Truss bridge

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Truss bridge

Truss bridge for a single track railway, converted to pedestrian use

and pipeline support

Ancestor Beam bridge[citation needed]

Related None

Descendant Cantilever bridge, truss arch bridge, transporter

bridge, lattice bridge[citation needed]

Carries Pedestrians, pipelines, automobiles, trucks, light

rail, heavy rail

Span range Short to medium – not very long unless it is

continuous

Material Timber, iron, steel, reinforced

concrete, prestressed concrete

Movable May be movable – see movable bridge

Design effort Medium

 Falseworkrequired Depends upon length, materials, and degree of
prefabrication

A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss, a

structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units. The connected elements
(typically straight) may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response
to dynamic loads. Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. The basic types
of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by
19th and early 20th-century engineers. A truss bridge is economical to construct because it
uses materials efficiently.

Contents
[hide]

 1Design
o 1.1Model bridges
 2History in the United States
 3Roadbed types
 4Truss types used in bridges
o 4.1Allan truss
o 4.2Bailey bridge
o 4.3Baltimore truss
o 4.4Bollman truss
o 4.5Bowstring arch truss
o 4.6Brown truss
o 4.7Brunel truss
o 4.8Burr arch truss
o 4.9Cantilevered truss
o 4.10Fink truss
o 4.11Howe truss
o 4.12K truss
o 4.13Kingpost truss
o 4.14Lattice truss (Town's lattice truss)
o 4.15Lenticular truss
o 4.16Long truss
o 4.17Parker (camelback) truss
o 4.18Pegram truss
o 4.19Pennsylvania (Petit) truss
o 4.20Post truss
o 4.21Pratt truss
o 4.22Queenpost truss
o 4.23Thatcher truss
o 4.24Truss arch
o 4.25Vierendeel truss
o 4.26Waddell truss
o 4.27Warren truss
 o 4.28Whipple truss
 5Truss bridge video
 6References
 7Footnotes
 8External links

Design[edit]

The integral members of a truss bridge[1]

The nature of a truss allows the analysis of the structure using a few assumptions and the
application of Newton's laws of motion according to the branch of physics known as statics. For
purposes of analysis, trusses are assumed to be pin jointed where the straight components
meet. This assumption means that members of the truss (chords, verticals and diagonals) will
act only in tension or compression. A more complex analysis is required where rigid joints
impose significant bending loads upon the elements, as in a Vierendeel truss.
In the bridge illustrated in the infobox at the top, vertical members are in tension, lower
horizontal members in tension, shear, and bending, outer diagonal and top members are in
compression, while the inner diagonals are in tension. The central vertical member stabilizes
the upper compression member, preventing it from buckling. If the top member is sufficiently
stiff then this vertical element may be eliminated. If the lower chord (a horizontal member of a
truss) is sufficiently resistant to bending and shear, the outer vertical elements may be
eliminated, but with additional strength added to other members in compensation. The ability to
distribute the forces in various ways has led to a large variety of truss bridge types. Some
types may be more advantageous when wood is employed for compression elements while
other types may be easier to erect in particular site conditions, or when the balance between
labor, machinery and material costs have certain favorable proportions.
The inclusion of the elements shown is largely an engineering decision based upon economics,
being a balance between the costs of raw materials, off-site fabrication, component
transportation, on-site erection, the availability of machinery and the cost of labor. In other
cases the appearance of the structure may take on greater importance and so influence the
design decisions beyond mere matters of economics. Modern materials such as prestressed
concrete and fabrication methods, such as automated welding, and the changing price of steel
relative to that of labor have significantly influenced the design of modern bridges.
Model bridges[edit]
A pure truss can be represented as a pin-jointed structure, one where the only forces on the
truss members are tension or compression, not bending. This is used in the teaching of statics,
by the building of model bridges from spaghetti. Spaghetti is brittle and although it can carry a
modest tension force, it breaks easily if bent. A model spaghetti bridge thus demonstrates the
use of a truss structure to produce a usefully strong complete structure from individually weak
elements.

