Basic Synonyms

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BASIC
SYNONYMS
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EASIER
ENGLISH
BASIC
SYNONYMS
A BLOOMSBURY REFERENCE BOOK
www.bloomsbury.com
First published in Great Britain 2004
© Copyright Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 2004
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

38 Soho Square
London W1D 3HB
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may

be reproduced in any form or by any means without the
permission of the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 7475 6979 7

eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0203-9
Text processing and computer typesetting by Bloomsbury Publishing

Printed and bound in Italy by Legoprint
All papers used by Bloomsbury Publishing are natural, recyclable

products made from wood grown in well-managed forests.
The manufacturing processes conform to the
environmental regulations of the country of origin.
Editor
Howard Sargeant
Text Production and Proofreading

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Daisy Jackson, Sarah Lusznat
Preface
When several words seem to have almost the same meaning, how do you choose
the right word so that you express exactly what you want to? This book groups
words with similar meanings (known as ‘synonyms’) together and gives each a
definition and example so that the similarities and differences are made clear.
Anyone who wants to write clear and accurate English, using the correct word in a
particular context, will find this book helpful, and a useful companion to the
Easier English Basic Dictionary.
Groups of similar words are arranged alphabetically under the main word for the
particular meaning being illustrated, so words meaning ‘big’ are given at big. The
ways in which these similar words are used in different situations are compared.
Words with an opposite meaning to the main meaning being illustrated (known as
‘antonyms’) are also given.
If you are not sure which group the word you are checking might appear in, you
can find all the words in an alphabetical list at the end of the book with a reference
to the place where they appear. By using this list you will be able to find possible
alternative words to use for the basic word you already know.
BasicSyns.fm Page 1 Tuesday, January 20, 2004 1:26 PM
ability noun
Synonyms: ability, skill, competence, talent, capability
Antonym: inability
Synonyms:
ability
a natural tendency to do something well
I admire his ability to stay calm in difficult situations.
skill
the ability to do something well as a result of training or experience
Portrait painting needs a lot of skill. 쑗 This job will help you develop
management skills.
competence
the quality of being able to do a job or task well enough
Does she have the necessary competence in foreign languages?
talent
an usually good natural ability, especially for something artistic
She’s done well in the theatre – we always knew she had talent.
capability
the practical ability to do something
We have the capability to produce a better machine than this.
Antonym:
inability
the state of being unable to do something
accomplish verb
Synonyms: accomplish, achieve, carry out, pull off
accomplish
to do something successfully
You won’t accomplish anything by arguing.
achieve
to succeed in doing something after trying very hard
Have you achieved all your aims? 쑗 The company has achieved great
success in the USA.
carry out
to do something, especially something that has been planned
Doctors carried out tests on the patients. 쑗 The police are carrying out a
search for the missing man.
pull off
to succeed in doing something very good, especially if it is unexpected
The deal will be great for the company, if we can pull it off.
anger noun
Synonyms: anger, annoyance, irritation, resentment, fury, rage
Antonym: calmness
Synonyms:
anger
a feeling of being very annoyed
He managed to control his anger. 쑗 She couldn’t hide the anger she felt.
annoyance
a feeling of being slightly upset or impatient
There was a tone of annoyance in her voice.
irritation
a feeling of being annoyed and impatient
She watched with irritation as he tried to fix the wheel again.
resentment
the feeling of being angry and upset about something that someone else has
done
The decision caused a lot of resentment among local people.
fury
very strong anger
He shouted at us in fury.
rage
sudden extreme anger
Her face was red with rage.
