to learn more about a particular subtopic of interest
and also return back to the location of the link

If target is in the same document as the link it is specified in the href attribute value by
preceding the id with a pound sign(#)

<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">


<head><title> Images</title></head>
<body>
<h1> Twinkle twinkle
<h2>little star
<h3> how I wonder
<h4>what you are ???
up above the world so high like a diamond in the sky.
<p>
<a href = "C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\My Documents\XHTML
programs\1my.html">The blue hill image document
</a>
<p>
</body>
</HTML>

<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">


<head><title> Images</title></head>
<body>
<h1 id = "twinkle" > Twinkle twinkle </h1>
<h2>little star</h2>
<h3> how I wonder </h3>
<h4 >what you are ???
up above the world so high
like a diamond in the sky.</h4>
<a href = "#twinkle">Which poem
</a>
</body>
</HTML>

2.7 Lists
XHTML provides simple and effective ways to specify both ordered and unordered
lists <ul> <ol> are tags for unordered and ordered lists. Each item in a list is specified
with an <li> tag. Any tags can appear in a list item including nested lists.

2.7.1 Definition lists


They are used to specify list of terms and their definitions such as glossaries. They are
given by <dl> tag which is a block tag. The definitions are specified as the content of
<dd> tag and the definition list is given as the content of a <dt> tag

<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">


<head><title> ordered lists</title></head>
<body>
<h3 > Lists of poems</h1>
<ul>
<li> Twinkle twinkle</li>
<li> Baa Baa black sheep</li>
<li> pussy cat </li>
<li> Humpty dumpty</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>
<body>
<h3 > Lists of poems</h1>
<ol>
<li> Twinkle twinkle</li>
<li> Baa Baa black sheep</li>
<li> pussy cat </li>
<li> Humpty dumpty</li>
</ol>
</body>

head><title> ordered lists</title></head>


<body>
<ol>
<li > Lists of poems
<ol>
<li> Twinkle twinkle</li>
<li> Baa Baa black sheep</li>
<li> pussy cat </li>
<li> Humpty dumpty</li>
</ol>
<ol>
</li>
<li > Lists of stories
<ol>
<li> Thirsty crow</li>
<li> Lion and the mouse</li>
<li> pussy cat </li>
<li> Midas touch</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">


<head><title> ordered lists</title></head>
<body>
<h3 > Lists of poems </h3>
<dl>
<dt> 111 </dt>
<dd> Twinkle twinkle</dd>
<dt> 222 </dt>
<dd> Pily poly</dd>
<dt> 333 </dt>
<dd> Rudolf the reindeer</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</HTML>

2.8 TABLES
A table is a matrix of cells, each possibly having content. The cells can include almost
any element some cells have row or column labels and some have data. A table is
specified as the content of a <table> tag which is a block tag. A border attribute in the
<table> tag specifies a border between the cells. Rule specifies the lines that separate
the cells.

If border is set to “border” ,the browser’s default width border is used. The border
attribute can be set to a number, which will be the border width in pixels(0 is no border
no rules). Without the border attribute, the table will have no lines!. Tables are given
titles with the<caption> tag, which can immediately follow <table>.

Each row of a table is specified as the content of a <tr> tag. The row headings are
specified as the content of a <th> tag. The contents of a data cell is specified as the
content of a <td> tag. The empty cell is specified with a table header tag that includes
no content <th> </th>.

<body>
<table border = "border">
<caption> fruit juice drinks </caption>
<tr>
<th> </th>
<th> Apple </th>
<th> Mango </th>
<th> Strawberry </th>
</tr>
<tr> <th> Breakfast </th>
<th> 0</th>
<th> 1 </th>
<th> 0</th>
</tr>
<tr> <th> lunch </th>
<th> 1</th>
<th> 1 </th>
<th>1 </th>
</tr>
<tr> <th> dinner </th>
<th> 0 </th>
<th> 1 </th>
<th> 0 </th></tr><table></body></HTML>

Colspan Rowspan attributes


A table can have two levels column labels and also row labels. If so, the colspan
attribute must be set in the <th> tag to specify that the label must span some number of
columns.

<tr>
<th colspan = "3"> Fruit Juice Drinks </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> Orange </th>
<th> Apple </th>
<th> Screwdriver </th>
</tr>

<caption> fruit juice drinks </caption>


<tr>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<th colspan="3">Juices chart</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> </th>

If the rows have labels and there is a spanning column label, the upper left corner must
be made larger, using rowspan.

