3 EXISTING TRANSPORT AND

INFRASTRUCTURE ANALYSIS

This chapter reviews the exis ng condi ons, future projects and
key issues of transporta on and infrastructure in the Capital Region.
The chapter covers the following:

Transport
• Roads
• Rail
• Avia on
• Water Transport
• Public Transport
• Non-motorized Transport

Infrastructure
• Water Supply
• Waste Water
• Storm Water
• Solid Waste
• Power Supply

View of the railway bridge over the Krishna River from Barrage
 3.1 GENERAL REVIEW
28
3.1.1 ANDHRA PRADESH
INFRASTRUCTURE

In the state of Andhra Pradesh, the high

growth due to economic liberaliza on
has resulted in significant movement of
goods and people, which in turn created
problems such as conges on, pollu on
and overburden and deteriora on of
exis ng infrastructure.

A mul -pronged approach is needed

to ensure that the economic growth
and urbaniza on does not lead to
further deteriora on in mobility and
accessibility in urban areas, while
providing new infrastructure where
necessary.

In 2001, the State Government enacted

the Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure
Development Enabling Act (APIDEA),
providing a regulatory framework for
a rac ng private sector investment
and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
into the infrastructure sector.

The framework enables the State

Government to enable and encourage
the private sector to invest in the
development and maintenance
of the infrastructure in the State of
Andhra Pradesh.

Infrastructure development is therefore

well-supported by legisla on, however
key strategies need to be developed to
encourage such investments.

Prakasam Barrage Photo Credit: Adarsh Gupta K.

 3.1.2 R More than 7% of the country’s na onal
highway (3144km) is located in Andhra
E C Pradesh1. Two vital na onal highways, 29
NH5 and NH9, intersect at Vijayawada,
Road transporta on is the dominant the current business capital of Andhra
mode of travel in India. In 2012, roads Pradesh.
carried approximately 85% of the Fig.3.1 illustrates the Exis ng Roads in
country’s passenger traffic and 65% of the Capital Region .
its freight. Roads form the backbone NH5 connects the Capital Region with
of public transport and connec vity to the two industrial centers of Chennai
other modes such as ports and airports. and Kolkata, whilst the NH9 connects
the Capital Region with Hyderabad and
About 40% of road traffic in India is Machilipatnam Port. Several large ci es
carried by Na onal Highways, however and towns in the Capital Region, such
they only account for 2% of the as Guntur, Gannavaram, Mangalagiri,
country’s road network. India has a Jaggayyapet a and Nandigama are also
na onal highway density comparable located along these two Na onal
to that of United States, however Highways.
most highways in India are narrow and High traffic demand is expected along
congested. the Na onal Highways, as they are the
only roads that connect the Capital
Region with other commercial centers.
LEGEND
The Krishna River separates the Capital
Region into two parts. Presently the
two-lane Prakasam Barrage road and
the NH5 are the only highways across
the Krishna River in the Capital Region,
and are heavily congested.

1 Andhra Pradesh State Sta s cal Abstract,

Planning Department, 2014

Table 3.1 Exis ng Road Lengths (by type) in Capital Region

Road Type Length(km) Percentage
Nat i onal Highway 357 4%
State Highway 365 4%

M ajor District Road 1822 21%

Ot her Dist rict Roads 857 10%

Fig.3.1 Exis ng Roads in the Capital Region Village Road 5391 61%

Source: R & B, CRDA, Panchayat raj

 State Roads link ci es in Guntur district, The NHDP is currently upgrading and • Poor road quality and under-funded
30 i.e. Guntur and Tenali, however State improving the Na onal Highways linking exis ng road maintenance leading to
Roads are not prevalent in Krishna other ci es to the Golden Quadrilateral deteriora on of roads
district due to few major se lements. to improve road connec vity and
Major district roads and local roads accessibility (Refer to Chapter 2). O
play a large role in connec ng smaller
villages in the Capital Region. The East Coast Economic Corridor The expansion of Na onal Highways
(ECEC) links Kolkata to Chennai via and State Roads are expected to
Development of rural roads in the Andhra Pradesh as shown in Fig.3.2. In alleviate traffic conges on, however
Capital Region has been done mainly compliance of the commitment made there is need to study projected
through the Prime Minister Rural Roads by the Central Government in the demand in considera on of the new
Scheme, which aimed to build all- Andhra Pradesh Reorganiza on Act, Capital City. Its central loca on makes
weather single lane, paved asphalted 2014, Asian Development Bank will it an ideal distribu on hub to Chennai,
roads to connect all habita ons with focus on the Vizag - Chennai Sec on in Visakhapatnam and Hyderabad.
a popula on of 500 or above (250 or the first phase of the study3. The Capital
above for hilly areas). Region is expected to benefit from the A comprehensive regional network
development of the ECEC. of Na onal Highway-level roads
The roads were of indifferent quality are required to ensure that road
constructed by unskilled labour. As Several state governments have been capacity is sufficient to support the
the objec ve of the programme was implemen ng a number of state projected growth. Bypass roads can be
provision of sustenance support to the highway projects since 2000. By 2010, introduced to relieve conges on in the
rural people, the technical standards of state highway projects worth $1.7 billion future Capital City and to allow bypass
asset quality were not insisted upon. As had been completed, and an addi onal traffic to circulate around the region
a result, roads constructed under the $11.4 billion worth of projects were unimpeded.
scheme were o en not durable2. under implementa on. The state
government of Andhra Pradesh had A new road hierarchy (high capacity
The Na onal Highways Development implemented the construc on of 1230 urban roads) will be introduced as
Project (NHDP), managed by the km of state highways as of 2010. an intermediary. Road hierarchy and Fig.3.2 Na onal Economic Corridor through Andhra Pradesh; Alignment not confirmed
Na onal Highways Authority of India cross-sec ons are crucial to safeguard
(NHAI), is upgrading, rehabilita ng and K I land reserves necessary for the road
widening major highways in India. network. Long term strategic plans
• Heavy traffic conges on due to can help to safeguard these reserves,
The Golden Quadrilateral project, insufficient lane capacity and iden fy key alignments for
which is one of the keystone projects of • Connec ons in the Capital Region development.
the NHDP, also includes the upgrading depend on two Na onal Highways
of NH5 from Kolkata to Chennai via • Conges on at Prakasam Barrage due
Andhra Pradesh. This was completed in to high traffic demand across the
2013. Krishna River