Antonym:
calmness
the state of being quiet and calm
annoy verb
Synonyms: annoy, irritate, bother, bug
Antonyms: please, delight
Synonyms:
annoy
to make someone feel slightly angry or impatient
Their rude behaviour really annoyed us.
irritate
to make someone feel angry or impatient
It irritates me when the trains run late.
bother
to make someone feel slightly upset or irritated
It bothers me that it takes so long to get a reply.
bug
(informal) to make someone feel slightly angry, especially for a long time
That noise is really bugging me. 쑗 It’s bugging me that I can’t remember
his name
Antonyms:
please
to make someone happy or satisfied
delight
to give great pleasure to someone
answer noun
Synonyms: answer, reply, response, acknowledgement
Antonym: question
Synonyms:
answer
something that you say or write when someone has asked you a question
The answer to your question is yes.
reply
an answer, especially to a letter or telephone call
We wrote last week, but haven’t had a reply yet. 쑗 We had six replies to
our advertisement.
response
something that you do or say as a reaction to something
There was no response to our call for help. 쑗 The changes produced an
angry response from customers.
acknowledgement
a letter or note sent to say that something has been received
We didn’t even receive an acknowledgement from the council. 쑗 a letter of
acknowledgement
Antonym:
question
a sentence which needs an answer
ask verb
Synonyms: ask, demand, beg, request
ask
to put a question to get someone to do something
Ask your father to teach you how to drive. 쑗 Can I ask you not to make so
much noise?
demand
to ask firmly for something
I demand an explanation for your behaviour.
beg
to ask someone in an emotional way to do something or give something
His mother begged him not to go. 쑗 He begged for more time to find the
money.
request
to ask for something politely or formally
I am enclosing the leaflets you requested. 쑗 Guests are requested to leave
their keys at reception.
assistant noun
Synonyms: assistant, helper, deputy, auxiliary
assistant
a person who helps someone as part of their job
His assistant makes all his appointments.
helper
a person who helps someone do a particular job or task, especially without
being paid
The children can be my helpers for the day.
deputy
a person who makes decisions when the manager or boss is away
She’s acting as deputy while her department manager is in hospital.
auxiliary
a person who helps other workers
He works as a nursing auxiliary in the local hospital.
aware adjective
Synonyms: aware, conscious, alert, informed, mindful
Antonyms: unaware, ignorant
Synonyms:
aware
knowing about things that are happening or about facts
I’m not aware of any problem. 쑗 Is he aware that we have to decide
quickly?
conscious
awake and able to know what is happening around you
She was conscious during the operation.
alert
watching or listening carefully, ready to notice something
The patient is still very alert mentally. 쑗 Young people have to be alert to
the dangers of drugs.
informed
having a lot of information, or having the latest information
The programme is aimed at highly informed viewers.
mindful
remembering or thinking about something carefully when doing
something
He is mindful of his responsibilities as a parent. 쑗 You should be mindful
of the risks you are taking.
Antonyms:
unaware
not knowing facts, or not realising that something is happening
ignorant
not knowing things that it is important to know
beach noun
Synonyms: beach, shore, coast, seaside
beach
an area of sand or small stones by the edge of the sea
Some children were digging in the sand on the beach.
shore
land at the edge of the sea or a lake
She stood on the shore waving as the boat sailed away.
coast
parts of a country that are by the sea
After ten weeks at sea, the sailors saw the coast of America. 쑗 The south
coast is the warmest part of the country.
seaside
an area near the sea where people go to have a holiday
a day at the seaside 쑗 seaside hotels
10
beginner noun
Synonyms: beginner, apprentice, novice, learner
Antonyms: expert, old hand
Synonyms:
beginner
a person who is starting to learn something or do something
The course is for absolute beginners. 쑗 I can’t paint very well – I’m just a
beginner.
apprentice
a young person who works as an assistant to a skilled person in order to
learn from them
He’s started work as a plumber’s apprentice.
novice
a person who has very little experience or skill, e.g. in a job or sport
He’s still a novice at rowing. 쑗 A competition like this is not for novices.
learner
a person who is learning how to do something
The evening swimming classes are specially for adult learners. 쑗 The new
dictionary is good for advanced learners of English.
