Lab Report-Ans Scheme
Lab Report-Ans Scheme
Lab Report-Ans Scheme
A. REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
DATA/RESULTS
Observation
Test
Cyclohexane, C6H12 Cyclohexene, C6H10
1 Addition of water
Formation of 2 layers Formation of 2 layers
5 KMnO4(aq)
H+(aq), hot The purple color of Mn(VII) The purple color of Mn(VII)
ions remains ions turn to colorless Mn(II)
ions
1
Ignition : C6H12 + 9 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
C6H10 + 17/2 O2 → 6 CO2 + 5 H2O more sooty flame
Bromination:
C6H12 + Br2 in CH2Cl2 uv
C6H11Br + HBr
C6H10 + Br2 in CH2Cl2 → C6H10Br2
Oxidation:
C6H10 + MnO4- cold
C6H10(OH)2 + Mn2+ @ MnO2 (brown ppt)
purple colorless
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B. REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS
OBJECTIVE(S):
DATA/RESULTS:
Observation
Test 2-methyl
1-propanol 2-butanol
-2-propanol
1 PCl5(s) White fumes White fumes White fumes
produced produced produced
3 K2Cr2O7(aq) The orange color The orange color The orange color
changes to changes to remains
green/blue color green/blue color
4 Lucas test No white ppt White ppt formed White ppt formed
formed at room after 5 minutes immediately
temperature (10-30 mins) (<5 mins)
5 Iodoform test No formation of yellow ppt wt No formation of
yellow ppt wt antiseptic smell yellow ppt wt
antiseptic smell antiseptic smell
PCl5 :
CH3CH2CH2OH + PCl5 → CH3CH2CH2Cl + POCl3 + HCl (White fume)
3
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 + ZnCl2 + HCl → CH3CH2CH(Cl)CH3 + H2O + [Zn(OH)Cl2]
cloudy
CH3C(OH)(CH3)2 + ZnCl2 + HCl → CH3C(Cl)(CH3)2 + H2O + [Zn(OH)Cl2]
cloudy
rate of formation of cloudiness: 30 > 20 >10 alcohols
Iodoform test:
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 + I2 + NaOH → CH3CH2COO-Na+ + CHI3 + NaI + H2O [1]
yellow ppt with antiseptic smell
REFLECTION
‘See you not that Allâh sends down water (rain) from the sky, and We produce
therewith fruits of varying colours, and among the mountains are streaks white and
red, of varying colours and (others) very black’ (35:27)
This verse shows the variety of Allah creation in this world. Each and every creation
has its own significance and play roles in the world.
REFERENCES
1. Tan Yin Toon, Chemistry for Matriculation Semester 2, Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd.
(pg. 114-210)
2. Holy Quran; Text and Translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali (pg 426)
TOTAL MARKS 8
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LABORATORY REPORT FOR EXPERIMENT 2
DATA/RESULTS:
Observation
Test
Ethanal Propanone Benzaldehyde
1 Brady’s reagent Yellow orange Yellow orange Yellow orange
precipitate is precipitate is precipitate is
formed formed formed
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DATA/RESULTS:
Observation
Test
Unknown
1 Brady’s reagent Yellow orange precipitate is formed
B. REACTIONS OF PHENOL
DATA/RESULTS
Test Observations
Phenol
2 Acidity
(a) Litmus (a)Blue litmus paper turns red
paper
(b) (i) NaOH (b)(i) homogeneous solution formed
(ii) HCl (ii) emulsion formed
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DISCUSSIONS:
Reaction of carbonyl compound
1. Brady’s Reagent [√1M for equation OR observation]
a. Ethanal
O2 N
O O2 N
ethanal-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone
(yellow precipitate )
b. Propanone
O2 N
O O2 N
propanone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone
(yellow precipitate)
c. Benzaldehyde
O2 N
O2 N
benzaldehyde-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone
(yellow precipitate)
a. Ethanal
O O
K C r O /H +/w ar m
2 2 7
CH CH CH COH + Cr3+ (green/blue)
3 3
ethanoic acid
b. Benzaldehyde
O O
CH COH
+
K2 Cr2 O7 /H /warm
+ Cr3+ (green/blue)
benzoic acid
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3. Tollen’s reagent [√1M for equation OR observation]
a. Ethanal
O O
CH3 CH + 2 [Ag(NH3 )2 ]
+
+
-
3 OH CH3 CO
-
+ 2Ag(s)+ 4NH3 + H2 O
Silver mirror
b. Benzaldehyde
O O
CH CO
-
+ 2 [Ag(NH3 )2 ]
+
+ 3 OH
-
+ 2Ag(s)+ 4NH3 + H2 O
Silver mirror
O
O
-
CH3 CH + 2Cu2+ + 5OH CH3 CO
-
+ Cu2 O (s) + 3 H2 O
Brick red precipitate
O O
CH3 CH + 3I 2 + 4 NaOH CH3 CONa + 3 NaI + H2 O
+ CHI3
Yellow precipitate with antiseptic smell
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b. Propanone
O O
CH3 CCH3 + 3I2 + 4 NaOH CH3 CONa + 3 NaI + H2 O
+ CHI3
Yellow precipitate with antiseptic smell
Reaction of Phenol
1. Addition of water:
Phenol partially soluble in water. √1M
2. Acidity
(a) phenol is an acidic compound
OH OH
FeCl3
+ FeCl3 →
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4. Bromine in water [√1M for equation OR observation]
OH OH
Br Br
Br2 (aq)
Br
White ppt (2,4,6-tribromophenol)
CONCLUSION:
