Sintaksa 12c Kolokvijum Pitanja I Odgovori2c Skraćeni Deo
Sintaksa 12c Kolokvijum Pitanja I Odgovori2c Skraćeni Deo
Sintaksa 12c Kolokvijum Pitanja I Odgovori2c Skraćeni Deo
A few countable nouns are abstract: e.g. a hope, an idea a nuisance a remark a situation.
A number of abstract nouns can be used only as countables: e.g. a denial a proposal a scheme a statement
Many uncountable nouns are abstract: e.g. anger, equality, honesty
Partitives are useful when we want to refer to specific pieces of an uncountable substance, or
to a limited number of countable items.
They can be singular (a piece of paper; a box of matches) or
plural (two pieces of paper; two boxes of matches) and are followed by of when used before a noun.
The most useful are:
a) General partitives
Words such as piece and (less formal) bit can be used with a large number of uncountables (concrete or abstract):
singular: a piece of/bit of chalk/cloth/information/meat/plastic
plural: pieces of/bits of chalk/cloth/information/meat/plastic.
b) Specific partitives
Single items or amounts:
a ball of string, a bar of chocolate, a cube of ice, a lump of sugar; a sheet of paper, a slice of bread
A few of these can be re-expressed as compounds: e.g. a sugar lump, ice cubes
An adjective describes the person, thing, etc which a noun refers to. We use adjectives to say what a person, etc is
like or seems like For example, adjectives can give us information about
Quality a beautiful dress a nice day
Size a big car a small coin a tall man
Age a new handbag a young man Temperature a cool evening a hot day
Shape a round table a square box
Colour blue eyes grey hair a white horse
Origin a Japanese camera a Swiss watch
An adjective can also describe the idea(s) contained in a whole group of words, as in
Professor Roberts lecture on magnetism was fascinating.
Many adjectives can answer the question What like? and, depending on context, can give general or precise
information What's Tom like (to look at)? - He's dark/short/tall What's Pam like (as a person)? - She's
clever/kind/witty What's the car like? - It's new/old/red/rusty
What's the car like to drive? -It's difficult/fast/slow
23. Classification of adjectives. Define. Illustrate each.
Adjectives are classified into 8 groups:
1. Proper adjectives
2. Possessive adjectives
3. Quantitative adjectives
4. Demonstrtive adjectives
5. Interrogative adjectives
6. Qualitative/Descriptive adjectives
7. Distributive adjectives
8. Compound adjectives
1. Proper ajdectives are adjectives that are formed from proper nouns. Most of them identify people, places,
languages, or groups: American cars, English grammar, Parisian scarf. These adjectives are still performing the
job of an adjective: They are all describing nouns. They all begin with a capital letter.
2. Possessive adjective are: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their and they are used to to show:
a) something belongs to somebody:
That’s our house.
My car is very old.
b) for relations and friends:
My mother is a doctor.
How old is your sister?
c) for parts of the body:
He’s broken his arm.
She’s washing her hair.
3. Quantitative adjectives are those adjectives which describe the measurement i.e. count or amount of any
living beings or non-living things. Quantitative Adjectives answer the questions, how much or how many? To
some extent we can count or weigh Quantitative Adjectives. Quantitative Adjectives can be:
1. Definite:
The clear numbers like one, three, seven, eighty, five etc. are known as cardinals.
The words like first, seventh, third etc. are known as ordinals.
2. Indefinite: some, few, little, most, all, no, enough, any, whole, sufficient, none.
I ate some roasted chicken.
He has many cherries in his large pocket.
Linda ate whole burger.
These ignorant people have no common sense.
I can see enough juice in the jug for the breakfast.
4. Qualitative/Descriptive adjectives are those adjectives which describe nouns or the noun phrases. For
example: 'A beautiful day'. In this case, 'beautiful' is the adjective which qualifies or describes the noun 'day'.
Descriptive adjectives have several forms as discussed below.
Colors as adjectives: Black, Blue, White, Green, etc.
Touch as adjective: Slippery, Sticky, etc.
Feelings as adjectives: Happy, Sad, Angry, etc.
Sizes as adjectives: Big, Small, Thin, Thick, etc.
Origin as adjectives: European, Latin, Greek, etc.
Shapes as adjectives: Triangular, Rectangular, Square, Circular, etc.