2 India Infrastructure Report 2007 3 Investment opportuni es in Corridors, NIMZ

and Cluster under IIUS, 2014
NH5 at Mangalagiri
 3.1.3 R Andhra Pradesh has 5,046 km of railway
network. It plays a significant role in
E C boos ng the economy of the state, 31
alongside developing the industrial and
Indian railways provide an important the tourism sectors. All the districts
mode of transport in India, transpor ng in the state are connected by rail. The
over 24 million passengers and more Capital Region has 2 major sta ons in
than 2 million tonnes of freight daily. Vijayawada and Guntur. (Fig.3.3)
The Indian rail network connects more Two major commu ng lines, Jammu-
than 7,000 sta ons over a total route Delhi-Kanyakumar, which connects
length of more than 65,000 km and northern and southern India, and the
track length of about 115,000 km. Kolkata-Kanyakumar, which connects
eastern and southern India, both
Vijayawada Junc on, one of the busiest intersect at Vijayawada Junc on
railway sta ons in India. More than Sta on1.
250 express and 150 freight trains pass
through it daily. It serves over 50 million Overall freight movement by rail in
passengers per year. India has grown by 35% between
2002 and 2006 and has been growing
LEGEND
by 5.8% annually to 2013 (Fig.3.4). To
support the growth, the Ministry of
Railways is construc ng new Dedicated
Freight Corridors (DFC) to increase
in produc vity and reduce in freight
transporta on cost.
1 Approach to the 12th Five Year Plan of
Andhra Pradesh, Centre for Economic and
Social Studies, 2012

800

600

400

200

0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Fig.3.3 Exis ng Rail Network and Railways in Capital Region
Fig.3.4 Total Freight Traffic moved by Rail (Indian Railways, 2013)
 Two corridors have been constructed high speed rail handling speeds of up O
(Eastern and Western Corridors), with to 160 km/h, and are proposing high-
32 four addi onal Dedicated Freight speed rail on new tracks with improved The provision of a bypass freight corridor
Corridors being planned (Refer to technology. The Indian Ministry of would help to remove freight through-
Chapter 2). Railways’ white-paper “Vision 2020” traffic from Vijayawada Junc on. This
proposed six poten al high-speed rail can help Vijayawada Junc on improve
The East Coast Corridor and North corridors (HSR) connec ng commercial, capacity for commuter traffic to and
South Corridor iden fied intersect at tourist, and pilgrimage hubs (Refer from the Capital City. These new
Vijayawada. Machilipatnam Port is also Sec on 2.1.1 in Chapter 2). corridors should provide alterna ves to
connected to the Capital Region by the exis ng crossing points across River
rail, as shown in Fig.3.5. These freight The main High Speed Rail Corridor Krishna to help alleviate the pressure
corridors may introduce a significant which would benefit the Andhra on the exis ng crossing.
por on of freight through-traffic, which Pradesh Capital Region is the
may add to conges on at Vijayawada Hyderabad - Chennai High-Speed Transport/Logis cs Hubs can also be
Junc on. Passenger Corridor, which passes introduced in the fringes of the new
through Vijayawada. Capital City, so that commuter traffic
The railway lines are undergoing can be dispersed without travelling to
standardiza on, and the Indian Commu ng and freight traffic at Vijayawada Junc on first.
Railways are currently upgrading the Vijayawada Junc on is expected to grow
rail tracks and conver ng the exis ng significantly due to the development of The High-Speed Rail sta on can also
narrow gauge and meter gauge lines to the new Capital Region. be located within the new Capital
broad gauge under Project Unigauge. City instead of Vijayawada Junc on,
As the sole rail crossing of Krishna River, therefore improving the capacity of the
The Ministry of Railway plans to conges on is currently occurring at sta on.
increase rail capacity by doubling and Vijayawada Sta on, with delays of up
electrifying 14,000 km of the exis ng to 90 minutes . The sta on is running
and poten al overcrowded lines. Key at capacity, and will not be able to Fig.3.5 Exis ng and Planned DFC
rail sec ons with planned upgrades accommodate future growth. Table 3.2 Status of Freight Corridors in 2014
which benefit the state of Andhra
Pradesh are: K I Route
Length
• Vijayawada-Gudivada-Bhimavaram- Dedicated Freight Corridor Status
TerminaƟon (km)
Nidadavolu • Development of dedicated freight Start Point
Point
• Gudivada-Machilipatnam, and corridors may introduce significant JNPT, Nava
• Bhimavaram-Narsapur freight through-traffic at Vijayawada Western Dedicated Freight Corridor Dadri 1483 Approved in Rail Budget 2014-15
Sheva
Junc on Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor Ludhiana Dankuni 1839 Approved in Rail Budget 2014-15
The electrifica on of the Vijayawada - • Conges on at Vijayawada Junc on
Machilipatnam port will also increase • Introduc on of High-speed rail East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor Kolkata Mumbai 2000 Planned
freight capacity, therefore suppor ng • Need to separate freight and North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor Delhi Chennai 2173 Planned
the Capital Region’s role in the Industrial passenger traffic
Corridor. • Need for addi onal rail crossing East Coast Dedicated Freight Corridor Kharagpur Vijayawada 1100 Planned
along Krishna River to alleviate
South-West Dedicated Freight Corridor Chennai Goa 890 Planned
Indian Railways also plans to improve pressure on Vijayawada Sta on
the exis ng conven onal lines to semi-
 3.1.4 AVIATION Freight logis cs is not a primary use
of the exis ng airport, however the
E C industrializa on of Andhra Pradesh may 33
increase freight share in the airport.
Increase in air traffic in India over the
last decade has placed a heavy strain Vijayawada Airport is approximately 25
on the country’s major airports. minutes away from Vijayawada by car,
30 minutes by train.
Andhra Pradesh is well-connected to
the avia on network via 1 interna onal K I
airport and 5 domes c airports.
There are also 3 interna onal airports • Small land area may limit future
in the adjacent states to Andhra airport expansion
Pradesh,namely Chennai, Bangalore • Inadequate facili es to handle
and Hyderabad (Fig.3.6). freight
• Infrequent public transport services
The closest airport to the Capital Region to and from Vijayawada, and other
is Vijayawada Airport (IATA: VGA), 18 neighbouring ci es
km east of Vijayawada. It is a mid-sized
domes c airport and is currently served O
by four regular airlines with eight daily
scheduled flights. Freight usage at the Addi onal land may be reserved
airport is currently limited. for future expansion in the strategic
plans. By doing so, runways capable of
Recent upgrades to the airport include receiving larger planes may be built,
a runway extension (2,285m), and therefore enabling interna onal flights
acquisi on of 169 hectares of land for from Europe and the US.
future expansion, bringing its total area
to 400 hectares. Freight logis cs facili es can be
developed to accommodate cargo
The Airports Authority of India (AAI) growth in the airport.
is currently developing and making
infrastructural improvements to the The airport can also be developed
Vijayawada Airport to accommodate as a transport/logis cs hub, in order
future increase in air traffic. There are to support be er public transport
plans to increase the length of the connec vity to nearby towns and the
runway to 3,200m, improve exis ng new Capital City.
facili es, security and opera ons and
construc on of a new runway for
domes c services. 1.

