1D Element - Beams
1D Element - Beams
1D Element - Beams
M1, θ1 M2, θ2
Fy1, w1 Fy2, w2
Derivation of Shape Function of Beam element
The degrees of freedom at each node for a beam member will
be (i) vertical deflection and (ii) rotation. For a beam member,
the slope of the elastic curve θ is given by: θ = dw/dx where
the variable w is the displacement function of the beam. As the
beam has two degrees of freedom at each node, the variation
of w will be cubic and can be expressed using Pascal’s triangle
as:
w 1 2 x 3 x 4 x
2 3
1
w 1 x x 2
3 2
x
3
4
1
dw
2 2
0 1 2 x 3x
dx 3
4
Now, applying boundary conditions, the following expressions
from the above relations can be obtained:
At x = 0
1 1
2 2
0 1 0 0
dw
w1 1 0 0 0 1
3 dx 3
4 4
At x = L
1 1
w2 1 L L2
3 2
L 2
dw
2 2
0 1 2 L 3L
3 dx 3
4 4
w1 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 2
3
A
w2 1 L L
2
L 3
2 0 1 2 L 3L2 4
So,
1
1 1 0 0 0 w1
0 1 0
2 0 1
3 1 L L L
2 3
w2
2
4 0 1 2 L 3L 2
1 1 0 0 0 w1
0 1
2 0 1 0
3 3 L2 2 L
L 1 L w2
2
3
4 2 L3 1 L2 2 2
L 1 L 2
3
Therefore,
1 0 0 0 w1
0 1
w 1 x x2 x3
3
0 1
L2 2 L 3
0
L 1 L w2
2
2
2 L3 1 L2 2 L 1 L 2
3
w1
1
w N1 N2 N3 N 4
w2
2
where,
3 2 2 3 2 2 x3
N1 1 2 x 3 x ; N 2 x x 2 ;
L L L L
3x 2 2 x 3 x 2 x3
N 3 2 3 and N 4 2
L L L L
w
1 2
L
L 3 2 2 3
1 2 x 3 x
0 L L
N1 L 2 2 x3
T L x x 2
f N2 0 L
L
N w.dx w dx w
e L
3
L 2
dx
N
0 3 3x 2x
0
N 4 L2
3
L
3
0
L 2
x x
0 L L2
L
3x 2 x
3 4
x 2 3
2 3L3 4 L4 wL 2
x 2x x
f 2 3L 4 L
2
2 wL 12
e
w 4
3 x 3
2 x wL 2
3
3L 4 L wL2 12
2
x3 x 4
2
3L 4 L 0
A beam element is subjected to linearly varying load as shown
in the figure below . Find the nodal load vector.
w(x): force/length
w2
w1
1 2
L
w( x) w1
w2 w1 x
L
N1
T L
f
L
N
e
N w( x)dx 2 w( x)dx
0
N
0 3
N 4
L 3 2 2 3
1 2 x 3 x w( x)dx
0 L L
L
2 2 x 3
x x 2 w( x)dx
0 L L
L
3 x 2
2 x 3
0 L2 L3
w ( x ) dx
L
x 2
x 3
0
L L 2
w ( x ) dx
7 w1 3w2
20 20 L
F1 w1 w2 2
M L
f
e 1
F 3w
20 30
7 w
2 1 2 L
M 2 20 20
w1 w2 2
L
30 20
Now, if w1=w2=w, then the equivalent nodal force will be:
wL / 2
wL2 / 12
f
e
wL / 2
wL2 / 12
Now, if w1=0 and w2=w, then the equivalent nodal force will be:
3wL
20
F1 wL2
M
f
e
1 30
7 wL
F2
M 2 20
wL2
20
A beam element is subjected to point load as shown in the
figure below . Find the nodal load vector.
W
a
1 2
L
f N w( x)dx N W
L
e * T
F1 27W / 32
M 9WL / 64
f
e 1
F 5W / 32
2
M 2 3WL / 64
A beam element is subjected to clockwise couple as shown in
the figure below . Find the nodal load vector.
x M
1 2
L
6 x 6 x 2
2 3
L L
4 x 3 x 2
1 2
f
e
M N
d T
M
L L
2
dx 6 x 6 x
L2 L3
2
2 x 3 x
L L2
F1 1.5M / L 1.5M / L
M M / 4 M / 4
f
e 1
F
1.5 M / L
1.5 M / L
2
M 2 M / 4 M / 4
A beam element is subjected to anticlockwise couple as shown
in the figure below . Find the nodal load vector.
