Meditation: An Introduction

Meditation is a mind-body practice in complementary and alternative

medicine (CAM). There are many types of meditation, most of which
originated in ancient religious and spiritual traditions. Generally, a
person who is meditating uses certain techniques, such as a specific
posture, focused attention, and an open attitude toward distractions.
Meditation may be practiced for many reasons, such as to increase
calmness and physical relaxation, to improve psychological balance, to
cope with illness, or to enhance overall health and well-being. This
Backgrounder provides a general introduction to meditation and
suggests some resources for more information.

Key Points

 People practice meditation for a number of health-related purposes.

 It is not fully known what changes occur in the body during

meditation; whether they influence health; and, if so, how.
Research is under way to find out more about meditation’s
effects, how it works, and diseases and conditions for which it
may be most helpful.

 Tell your health care providers about any complementary and

alternative practices you use. Give them a full picture of what
you do to manage your health. This will help ensure coordinated
and safe care.

Overview

The term meditation refers to a group of techniques, such as mantra

meditation, relaxation response, mindfulness meditation, and Zen
Buddhist meditation. Most meditative techniques started in Eastern
religious or spiritual traditions. These techniques have been used by
many different cultures throughout the world for thousands of
years. Today, many people use meditation outside of its traditional
religious or cultural settings, for health and well-being.
In meditation, a person learns to focus attention. Some forms of meditation instruct the
practitioner to become mindful of thoughts, feelings, and sensations and to observe them in a
nonjudgmental way. This practice is believed to result in a state of greater calmness and
physical relaxation, and psychological balance. Practicing meditation can change how a person
relates to the flow of emotions and thoughts.

Most types of meditation have four elements in common:

 A quiet location. Meditation is usually practiced in a quiet place with as few distractions as
possible. This can be particularly helpful for beginners.

 A specific, comfortable posture. Depending on the type being practiced, meditation can be
done while sitting, lying down, standing, walking, or in other positions.

 A focus of attention. Focusing one’s attention is usually a part of meditation. For example,
the meditator may focus on a mantra (a specially chosen word or set of words), an object,
or the sensations of the breath. Some forms of meditation involve paying attention to
whatever is the dominant content of consciousness.

 An open attitude. Having an open attitude during meditation means letting distractions
come and go naturally without judging them. When the attention goes to distracting or
wandering thoughts, they are not suppressed; instead, the meditator gently brings
attention back to the focus. In some types of meditation, the meditator learns to “observe”
thoughts and emotions while meditating.

Meditation used as CAM is a type of mind-body medicine. Generally, mind-body medicine

focuses on:

 The interactions among the brain/mind, the rest of the body, and behavior

 The ways in which emotional, mental, social, spiritual, and behavioral factors can directly
affect health.

Uses of Meditation for Health in the United States

A 2007 national Government survey that asked about CAM use in a sample of 23,393 U.S. adults
found that 9.4 percent of respondents (representing more than 20 million people) had used
meditation in the past 12 months—compared with 7.6 percent of respondents (representing
more than 15 million people) in a similar survey conducted in 2002. The 2007 survey also asked
about CAM use in a sample of 9,417 children; 1 percent (representing 725,000 children) had
used meditation in the past 12 months.

People use meditation for various health problems, such as:

 Anxiety
 Pain

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 Depression
 Stress
 Insomnia
 Physical or emotional symptoms that may be associated with chronic illnesses (such as
heart disease, HIV/AIDS, and cancer) and their treatment.

Meditation is also used for overall health and well-being.

Examples of Meditation Practices

Mindfulness meditation and Transcendental Meditation (also known as TM) are two common forms
of meditation. NCCAM-sponsored research projects are studying both types of meditation.

Mindfulness meditation is an essential component of Buddhism. In one common form of

mindfulness meditation, the meditator is taught to bring attention to the sensation of the flow
of the breath in and out of the body. The meditator learns to focus attention on what is being
experienced, without reacting to or judging it. This is seen as helping the meditator learn to
experience thoughts and emotions in normal daily life with greater balance and acceptance.

The TM technique is derived from Hindu traditions. It uses a mantra (a word, sound, or phrase
repeated silently) to prevent distracting thoughts from entering the mind. The goal of TM is to
achieve a state of relaxed awareness.

How Meditation Might Work

Practicing meditation has been shown to induce some changes in the body. By learning more
about what goes on in the body during meditation, researchers hope to be able to identify
diseases or conditions for which meditation might be useful.

Some types of meditation might work by affecting the autonomic (involuntary) nervous
system. This system regulates many organs and muscles, controlling functions such as
heartbeat, sweating, breathing, and digestion. It has two major parts:

 The sympathetic nervous system helps mobilize the body for action. When a person is
under stress, it produces the “fight-or-flight response”: the heart rate and breathing rate go
up and blood vessels narrow (restricting the flow of blood).

 The parasympathetic nervous system causes the heart rate and breathing rate to slow down,
the blood vessels to dilate (improving blood flow), and the flow of digestive juices to increase.

It is thought that some types of meditation might work by reducing activity in the sympathetic
nervous system and increasing activity in the parasympathetic nervous system.

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In one area of research, scientists are using sophisticated tools to determine whether
meditation is associated with significant changes in brain function. A number of researchers
believe that these changes account for many of meditation’s effects.

It is also possible that practicing meditation may work by improving the mind’s ability to pay
attention. Since attention is involved in performing everyday tasks and regulating mood,
meditation might lead to other benefits.

A 2007 NCCAM-funded review of the scientific literature found some evidence suggesting that
meditation is associated with potentially beneficial health effects. However, the overall
evidence was inconclusive. The reviewers concluded that future research needs to be more
rigorous before firm conclusions can be drawn.

