How To Start Snail Farming in Nigeria
How To Start Snail Farming in Nigeria
How To Start Snail Farming in Nigeria
» The Beginners Guide
1417 minutes
How To Start Snail Farming In Nigeria » The
Beginners Guide
Snail farming is a highly lucrative business providing a means of livelihood to millions of people
globally.
Snail farming in Nigeria is even more popular; due to its relatively cheap cost of startup and huge
returns on investment.
Do you know that over 500,000 tons of snails are consumed per year, including America and China?
In Asia, snail rearing is big business, providing opportunities to many farmers. Much of the harvest is
exported to other developed countries in Europe and America.
This isn’t surprising since Snails are good sources of essential minerals including phosphorus, calcium
and iron, and sodium.
They are also rich in protein and low in unhealthy fat.
Besides, they make for a delicious meal and will keep you wanting more when prepared by a pro.
Compared to poultry or fish farming, snail farming is less technical and much easier to start.
It also requires less manpower such that one person can comfortably manage large pens of snails.
Also, there are many alternatives to snail feeds, thus eliminating the cost of buying expensive snail
food.
Nonetheless, snail farming isn’t without its own challenges and we will go into details in a jiffy.
Important and Interesting facts about snails
⇒ There are different kinds of snails including land snails, sea snails, and freshwater snails. In fact,
over a thousand species of snails have been documented.
⇒ Snails belong to the animal group known as Phylum Mollusca because they do not have backbones.
⇒ Common snails are herbivores and feed on decaying vegetation, algae, fungi, lichens and plant
leaves.
⇒ Snail farming is known as Heliciculture (also known as heliculture), and it entails raising land snails
specifically for human use.
⇒ The “giant tiger land snail” also known, as “giant African snail” is the largest land snail in the world,
their length can reach up to 12 inches.
⇒ Giant Apple Snail (Pomacea maculata) is the largest freshwater snail, with a shell 15 cm (0.5 ft) and
weighing 600 g (1.5 pounds).
⇒ Snails can live up to 5 to 10 years. Some have been known to live up to 15 years.
⇒ Snails are hermaphrodites (Having both male and female reproductive parts). Therefore, they can
produce sperms and eggs at the same time. However, to fertilize the eggs, the snails need to exchange
sperms with each other.
⇒ About a month after mating, snail lays about a hundred small white eggs in a nest underground in
damp soil. If the conditions remain suitable for the eggs, snails will begin to hatch after about 14 days.
⇒ It takes about two years for snails to reach full maturity.
⇒ The giant African snail (ACHATINA ACHATINA) species of snails, lays between 200400 eggs in
one batch 23 times a year. Good for business, right? It is also the largest snail you are most likely ever
going to see.
⇒ Snails have many natural enemies such as the ground beetles, snakes, toads, turtles, and birds
including chickens, ducks, and geese.
⇒ Snails’ bodies produce slime. Because of the thickness of the slime, they can crawl across the edge
of a razor and not get hurt. Cool, right?
⇒ Snails cannot hear.
⇒ Snails are nocturnal animals (they are more active at night).
⇒ The fastest snails are the speckled garden snails, which can move up to 55 yards per hour compared
23 inches per hour of most other land snails.
⇒ Snails have up to 14,175 teeth! They are all located on their tongue (radula).
⇒ Snail slime is used in some beauty products.
⇒ May 24th is National Escargot Day (National day for eating snail)
Which snail species are suitable for snail farming?
1) Achatina Fulica – The East African Snail
Snail in Ubud, Bali, 2010
It is a species of large, airbreathing land snail belonging to the family Achatinidae.
It is the most commonly available and widespread type of African land snail and also the smallest in
size among all the desirable species for commercial snail farming.
Achatina Fulica has a narrow, conical shell, which is twice as long as it is wide and contains 7 to 9
whorls when fully grown.
The shell is generally reddishbrown in color with weak yellowish vertical markings but coloration
varies with environmental conditions and diet.
Average adult shell length is 12cm, with a diameter of 6cm. Most of the growth is achieved within the
first 6 months but they do continue to grow for another year or so.
They lay up to 301000 White/Yellow eggs, 45mm in diameter, up to 6 times a year.