<table border = "border">


<tr>
<td rowspan = "2"> </td>
<th colspan = "3"> Fruit Juice Drinks
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> Apple </th>
<th> Orange </th>
<th> Screwdriver </th>
</tr>
…
</table>

The align attribute controls the horizontal placement of the contents in a table cell.
Values are left, right, and center (default) align is an attribute of <tr>, <th>, and <td>
elements. The valign attribute controls the vertical placement of the contents of a table
cell. Values are top, bottom, and center (default) valign is an attribute of <th> and <td>
elements. The cellspacing attribute of <table> is used to specify the distance between
cells in a table. The cellpadding attribute of <table> is used to specify the spacing
between the content of a cell and the inner walls of the cell.
<head><title> simple table</title></head>
<body>
<table border = "border">
<caption> align</caption>
<tr align ="center">
<th> </th>
<th> Apple </th>
<th> Mango </th>
<th> Strawberry </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> align </th>
<td align="left">left</td>
<td align="center">center</td>
<td align="right">right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> valign<br /> <br /></th>
<td >default</td>
<td valign="top">top</td>
<td valign="bottom">bottom</td>
</tr
<table>
</body>
</HTML>

Assignments

1. Create test and validate an XHTML document which includes your name,
address, and email id. Include your usn no, course name, college name. The
document must have several headings <em>,<strong>,<hr />,<p>,br /> tags.

2. Create test and validate an XHTML document which includes Time Table
which has with column heading as timings of your classes, row heading as days
of the week and the contents of the cells should be the subject.

3. Add pictures of yourself and one of your friends to the document in exercise 1.
2.9 Forms

A form is the usual way information is gotten from a Web browser to a server. HTML
has tags to create a collection of objects that implement this information gathering. The
objects are called widgets (e.g., radio buttons and checkboxes). All control tags are
inline tags. These controls gather information used from user in the form of either text
or button selections. Each control has a value given through the user input. Collectively
values of all these controls in a form are called the form data. When the Submit button
of a form is clicked, the form’s values are sent to the Web server for processing.

2.9.1 The <form> tag

All of the widgets, or components of a form are defined in the content of a <form> tag
which is a block tag. This tag can have many attributes of which the most required
attribute is the action. The action attribute specifies the URL of the application on the
web server that is to be called when the user clicks the Submit button.

Eg: action = http://www.cs.ucp.edu/cgi-bin/survey.pl

If the form has no action, the value of action is the empty string. The method
attribute of <form> specifies one of the two techniques, get or post, used to pass the
form data to the server. get is the default, so if no method attribute is given in the
<form> tag, get will be used. The alternative technique is post. With these techniques
the form data is encoded into text string on click of submit button Widgets or Controls

Many commonly used controls are created with the <input> tag which specifies
the kind of control. It is used for the text, passwords, checkboxes, radio buttons and the
action buttons Reset and Submit.

The type attribute of <input> specifies the kind of widget being created. Except
Reset and Submit all other controls have a name attribute other than type attribute.

Text: Creates a horizontal box for text input

Default size is 20; it can be changed with the size Attribute. If more characters are
entered than will fit, the box is scrolled (shifted) left. If you don’t want to allow the user
to type more characters than will fit, set max length, which causes excess input to be
ignored

<input type = "text" name = "Phone" size = "12” >

If the contents of the textbox should not be displayed when user types it than a
password control should be used. Labeling a text box can be done by adding label
control to the text box. Both the controls can be encapsulated. This has several
advantages . The text content of the label will indicate content of text box and when a
label is selected the cursor is implicitly moved to the control .

<form action = "">


<p>
<input type = "text" name = "Phone" size = "12" /></p>
<p>
<input type = "password" name = "myPassword" size = "12" maxlength="12"/ >
</p>
<p>
<label>Phone:<input type = "text" name = "Phone" size = "12" /><label>
</p>

2.9.2 Checkboxes

Checkboxes collect multiple choice input. Every checkbox requires a value attribute,
which is the widget’s value in the form data when the checkbox is ‘checked’
A checkbox that is not ‘checked’ contributes no value to the form data. By default, no
checkbox is initially ‘checked’. To initialize a checkbox to ‘checked’, the checked
attribute must be set to "checked".

2.9.3 Radio Buttons

Radio buttons are collections of checkboxes in which only one button can be ‘checked’
at a time. Every button in a radio button group MUST have the same name. If no button
in a radio button group is ‘pressed’, the browser often ‘presses’ the first one.
Checkboxes and radio buttons are both multiple choice input from the user

<form action = "">


<p>
<input type = "checkbox" name ="groceries" value = "milk" checked = "checked">
Milk
<input type = "checkbox" name ="groceries" value = "bread">
Bread
<input type = "checkbox" name = "groceries" value= "eggs">
Eggs
</p>
</form>

<p> <input type = "radio" name = "age" value = "under20" checked = "checked">
0-19
<input type = "radio" name = "age" value = "20-35">
20-35
<input type = "radio" name = "age" value = "36-50">
36-50
<input type = "radio" name = "age" value = "over50">
Over 50

2.9.4 Menus

Each item of a menu is specified with an <option> tag, whose pure text content (no
tags) is the value of the item. An <option> tag can include the selected attribute, which
when assigned "selected” specifies that the item is preselected.