Fig.3.6 Exis ng Airports in the vicinity of the Capital Region 1 Deccan Chronicle, 2014
 3.1.5 WATER TRANSPORT The waterway connects Kakinada-
Puducherry canals with Godavari
34 E C and Krishna rivers and will provide a
vital link for transpor ng agricultural
Despite India’s high density of rivers products and industrial goods between
and canals, inland water transporta on rural areas and urban centers. It also
remains largely undeveloped. The connects the sea ports of Kakinada,
total cargo transported by the inland Krishnapatnam, Ennore and Chennai
waterways was just 0.1% of the total and will facilitate inland import and
inland waterways traffic in India, export of cargo. The Na onal Waterway
compared to 21% for United States. 4 is expected to transport 11 million
tonne cargo per annum.
There is poten al growth in the use of
the canals for moving freight cargo. The Krishna River is not navigable; its
Inland Waterways Authority of India primary purpose is to provide water for
(IWAI) has undertaken several projects irriga on. It is fed by seasonal monsoon
to develop five Na onal Waterways rains, and therefore its flow undergoes
(Refer Sec on 2.1.1 in Chapter 2), great fluctua on during the year,
where Na onal Waterway 4 (Fig.3.10) limi ng its usefulness for irriga on and
runs through the Capital Region of transporta on.
Andhra Pradesh1.
LEGEND

Na onal Waterway 4 is expected to

form the backbone of water transport
in the Capital Region.
1 Inland Waterways Authority of India,
2012

Visakhapatnam Port
Fig.3.7 Na onal Waterway and Air port within Capital Region
 The Capital City is located at the key K I 35
intersec on of Na onal Waterway 4
and therefore is suitable for intermodal • Lack of strategies to u lize the under-
transport development. developed canals and rivers
• Need to strengthen link between
In addi on, Andhra Pradesh has 13 sea road, rail and water transport
ports, along its coast line, and has the
second-highest cargo-handling port O
in India. Visakhapatnam port (Fig.3.8)
handled 67 million tonnes of freight in The establishment of the Na onal
2011-12. Waterways provides an opportunity for
the Capital Region to develop a water-
Machilipatnam Port is a re-established road/rail freight hubs.
port located at a distance of 72 km to
the east of Vijayawada2. It is intended There is poten al for the freight traffic
for freight transport to Vijayawada to be transported via canal to the
and Hyderabad. It is currently linked to Capital City, and then transferred to
Vijayawada by rail. An extension may Machilipatnam for export, and vice-
also be implemented to connect the versa.
Capital Region of Andhra Pradesh to
this port. The use of transport/logis cs hubs to
maximize mode transfer from water to
rail or road can be done where these
2 Department of Ports, Government of Andhra intersect.
Pradesh, 2011

Fig.3.8 Ports in the vicinity of the Capital Region Koneru center, the business center of Machilipatnam
3.1.6 PUBLIC TRANSPORT K I