2) Achatina Achatina
They are commonly known as the giant African land snail.
They are the largest land snails in the world and also the most widely sought after species.
Average adult shell length is 18cm, with an average diameter of 9cm.
They may possess between 78 whorls and the shell is often broadly ovate. The body of the animal is
silverbrown in color although albino morphs may exist.
Giant African land snails are hermaphrodites.
They lay between 30300 eggs per clutch and under normal, stable conditions the hatching viability
appears to be 90+%.
They live up to 10 years, usually 57.
3) Archachatina Marginata
Popularly called the giant West African snail.
Average size and lifespan are 16cm long and live 5years respectively.
Of the three species listed above, Achatina Achatina is the most popular snail species for commercial
snail farming globally.
It has a relatively high yield capacity. Thus giving room for increased yields.
Therefore, if you start a farm with about 2000 snails, it is possible that you would have about 2.5
million snails in just 2 years.
So, when starting your commercial snail farming business, there are some important things to keep in
mind.
Snail farming is simple enough, but it actually requires a decent amount of knowledge because snails
require patience and tender care.
Here are some tips to help make your snail farm a success:
Snail Farming in Nigeria: Tips
1) Selecting a SnailFriendly Environment
Snails have a tendency to become easily dehydrated, so they need a place that will help them retain
moisture. Building a snail house (called a snailery) in the right location will make a drastic difference
for your snails.
It’s best to build your snailery in a low area with minimal wind and sun exposure. The Wind increases
moisture loss in snails, drying them out.
Too much sun exposure also leads to drying out. Snails need moisture in order to survive and remain
fertile, so building your snailery in a cool, shaded area will help keep them healthy and thriving.
If you don’t have a shaded area or one that is protected from the wind, you may want to consider
planting trees or bushes around your snailery to help protect it from the elements.
2) Choosing a Soil Type
The main component of a snail’s habitat is the soil in which it lives. The soil is where snails get the
nutrients and substances they need to survive.
The right type of soil can help keep snails hydrated, provide a safe place for snails to lay their eggs, and
provide vital nutrients such as calcium to keep snail’s shells intact and healthy.
If you’re planning on using regular potting soil, you may want to add some substrates to it in order to
improve its quality. The two best substrates you could add would be loam or humus.
If you’d prefer, you may also use these substrates as your main soil type. The right type of soil will be
well balanced. This means it will not be too wet, too dry, or too acidic. For these reasons, you should
avoid materials such as clay, pebbles, and added fertilizers.
3) Building Your Snailery
The type and size of the snailery you build will largely depend on the breed and amount you’re
planning on raising. Snail farms can be extensive, intensive, or semiintensive.
Snail farming in Nigeria. (Nairaland)
Whichever type you choose will have to be escapeproof, since snails reproduce quickly and can
become pests when they get out of hand.
One option for your snail farm would be to dig a trench and cover it completely with screen or wire.
You may also choose to build a structure from concrete, wood, or other materials, making sure once
again to completely cover it with wire or screen. You will also need to make sure you have at least ten
inches of soil.
If you prefer not to use wire, you can choose to build a covered box. Snails are a lot stronger than you
might realize, though, so make sure the box is secure to avoid having your snails escape.
With any type of snailery, it is important to implement strategies to keep your snails safe from
predators. Keeping their environment covered will protect them from large predators such as rats and
snakes.
However, you may want to treat your soil so you can protect your snails from small predators such as
beetles that may be undeterred by these coverings.
4) Selecting Your Snails
While there are markets that offer snails you can purchase, you may want to be somewhat leery of
them. Some markets are reputable, but many of them don’t take the best care of their snails. You’d hate
to get your snails home, just to discover they’ve become dehydrated and are no longer fertile.
One option you have would be to forage for snails in the forest. Snails are plentiful in the wild and for
the most part, they’re healthy and ready to reproduce. This tactic may take some time to get the results
you’re looking for, though, so another option would be to try to draw snails to your property. You can
do this by finding a clear area of soil and sprinkling foods that snails enjoy over said area. We’ll cover
snail food in the next section.
Another alternative option to buying snails at a market would be to start with snail eggs. This method
will take time and patience, so you won’t be able to harvest your snails for some time.