1. Carbonyl compounds undergo nucleophilic addition reaction
2. Aldehyde can be oxidized/reducing agent to carboxylic acid whereas ketones
cannot be oxidized
3. Ethanal and propanone can be distinguish from benzaldehyde by using
Iodoform test due to the carbonyl group being bonded to the methyl group
4. Phenol is an acidic compound which partially soluble in water.
REFLECTION:
‘He knows that which goes into the earth and that which comes forth from it, and
that which descend from the heaven and that which ascends to it. And He is the Most
Merciful, the Oft¬Forgiving ‘ (34:2)
Allah knows everything that happens around us, we as the caliph should observe the
change in the reaction to know actually happening.
REFERENCES:
1. Tan Yin Toon, Chemistry for Matriculation Semester 2, Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd.
(pg. 219-250)
2. Holy Quran; Text and Translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali (pg 416)
TOTAL MARKS 10
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LABORATORY REPORT FOR EXPERIMENT 3
RESULTS :
Experimental data
[√1M for H (kJ/mol) with –ve sign and correct arrangement (Rxn II>Rxn1 &RxnIII) ]
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(b) Heat of reaction I + heat of reaction III
= [-40 + (-72)] kJ/mol
= -106 kJ/mol
Heat of reaction II = -94.6 kJ/mol
DISCUSSIONS:
Theory √1M
Observations √1M
As the reaction occurs, the temperature of the solution increases/exothermic
rxn.
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Precautionary steps √1M
NaOH(s) is very hygroscopic (easily absorbed moisture from the air). Thus
weigh it and proceed to the next step without delay.
Constantly stir the solution.
The two solutions must be at the same temperature.
Cover the styroform cup properly to avoid the escape of heat to the
surrounding.
CONCLUSION:
The experimental value for the heat of reaction, H for the reaction between
NaOH(s) + HCl(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) is -92.8 kJ/mol
Based on the Hess’s law, the heat of reaction, H for the reaction between
NaOH(s) + HCl(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) is -85.1 kJ/mol
REFLECTION:
‘The Day that we roll up the heavens like a scroll rolled up for books(completed)-
even as We produced the first creation, so shall We produced a new one: a promise
We have undertaken; truly shall We fulfill it.’
(21:104)
This is about the Day of Judgment, where Allah promised how he created at the
beginning, He created the same for the last.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
TOTAL MARKS 8
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LABORATORY REPORT FOR EXPERIMENT 4
OBJECTIVES : √1M
Test
Conditions Observations
tube
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PART C: Common Ion Effect on a Chemical System
Test
Ions added Observations
tube
1 Control Orange
DISCUSSIONS:
Theory
PART A √1M
The equilibrium as written is endothermic in the forward direction. When the
temperature is decreased, white crystal formed. This shows that the
equilibrium has shifted to the left (in the exothermic direction), therefore
releasing heat. When the temperature is increased, white crystal dissolves as
the equilibrium shifts to the right.
PART B√1M
Adding more acid will increase the concentration of H +(aq) ions. The
equilibrium position will shift to the right where some of the extra H + ions
added react with the CrO42- ions to form orange Cr2O72- ions and so minimize
the increased in the concentration of H+(aq).
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Adding base (containing OH- ions) will reduce the H+(aq) concentration by
neutralization:
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
The equilibrium position will shift to the left to minimize the decrease in
H+(aq) ion concentration, forming yellow CrO42- ions.
PART C√2M
Sources of error
Do not wait until the brown precipitate of Fe(OH) 3 and white solid of AgSCN
to settle down , thus difficult to identify the color the resulting solution.
Use the same dropper for different solution may cause contamination.
Precautionary steps
Wait until the brown precipitate of Fe(OH) 3 and white solid of AgSCN to settle
down to see the color of the solution clearly.