History in the United States[edit]

Warren-type through-truss of the former Seaboard Air Line Railway, located near the village of
Willow, Florida; abandoned since the mid-1980s

Because wood was in abundance, early truss bridges would typically use carefully fitted
timbers for members taking compression and iron rods for tension members, usually
constructed as a covered bridge to protect the structure. In 1820 a simple form of truss, Town's
lattice truss, was patented, and had the advantage of requiring neither high labor skills nor
much metal. Few iron truss bridges were built in the United States before 1850.
Truss bridges became a common type of bridge built from the 1870s through the 1930s.
Examples of these bridges still remain across the US, but their numbers are dropping rapidly,
as they are demolished and replaced with new structures. As metal slowly started to replace
timber, wrought iron bridges in the US started being built on a large scale in the 1870s.
Bowstring truss bridges were a common truss design during this time, with their arched top
chords. Companies like the Massillon Bridge Company of Massillon, Ohio and the King Bridge
Company of Cleveland, Ohiobecame well-known, as they marketed their designs to cities and
townships. The bowstring truss design (photo) fell out of favor due to a lack of durability, and
gave way to the Pratt truss design, which was stronger. Again, the bridge companies marketed
their designs, with the Wrought Iron Bridge Company in the lead. As the 1880s and 1890s
progressed, steel began to replace wrought iron as the preferred material. Other truss designs
were used during this time, including the camel-back. By the 1910s, many states developed
standard plan truss bridges, including steel Warren pony truss bridges. As the 1920s and
1930s progressed, some states, such as Pennsylvania, continued to build steel truss bridges,
including massive steel through-truss bridges for long spans. Other states, such as Michigan,
used standard plan concrete girder and beam bridges, and only a limited number of truss
bridges were built.

Roadbed types[edit]
The truss may carry its roadbed on top, in the middle, or at the bottom of the truss. Bridges
with the roadbed at the top or the bottom are the most common as this allows both the top and
bottom to be stiffened, forming a box truss. When the roadbed is atop the truss it is called
a deck truss (an example of this was the I-35W Mississippi River bridge). When the truss
members are both above and below the roadbed it is called a through truss (an example of
this application is the Pulaski Skyway), and where the sides extend above the roadbed but are
not connected, a pony truss or half-through truss.
Sometimes both the upper and lower chords support roadbeds, forming a double-decked truss.
This can be used to separate rail from road traffic or to separate the two directions of
automobile traffic and so avoiding the likelihood of head-on collisions.
Since through truss bridges have supports located over the bridge deck, they are susceptible
to being hit by overheight loads when used on highways – the I-5 Skagit River Bridge
collapsed after such a strike, and such impacts were common and required frequent repairs
before the collapse.[2]

Deck truss railroad bridge over the Erie Canal in Lockport, New York

The four span through trussGeneral Hertzog Bridge over

the Orange River at Aliwal North carries vehicular traffic

The through truss Skagit River Bridge on Interstate

5 collapsed after an overhead support was hit by a passing truck
 

Pony truss bridge of reinforced concrete

Sky Gate Bridge R at Kansai International Airport, Osaka, Japan, is

the longest double-decked truss bridge in the world. It carries three
lanes of automobile traffic on top and two of rail below over nine truss
spans.

The Hart Bridge is a continuous, cantilevered truss bridge with an

unusual design that combines a suspended road deck on the 332-
metre (1,088 ft) main span and through truss decks on the adjacent
approach spans.

A railway bridge with a rail track in Leflore County, Mississippi

 

Side view of the iron truss railway bridge over Mura River in Mursko
Središće, Croatia

Truss types used in bridges[edit]

Bridges are the most widely known examples of truss use. There are many types, many dating
back hundreds of years. Below are some of the more common designs.
Allan truss[edit]

Allan Truss illustrated

The Allan truss, designed by Percy Allan, is partly based on the Howe truss. The first Allan
truss was completed on 13 August 1894 over Glennies Creek at Camberwell, New South
Wales and the last Allan truss bridge was built over Mill Creek near Wisemans Ferry in
1929.[3][4] Completed in March 1895, the Tharwa Bridge located at Tharwa, Australian Capital
Territory, was the second Allan truss bridge to be built, the oldest surviving bridge in
the Australian Capital Territory and the oldest, longest continuously used Allan truss
bridge.[5][6] Completed in November 1895, the Hampden Bridge in Wagga Wagga, New South
Wales, Australia, the first of the Allan truss bridges with overhead bracing, was originally
designed as a steel bridge but was constructed with timber to reduce cost.[7] In his design, Allan
used Australian ironbark for its strength.[8] A similar bridge also designed by Percy Allen is
the Victoria Bridge on Prince Street, Picton, New South Wales. Also constructed of ironbark,
the bridge is still in use today for pedestrian and light traffic.[9]
Bailey bridge[edit]

Bailey truss illustrated.

Bailey bridge over the Meurthe River, France.

