Module 2 - Introduction To Programming - Updated

INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
Introduction to Programming
Module 2
COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING LAB
Prepared by:
ENGR. MARIE LUVETT I. GOH, MIT
What is Programming?
• Programming, also called software engineering, is a
multistep process for creating a program.
• It uses algorithms –a set of ordered steps for solving

a problem and which is essentially synonymous with
logic.
Why Programming?
There are at least two good reasons for learning
programming at this point:
1. Programming helps dispel the mysteriousness of
the computer
2. Learning programming will enable you to find out
quickly whether you’ll like it, and whether you have
the analytical turn of mind needed.
Steps in Program Development
1. Requirement Analysis
2. System Design
3. Construction
4. Testing and Validation
5. Documentation and Maintenance
Requirement Analysis
• Requirement is a description of what a system
should do.
• It involves the collection of information and the

definition of the characteristics or features of the
desired system.
Requirement Analysis
• Problem Analysis Requires performing the following
steps:
1. Define the problem and the users.
2. Determine the desired outputs.
3. Determine the input to achieve the desired outputs.
4. Determine the processes involve.
5. Check the feasibility of implementing the program.
6. Document the analysis.
System Design
• The program design process describes the algorithm
for the solution of the problem.
• The algorithms specify what actions and operations a
program will take.
• To formulate the algorithm, a programmer may
choose between flowcharts, decision tables or
pseudocodes.
System Design
FLOWCHART – is a pictorial representation of an
ordered, step-by-step solution to a problem. It is a
map of what your program is going to do and how it
is going to do it.
1. Program Flowchart – It is a visual outline of an
algorithm in which the steps and processes to be
followed are represented with symbols.
2. System Flowchart - It is a diagrammatic
representation of the broad flow of work,
documents and operations.
SYMBOL MEANING SYMBOL MEANING
Initialization Input / Output
Decision Flow Lines
Beginning or End
On-page
of the Program
Connector
(Terminator)
Off-page
Process
Connector
System Flowchart
Process 1
Process 1.1 Process 1.2 Process 1.3
Process 1.1.1 Process 1.1.2 Process 1.3.1 Process 1.3.3
Process 1.3.2
Program Flowchart
START
INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
END
• Flowcharts can be used to express different structures:
sequence, selection, loop.
A structure is a basic unit of programming logic;
Selection Loop
Sequence
Guidelines for Drawing a Flowchart
• In drawing a proper flowchart, all necessary requirements
should be listed out in logical order.
• The flowchart should be clear, neat and easy to follow. There
should not be any room for ambiguity in understanding the
flowchart.
• The usual direction of the flow of a procedure or system is
from left to right or top to bottom.
• Only one flow line should come out from a process symbol.
• Only one flow line should enter a decision symbol, but two or
three flow lines, one for each possible answer, should leave
the decision symbol.
Guidelines for Drawing a Flowchart
• Ensure that the flowchart has
a logical start and finish.
• If the flowchart becomes
complex, it is better to use
connector symbols to reduce
the number of flow lines.
• Avoid the intersection of flow
lines if you want to make it
more effective and better way
of communication.
System Design
PSEUDOCODE – It is an algorithm written in normal
Human language statements to describe the logic and
processing flow.
Example:
if the list of payroll tasks(algorithm) looks like this:
Get the employee name, hourly rate, hours worked, deductions

Calculate the gross pay and net pay
Write name, gross pay and net pay
The pseudo code would look like this:
READ name, hourly rate, hours worked, deductions

CALCULATE: Gross pay = hourly rate times hours worked
CALCULATE: Net pay = Gross minus deductions
WRITE name, Gross pay, Net pay
System Design
DECISION TABLE – a way of organizing conditional logic into
a tabular form. Conditional logic in this context refers to a set
of tests, and a set of actions to take as a result of these tests.
Example:
Construction
• The actual writing of the program based on the
design specifications (coding).
• The design specifications serve as high level
blueprints to the programmers or software engineers
as they construct the system one program at a time.
Construction
Construction requires performing the following steps:
1. Select the appropriate programming language.
 Machine Languages
 Assembly Languages
 High-Level Languages
2. Follow the syntax.
NOTE:
Syntax is the grammar of the programming language. It
consists of rules governing the structure and content of
the statements.
Testing and Validation
• Program testing involves running various tests, such
as desk checking and debugging – called alpha
testing, and then running actual or real data to make
sure the program works.
Testing and validation requires the following steps:
1. Perform desk-checking.
2. Debug the program
3. Run real data
1. Perform desk-checking.
Desk checking is manually testing the solution design to

make sure that it is free of errors and that the logic works.
 Translating. Translator is a program that translates your

program into language the computer can understand.
 Programs are most commonly translated by an
assembler, compiler or an interpreter.
 An assembler translates a program written from an
assemble language to a low-level language.
 A compiler translates a high-level language to a low –
level language at one time, giving you all the error
messages – called diagnostics- at once.
 An interpreter translates a high-level language to a low-
level language one line at a time.
2. Debug the Program
Debugging means detecting, locating, and removing
all errors in a computer program.
Types of Errors
a. Syntax Error- is the most common error and incorrect use of
programming language statements.
b. Run-time error- is a software error that occurs while a
program is being executed.
c. Logical Error- are incorrect use of control structures.
3. Run real data.

Documentation and Maintenance
Documentation
• It is a written detailed description of the programming
cycle and specific facts about this program.
• It is the set of instructions shipped with a program or a
piece of hardware.
• It includes necessary instructions on the use and
maintenance of the product.
Maintenance is any activity designed to keep programs

error-free, up-to-date and in good working condition.
Sample flowcharts Begin
Sequence Input
• Make a program x, y
flowchart that will ask

for two integers. SUM = x + y
Compute and display
the sum of the 2 Output
integers. SUM
End
Begin
Sample flowcharts pi = 3.1416
Sequence
Input
• Make a program r
flowchart that will ask
for radius value.
A = pi * r * r
Compute and display
the AREA of a CIRCLE.
Output
A
End
Begin
Sample flowcharts Input

N
Selection
• Make a program F Output
if
flowchart that will ask N>0 N A
“is NEGATIVE”
for a number.
T
Determine and display
Output
whether the input N
“is POSITIVE”
number is POSITIVE or
NEGATIVE.
End A
Sample flowcharts
Begin
m=1
Looping
• Make a program if
F
End
flowchart that will m<=10
display numbers from

T
1 to 10 using looping
Output
structure m
m = m+1
Thank You!
Seatwork:
Problem solving using flowcharts

Module 2 - Introduction To Programming - Updated

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Module 2 - Introduction To Programming - Updated

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INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING

• It uses algorithms –a set of ordered steps for solving

• It involves the collection of information and the

Initialization Input / Output

Decision Flow Lines

Process 1.1 Process 1.2 Process 1.3

Process 1.1.1 Process 1.1.2 Process 1.3.1 Process 1.3.3

Get the employee name, hourly rate, hours worked, deductions

READ name, hourly rate, hours worked, deductions

Desk checking is manually testing the solution design to

 Translating. Translator is a program that translates your

3. Run real data.

Maintenance is any activity designed to keep programs

flowchart that will ask

Sample flowcharts pi = 3.1416

Sample flowcharts Input

display numbers from

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