E C • Conges on due to exis ng public

transport systems may hinder efforts
Public transport is the pre-dominant to successfully implement a BRTS
mode of motorized local travel in ci es system
in Andhra Pradesh. This comes in the • Need to introduce other modes of
form of bus, auto and cycle rickshaws. public transporta on such as mass
These modes play a significant role in transit and light rail
exis ng road conges on. • Need for an integrated public
transporta on plan for the region to
The Andhra Pradesh State Road link Capital City and Regional Centers
Transport Corpora on (APSRTC)
runs thousands of buses connec ng O
different parts of the state. APSRTC
operates in all ci es and towns of Obsolete public transport systems such
Andhra Pradesh and also operates from as cycle rickshaws need to be phased
and to the neighbouring states, such as out. By doing so, exis ng conges on
to Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangalore. may be reduced, thereby easing the
APSRTC serves about 14 million implementa on of BRTS.
passengers every day.
Mass transit systems will be required
In addi on, the Bus Rapid Transit System in the long run to meet the projected
(BRTS), which has been successfully public transport demand.
launched in Indian ci es like Delhi,
Pune, Ahmedabad, and interna onally A comprehensive Public Transporta on
in Curi ba, Bogota, and Mexico, was Plan needs to be prepared to guide the
launched in Vijayawada in 2008. Six planning and development of public
BRTS corridors were proposed. Phase 1, transport both at the regional and city
as shown in Fig.3.9 has a total length level.
of 15.5 km.
Transport hubs integra ng these
The BRTS was planned before the modes (BRTS, mass transit) with the
considera on of the new Capital City, other modes such as rail and roads can
and therefore there is opportunity to be established around the Capital City
expand and/or incorporate the BRTS to ease modal transfer.
to the new Capital City, as well as to
satellite ci es in the Capital Region.

There is currently no integrated public

transporta on plan for the Andhra
Pradesh Region.
Fig.3.9 BRTS in Vijayawada Phase 1 (The Municipal Corpora on of Vijayawada, 2014)
 Modal share (%) vs. different city size in India 3.1.7 NON MOTORIZED The current engineering guidelines K I
(International Transport Forum, 2011) TRANSPORT for pedestrian facili es do not meet
100%
the needs of pedestrians. Pedestrian • Traffic-related deaths are high
E C and cycling network plans have not • Pedestrian and cycling links are not
90%
been produced for any city in Andhra readily available city-wide
80% Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) modal Pradesh. • No integra on plans with other
70% share in the ci es in India is the highest transport networks
60%
among all transport modes. Fig 3.14 In a recent joint study of University • Need for campaigns and promo on
Modal Share

shows that walking is the predominant of Michigan and Indian Ins tute of of NMT
50%
mode for ci es with popula on Technology, Delhi, shows that in • Need to provide NMT safety features
40% less than 2 million; however public India, road traffic fatali es have been in new road design
30% transport share is higher for ci es with increasing at about 8% annually for
20%
popula on larger than 2 million. the last ten years. In Andhra Pradesh, O
pedestrians and cyclists accidents were
10%
Dedicated non-motorized transport the highest in 2006 and 2007. 1 In the new Capital City plan, greenfield
0% facili es are not prevalent in the condi ons allow the design of NMT-
0.05-0.1 0.1-0.5 0.5-1.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-5.0 >5.0
City Population (millions) exis ng road infrastructure. Footpaths There is need to develop road design friendly cross-sec ons which can be
and pedestrian crossings are provided guidelines that cater not only for reproduced in the Capital Region.
Walk Cycle Rickshaw Intermediate Public Transport Public Transport Cars Motorised Two Wheelers
only in some of the urban areas. vehicular traffic, but for NMT traffic too.
Fig.3.10 Modal Share in Ci es of Different Sizes in India (Interna onal Transport Forum, A pedestrian and cycling network
2011) A Wilbur Smith study for the Ministry of There is also low awareness of plan is to be produced at City-level
Urban Development has found that in pedestrian safety in Andhra Pradesh. to safeguard road reserves where
most of the ci es in India, less than 30% There is need to promote pedestrian necessary.
of the roads have pedestrian footpaths. and cyclist safety, while providing
As a result, many pedestrians currently road infrastructure with be er safety In addi on, integra on with other
walk along the road, while cyclists share features. modes of transport (i.e. rail and
the same road space as motorized public transport) can be provided by
vehicles. 1 Transporta on Research Board , 2010 building NMT infrastructure along the
infrastructure, for example cycle racks
at bus sta ons etc.

Exis ng Pedestrian Infrastructure in Vijayawada Overflowing Footpath on Bandar Road in Vijayawada

 3.1.8 KEY TRANSPORT ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES
38
Transport Key Issues OpportuniƟes

• Capital City’s central loca on is ideal as a distribu on hub to Chennai, Visakhapatnam

• Heavy traffic conges on due to insufficient lane capacity and Hyderabad
• Connec ons within and outside the Capital Region depend solely on the two Na onal • Bypass roads to be introduced to relieve conges on in the future Capital City and to
Highways allow bypass traffic to circulate around the region unimpeded
Roads
• Conges on at Prakasam Barrage due to high traffic demand across the Krishna River • Greenfield site allows adop on and implementa on of comprehensive road hierarchy
• Poor road quality and under-funded exis ng road maintenance leading to deteriora on of and controls in plot access
roads • Long term strategic plans to help safeguard road reserves, and iden fy key alignments
for development
• Development of dedicated freight corridors may introduce significant freight through-
• The provision of a bypass freight corridor to remove freight through-traffic from
traffic at Vijayawada Junc on
Vijayawada Junc on
• Conges on at Vijayawada Junc on
• New rail corridors crossing Krishna River to provide alterna ves to the exis ng
Rail • Introduc on of High-speed rail
crossing
• Need to separate freight and passenger traffic
• Transport Hubs to be introduced to disperse commuter traffic
• Need for addi onal rail crossing along Krishna River to alleviate pressure on Vijayawada
• The High-Speed Rail sta on to be located within the new Capital City
Sta on
• Addi onal land may be reserved for future expansion in the strategic plans
• Small land area may limit future airport expansion
• Freight logis cs facili es may also be developed to accommodate cargo growth
AviaƟon • Inadequate facili es to handle freight logis cs
• The airport may be developed as a transport hub to support be er public transport
• Infrequent public transport services to and from Vijayawada, and other neighbouring ci es
connec vity to nearby towns and the new Capital City.