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CONCLUSION :
REFLECTION:
‘Glory to Allah who created in pairs all things that the earth produces, as well as their
own (human) and things of which they have no knowledge’
(Yaasin:36)
This experiment is one proved that everything created is in pairs. Like this
experiment that observed the equilibrium system, forward and reverse reaction,
there would be shift to the left or right in order to achieve a new equilibrium.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Chemistry, Principle and Reactions, Masterton and Hurley, 5th edition, page
335.
2. Brown, Le May and Bursten; Chemistry: The Central Science, 10 th edition,
Pearson Prentice Hall, page 649-655.
TOTAL MARKS 8
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LABORATORY REPORT FOR EXPERIMENT 5
ACID-BASE TITRATION
OBJECTIVES:
RESULTS:
Molarity of NaOH used/M
0.100 M
Volume of NaOH used/mL
(At equivalence point) 25.60 mL
Volume of 20.00 mL
NaOH
added
pH of 13.1
solution
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CALCULATIONS:
4. Is the pH of the solution acidic, basic or neutral? Explain your answer briefly.
Basic √1M
The acetate ion that is dissociated from the sodium acetate salt can
undergo hydrolysis in water to produce OH ion. √1M
DISCUSSIONS:
Theory
Titration curve is a plot of pH against volume of added base or added acid.
It shows the pH changes that occur when an aqueous acid reacts with an
aqueous base.
Phenophtalein is used as an indicator because its color changes around pH 8-
10.
Observation √1M
Sources of error
Do not rinse the pH sensor with distilled water before and after measuring
each value of pH of solution.
Precautionary step
Rinse the pH sensor with distilled water before and after measuring each
value of pH of solution.
Constantly stir the solution.
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CONCLUSION: √1M
The molarity of CH3COOH from the experiment is 0.102 M
REFLECTION
‘And He has cast in the earth anchorages (mountains standing firm) so that it should
not reel with you, and rivers and roads that possibly you would be guided’ (16:15)
This verse mentions many signs of creation that give evidence of the divinity of Allah
as reflected in the greatness of His creation. The Surah also mentions the many
blessings of Allah on His worshippers in His perfect knowledge, the greatness of His
wisdom and His precise planning.
REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Silberberg, Chemistry: the Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 5 th Edition,
page 841-850.
2. Holy Quran; Text and Translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, page 626.
TOTAL MARKS 8
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LABORATORY REPORT FOR EXPERIMENT 6
OBJECTIVES √1M
To measure the reduction potential of micro-voltaic cells
To rank metals according to measured reduction potentials
RESULTS
Data Table 1: Copper as the Reference Metal
No. Combination Potential (V) Metal for Red (+) Tip Metal for Black (-) Tip
Zinc -0.784 V
Iron -0.507 V
Lead -0.201 V
Copper 0.000 V
Silver +0.796 V
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Data Table 3: Predictions and Results
Half-Cell Predicted Potentials (V) Measured Percent Error
Combination Potential (V) (%)
QUESTIONS
Electrons flow out from the negative anode (electrons are released in the
oxidation process) through the external wire to the positive cathode (where
the electrons are accepted in the reduction process). √1M
DISCUSSIONS
Theory
A voltaic cell uses a spontaneous oxidation-reduction reaction to produce
electrical energy. Placing a piece of metal into a solution containing a cation
of the metal produces half-cells.
In this micro-version of a voltaic cell, the half-cell is a small piece of metal
placed into three drops of corresponding cation solution on a piece of filter
paper.
A porous barrier or a salt bridge normally separates the two half-reactions.
Here, the salt bridge is made from several drops of aqueous sodium nitrate
(NaNO3) placed on the filter paper linking the two half-cells.
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Observations
When the tip of the red(+) end of the voltage sensor is touched to one metal
and the tip of the black(-) end is touched to the other metal the positive
voltage reading is observed. By the way, the ends of the voltage sensor is
reversed if the voltage drops to negative value.
Sources of error
The piece of metal is not completely sand with sand paper.
The drops of each solution are not enough.
The addition of sodium nitrate solution is not enough.
Precautions √2M
Top side of the metals should be kept dry.
Carefully sand each piece of metal on both sides.
Dampen the filter paper with more NaNO3 solution from time to time during
the experiment.
The voltage reading must be positive as the redox reaction that occurs in the
voltaic cell is spontaneous.
CONCLUSION
REFLECTION √1M
‘For all there will be degrees (or ranks) according to what they did. And your Lord is
not unaware of what they do’ (6:132)
Allah has arranged and ranked everything in the world at their own place, shows that
Allah is very precise in everything (Al-Khabir-The Most Meticulous)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
END
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