Eggs can be found in markets and stand a much higher chance of still being fertile than fullgrown
snails. The eggs will need to be put in wet sand and covered with a cocoyam leaf. The eggs will take a
little less than a month to hatch.
5) Snail Food
Snails eat a variety of foods, ranging from leafy greens to spicy fruits. Some acceptable foods for snails
include pears, cucumbers, cabbage, and lettuce. You may choose to buy snail formula available in
markets, though it’s not a necessity.
However, snail formula is good because they usually contain a good amount of calcium.
Alternative sources of calcium include cuttlefish bones, natural chalk, ground oyster shell, burnt and
ground snail shell, poultry egg shell or bone meal etc.
Be sure to change the types of foods you feed your snails every once in awhile as snails are prone to
food boredom. Snails should be fed on a daily basis, and uneaten food should be removed within 48
hours.
Types of snail feed
Leaves: Pawpaw, cocoa yam, cabbage lettuce, okra, eggplant, and cowpea.
Fruits: Pawpaw, mango, banana, plantain, eggplant, avocado pear, oil palm, tomatoes,
cucumber, sweet orange, guava, pineapple, coconut, breadfruit, cashew, and watermelon.
Tubers: cooked cocoa yam, cassava and white yam, sweet potato.
Flowers: Pawpaw, sunflower, milk bush
Grains: ground maize, guinea corn, cereal
Industrial Offshoots: Wheat waste, rice, spent grains, maize, maize chaff, soya bean residue
Household Wastes: peels of banana, plantain, pawpaw, pineapple, cassava and rice, cowpea
bran.
Food Concentrate: It should contain carbohydrate, protein, fats, Mineral (calcium) and
Vitamins.
Water: Clean water should be available at all times. Avoid the use of chlorinated water (tap
water) or water that ha been polluted with insecticides, herbicides or fungicides.
6) Harvesting
Maturity takes 2 years. Only matured snails should be harvested. Check the brim of the shell. For
matured snails, the brim is thicker and harder than other parts of the shell. Do not harvest all the
matured ones for the market. Keep a few for breeding and to serve as the base stock.
7) Pests and Diseases
Termites, lizards, snakes, ants, chickens, geese and turkeys are the common enemies of snails and
should be prevented by all means.
If a large army of soldier ants discover your snail farm, you can lose all of your snails in just one day.
Also, you can expect as much as 10% mortality in the wet season. In the dry season, mortality can be
higher.
Also snails are very moody creatures and when you have overcrowded them, they usually resort to
cannibalism. Do your best not to overstock.
There are not many diseases identified in snail but fungus and bacterial diseases which are spread by
contact have been noticed in overcrowded pens.
Day To Day Running of your snail farm
Ensure that your snails live in a clean, fresh, damp environment.
Wash their food clean before you give it to them.
Remove all old food and feces every day.
Give your snails calcium supplements to facilitate their growth.
Clean the tank or any housing material when it begins to get dirty. Once a month will do just
fine.
Change the soil substrate when it starts to look dirty (roughly once a week, depending on the
number of snails kept).
Bathe the snails regularly (roughly once a month).
In the dry season, it will be ideal to irrigate the snail farm regularly or else the snails will
hibernate. And when they do, it can last for months.
Why should you invest in SNAIL FARMING in
Nigeria?
1) Snail farming in Nigeria isn’t as common as poultry farming and other livestock farming.
Consequently, competition is less.
2) Unlike other animals, snails don’t fall sick so easily. In fact, not much is understood about their
diseases that affect snails. So, the chance of losing your snails to an epidemic is little to nothing.
3) It is not a capitalintensive business. Snail farming can be commenced within your own house until
you have enough to purchase a piece of land for that purpose.
4) The demand is huge. Snails are not only kept for food but have also found so much usefulness in the
Pharmaceutical and beauty industries.
5) Snail farming isn’t as stressful and timeconsuming as other forms of farming. You can keep your
day job while conveniently running your farm.
6) Snail farming in Nigeria causes less pollution compared to poultry farming. The smell and noise
from poultry farms are more than enough to put people off. This does not apply to the snail farming
business.