• Capital Region to develop a water-road/rail freight hubs.

• Lack of strategies to u lize the under-developed shallow canals and rivers
• Freight traffic to be transported via canal to the Capital City and then by rail to sea
Water Transport • Need to strengthen link between road, rail and water transport
• Long-term strategic plans to encourage inland water transporta on to relieve the
• Seasonal river flow
busy road and rail network

• Conges on due to exis ng public transport systems may hinder efforts to successfully
implement a BRTS system • Phasing out of obsolete public transport systems such as cycle rickshaws
• Need to launch other modern modes of public transporta on such as urban mass rapid • A comprehensive Public Transporta on Plan to be prepared to guide the planning and
Public Transport
transit and light rail development of public transport both at the regional and city level
• Need for an integrated public transporta on plan for the region to link Capital City and • Mass transit systems to be planned to meet the projected public transport demand
Regional Centers

• Design of NMT-friendly cross-sec ons in future road network

• Pedestrian and cycling links are not readily available city-wide;
• A pedestrian and cycling network plan to be produced at City-level to safeguard road
• No integra on plans of NMT with other transport networks;
Non-motorized Transport reserves where necessary
• Need for campaigns and promo on of NMT
• Integra on with other modes of transport (i.e. rail and public transport) can be
• Need to provide NMT safety features in new road design
provided by building NMT infrastructure
 3.2 INFRASTRUCTURE
39
The following documenta on have
been reviewed to understand the
exis ng condi ons and key issues in
Andhra Pradesh Capital Region:-

• Na onal Disaster Management

Guidelines: Management of Flood
• Report of Working Group on Flooding
Management and Region Specific
Issues FOR XII Plan
• Na onal Rural Drinking Water
Programme
• District Level Household and Facility
Survey 2007-2008
• Vijayawada City Development Plan
• Guntur City Development Plan 2006

While many of the issues have been

iden fied in these studies, there is
no central authority to manage and
implement the strategies iden fied in
these documents.

As previously iden fied, the Andhra

Pradesh Infrastructure Development
Enabling Act has provided a framework
to funding for these projects, however
due to lack of focus many programmes
may not be ini ated. Addi onally there
are opportuni es to obtain benefits
for several aspects via a combined
development plan, for example the
Na onal Waterways development
plans can also be developed as part of
the Flood Management Plan, as well
as the Water Supply plan, by means of
deten on basins etc.

Krishna River during monsoon

 3.2.1 WATER SUPPLY from Krishna River. Vijayawada city.

40 E C W S A er primary treatment at source,

surface water is pumped into the
Water supply is a state responsibility. Capital Region has a general water service reservoirs and water tanks.
There are three authori es sharing network for urban areas such as Guntur Ground water extracted from the bore
this responsibility for Andhra Pradesh city and Vijayawada city, consists wells is pumped into the Over Head
Capital Region (Capital Region) of water treatment plants, service Tanks (OHT) directly.
currently:- reservoirs, pumping sta ons and water
• Guntur Municipal Corpora on pipelines. W
(GMC), which supplies potable
water to the Guntur city and two The piped water supply network Quality of the water supplied by the
rural se lements Kori padu and is inadequate in Capital Region. As VMC is maintained as per specifica ons
Pedakakani and part of surrounding reported in the City Development Plan of CPHEEO manual as reported in the
villages as delineated by VGTM of both Guntur and Vijayawada, water Vijayawada City Development Plan.
Urban Development Authority network covers 88% of Vijayawada Portable water supplied by GMC are
(VGTMUDA). city area and 77% of Guntur city. treated through chlorina on plants and
• Vijayawada Municipal Corpora on Surrounding zones only have 30% tested by the Chloroscope apparatus at
(VMC), which supplies potable network coverage. Although the water random places everyday, as reported in
water to the Vijayawada city and the supply network coverage is more than the Guntur City Development Plan. The
surrounding villages. 75% in urban areas, only 27 % of the water quality of the rest areas in Capital
LEGEND
• Ministry of Drinking Water and city households are connected to piped Region is unknown.
Sanita on, which is in charge of the water supply network.
rural areas within Capital Region. K
The high un-accounted water loss is
W : 25% in Guntur and 40% in Vijayawada, • Lack of comprehensive master plan
and up to 50% in rural township. These in Water Supply Scheme for Capital
There are two main water sources in water loss are mostly caused by illegal Region to implement. Fig.3.11 Krishna River, its Tributaries and Canal Systems, and Water Supply Sources
Capital Region as follows: tapping, leaking pipes due to aging • Lack of water supply network
• Surface Water - Krishna River was water infrastructure and unrecorded distribu on in rural areas. Table 3.3 Exis ng Water Works in Capital Region
dammed up to create the Prakasam usage as some houses are not installed • High un-accounted water loss, 25- Capacity Capacity
barrage and the associated canals, with bulk meter. Portable water supply 40% in the urban area and up to 50% No. Name Source Owner
(MGD) (MLD)
such as Buckingham Canal and dura on varies from one hour to 24 in rural township. KL Rao Head
1 Krishna River 29 131.8 VMC
Bandar Canal. hours a day. Situa on of rural areas • Inadequate water supply distribu on. Water Works
• Ground Water - Ground water is is even worse. The uncovered area is The supply dura on varies from one Ramalingeshwar
commonly used in the upland areas being supplied through water tankers, hour to 24 hours a day. 2 Krishna River 10 45.5 VMC
Nagar
in Guntur District. Most of the places or u lize boreholes, canal water, river • High level of illegal connec ons
in Guntur and Krishna Districts water etc, for their water supply. Takkellapadu Plant
depend on Krishna River for their 3 Guntur Channel 10 45.5 GMC
gravity filtra on plant
drinking water demand. As pointed There are 4 recorded Water Treatment
out in Vijayawada City Development Plants (WTP) in Capital Region, build Sangam Jagarlamudi
Kommamur
Plan, only 26% of water is ground next to their sources. All WTPs mainly 4 Rapid gravity 6 27.3 GMC
Canal
water while the rest are extracted serve the urban area of Guntur city and filtra on plant
3.2.2 WASTE WATER transferred through open drains to the K I
nearest water bodies directly. Open Table 3.4 Exis ng Sewage Treatment Plant Capacity in Capital Region
E C drains were designed to carry storm • No comprehensive master plan in 41
No. LocaƟon of STP Capacity (MLD) Owner
water and no separa on is provided for UGD scheme for Capital Region to
S the sewage and storm water. Untreated implement.
1 Azithsinghnagar 27.27 VMC
Base on the Household Facility Survey sewerage poses a major risk to human • Suddapalli Donka STP is reaching its
2007-20008, in Andhra Pradesh State, health since it contains waterborne life span but no new STP is proposed 2 Autonagar 10 VMC
38.4% households have access to pathogens that can cause serious to serve the GMC areas alterna vely.
sanita on facili es, including improved illness. Therefore, an integrated master • Less than 40% of city area is covered Ramalingeswara
3 10 VMC
source of sanita on, flush toilets not plan of sewerage treatment network is by UDG system. Nagar
collected by sewers/sep c pits/ twin required in Capital Region. • Less than 15% of households can 4 Poornanandampet 14 VMC
pits, pits without slab and dry toilets. access to the sewerage connec on.
The rest 61.6% have no toilet and take O M • Not enough STP’s are provided to 5 Suddapalli Donka 34 GMC
the use of open space. Households in treat the total generated sewerage.
Capital Region has a be er accessibility Aging sewerage infrastructures, such • Poten al risks to human health
compare to the state, 52.2% household as pipe incrusta on and pumping caused by untreated sewage.
in Guntur district and 60.3% household corrosion, have been stated in the City • Lack of maintenance for UGD and
in Krishna district have the access to Development Report of Vijayawada. It open drains.
sanita on facili es. is not reported any authority is taking
charge the maintenance of open drains.
U G D S
(UGD) S T P (STP)