Main article: Bailey bridge

Designed for military uses, the prefabricated and standardized truss elements may be easily
combined in various configurations to adapt to the needs at the site. In the image at right, note
the use of doubled prefabrications to adapt to the span and load requirements. In other
applications the trusses may be stacked vertically.
Baltimore truss[edit]

Baltimore truss illustrated.

The Baltimore truss is a subclass of the Pratt truss. A Baltimore truss has additional bracing in
the lower section of the truss to prevent buckling in the compression members and to control
deflection. It is mainly used for rail bridges, showing off a simple and very strong design. Pratt
truss uses the intersection of the verticals and the lower horizontal tension members to anchor
the supports for the short-span girders under the tracks (among other things). With the
Baltimore truss, there are almost twice as many points for this to happen because the short
verticals will also be used to anchor the supports. Thus the short-span girders can be made
lighter because their span is shorter.
Bollman truss[edit]
Bollman truss in Savage, Maryland. Built in 1869, moved to Savage in 1887. It is still in use today as a
pedestrian bridge.
39°8′5.42″N 76°49′30.33″W

Main article: Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge

The Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge at Savage, Maryland, is the only surviving example of a
revolutionary design in the history of American bridge engineering. The type was named for its
inventor, Wendel Bollman, a self-educated Baltimore engineer. It was the first successful all-
metal bridge design (patented in 1852) to be adopted and consistently used on a railroad. The
design employs wrought iron tension members and cast iron compression members. The use
of multiple independent tension elements reduces the likelihood of catastrophic failure. The
structure was also easy to assemble.
The Wells Creek Bollman Bridge is the only other bridge designed by Wendel Bollman still in
existence, but it is a Warren truss configuration.
Bowstring arch truss[edit]

Bowstring truss illustrated

A bowstring truss bridge, in London, Ontario, Canada

The bowstring arch through truss bridge was patented in 1841[10] by Squire Whipple.[11] While
similar in appearance to a tied-arch bridge, a bowstring truss is a truss and thus has diagonal
load-bearing members. These diagonals result in a structure that more closely matches
a Parker truss or Pratt truss than a true arch.
Brown truss[edit]

Brown truss illustrated. All interior vertical elements are under tension.

Main article: Brown truss

This type of truss is particularly suited for timber structures that use iron rods as tension
members.
Brunel truss[edit]
See Lenticular truss below
Burr arch truss[edit]

A covered bridge with a Burr arch truss structure

Main article: Burr Arch Truss

This combines an arch with a truss to form a structure both strong and rigid.
Cantilevered truss[edit]

Forth Bridge

Main article: Cantilever bridge

Most trusses have the lower chord under tension and the upper chord under compression. In a
cantilever truss the situation is reversed, at least over a portion of the span. The typical
cantilever truss bridge is a "balanced cantilever", which enables the construction to proceed
outward from a central vertical spar in each direction. Usually these are built in pairs until the
outer sections may be anchored to footings. A central gap, if present, can then be filled by
lifting a conventional truss into place or by building it in place using a "traveling support". In
another method of construction, one outboard half of each balanced truss is built upon
temporary falsework. When the outboard halves are completed and anchor the inboard halves
may then be constructed and the center section completed as described above.
Fink truss[edit]

Fink truss (half span and cross section)

Main article: Fink truss

The Fink truss was designed by Albert Fink of Germany in the 1860s. This type of bridge was
popular with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The Appomattox High Bridge on the Norfolk and
Western Railway included 21 Fink deck truss spans from 1869 until their replacement in 1886.
There are also inverted Fink truss bridges such as the Moody Pedestrian Bridge in Austin,
Texas.
Howe truss[edit]

Howe truss illustrated – the diagonals are under compression under balanced loading

The relatively rare Howe truss, patented in 1840 by Massachusetts millwright William Howe,
includes vertical members and diagonals that slope up towards the center, the opposite of
the Pratt truss.[12] In contrast to the Pratt truss, the diagonal web members are in compression
and the vertical web members are in tension. Examples include Jay Bridgein Jay, New York,
and Sandy Creek Covered Bridge in Jefferson County, Missouri.