With these tips, you’re now ready to get started on your commercial snail farming business.
Keep in mind that snails generally take about a year to reach maturity, and it’s best to not harvest snails
prior to this stage. You can check for maturity by looking at the brim of a snail’s shell. If the brim is
thicker and harder than the rest of the shell, then a snail is ready to be harvested.
Remain patient and take good care of your snails.
How to Start Snail Farming in Nigeria
(Guide + eBook)
9-12 minutes
Snail farming can be very profitable in Ghana, Kenya, Cameroon, South Africa, and Nigeria. Yet, it is
one of the most neglected animal rearing business in these countries. Snail farming provides one of the
finest opportunity to make money within a short period of time. But why are Africans not yet fully
engaged in this money making animal rearing? The reason is ignorance.
In Australia and USA, snail farming is big business, providing opportunities to many farmers. In Uk,
snails can be seen in many supermarkets and stores. meaning it’s a big deal over there.
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Most people in Nigeria and Ghana still have the believe that snail can only be picked in the bush. The
culture of going to the bush to pick snails in the villages during raining time has been there for
generations. So, it has been difficult for people to come to term that snail can actually be kept and
grown at home.
Just like in many other aspects of farming in these countries, Africans are yet to discover the great
money making potential in snail rearing business and that is why we suffer in hunger and poverty. We
neglect where the money is and keep pursuing it where it is not, going from one city to the other
looking for one petty China made goods after another to trade on. Laboring away in Europe and
America in search of greener pastures when our own continent is already green.
The good new: After reading this article, you will be on your way to starting your own snail business
in easy and simple steps. And we are backing it up with a Practical Snail eBook for those who can
afford it.
Making ₦5,000,000 annually in snail rearing is a done deal if you do it well and get it right.
I will try to be as comprehensive as possible with this article so that you can get going after reading it,
and as people starts commenting – asking questions and adding what they know about snail farming,
the information here would be more enriched for everyone’s benefit.
What is Snail: Land snails belongs to the class of Molluscan, Gastropod. The one popularly known as
‘Congo Meat‘ in many parts of Africa. Nigeria – Eju, Igbin, etc… There are so many species of snails
but the types we are looking at here are the ones that are suitable for commercial Snail Farming in
Africa.
1. Achatina fulica – The East African land snail, or giant African land snail, scientific name Achatina
fulica, is a species of large, airbreathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the
family Achatinidae. It is the smallest in size among all the desirable species for rearing in Africa.
Achatina fulica has a narrow, conical shell, which is twice as long as it is wide and contains 7 to 9
whorls when fully grown. The shell is generally reddishbrown in colour with weak yellowish vertical
markings but colouration varies with environmental conditions and diet. A light coffee colour is
common. Adults of the species may exceed 20cm in shell length but generally average about 5 to
10cm. The average weight of the snail is approximately 32 grams (Cooling 2005).
Achatina Achatina
2. Achatina Achatina – Achatina achatina, common name the giant Ghana snail, also known as the
giant tiger land snail, is a species of very large, airbreathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate
gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinidae. Giant African land snails are hemraphrodites, meaining
they possess both the female and male reproductive organs. Two snails are still needed for breeding,
but they are very prolific breeders.
Similar to the other species in the genus, Achatina achatina’s shell can attain a length of 200 mm and a
maximum diameter of 100 mm. They may possess between 78 whorls and the shell is often broadly
ovate. The body of the animal is silverbrown in color although albino morphs may exist.
Archachatina Marginata
3. Archachatina Marginata – Archachatina marginata, common name the giant West African snail, is
a species of airbreathing tropical land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family
Achatinidae. They can grow up to 20cm long, and live up to 10 years.
Among these three species, Achatina Achatina is the most desirable for farmers because it grows so big
to become the biggest snail species in the world. Achatina Achaina has it’s origin from Nigeria, get to
Liberia from Nigeria and then Ghana
Another reason is due to it’s high yield capacity. The other species are very good too but I will focus
on Achatina Achatina and Archachatina Marginata in this blog post because, they are easy to find
in Nigeria.