There is an exis ng UGD network in There are 5 recorded STP’s opera ng

urban areas of Capital Region designed in Capital Region. VMC managed four
to collect the sewerage. However, the STP’s with a total capacity of 61.27 MLD.
UGD network distribu on is insufficient GMC owns and manages the Sudapalli
as it only covers par ally in the urban Donka STP with capacity of 34 MLD. This
area. In Guntur city, only 22% of the STP has become almost defunct and the
city area and 32% popula on is served effluent standards a er this plant are
by the exis ng UGD sewerage system. not as per standards and this plant is to
Within the UGD coverage area, only be revamped immediately. Reported in
13% households are connected to the Vijayawada City Development Plan,
sewerage network. In Vijayawada, 40% the total sewage genera on in VMC is
of the city area is connected the exis ng es mated to be 148MLD, less than half
UGD sewerage system while only 10% sewage is treated properly. There is a
LEGEND
households can access to sewerage necessity to commission addi onal STP
connec on (City Development Plan). to treat the remaining sewage before
disposal.
In the areas without UGD, the sanita on
is being maintained though individual
sep c tanks and open drains. Most
of the waste water disposal is being Fig.3.12 Exis ng Sewage Treatment Plant Loca ons in Capital Region
 3.2.3 STORM WATER F P A dam of Krishna River, located outside N D M K I
the Capital Region. Nagarjuna Sagar G F M
42 A R As reported by the Na onal Disaster Dam has an associated reservoir • Lack of integrated storm water
Management department, Capital located 21km downstream, namely This guideline is published by Na onal management and centralized
Rainfall varies considerably across Region is vulnerable to heavy rains and Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond. These two Disaster Management Authority coordina on in the storm water
the Andhra Pradesh. Annual rainfall floods. Flood prone areas are iden fied upstream dams can be used as flood and Government of India in January drainage along Krishna River.
of Capital Region ranges from 800 in Fig.3.13. 7% area in Capital Region control structure to control the total 2008. It sets a direc on to minimize • Lack of proper storm water drainage
to 1200 mm. In Guntur district, the is highly prone to flood, 31% is prone volume flow into Capital Region. Large vulnerability to floods and consequent network in both urban and rural
average rainfall is 830 mm, experienced to flood and 43% is moderately prone amount of water can be stored at loss of lives, livelihood systems, area.
mostly by both southwest monsoon to flood. By analyzing the moderate upstream dams during periods of high property and damage to infrastructure • No separa on between sewage and
and the retrea ng monsoon. Annual to high risk flooding areas in Capital discharges in the river and released and public u li es. storm water in the areas without
rainfall in Krishna district is 1028 mm, Region, the factors that cause flooding a er the cri cal high flow condi on is underground waste water drainage.
mainly contributed by the southwest are heavy rainfall, rise in river level, over. • Insufficient open drains and canals in
monsoon. dal water and problems of canals and the flood prone area
drains. Cyclone is also a factor, but it 2. Non-engineering methods, which are
D N occurs at very low frequency. used to mi gate the flood damage.