A large timber Howe truss in a commercial building

Jay Bridge showing the truss design

K truss[edit]

K-truss

I-895 K-truss

A truss in the form of a K due to the orientation of the vertical member and two oblique
members in each panel. An example is the Südbrücke rail bridge over the River Rhine, Mainz,
Germany (https://ssl.panoramio.com/photo/48902816[dead link]) and on I-895 (Baltimore Harbor
Tunnel Thruway) in Baltimore Maryland.
Kingpost truss[edit]
Main article: King post

King post truss

One of the simplest truss styles to implement, the king post consists of two angled supports
leaning into a common vertical support.
Lattice truss (Town's lattice truss)[edit]

Lattice, or Warren quadrangular truss illustrated

Plank lattice truss of a covered bridge

Main article: Lattice truss bridge

This type of bridge uses a substantial number of lightweight elements, easing the task of
construction. Truss elements are usually of wood, iron, or steel.
Lenticular truss[edit]

Lenticular, or Pauli truss illustrated

Royal Albert Bridge under construction, 1859

A lenticular truss bridge includes a lens-shape truss, with trusses between an upper arch that
curves up and then down to end points, and a lower arch that curves down and then up to
meet at the same end points. Where the arches extend above and below the roadbed, it is
a lenticular pony truss bridge.
One type of lenticular truss consists of arcuate upper compression chords and
lower eyebar chain tension links. The Royal Albert Bridge (United Kingdom) uses a single
tubular upper chord. As the horizontal tension and compression forces are balanced these
horizontal forces are not transferred to the supporting pylons (as is the case with most arch
types). This in turn enables the truss to be fabricated on the ground and then to be raised by
jacking as supporting masonry pylons are constructed. This truss has been used in the
construction of a stadium,[13] with the upper chords of parallel trusses supporting a roof that
may be rolled back. The Smithfield Street Bridge in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is another
example of this type.
An example of a lenticular pony truss bridge that uses regular spans of iron is the Turn-of-River
Bridge designed and manufactured by the Berlin Iron Bridge Co..
Long truss[edit]
HAER diagram of a Long Truss

Designed by Stephen H. Long in 1830. The design resembles a Howe truss, but is entirely
made of wood instead of a combination of wood and metal.[14] The longest surviving example is
the Eldean Covered Bridge north of Troy, Ohio, spanning 224 feet (68 m).[15] One of the earliest
examples is the Old Blenheim Bridge, which with a span of 210 feet (64 m) and a total length of
232 feet (71 m) long was the second-longest covered bridge in the United States, until its
destruction from flooding in 2011.
The Busching bridge, often erroneously used as an example of a Long truss, is an example of
a Howe truss, as the verticals are metal rods.[16] A Long truss has timber verticals.
Parker (camelback) truss[edit]
"Camelback bridge" redirects here. For the concrete bridge type, see concrete curved-chord
through girder bridge.
A Parker truss bridge is
a Pratt truss design
with a polygonal upper
chord. A "camelback"
is a subset of the Parker
type, where the upper
chord consists of
exactly five segments.
An example of a Parker
truss is the Traffic
Parker truss illustrated.
Bridge in Saskatoon,
Canada. An example of
The Woolsey Bridge is an example of a
a camelback truss is
Parker camelback truss the Woolsey
Bridgenear Woolsey,
Arkansas.
Pegram truss[edit]

Pegram truss
The Pegram truss is a hybrid between the Warren and Parker trusses where the upper chords
are all of equal length and the lower chords are longer than the corresponding upper chord.
Because of the difference in upper and lower chord length, each panel is not square. The
members which would be vertical in a Parker truss vary from near vertical in the center of the
span to diagonal near each end (like a Warren truss). George H. Pegram, while the chief
engineer of Edge Moor Iron Company in Wilmington, Delaware, patented this truss design in
1885.[17]
The Pegram truss consists of a Parker type design with the vertical posts leaning towards the
center at an angle between 60 and 75°. The variable post angle and constant chord length
allowed steel in existing bridges to be recycled into a new span using the Pegram truss design.
This design also facilitated reassembly and permitted a bridge to be adjusted to fit different
span lengths. There are twelve known remaining Pegram span bridges in the United States
with seven in Idaho, two in Kansas, and one each in California, Washington, and Utah.[citation
needed]

Pennsylvania (Petit) truss[edit]

Pennsylvania, or Petit truss illustrated.

The Fair Oaks Bridge is an example of Pennsylvania Petit truss bridge.

