Homeostasis 121117100359 Phpapp02
Homeostasis 121117100359 Phpapp02
Homeostasis 121117100359 Phpapp02
Importance of homeostasis
To maintain internal environment of organisms especially
higher vertebrates in a steady and balanced state.
To establish optimum condition of organisms
Benefits
a. Life of organism become less dependent on the external
environment
b. The organism can live in a wider range of habitats and the
species can live in areas with variable conditions
c. The organism can increase and decrease its metabolic rate
according to its requirements
d. A controlled internal environment enables more efficient
and economical metabolic reactions
e. Enzyme can function at the optimum level ensuring
metabolic balance.
Homeostasis refers to the physiological processes by which organisms
maintain constant and balanced physical and chemical factors in their
internal environment.
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Kidney
Liver
Liver
Liver
Liver Structure
- Food is processed and stored in liver before distributed to
other parts of the body
- Metabolic centre of the body
- Osmoregulation
- - control the vol of water, ion concentration, osmotic
pressure and pH of blood
- Excretory Organ
- - excrete toxic substances, urea
Kidney and nephron structure
- pair of kidney, one on each side of the vetebral column below
the liver and behind the lining of the abdominal activity
- bean shaped, 10cm long, 6cm
wide, 3cm thick, weigh 150g
- each kidney supplied by renal
artery and drained by renal vein
- form afferent and efferent
arterioles and network of capillaries
- each kidney has two section :
cortex and medula
- internal structure is made up of
nephrons
- nephrons is 3cm length and
divided into 6 section with specific
functions
- glomerulus consists of a network
of capillaries between the afferent
arterioles and efferent arterioles
- enclosed by cup-like capsule
called Bowman’s capsule
- the bowman’s capsule surrounds
the glomerulus form the first
region of the nephrons called
Malphigian corpuscle (body)
- Malphigian corpuscle leads to
proximal convulated tubule,
loop of Henle, followed by
distal convulated tubule and
collecting duct.
Nephrons
- afferent arterioles supplies blood to glomerulus
- from glomerulus, blood is carried by the efferent arterioles
forms networks of capillaries to serve the proximal convulated
tubules, distal convulated tubule
- one single straight capillary network called vasa recta served
the limbs of the loop of Henle
Urine Formation
a) Ultrafiltration
b) Selective reabsorption
c) Secretion of toxic substances
d) Differential permeability
a) Ultrafiltration
- in glomerulus, high hydrostatic pressure because of
diameters of the efferent arterioles and capillaries are
narrower than the diameter of afferent arterioles
- filtration pressure – hydrostatic pressure
- forces almost all contents of the blood through the pores of
capillaries and seive-like inner epethelial wall of Bowman’s
capsule into the lumen of capsule
- glomerulus filtrate – same as blood plasma (but no plasma
protein and blood cells)
- they cannot pass through the pores in the capillaries and
inner wall of Bowman’s capsule (big size)
b) Selective reabsorption
- reabsorption of almost all the glucose and free amino acids
from the glomerulus filtrate occurs in the proximal convulated
tubule through active transport
- against concentration gradient – requires ATP
- tubule wall is one cell thick, brush like-border of microvili
and lots of mitochondria in epithelial cells lining the wall.
- pinocytotic process – to remove any blood protein left in
the filtrate
- result: reduced vol. of filtrate, isotonic to body fluid passes
into decending loop oh Henle (urine concentration)
c) Secretion of toxic substance
- poisonous by-product of metabolism
- added into the filtrate by active transport from the cell in the
proximal convulated tubule
d) Differential permeability
- certain substance such as water, inorganic ions and urea
cannot be diffused or transported back into the blood
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) control impermeability of
collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule wall
Water balance and urine
concentration
- Water is loss during excretion through formation of urine
- Mammals and humans are capable of producing urine that is
more concentrated (hypertonic) than blood plasma
- Loop of Henle plays important role in the conservation of
water and structurally modified for the production of
hypertonic urine
- Each loop of Henle consists of 2 parallel limbs:
a) descending limb
b) ascending limb
- The parallel descending and
ascending limbs of the loop of
Henle are very close together
- They have different
permeability to water and
solutes
- Descending limb (thin
segment) permeable to water,
impermeable to solutes/ions
- High osmotic concentration
- Ascending limb (thick
segment) impermeable to both
water and ions
- In thick segment of ascending limb, sodium and chloride ions actively
transported/pumped out from the filtrate into the peritubular fluid
(tissue fluid surrounding nephrons)
- Osmotic gradient occurs between the filtrate and peritubular fluid
- In the thin segment of the ascending limb, some sodium and chloride
ions diffuse into the peritubular fluid - contribute to osmotic gradient
Countercurrent multiplier
mechanism
- Countercurrent: fluid in each limb
moving in opposite direction
- Multiplier: effect increases as fluid
movement continues
- Highest osmotic concentration is at
the hairpin bend of loop
- Osmotic concentration is reduced as
the filrate reach the end of ascending
limb
- Result: hypotonic filtrate
- Urine is further concentrated in the distal convulated tubule and
collecting duct
- Wall of collecting duct is permeable to water but not to salt
- More water is drawn out by osmosis as the fluid flows through the
osmotic gradient
- Osmotic gradient provide forces but ADH determine the rate of urine
concentration
High ADH
- collecting duct becomes more permeable to water
- increase in water removal
- Result: Less but more concentrated urine excreted
Low ADH
- decrease water removal
- result: larger vol of more dilute urine exreted
Role of hormones in water regulation and
osmoregulation of mineral ions
Antidiuretic hormones (ADH)
- secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary gland
- influence water absorption in kidney tubules
- increase in osmotic pressure of blood will stimulate specialised sensory
receptors called osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus in the brain
- osmoreceptors send impulses through nerves to the posterior lobe of
the pituitary gland
- ADH is secreted into the blood and carried to the kidney
- influences the reabsorption of water from the glomerular filtrate
- diabetes insipidus : excessive and frequent production of urine
Osmoregulation
Regulation of sodium absorption and potassium
secretion by aldosterone
- regulated by hormone aldosterone secreted by adrenal cortex
- occur when the vol of body fluid drops because of dehydration
- total sodium ion content also drop
- adrenal gland is stimulated to secrete aldosterone
- reabsorption of sodium ions and water
- reduce production of urine
- maintain the water balance of body fluids
- deficiency of aldosterone reduces the reabsorption of sodium
- sodium loss through urine
Aldosterone
-stimulated the secretion of potassium in the distal convulated
tubule
- also has the ability to stimulate sodium potassium ATPase
activity in the cell of the distal tubule
- also has the ability to alter the apical (urinary) membrane
conductance of potassium in these cells