Capital Region is located at the E F M In India, flood forecas ng and warning

downstream of the Krishna Basin. The is entrusted with the Central Water
catchment basin forms part of the Different methods have been adopted Commission (CWC). Krishna river
Krishna River catchment area. There are to reduce the flood losses and protect systems have 3 Level Forecas ng
several irriga on canals flowing across the flood plains. However, the current sta ons and 6 Inflow Forecas ng
Capital Region from the Krishna River, condi on of integrated storm water sta ons, all issued by CWC. The Level
such as Buckingham Canal, Eluru Canal, management is unknown. Regarding forecasts help the rela ve agencies
Ryves Canal, Bandar Canal, among to the Report of Working Group on in deciding mi ga ng methods, such
others. These water canals contribute Flooding Management, these measures as evacua on of people and shi ing
in draining the surface run-off, and can be classified as engineering method people to safer loca ons. The Inflow
are referred as the major drainage and non-engineering method. Forecas ng is used in op mum
networks in Capital Region. opera on of reservoirs. It is also used
1. Engineering methods, which are to ensure adequate storage in the
Primi ve open drains and shallow used in flood protec on. It does not reservoirs for mee ng demand during
ditches are used to carry storm water reduce the total flood volume but non-monsoon period.
in both rural and urban areas of reduce spilling.
Capital Region. However, they are Apart from CWC, Andhra Pradesh State
currently also used as sewers which The exis ng Prakasam Barrage owns a Flood Unit, which prepares
collect the waste water disposal. No stretches 1223.5 m across the Krishna rainfall maps and basin-wise volume
segrega on is provided for sewage and River connec ng Krishna districts and es ma on within the state during
storm water, except in some city areas Guntur district. This Barrage not only monsoon period.
where underground drainage exists. helps irriga ng over 1.2 million acres of LEGEND
The polluted storm water discharge is land, but also acts as a forecast sta on
threatening the water quality of water in terms of flooding control.
bodies as well as the surrounding Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is an upstream
environment. Fig.3.13 Flood Map of Capital Region
 3.2.4 SOLID WASTE Pathapadu1. It may cause serious health F P
problems and groundwater pollu on
E C where the dumping yard is not treated Solid Waste Management is one of the 43
properly. top priori es of the Government of
W G Andhra Pradesh. The Commissioner &
Solid waste facili es were used to Director of Municipal Administra on
The City Development plans for handle the municipal solid waste for has submi ed a dra Strategy on
Vijayawada and Guntur reports a waste a me. However, they were stopped Andhra Pradesh Integrated Municipal
collec on efficiency of over 87% in due to both financial and technical Solid Waste Management, 2014 for
urban areas. 604.2 tons of solid waste issue. These facili es are listed in the approval.
is generated everyday. In Guntur city, following, and current condi ons are
350 tons/d of solid waste is generated. unknown. This document outlines the strategies
The waste genera on rate is about • Genera on of Organic Manure to be adopted by the Government to
600 gms/cap./day. Around 70% of the Using Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) manage solid waste, and includes a
urban solid waste is bio-degradable. by Excel Industries Ltd - Excel plant framework such as 5Rs Hierarchy of
The remaining of waste a er extrac ng was established in the year 1995 Waste Management (Reduce, Reuse,
the recyclable por on is disposed to for manufacturing organic manure Recycle, Recover and Remove) as the
open dump yard. Bio-degradable waste from municipal solid wastes. VMC main approach to manage waste
is transferred to rela ve industries for used to transfer around 125 tons/
manure and power genera on. day of waste to this plant, which was K I
converted into organic manure. The
W C compost plant can generate 30-40 • Lack of solid waste facili es serving
tons of organic manure per day. the Capital Region.
The waste is collected from dust bins, • 6MW Power Genera on with MSW • Poten al contamina on of ground
street sweeping, cleaning of drains, and by Shriram Energy Systems Limited water from non- engineering
transfer through tricycles to reinforced - The treatment plant operated by dumping yard.
concrete bins. Further transporta on Shriram Energy Systems used to • Inefficient collec on and disposal in
Fig.3.14 Loca on of known Sold Waste facili es in Capital Region through tractors and dumper placers handle 225 tons/d. the solid waste rural areas.
to the dumping yards located outside was converted to RDF pellets which • Lack of rural waste genera on data.
the city. The VMC has handed over the then loaded on to the boiler for
collec on of solid waste in hilly areas to burning along with other fuels to
private par es in the city, i.e. DWACUA generate 6MW of power per day.
and CMEY. • Bio-Methana on Plant - 20 tons/
day of vegetable waste and
W D slaughterhouse waste is processed
for Methane Gas and power
Currently there is no landfill site genera on at this Bio- Methana on
in opera on in Capital Region. The Plant.
collected solid waste is dumped at
villages on the fringes despite s ff
opposi on from the local residents.
These dumping yards locate at
Jakkampudi, Ajithsingh Nagar and
 3.2.5 POWER SUPPLY The ins tu onal structure of the F P
electricity sector in Andhra Pradesh
44 E P S S can be categorized into four main There are 25 planned power genera on
A P domains i.e. Regula on, Genera on, projects in Andhra Pradesh, with
Transmission and Distribu on. capacity ranging from 70MW to
The state of Andhra Pradesh is located 4000MW to serve the region and the
in the southern part of India and forms In Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh surrounding states.
a major cons tuent of the southern Electricity Regulatory Commission
grid. (APERC) look a er regula on related K
ma ers, APGENCO is engaged in power
Major electricity genera on are via genera on, APTRANCO is mainly The key issues of power sector are as
thermal and the hydro power plants, responsible for transmission and follows:
operated by Andhra Pradesh Power there are four electricity distribu on • Increase in installed genera on
Genera on Company (APGENCO). companies, Eastern Power Distribu on capacity was not commensurate
Corpora on of AP Ltd , Southern with the increase in demand.
In 2013, Andhra Pradesh was the fourth Power Distribu on Corpora on of • Plant Load Factor of thermal sta ons
largest power genera ng state in the AP Ltd, Central Power Distribu on was decreased to 78% by FY 2013-
country and also had the largest hydro Corpora on of AP Ltd and Northern 14 leading to frequent outages
power genera on capacity in India Power Distribu on Corpora on of AP par cularly during monsoon season.
Ltd managing distribu on in four zones. • Loss of power genera on due to low
At present, Andhra Pradesh has a total of the State. coal stock in Thermal Power Plants
installed power genera on capacity • Improper maintenance of LEGEND