The Pennsylvania (Petit) truss is a variation on the Pratt truss.[18] The Pratt truss includes
braced diagonal members in all panels; the Pennsylvania truss adds to this design half-length
struts or ties in the top, bottom, or both parts of the panels. It is named after the Pennsylvania
Railroad, which pioneered this design. It was once used for hundreds of bridges in the United
States, but fell out of favor in the 1930s, and very few bridges of this design
remain.[19] Examples of this truss type include the Lower Trenton Bridge in Trenton, New
Jersey, the Schell Bridge in Northfield, Massachusetts, the Inclined Plane Bridge in Johnstown,
Pennsylvania, and the Healdsburg Memorial Bridge in Healdsburg, California.
Post truss[edit]
A Post truss

A Post truss is a hybrid between a Warren truss and a double-intersection Pratt truss. Invented
in 1863 by Simeon S. Post, it is occasionally referred to as a Post patent truss although he
never received a patent for it.[20] The Ponakin Bridge and the Bell Ford Bridge are two examples
of this truss.
Pratt truss[edit]

Pratt truss

Gatton Railway Bridge showing the Pratt truss design

A Pratt truss includes vertical members and diagonals that slope down towards the center, the
opposite of the Howe truss.[12] The interior diagonals are under tension under balanced loading
and vertical elements under compression. If pure tension elements are used in the diagonals
(such as eyebars) then crossing elements may be needed near the center to accept
concentrated live loads as they traverse the span. It can be subdivided, creating Y- and K-
shaped patterns. The Pratt truss was invented in 1844 by Thomas and Caleb Pratt.[21] This
truss is practical for use with spans up to 250 feet (76 m) and was a common configuration for
railroad bridges as truss bridges moved from wood to metal. They are statically
determinate bridges, which lend themselves well to long spans. They were common in the
United States between 1844 and the early 20th century.[21]
Examples of Pratt through truss bridges are the Governor's Bridge in Maryland,[21] Dearborn
River High Bridge near Augusta, Montana, built in 1897, and the Fair Oaks Bridge in Fair Oaks,
California, built 1907–09.
The Scenic Bridge near Tarkio, Montana is an example of a Pratt deck truss bridge, where the
roadway is on top of the truss.
Queenpost truss[edit]
Main article: Queen post

Queen post truss

The queenpost truss, sometimes "queen post" or "queenspost", is similar to a king post truss in
that the outer supports are angled towards the center of the structure. The primary difference is
the horizontal extension at the center which relies on beam action to provide mechanical
stability. This truss style is only suitable for relatively short spans.[22]
Thatcher truss[edit]

Thatcher Truss illustrated

The Thatcher truss combines some of the characteristics of a Pratt truss with diagonals under
tension and a Howe trusswith diagonals under compression. It is quite rare.
Truss arch[edit]
Main article: Truss arch bridge

Truss arch bridge illustration

A truss arch may contain all horizontal forces within the arch itself, or alternatively may be
either a thrust arch consisting of a truss, or of two arcuate sections pinned at the apex. The
latter form is common when the bridge is constructed as cantilever segments from each side
as in the Navajo Bridge.
Vierendeel truss[edit]
Main article: Vierendeel bridge

A Vierendeel bridge

The Vierendeel truss, unlike common pin-jointed trusses, imposes significant bending forces
upon its members — but this in turn allows the elimination of many diagonal elements. It is a
structure where the members are not triangulated but form rectangular openings, and is a
frame with fixed joints that are capable of transferring and resisting bending moments. While
rare as a bridge type due to higher costs compared to a triangulated truss, it is commonly
employed in modern building construction as it allows the resolution of gross shear forces
against the frame elements while retaining rectangular openings between columns. This is
advantageous both in allowing flexibility in the use of the building space and freedom in
selection of the building's outer curtain wall, which affects both interior and exterior styling
aspects.
Waddell truss[edit]

Waddell "A" truss (1898 bridge)

Main article: John Alexander Low Waddell

Patented 1894 (U.S. Patent 529,220) its simplicity eases erection at the site. It was intended to
be used as a railroad bridge.
Warren truss[edit]

Warren truss illustrated – some of the diagonals are under compression and some under tension

The Warren truss was patented in 1848 by James Warren and Willoughby Theobald Monzani,
and consists of longitudinal members joined only by angled cross-members, forming alternately
inverted equilateral triangle-shaped spaces along its length, ensuring that no individual strut,
beam, or tie is subject to bending or torsional straining forces, but only to tension or
compression. Loads on the diagonals alternate between compression and tension
(approaching the center), with no vertical elements, while elements near the center must
support both tension and compression in response to live loads. This configuration combines
strength with economy of materials and can therefore be relatively light. The girders being of
equal length, it is ideal for use in prefabricated modular bridges. It is an improvement over the
Neville truss which uses a spacing configuration of isosceles triangles.
Whipple truss[edit]

Whipple truss illustrated

Whipple truss illustrated

Bridge L-158

A Whipple truss, named after its inventor Squire Whipple, is usually considered a subclass of
the Pratt truss because the diagonal members are designed to work in tension. The main
characteristic of a Whipple truss is that the tension members are elongated, usually thin, and at
a shallow angle, and cross two or more bays (rectangular sections defined by the vertical
members).