Qualities as adjectives: Good, Bad, Average, etc.
Time as adjective: Yearly, Monthly, etc.
Age as adjectives: Young, Ancient, Old, etc.
Material as adjectives: Wood, Cotton, Gold, etc.
Opinions as adjectives: Pretty, hot, expensive, etc.
5. Distributive adjectives are used to refer to each and every person/thing separately: each, every, either,
neither. Each candidate was interviewed by the HR manager. (NOT Each candidates were interviewed by
the ...)
Each hand has five fingers.
Every man must do his duty.
There are long fields of rice on either side of the river.
Neither boy is trustworthy.
6. Compound adjectives are adjectives that comprise more than one word. Usually, a hyphen (or hyphens) is
used to link the words together to show that it is one adjective. For example:
Please request a four-foot table.
(Four-foot is an adjective describing table. A hyphen is used to link four and foot to show they are part of the same
adjective.)
It is a 6-page document.
Claire worked as a part-time keeper at the safari park.
That is an all-too-common mistake.
1. Adverb of time tells us when something is done or happens. We use it at the beginning or at the end of a
sentence. We use it as a form of emphasis when we place it at the beginning. Adverbs of time include afterwards,
last month, now, soon, then, and yesterday.
He collapsed and died yesterday.
His factory was burned down a few months ago.
Last week, we were stuck in the lift for an hour.
2. Adverb of place tells us where something is done or happens. We use it after the verb, object or at the end
of a sentence. Adverbs of place include words such as above, below, here, outside, over there, there, under,
upstairs.
We can stop here for lunch.
The schoolboy was knocked over by a school bus.
They rushed for their lives when fire broke out in the floor below.
3. Adverb of manner tells us how something is done or happens. Most adverbs of manner end in –ly such as
badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, and others that include well, hard, fast, etc.
The brothers were badly injured in the fight.
They had to act fast to save the others floating in the water.
At the advanced age of 88, she still sang very well.
4. Adverb of degree tells us the level or extent that something is done or happens. Words of adverb of degree
are almost, much, nearly, quite, really, so, too, very, etc.
It was too dark for us to find our way out of the cave. (Before adjective)
The referee had to stop the match when it began to rain very heavily. (Before adverb)
Her daughter is quite fat for her age.
5. Adverb of frequency tells us how often something is done or happens. Words used as adverbs of
frequency include always, ever, frequently, generally, hardly ever, nearly, nearly always, never, occasionally,
often, rarely, seldom, sometimes.
He hardly ever say something nice to his wife.
She is not nearly always right although she thinks she is always right.
There are some rules where these adverbs can stand:
e) In front of a main verb, eg.: I always read books
f) Between an auxiliary verb and a main verb, eg.: He doesn’t always come on time.
g) After the verb TO BE, when it is a main verb, eg.: He is always cold.
h) When we want to emphasize, these adverbs are at the very beginning of the sentence, eg.: Sometimes he
reads books.
6. Adverbs of reason gives a reason for the main idea. An adverb of reason usually starts with a
subordinating conjunctions like as, because, given, or since. For example:
Given today's strong tide, you should expect a tough swim.
(Given today's strong tide - adverb of reason)
I don't have a bank account because I don't know my mother's maiden name. (Paula Poundstone).
(because I don't know my mother's maiden name - adverb of reason)
7. Interrogative adverbs are used for asking questions. There are several different kinds of interrogative
adverbs.
a) Interrogative Adverbs of Time: when, how long, how early, how soon etc.
e) Interrogative adverbs of degree or quantity: how much, how far, how high etc.
8. Relative adverbs introduces a group of words, or a clause, that tells more about a noun. Relative adverbs
can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus a preposition. There are three main relative adverbs: where, when,
and why.
This is the store in which I bought my backpack. (relative pronoun plus preposition)
This is the store where I bought my backpack. (relative adverb)
Noon is the time when we eat lunch.
I don’t know the reason why Larry isn’t in class today.
9. Adverbs of exclamation or Exclamatory adverbs express the feelings associated with the action.
How tall the tower is!
What a tall tree it is!
36. What types of verbs are there according to functions of items? Illustrate
According to functions of items, verbs can be:
Lexical verbs: regular (work), irregular (teach)
Auxiliary verbs: primary (be, have, do), modal (can-could, may-might, shall-should, will-would, must,
ought to), marginal (used to, dare, need).