AchatinaAchatina is very good for commercialization as well, because of its profitability. This is
because of the volume of eggs it lays at once. Each achatina lays 300 to 500 eggs at a time in clutches,
three times a year. Therefore, if you start a farm with about 1000 snails, in one year you would be
getting about 1.5 million snails going by the number of eggs they produces.
Having decided on the specie, let’s take you through the step by step how to setup your snail farm in a
small scale level and starts rearing your snail towards harvest.
1. Snail Farming Environment – Snails are easily dehydrated, and wind increase the rate of moisture
loose in snail which in turn, leads to the dryness of the animal. To prevent snails from losing water so
quickly, your snaileries (the snail house) must be located in environment that is protected from wind.
A low plain, downhill site surrounded with enough trees is perfect for snail farming. You may plant
plantains and bananas around your snail farm to prevent the impact of wind.
2. Type of Soil For Snail Farming – Snail’s major habitat is the soil, and soil contains some of the
components and chemical substances that it needed to survive. However, not all soils are suitable for
snail rearing. The shell of the snail is mainly calcium and it derive most of them from the soil. Snail
also lay it’s eggs on the soil and drink water out of the soil.
Hence, the suitable soil for snail farming must contain these elements. Must be balanced, not
waterlogged, not too dry, and must not be acidic. The most desirable soil for snail is sandyloamy soil
with low water holding capacity. Clayey soil and acidic soil must be avoided.
3. Getting The Sails For Farming – To start up a snail farm, it is advisable to get snails directly from
the forest instead of buying from the market after they have been exposed to sunlight and have
dehydrated. This is because snails drink a lot of water, so are easily dehydrated and this stresses them
out, and reduce their fertility capacity.
The intending snail farmer could pick the snails from the bush with a very simple technique; clear a
little portion of land during rainy season and sprinkle spicy fruits like pineapple, pawpaw, plantain,
banana etc at about 5o’clock in the evening, when you go back there about 7pm or 8pm, you will pick
up snails suitable for rearing. Repeat the procedure until you get enough quantity.
Another way could be to pick up snail eggs littered in the market place where it is sold and through a
technique, check the fertility of the eggs, because some of them must have lost fertility due to the
exposure to sunlight. The eggs are later put inside a container containing wet sand and covered with
cocoyam leaf. Between 21 to 28 days, the eggs would hatch into baby snails. You start feeding them
and gradually you raise a snail farm.”
4. The Snail House (Snailery) – Snaileries can vary from a patch of fenceprotected ground, sheltered
from the wind to a covered box if you are breeding in small scale.
For larger population of snails, you can dug a trench or make a concrete pen with soil deep of about 10
inches, and cover it with screen or wire all around to prevent the snails from escaping. Remember that
snails can reproduce fast and become pests when their breeding is uncontrolled.
Snails love dark and cold places, but make sure the humidity does not drop to levels harmful to the
snails. You can use fresh leaves and cloth that is regularly wet to regulate the temperature.
Also, the wire is useful in keeping away rats and snakes or other predators from eating the snails in
your snail farm. But aside from these bigger predators, you should be wary about smaller ones like ants
and termites. Your construction must have these predators in mind.
5. Snail Foods and Feeding – Snails especially Achatina mainly feeds on green leaves and fruits
though they can utilize other ranges of foods. Feed your snails leaves, fruits, or even formula from the
feed store. Aside from food to grow tissues, snails need calcium to grow shells.
Leaves: Cocoyam leaves, pawpaw leaves, okra leaves, cassava leaves, eggplant leaves, cabbage and
lettuce leaves.
Fruits: Mango, eggplant, pawpaw, banana, tomatoes, oil palm fruits, pears. and cucumber.
Once they start growing, separate the big ones from the small ones. It take more than a year for the
Achatina type to grow to harvest size. Others mature in two years.
One hundred thousand snails after a year or two sold at the rate of N50 each (highly reduced price) will
give you about N5 million! Isn’t that a good investment?
Harvesting – It is not economically wise to harvest your snails before it’s maturity, it has to be
matured before harvesting. To know if your snails are already matured enough, check the brim of the
shell. If it is matured enough, the brim should be thicker and harder than other parts of the shell.