Antonyms:
expert
a person who knows a great deal about a subject
old hand
a person who is very skilled and experienced at doing something
11
big adjective
Synonyms: big, huge, enormous, vast
Antonym: small
Synonyms:
big
of a large size
I don’t want a small car – I want a big one. 쑗 His father has the biggest
restaurant in town. 쑗 I’m not afraid of him – I’m bigger than he is.
huge
of a very large size
Huge waves battered the ship. 쑗 The concert was a huge success. 쑗 Failing
the test was a huge disappointment for him.
enormous
of an extremely large size
The house is absolutely enormous. 쑗 He ate an enormous lunch. 쑗 The
present was an enormous surprise.
vast
extremely big, often extremely wide
vast areas of farmland 쑗 vast differences in price
Antonym:
small
not large in size or amount
12
block verb
Synonyms: block, hinder, hamper, hold back, obstruct
block
to prevent something from passing along something
The pipe is blocked with dead leaves. 쑗 The crash blocked the road for
hours.
hinder
to make it difficult for someone to do something
Snow hindered the efforts of the rescuers.
hamper
to prevent something from happening or moving normally
Lack of funds is hampering our development project. 쑗 The heavy bags
hampered her progress.
hold back
not to go forwards, or stop someone or something from going forwards
Most of the crowd held back until they saw it was safe. 쑗 The water was
held back by a small bank of earth.
obstruct
to prevent someone from doing something
He obstructed their plans by making many complaints.
13
break verb
Synonyms: break, crack, smash, burst
Antonym: mend
Synonyms:
break
to make something divide into pieces accidentally or deliberately
She broke her leg when she was skiing. 쑗 Break the chocolate into four
pieces.
crack
to make a long thin break in something
The stone cracked the glass.
smash
to break something into pieces, often using force or violence
Demonstrators smashed the windows of police cars.
burst
to break open or explode suddenly, or cause something to break open or
explode suddenly
One of the tyres had burst. 쑗 The heat from the fire might burst the balloon.
Antonym:
mend
to repair something which is broken or damaged
14
careful adjective
Synonyms: careful, conscientious, thorough, painstaking
Antonym: careless
Synonyms:
careful
showing attention to details
We are always very careful to give accurate information. 쑗 The project
needs very careful planning.
conscientious
working carefully and well
She’s a very conscientious worker.
thorough
including everything that needs to be dealt with very carefully
The police have carried out a thorough search of the woods.
painstaking
done slowly and carefully in order to avoid mistakes
The design is the result of years of painstaking effort.
Antonym:
careless
without any care or thought
15
cautious adjective
Synonyms: cautious, careful, prudent, vigilant, wary, secretive, cagey
Antonyms: reckless, thoughtless
Synonyms:
cautious
not willing to take risks
She’s a very cautious driver.
careful
taking care not to make mistakes or cause harm
Be careful not to make any noise – the baby is asleep. 쑗 She is very careful
about what she eats.
prudent
showing good sense and using good judgement
It would be prudent to consult a lawyer before you sign the contract.
vigilant
staying very aware of possible danger
The disease particularly affects young children, so parents must remain
vigilant.
wary
aware of a possible problem with someone or something
I am very wary of any of his ideas for making money.
secretive
liking to keep things secret
She’s very secretive about her private life.
cagey
(informal) not wanting to share information
They’re being very cagey about their relationship.
Antonyms:
reckless
doing something or done without thinking
thoughtless
without thinking about other people
16
change verb
Synonyms: change, alter, modify, convert, vary, shift, transform
change
to become different, or make something different
She’s changed so much since I last saw her that I hardly recognised her. 쑗
Living in the country has changed his attitude towards towns.
alter
to become different, or make something different, especially in small ways
or in parts only
They wanted to alter the terms of the contract after they had signed it. 쑗
The shape of his face had altered slightly.
modify
to change something to suit a different situation
The design was modified to make the car faster.
convert
to change something into a different form, or change something for a
different purpose
We are converting the shed into a studio. 쑗 These panels convert the heat
of the sun into electricity.
vary
to be different in different situations, or change within certain limits
The temperature varies from 8°C at night to 18°C during the day.
shift
to change position or direction
We’ve shifted the television from the kitchen into the dining room. 쑗 My
opinion has shifted since I read the official report.
transform
to change the appearance or character of someone or something
completely
The outside of the building has been transformed by cleaning. 쑗 The book
has transformed my views on medical care.