39. What types of verbs are there according to possibility of admitting progressive aspect? Illustrate
According to possibility of admitting progressive aspect, there are:
a) Stative (state) verbs show the condition or status and do not accept the progressive aspect: I am a boy
1. Verbs of inert perception and recognition: adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear, impress, know, like,
etc: I like her.
2. Relational verbs: apply to, deserve, lack, matter, need, resemble, possess, sound, etc:
She resembles her mother.
b) Dynamic (action) verbs show the action or the change of status: She learns English.
1. Verbs of body sensation: ache, hurt, itch, fell, etc.
2. Activities verbs: ask, eat, help, learn, say, throw, write, etc.
3. Transitional event verbs: arriveland, leave, lose, die, etc.
4. Momentary verbs: hit, jump, kick, nod, tap, etc.
5. Process verbs: change, deteriorate, grow, mature, etc.
b) Phrasal Verbs are defined as periphrastic intransitive or transitive verbs that consist of a verb followed
by one or more prepositions. The preposition functions as a particle. A particle is defined as a function
word that performs a grammatical function but has little lexical meaning. The following English verbs
are phrasal verbs: act up (misbehave), butt in (interrupt), drop in on (visit), get in (arrive), mix up
(confuse), take after (resemble),
For example:
What time does the train get in?
I always mix their names up!
She takes after her father.
Phrasal verbs may be either intransitive or transitive depending on the specific verb. Intransitive phrasal
verbs cannot or do not take direct objects. Transitive phrasal verbs must take direct objects. For example:
The baby just woke up. (intransitive)
My little brother ran away from home. (intransitive)
Two toddlers threw up today. (intransitive)
The construction crew blew up the old building. (transitive)
The courts have done away with corporeal punishment. (transitive)
He will pay off his debt. (transitive)
The preposition functioning as the particle may or may not directly follow the verb. Nonseparable phrasal
verbs require the preposition to directly follow the verb. Optionally separable phrasal verbs allow the
preposition to follow either the verb or the direct object. Obligatorily separable phrasal verbs require the
preposition to directly follow the direct object. Only transitive phrasal verbs can be optionally or
obligatorily separable. For example:
The entertainment finally showed up. (nonseparable)
The boss just laid in on our lazy coworker. (nonseparable)
The ushers pass out the programs. (optionally separable)
The ushers pass the programs out. (optionally separable)
The child looked up the information. (optionally separable)
The child looked the information up. (optionally separable)
The meaning of a phrasal verb is figurative. For example, the meaning of the phrasal verb throw up
"vomit" cannot be determined by combining the meanings of throw "toss" and up "at a higher point."
Phrasal verbs often have single-word synonyms as in throw up and vomit.
Note: The word preposition means positioned before. A preposition will sit before a word (a noun or a pronoun) to
show that word's relationship to another nearby word.
Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with similar values. They may connect two
words, two phrases, two independent clauses or two dependent clauses.
For example, in each of the following sentences the coordinating conjunction “and" connects equal words or
groups of words:
Connects two words: John and Reggie stayed up all night practicing their guitars.
Connects two phrases: The squirrel scurried up the tree trunk and onto a low branch.
Connects two clauses: Several managers sat with their backs to us, and I could almost hear them snickering at us
lowly workers.
There are only seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language, and they are often remembered by using
the acronym “FANBOYS": for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by making one into a subordinating clause. The
subordinating clause acts as one huge adverb, answering the questions “when" or “why" about the main clause, or
imposing conditions or opposition on it.
Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions changing a clause into adverbial subordinating clauses in
different ways:
I can go shopping after I finish studying for my exam. (when)
Because the night was young, Gertrude decided to take a walk. (why)
Correlative conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They are similar to coordinating conjunctions because they join
sentence elements that are similar in importance.
The following are some examples of coordinating conjunctions:
Both, and: Both Rodney and Xing made the varsity team this year.
Neither, nor: Neither Rodney nor Xing made the varsity team this year.
Not only, but also: Not only did Rodney make the varsity team, but he also become one of the strongest players.
Remember these three types of conjunctions - coordinate, subordinate and correlative conjunctions - and you've
got one part of speech down pat.