Side Effects and Risks

Meditation is considered to be safe for healthy people. There have been rare reports that meditation
could cause or worsen symptoms in people who have certain psychiatric problems, but this question
has not been fully researched. People with physical limitations may not be able to participate in
certain meditative practices involving physical movement. Individuals with existing mental or
physical health conditions should speak with their health care providers prior to starting a
meditative practice and make their meditation instructor aware of their condition.

If You Are Thinking About Using Meditation Practices

 Do not use meditation as a replacement for conventional care or as a reason to postpone

seeing a doctor about a medical problem.

 Ask about the training and experience of the meditation instructor you are considering.

 Look for published research studies on meditation for the health condition in which you
are interested.

 Tell all your health care providers about any complementary and alternative practices you
use. Give them a full picture of what you do to manage your health. This will help ensure
coordinated and safe care. For tips about talking with your health care providers about
CAM, see NCCAM’s Time to Talk campaign at nccam.nih.gov/timetotalk/.

NCCAM-Funded Research

Some recent NCCAM-supported studies have been investigating meditation for:

 Relieving stress in caregivers for elderly patients with dementia

 Reducing the frequency and intensity of hot flashes in menopausal women
 Relieving symptoms of chronic back pain
 Improving attention-related abilities (alerting, focusing, and prioritizing)
 Relieving asthma symptoms.

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Selected References

Barnes PM, Bloom B, Nahin R. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States,
2007. CDC National Health Statistics Report #12. 2008.

Bonadonna R. Meditation’s impact on chronic illness. Holistic Nursing Practice. 2003;17(6):309-319.

Cardoso R, de Souza E, Camano L, et al. Meditation in health: an operational definition. Brain Research. Brain Research

Protocols. 2004;14(1):58-60.

Caspi O, Burleson KO. Methodological challenges in meditation research. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine.

2005;21(1):4-11.

Davidson RJ, Kabat-Zinn J, Schumacher J, et al. Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness

meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2003;65(4):564-570.

Davidson RJ, Lutz A. Buddha’s brain: neuroplasticity and meditation. IEEE Signal Processing. 2007;25(1):171-174.

Edwards L. Meditation as medicine: benefits go beyond relaxation. Advance for Nurse Practitioners. 2003;11(5):49-52.

Jha AP, Krompinger J, Baime MJ. Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral

Neuroscience. 2007;7(2):109-119.

Lutz A, Slagter HA, Dunne J, et al. Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

2008:12(4);163-169.

Manocha R. Why meditation? Australian Family Physician. 2000;29(12):1135-1138.

Meditation. Natural Standard Database Web site. Accessed at http://www.naturalstandard.com on March 24, 2008.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Expanding Horizons of Health Care: Strategic Plan 2005-2009.

Bethesda, MD: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine; 2005. NIH publication no. 04-5568.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Mind-Body Medicine: An Overview. National Center for

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Web site. Accessed at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/backgrounds/mindbody.htm

on April 7, 2008.

Newberg AB, Iversen J. The neural basis of the complex mental task of meditation: neurotransmitter and
neurochemical considerations. Medical Hypotheses. 2003;61(2):282-291.

Ospina MB, Bond TK, Karkhaneh M, et al. Meditation Practices for Health: State of the Research. Evidence Report/

Technology Assessment no. 155. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2007. AHRQ publication

no. 07-E010.

Pettinati PM. Meditation, yoga, and guided imagery. Nursing Clinics of North America. 2001;36(1):47-56.

Tacon AM. Meditation as a complementary therapy in cancer. Family and Community Health. 2003;26(1):64-73.

For More Information

NCCAM Clearinghouse

The NCCAM Clearinghouse provides information on CAM and NCCAM, including publications
and searches of Federal databases of scientific and medical literature. The Clearinghouse does
not provide medical advice, treatment recommendations, or referrals to practitioners.

Toll-free in the U.S.: 1-888-644-6226

TTY (for deaf and hard-of-hearing callers): 1-866-464-3615
Web site: nccam.nih.gov
E-mail: [email protected]

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PubMed®

A service of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), PubMed contains publication information

and (in most cases) brief summaries of articles from scientific and medical journals. CAM on

PubMed®, developed jointly by NCCAM and NLM, is a subset of the PubMed system and focuses

on the topic of CAM.

Web site: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez

CAM on PubMed®: nccam.nih.gov/research/camonpubmed/

ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov is a database of information on federally and privately supported clinical

trials (research studies in people) for a wide range of diseases and conditions. It is sponsored
by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Web site: www.clinicaltrials.gov

Acknowledgments

NCCAM thanks the following people for their technical expertise and review of the original
publication: Michael Baime, M.D., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Richard J.
Davidson, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison; Robert Schneider, M.D., Maharishi
University of Management; and Catherine Stoney, Ph.D., Margaret Chesney, Ph.D., and Jack
Killen, M.D., NCCAM.

NCCAM thanks the following people for their technical expertise and review of the content
update of this publication: James Carmody, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts Medical School;
Richard J. Davidson, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison; Amishi P. Jha, Ph.D., University of
Pennsylvania; and Catherine Stoney, Ph.D., NCCAM.

This publication is not copyrighted and is in the public domain.

Duplication is encouraged.

NCCAM has provided this material for your information. It is not intended to substitute
for the medical expertise and advice of your primary health care provider. We encourage
you to discuss any decisions about treatment or care with your health care provider. The
mention of any product, service, or therapy is not an endorsement by NCCAM.

National Institutes of Health



U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

D308
Created February 2006
Updated June 2010