Truss bridge video[edit]

Driving across a truss bridge:

References[edit]
 Historic American Engineering Record (1976). "Trusses: A
Study by the Historic American Engineering Record" (PDF).
National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-05-29.

Footnotes[edit]
1. Jump up^ Science and Industry, Members of a Truss Bridge by
Benj. F. La Rue, Home Study Magazine, Published by the
Colliery Engineer Company, Vol 3, No. 2, March 1898, pages
67-68.
2. Jump up^ "Temporary Skagit River bridge may be open in
weeks". King 5 television. May 26, 2013. Archived from the
original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
3. Jump up^ "Timber Truss Bridges" (PDF). McMillan Britton & Kell
Pty Limited. Roads and Traffic Authority. December 1998.
Retrieved 23 November 2010.
4. Jump up^ "Tharwa Bridge Conservation Management
Plan" (PDF). Philip Leeson Architects. Roads ACT. 5 March
2009. pp. 42, 45. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
5. Jump up^ "1307.8 – Australian Capital Territory in Focus,
2007". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 November 2007.
Retrieved 23 November 2010.
6. Jump up^ "Tharwa Bridge". Engineers Australia. Canberra's
Engineering Heritage. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
7. Jump up^ "Minutes of State Heritage Register Committee
meeting" (PDF). State Heritage Register Committee. Heritage
Council of New South Wales. 5 November 2008. p. 5. Archived
from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 23
November 2010.
8. Jump up^ "Hampden Bridge, Wagga Wagga, NSW". Timber
Building in Australia. Archived from the original on 2013-05-12.
Retrieved 2008-06-05.
9. Jump up^ Google-maps "-34.180255,150.610654" clearly
shows bridge with traffic
10. Jump up^ U.S. Patent 2,064
11. Jump up^ Gardner, Denis P. (2008). Wood, Concrete, Stone,
Steel: Minnesota's Historic Bridges. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8166-4666-1.
12. ^ Jump up to:a b Matsuo Bridge Company, Bridge Types –
Truss Archived 2006-09-05 at the Wayback Machine., accessed
September 2007
13. Jump up^ Arizona Cardinals Stadium
14. Jump up^ CoveredBridgeSite, Long truss
15. Jump up^ Eldean Covered Bridge – Troy, Ohio – Covered
Bridges on. Waymarking.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
16. Jump up^ "Busching Bridge". CLR Inc. Construction and
Transportation. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011.
Retrieved June 25, 2012.
17. Jump up^ US 314262, Pegram, George H., "Truss for Roofs
and Bridges", published 10-24-1881, issued 03-24-1885
18. Jump up^ Bridge Basics – A Spotter's Guide
19. Jump up^ National Register of Historic Places Registration
Form for Healdsburg Memorial Bridge, California State Park
System, accessed 2011-12-26.
20. Jump up^ Jackson, Donald C. (1995). Great American Bridges
and Dams. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-
471-14385-7.
 21. ^ Jump up to:a b c Maryland Historical Trust Property Number
PG-74B-1 & AA-85I (PDF), Maryland Inventory of Historic
Bridges, retrieved 5 January 2013
22. Jump up^ Covered Bridge's Truss Types Archived 2006-09-04
at the Wayback Machine.

External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Through
truss bridges and Truss
drawings.

 Bridge Basics – A Spotter's Guide to Bridge Design –

from Pghbridges.com – Illustrates many of the various types of
truss arrangements used in bridges.
 Historic Bridges of Michigan and Elsewhere – Many photos of
truss bridges are available on this informative and mainly
truss-focused bridge website.
 Historic Bridges of Iowa – An illustrated list of different
architectural bridge types found in Iowa, USA. Many of these
are truss bridges.
 Historic Bridges of the U.S. – An enormous database of
historic bridges. Over 17,400 truss bridges are listed here.
 Iron and Early Steel Bridges of Ohio A comprehensive
inventory of all remaining truss bridges in Ohio. Includes
maps, photos, and invites visitor assistance in identifying
extant or demolished bridges.
 Matsuo Bridge Company: Bridge Types – Truss
 structurae.de The Structurae database on bridges.

[hide]

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