17
child noun
Synonyms: child, baby, toddler, teenager, youngster, youth, kid
Antonym: adult
Synonyms:
child
a young boy or girl
There was no television when my mother was a child. 쑗 A group of children
were playing on the beach.
baby
a very young child
Most babies start to walk when they are about a year old. 쑗 a baby just
starting to get its teeth
toddler
a child who has just learnt to walk
a playground for toddlers
teenager
a young person aged between 13 and 19
She writes stories for teenagers.
youngster
a young person
My grandparents don’t understand today’s youngsters.
youth
a young man
Gangs of youths were causing trouble in the village. 쑗 A youth, aged 16,
was arrested for possessing drugs.
kid
(informal) a child
There were a few school kids on their bicycles. 쑗 They’re married with two
kids.
Antonym:
adult
a fully-grown person
18
clean adjective
Synonyms: clean, pure, spotless, hygienic
Antonym: dirty
Synonyms:
clean
not dirty
Wipe your glasses with a clean handkerchief. 쑗 Tell the waitress these cups
aren’t clean.
pure
not spoiled by being mixed with other things or substances of a lower
quality
a bottle of pure water 쑗 a pure mountain stream
spotless
completely clean, with no dirty marks at all
The tablecloths must be spotless. 쑗 a spotless white shirt
hygienic
clean and safe because all germs have been destroyed
The food must be stored in hygienic conditions. 쑗 Some areas of the factory
didn’t look very hygienic.
Antonym:
dirty
not clean
19
cold adjective
Synonyms: cold, cool, freezing, frozen, icy
Antonyms: warm, hot, boiling
Synonyms:
cold
with a low temperature
It’s too cold to go for a walk. 쑗 If you’re hot, have a glass of cold water. 쑗
He had a plate of cold beef and salad.
cool
cold in a pleasant way, or colder than you would like or than you expect
It was hot on deck but nice and cool down below. 쑗 Wines should be stored
in a cool cellar. 쑗 The evenings were rather cool, so we sat inside.
freezing
very cold, or close to the temperature at which water freezes
It’s freezing outside.
frozen
at a temperature below that at which water freezes
We went skating on the frozen lake.
icy
covered with ice, or very cold
Be careful, the pavement is icy. 쑗 An icy wind was blowing
Antonyms:
warm
fairly hot
hot
very warm; with a high temperature
boiling
very hot
20
collect verb
Synonyms: collect, gather, assemble, hoard
collect
to bring things or people together, or to come together
We collected information from all the people who offered to help. 쑗 A
crowd collected at the scene of the accident.
gather
to come together in one place, or be brought together by someone
Groups of people gathered outside the government building. 쑗 They
gathered together a team of experienced people for the new project.
assemble
to come together in a place, or to be brought together by someone,
especially formally or in an ordered way
We’ll assemble outside the hotel at 9 a.m. 쑗 They assembled a panel of
experts to renew the project. 쑗 Assemble all the items you need for the cake
before you start making it.
hoard
to buy and store supplies of something essential that you think you will
need in a crisis
Everyone started hoarding fuel during the strike.
21
competition noun
Synonyms: competition, contest, match, game
competition
an event in which several teams or people compete with each other
He won first prize in the photography competition.
contest
any event or situation in which people compete with each other
a beauty contest 쑗 There are three senior politicians in this leadership
contest.
match
a single occasion when two teams or players compete with each other in a
sport
We watched the football match on TV. 쑗 He won the last two tennis
matches he played.
game
an activity in which people compete with each other using skill, strength
or luck
She’s not very good at games like chess. 쑗 I enjoy a game of cards.