Menus - created with <select> tags. There are two kinds of menus, those that behave
like checkboxes and those that behave like radio buttons (the default). Menus that
behave like checkboxes are specified by including the multiple attribute, which must be
set to "multiple". The name attribute of <select> is required. The size attribute of
<select> can be included to specify the number of menu items to be displayed (the
default is 1). If size is set to > 1 or if multiple is specified, the menu is displayed as a
pop-up menu

Text areas - created with <textarea>. Usually include the rows and cols attributes to
specify the size of the text area. Default text can be included as the content of
<textarea>. Scrolling is implicit if the area is overfilled.

Reset and Submit buttons both are created with <input>.

<input type = "reset" value = "Reset Form">


<input type = "submit” value = "Submit Form">

Submit has two actions:


1. Encode the data of the form
2. Request that the server execute the server-resident program specified as the value of
the action attribute of <form>.

A Submit button is required in every form

<form action = ""> <p>


With size = 1 (the default)
<select name = "groceries">
<option> milk </option>
<option> bread </option>
<option> eggs </option>
<option> cheese </option>
</select>
</p>

<p>
<textarea name = "aspirations" rows = "3”
cols = "40">
(Be brief in expressing your views)
</textarea>
</p>
<p>
<input type = "Submit” value = "Submit Form" />

<input type = "reset" value = "Reset Form" />


</p>
</form>

2.10 Frames

Frames are rectangular sections of the display window, each of which can display a
different document. Because frames are no longer part of XHTML, you cannot validate
a document that includes frames. The <frameset> tag specifies the number of frames
and their layout in the window <frameset> takes the place of <body>. We Cannot have
both! <frameset> must have either a rows attribute or a cols attribute, or both (usually
the case).Default is 1. The possible values for rows and cols are numbers, percentages,
and asterisks.

A number value specifies the row height in pixels. A percentage specifies the
percentage of total window height for the row. An asterisk after some other
specification gives the remainder of the height of the window

Examples:

<frameset rows = "150, 200, 300">

<frameset rows = "25%, 50%, 25%">

<frameset rows = "50%, 20%, *" >

<frameset rows = "50%, 25%, 25%"


cols = "40%, *">

The <frame> tag specifies the content of a frame. The first <frame> tag in a <frameset>
specifies the content of the first frame, etc. An asterisk after some other specification
gives the remainder of the height of the window

Examples:

<frameset rows = "150, 200, 300">

<frameset rows = "25%, 50%, 25%">


<frameset rows = "50%, 20%, *" >

<frameset rows = "50%, 25%, 25%"


cols = "40%, *">

The <frame> tag specifies the content of a frame. The first <frame> tag in a <frameset>
specifies the content of the first frame, etc.

Row-major order is used. Frame content is specified with the src attribute.
Without a src attribute, the frame will be empty (such a frame CANNOT be filled
later). If <frameset> has fewer <frame> tags than frames, the extra frames are empty

Scrollbars are implicitly included if needed (they are needed if the specified document
will not fit). If a name attribute is included, the content of the frame can be changed
later (by selection of a link in some other frame)

Note: the Frameset standard must be specified in the DOCTYPE declaration

Nested frames - to divide the screen in more interesting ways

<head> <title> Nested frames </title> </head>


<frameset cols = "40%, *">
<frameset rows = "50%, *" >
<frame src = "1my.html" />
<frame src = "12list.html" />
</frameset>
<frameset rows = "20%,35%, *" >
<frame src = "1my.html" />
<frame src = "12list.html" />
<frame src = "2twinkle.html" />
<frame src = "5head.html" />
</frameset>
</frameset>
</html>

2.11 Syntactic Differences between HTML & XHTML

Case sensitivity: In HTML, tag and attribute names are case insensitive meaning that
<FORM>, <form>,and <Form> are equivalent. In XHTML, all tag and attribute names
must be in lowercase.

Closing tags: In HTML, closing tag may be omitted if the processing agent can infer
their presence. For example, in HTML, paragraph elements often do not have closing
tags. For example
<p>
During Spring, flowers are born. …
<p>
During Fall, flowers die…..

HTML documents are case insensitive whereas XHTML documents have to be in


lowercase

Closing tags may be omitted in HTML but not in XHTML where all elements must
have closing tags except for content tags where it is not a must
<input type= “text” name=“address” />

Quoted attribute values :all attribute values must be quoted whether it is numeric or
character based

Explicit attribute values: In HTML some attributes are implicit

Quoted attribute values : In HTML, attribute values must be quoted only if there are
embedded special characters or white space characters.

Explicit attribute values : In HTML, some attribute values are implicit, that is, they
need not be explicitly stated. For example, if the border attribute appears in a <table>
tag without a value, it specifies a default width border on the table. For example:

<table border>.

id and name attributes. HTML markup often uses the name attribute for elements.

Element nesting: Although HTML has rules against improper nesting of elements, they
are not enforced. Examples of nesting rules are:
1. An anchor element cannot contain another anchor element, and a form
element cannot contain another form element.
2. If one element appears inside another element its closing tag should appear
before the closing tag of the outer element.
3. Block elements cannot be nested inside inline elements.
4. Text cannot be nested directly in body or form elements.
5. List elements cannot be directly nested in list elements.

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