Do not harvest all the matured snails at once for the market. It is important to keep few for breeding
and to serve as base stock for your snail farm.
Constructing a snailery
The system you will use for your snail farming is dependent on a lot of factors such as
type and size of your snailery and on the quantity of snails you intend to produce. When
talking about housing for your snail, your snail farm could either be extensive, semi-
intensive, or intensive, all this three types have different financial implications.
The Extensive system is known as the outdoor and free-range snail pens while the
Intensive is when your use a closed systems, for example plastic tunnel houses,
greenhouses and buildings with controlled climate for your snail farm. The third type is
called semi-intensive system which is a mixture of both intensive and extensive in this
type egg laying and hatching occur in a controlled environment just like the intensive
while the young snails are then removed after 6-8 weeks to outside pens for growing or
fattening or both.
The following condition must be met whichever system you choose to use it must be
escape-proof because Snails are extremely strong (they can lift 10-50
times their own weight!) for their size and could lift a lid that isn't
clipped or weighted down. Another condition is that it must be spacious, in
accordance with the growing stage of the snails (hatchlings, juveniles, breeding snails, or
mature snails fattened for consumption). Snails suffer from overcrowding, which hinder
their development and increases the risk of diseases. The most suitable rearing densities
range from > 100/m2 for hatchlings to 7-10/m2 for your snail farming. The snailery must
be easily accessible and easy to work in, for easy access to the snails, placing of food,
cleaning and other tasks and also must be well-protected from insects, predators and
poachers.
The following are types of houses that you can use for your snail farming
Hutch boxes
Hutch boxes are square or rectangular boxes which constructed with wood it can be in
single or multi-chamber wooden boxes with lids, this structure can be placed on a wooden
stilts above the ground at an appropriate height for easy handling. The stands should be
built with plastic or metal conical protectors or aprons, to prevent vermin from crawling
or climbing up the stilts to attack the snails in the boxes. The protectors could be made
from old tins or plastic bottles. In the middle of the lid is an opening covered with wire
netting and nylon mesh. Padlock should be fitted with it to avoid pilfering. There should
be proper drainage access, you can make few holes at the floor of the box for the passage
excess water.
Hutch boxes can be used when practising semi-intensive snail breeding system as this can
be used as hatchery and nursery pens so that eggs and young snails can be easily located
and observed.
Trench pens
You can also make use of Trench pens which are adjoining snail pens of 0.6 × 0.6 m to 1
× 1 m, that is either dug into the ground which must be very well-drained or you can raise
it above the ground like 40-50 cm above the ground. Build an outside walls and inner
partitions consist with a sandcrete blocks or mud bricks in either case. Fill it with suitable
soil to a depth of 10-15cm and cover it with wooden or steel frame lids with wire mesh
with padlocks fitted to the openings. Make sure the pens are well protected from the sun
or any fierce heat and also heavy rain.
Trench pens are used both in semi-intensive and intensive snail farming. They can be
used as hatchery, nursery or fattening pens, with the number of stock being adapted to the
size of the snails in each case.
Free-range pens
A free-range pen can be made from a fenced area of up to 10 × 20 m or bigger depending
on the quantity of snails you want to rear. You can plant different types of plants, shrubs
and trees that will provide food and shelter from wind, sun and rain and make sure the
ground of the area is suitable enough for the snails.
If the fence is constructed of with fine chicken wire mesh, the overhang is not compulsory
because snails dislike crawling on wire-mesh. The fence must be dug at least 20 cm into
the ground. The free-range pen might even be completely enclosed and roofed.
The best thing about the free range is that in the extensive snail farm the entire life cycle
of the snail develops within the open pen: mating, egg laying, hatching, hatchling
development, and growth of the snails to maturity and also Snails feed on the plants
provided in the pen thereby reducing the feeding stress upon the farmer. It can also serve
as the sole snail enclosure in an extensive snail farming system, or as growing and
fattening pens in a semi-intensive one.
The free range system make the snail feel at home because it looks a lot like their natural
habitat so there development is rapid, They will take shelter in the vegetation or the soil
during the day, coming out at night to feed. Another good thing about it is that it is
relatively cheap to build and maintain Management is restricted to occasional replanting
of food and shelter plants