x M
1 2
L
F1 1.5M / L
M M / 4
f
e
1
F 1.5 M / L
2
M 2 M / 4
Derivation of Element Stiffness Matrix of beam element
d 2w
M EI 2 EI
dx
1
d 2w d 2
2 21 x x2
3 2
x
dx dx 3
4
1
2
2
2 0 0 2 6 x C C A
d w
1
dx 3
4
where
1 0 0 0 w1
0 1 0
0 1
C 0 0 2 6 x; A ;
1 L L 2
L
3
w2
2 2
0 1 2 L 3 L
M EI C A
1
Strain energy,
U M dx
1 T
EI L T 1 T T
dx
L
1
A C C A
02 2 0
Thus,
F U
EI A C C A1 dx
L
1 T T
0
0 0
Now,
0 0 0 0 0
0 0
L 0 0 0
C C dx 0 0 2 6 xdx
L L
T
dx
0 0 4 12 x
0 0
2 0
2
6 x 0 0 12 x 36 x
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
C C dx
L
T
0 0 0 4 L 6 L2
2 3
0 0 6 L 12 L
So,
0 0 0 0
0 0 1
k EI A
e
1 T
0
0 0
0 4L 6L 2
A
2 3
0 0 6 L 12 L
1 0 3 L2 2 L3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0
k e EI
0
0 1 2 L 1 L2 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 3 L2 2 L3 0 0 4 L 6 L2 3 L2 2 L 3 L2 1 L
0 0 1 L 1 L2 0 0 6 L2 12 L3 2 L3 1 L2 2 L3 1 L2
0 0 0 6 1 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0
k e EI
0 0 0 6 3
0 1
L2 2 L 3
0
L2 1 L
2
0 0 2 6L 2 L3 1 L2 2 3
L 1L
12 6 L 12 6L
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2
EI
k 3
e
L 12 6 L 12 6 L
2
6L 2L 6L 4L
2
Analyze the beam shown below by the finite element method.
Assume the moment of inertia of member 2 as twice that of
member 1. Find the bending moment and reactions at
supports of the beam assuming the length of span, L as 4 m,
concentrated load (P) as 15 kN and udl, w as 4 kN/m.
15 kN 4 kN/m
A B C
EI 2EI
2m 2m
4m
w1 w2 w3
θ1 θ2 θ3
1 2 2
1 3
2m 2m
4m
Formation of member stiffness matrix: The local stiffness
matrices of each member are given below based on their
individual member properties and orientations. Thus the local
stiffness matrix of member (1) is:
1 2 3 4
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 1
L3 3
L2 L L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI 2
2
k
(1)
L 2
12 EI
L
6 EI
L
12 EI
L
6 EI
2 2 3
L3 L L 3
L
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
2 4
L2 L L L
Similarly, the local stiffness matrix of member (2) is:
3 4 5 6
24 EI 12 EI 24 EI 12 EI 3
L3 2
3 2
L L L
12 EI 8EI 12 EI 4 EI 4
2
k
( 2)
L 2
24 EI
L
12 EI
L
24 EI
L
12 EI 5
2 2
L3 L L 3
L
12 EI 4 EI 12 EI 8EI
2 6
L2 L L L
Formation of global stiffness matrix:
1 2 3 4 5 6
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
L3 2
3 0 0 1
L L L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
2
2 0 0 2
L L L L
12 EI 6 EI 36 EI 6 EI 24 EI
3
12 EI 3
L3 L2
K 6 EI 2 EI
2 3
L L L2 L
6 EI 12 EI 12 EI 4 EI 4
2 2
2
L L L L L L
0
24 EI
0 3
12 EI
2
24 EI 12 EI
2 5
L L L 3
L
12 EI 4 EI 12 EI 8EI
0 0 2 6
L2 L L L
Boundary condition: The boundary conditions according to
the support of the beam can be expressed in terms of the
displacement vector. The displacement vector will be as
follows
w1
1
w2
2
w3
3
Load vector:
-P 2 -wL 2
-PL 8 -wL2 12
f
(1)
f
( 2)
-P 2 -wL 2
PL 8 wL2 12
P 2
PL 8
P 2 wL / 2
F
PL / 8 wL 12
2
wL / 2
wL / 12
2
Determination of unknown displacements by applying boundary