of 16,817 MW from all the sources. The major transmission lines in India Distribu on Infrastructure such as
Of these, 11,771 MW is from thermal, are 500kV (HVDC), 765kV, 400kV, Substa ons. Feeders, Distribu on
3,737 MW is from Hydro, 1,036 MW is 220kV, 132kV. The local distribu on Transformers, Poles and Wires. Fig.3.15 Loca on of Thermal Power Plants in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
from Renewable energy sources and lines are 11kV and 33kV. • Untapped renewable energy sector
276 MW is from Nuclear.
Table 3.5 indicates the exis ng thermal
Private players also have considerable power plant at Andhra Pradesh.
presence in Andhra Pradesh. Private
power plants opera ng in the state
use transmission lines managed by Table 3.5 Exis ng Power Plant and Capacity in Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh Transmission Company
(APTRANCO) that looks a er the Power StaƟon LocaƟon District Capacity (MW)
transmission of electricity in the state. Ramagundam B TPS Ramagundam Karimnagar 62.5
Kothagudem TPS Paloncha Khammam 720
The power generated by all power Kothagudem V Stage TPS Paloncha Khammam 500
plants in Andhra Pradesh is being fed to Dr Narla Tatarao TPS Ibrahimpatnam Krishna 1760
the Southern Grid, which is accessible Rayalassema TPS Cuddapah YSR Kadapa 840
to all states linked to the grid. Kaka ya TPS Chelpur Warangal 500
Ramagundam STPS Jyothi Nagar Karimnagar 2600
Simhadri STPS Simhadri Visakhapatnam 1000 Kaka ya Thermal Power Plant, Andhra Pradesh
3.2.6 KEY INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Key Issues OpportuniƟes 45

• Lack of comprehensive master plan in Water Supply Scheme for Capital Region to
• An integrated water supply scheme for Capital Region, including water conserva on
implement.
and water demand management strategies.
• Lack of water supply network distribu on in rural areas.
• Opportunity for expansion and upgrading of water supply infrastructure, to enhance
• High un-accounted water loss, 25-40% in the urban area and up to 50% in rural
Water Supply the water supply network, and to reduce high un-accounted water losses in the new
township.
capital.
• Inadequate water supply distribu on. The supply dura on varies from one hour to 24
• Introduce alterna ve water sources, including treated waste water effluent and storm
hours a day.
water from rainwater harves ng.
• High level of illegal connec ons
• No comprehensive master plan in UGD scheme for Capital Region to implement.
• Opportunity for expansion and upgrading the exis ng waste water collec on
• Suddapallis Donka STP is reaching its life span but no new STP is proposed to serve the
infrastructures, to provide sufficient sanita on facili es and STP’s in both rural and
GMC areas alterna vely.
urban areas.
• Less than 40% of city area is covered by UDG system.
Waste water • Introduce the concept of Environmental Treatment Zone (ETZ), isolate and treat all
• Less than 15% of households can access to the sewerage connec on.
the unwanted waste far from the residen al area and minimize contact between the
• Not enough STP’s are provided to treat the total generated sewerage.
residents and the waste.
• Poten al risks to human health caused by untreated sewage.
• Lack of maintenance for UGD and open drains.

• Opportunity for improving and expanding drainage network, including provide

• Unknown condi on of integrated storm water management and centralized
roadside drains for all roads and enhance the opera on and maintenance for all canals.
coordina on in the storm water drainage planning amongst Guntur district and Krishna
• Use of the Flood Protec on Zone concept, green buffer such as grass land and
district.
woodland should be provided at the banks of the exis ng water bodies.
Storm Water • Lack of proper storm water drainage network in both urban and rural area.
• Implement the Na onal Disaster Management Guideline of Flood Management, to
• Poten al water pollu on caused by polluted discharge since no separa on between
minimize the vulnerability to floods.
sewage and storm water in the areas without UGD.
• Develop the Water Sensi ve Urban Design (WSUD), to achieve a sustainable storm
• Insufficient open drains and canals in the flood prone areas.
water system.

• Implement the framework Andhra Pradesh Integrated Municipal Solid Waste

• Lack of solid waste facili es serving the Capital Region.
Management, including the hierarchy of waste management (5R: reduce, reuse,
• Poten al contamina on of ground water from non- engineering dumping yard.
Solid Waste recycle, recover and remove).
• Inefficient collec on and disposal in rural areas.
• Opportunity to iden fy proper landfill site base on the ETZ concept in the Landuse
• Lack of rural waste genera on data.
Master plan.
• Increase in installed genera on capacity was not commensurate with the increase in
demand.
• Plant Load Factor of thermal sta ons was decreased to 78% by FY 2013-14 leading to
• Opportunity to develop renewable energy in the region
frequent outages par cularly during monsoon season.
Power Supply • Solid Waste Management integra on by developing biofuels etc in the ETZ
• Loss of power genera on due to low coal stock in Thermal Power Plants
• Introduce renewable energy power supply to the rural areas
• Improper maintenance of Distribu on Infrastructure such as Substa ons. Feeders,
Distribu on Transformers, Poles and Wires.
• Untapped renewable energy sector
46

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