conditions: w1= w2 = w3 = θ1 = 0
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
L3 3 0 0
L2 L L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
0 0 w1 P 2
L2 L L2 L PL 8
12 EI 6 EI 36 EI 6 EI 24 EI 12 EI 1
3
L3 L2 L3 L2 L L2 w2 P 2 wL / 2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 12 EI 12 EI 4 EI 2 PL / 8 wL 2
12
2
L2 L L2 L L L w3 wL / 2
24 EI 12 EI 24 EI 12 EI
0 0 3 2 wL / 12
2
L L L3 L2 3
12 EI 4 EI 12 EI 8EI
0 0 2
L2 L L L
12 EI / L 4EI / L 2 PL / 8 wL2 / 12
4 EI / L 8EI / L 2
3 wL / 12
1
2 12 EI / L 4 EI / L PL / 8 wL2 / 12
3 4 EI / L 8EI / L
2
wL / 12
2 L PL / 4 wL2 / 4
3 20 EI PL / 8 wL / 3
2
PL2 wL3
2
80 EI 80 EI
PL2 wL3
3
160 EI 60 EI
24 EI 12 EI 24 EI 12 EI
L3 3
F2 L2 L L2 0 -wL 2
12 EI 8EI 12 EI 4 EI
M PL / 4 wL2 / 4 -wL2 12
2 L L2 L
2
L L
F3 20 EI 3
24 EI 12 EI 24 EI 12 EI 0 -wL 2
2 2
M 3 L L L3 L PL / 8 wL / 3 wL 12
2 2
12 EI 4 EI 12 EI 8EI
2
L2 L L L
F2 9.925 kN
M 7.7
2 kN-m
F3 6 . 075 kN
M 3 0 kN-m
The support reactions at the supports A, B and C are
L = 4m
w1 w2 w3
1 2
θ2 θ3
θ1 1 2 3
1m 1m
12 6 L 12 6L
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2
EI
k 3
e
L 12 6 L 12 6 L
2
6L 2L 6L 4L
2
12 6 12 6
6
k k
(1) ( 2)
5000
4
12 6
6 2
12 6
6 2 6 4
12 6 12 6 0 0
6 4 6 2 0 0
12 6 24 0 12 6
K 5000
6 2 0 8 6 2
0 0 12 6 12 6
0 0 6 2 6 4
wL 2 5
wL 2
12 5 / 6
wL 2 wL 2 10
F 2
wL 12 wL 12
2
0
wL 2 5
wL 12 5 / 6
2
12 6 12 6 0 0 w1 5
6 4 6 2 0 0 5 / 6
1
12 6 24 0 12 6 w2 10
5000
6 2 0 8 6 2 2 0
0 0 12 6 12 6 w3 5
0 0 6 2 6 4 3 5 / 6
4 6 2 0 1 5 / 6
6 w 10
24 0 12 2
5000
2 0 8 6 2 0
0 12 6 12 w3 5
Solving above equations, we get primary unknowns
w2 = -4.75 mm
w3 = -6.67 mm
θ1 = -5.33 × 10-3 radians
θ2 = -3.67 × 10-3 radians
Secondary unknowns
Bending moment
w1
d N i 1
2
M i EI
e
dx 2 w2
2
L L L L L L L L w2
2
For element 1, put x = 0 for i = 1 and x = L for i = 2
w1
M EI L6
(1)
1
4
6 2 1
2
L L
2
L w2
2
0
5.33
3
M 1(1) 5 103 6 4 6 2 10 0.8kN m
4.75
3.67
w1
M EI L6
(1)
2
2
6 4 1
2 w
L
2
L L 2
2
0
5.33
3
M 2(1) 5 103 6 2 6 4 10 15.8kN m
4.75
3.67
0
4.75
3.67
( 2)
3
M 2 5 10 6 2 6 4
10 3
20.9kN m
6.67
0
Shear force
w1
d N i 1
3 3
dM d w
Si
e
EI 3 EI 3
dx dx dx w2
2
w1
i
e 12 6 12
S EI 3 2 3
6 1
2
L L L L w2
2
0
5.33
S
(1)
500012 6 12 6
3
10 15kN
4.75
3.67
4.75
3.67
S
( 2)
500012 6 12 6
3
10 5.1kN
6.67
0
20 Exact result
15 FEM
5.1
5.1
15
S. F. Diagram (kN) 20
20.9
Exact result 15.8 15.8 FEM
20 15
0.8 15 0.8
0 0
B. M. Diagram (kN-m)
Determine the displacement and rotation under the force and
moment located at the centre of the beam shown in Figure.
Discretize the beam into the two element. Take E = 210 GPa, I
= 4 × 10-4 m4
10 kN
20 kN-m
3m 3m
12 18 12 18
18
k k
1 2
210 109 4 10 4
33
36
12 18
18 18
12 18
18 18 18 36
12 18 12 18 0 0
18 36 18 18 0 0
8.4 107 12 18 24 0 12 18
K
27 18 18 0 72 18 18
0 0 12 18 12 18
0 0 18 18 18 36
12 18 12 18 0 0 w1 0
18 36 18 18 0 0 0
1
8.4 107 12 18 24 0 12 18 w2 10 10
3
3
N m
27 18 18 0 72 18 18 2 20 10
0 0 12 18 12 18 w3 0
0 0 18 18 18 36 3 0