22
complain verb
Synonyms: complain, object, protest, grumble, whine
Antonym: praise
Synonyms:
complain
to say that something is not good or does not work properly
The shop is so cold the staff have started complaining. 쑗 They are
complaining that our prices are too high.
object
to say that you do not like something or you do not want something to
happen
We object to being treated like children. 쑗 He objected that the pay was too
low.
protest
to say that you strongly disapprove of something, sometimes by shouting
or speaking angrily
Passengers began protesting about the lack of heating on the train. 쑗 My
assistant protested about having to work at the weekend.
grumble
to complain in a bad-tempered way, especially regularly and often about
unimportant things
He’s always grumbling about the music from the flat above.
whine
to complain frequently in a way that annoys other people
She’s always whining about how little money she has.
Antonym:
praise
to express strong approval of something or someone
23
contestant noun
Synonyms: contestant, candidate, candidate, contender, applicant,
entrant
contestant
a person who takes part in a competition
The two contestants shook hands before the match.
candidate
a person who applies for a job
We interviewed six candidates for the post of assistant manager.
candidate
a person who has entered for an examination
Candidates are given three hours to complete the exam.
contender
a person who takes part in a competition, especially someone who is likely
to win
He’s a definite contender for the world title.
applicant
a person who applies for something
job applicants 쑗 Applicants for licences must fill in this form.
entrant
a person who takes part in a race, examination or competition
There are over a thousand entrants for the race.
24
copy verb
Synonyms: copy, reproduce, duplicate, clone, replicate
copy
to make something which looks like something else
He stole a credit card and copied the signature
reproduce
to make a copy of something such as artistic material or musical sounds
Some of the paintings have been reproduced in this book. 쑗 It is very
difficult to reproduce the sound of an owl accurately.
duplicate
to make a copy of a document such as a letter
She duplicated the letter and put the copy into a file.
clone
to create an exact genetic copy of an individual animal or plant
Biologists have successfully cloned a sheep.
replicate
(formal) to do or make something in exactly the same way as before
Can the experiment be replicated?
25
correct adjective
Synonyms: correct, accurate, exact, true
Antonym: incorrect
Synonyms:
correct
without any mistakes
Some of your answers were not correct.
accurate
correct in all details
Are the figures accurate? 쑗 We asked them to make an accurate copy of
the plan.
exact
completely correct in every detail
Can you tell me the exact words she used? 쑗 We need to know the exact
route she took that night.
true
correct according to facts or reality
What he says is simply not true. 쑗 Is it true that he’s been married twice?
Antonym:
incorrect
wrong, not correct
26
courage noun
Synonyms: courage, bravery, nerve, guts
Antonym: cowardice
Synonyms:
courage
the ability to deal with a dangerous or unpleasant situation
She showed great courage in attacking the burglar. 쑗 I didn’t have the
courage to disagree with him.
bravery
the ability to do dangerous or unpleasant things without being afraid
We admired her bravery in coping with the illness. 쑗 He won an award for
bravery.
nerve
the ability to keep your fear under control in order to achieve something
It takes a lot of nerve to disagree with your friends. 쑗 He went over to speak
to her but at the last minute he lost his nerve.
guts
(informal) courage
She had the guts to tell the boss he was wrong.
Antonym:
cowardice
the state of being afraid and not brave
27
cut verb
Synonyms: cut, slice, chop, slash
cut
to divide, reduce or remove something using a sharp tool, e.g. a knife or
scissors
The meat is very tough – I can’t cut it with my knife. 쑗 He needs to get his
hair cut. 쑗 There were six children, so she cut the cake into six pieces.
slice
to cut something into thin pieces
She stood at the table slicing bread and meat for lunch.
chop
to cut something roughly into small pieces with a knife or other sharp tool
He spent the afternoon chopping wood for the fire.
slash
to make a long cut in something with a knife, often violently
He slashed the painting with a kitchen knife.
28
dead adjective
Synonyms: dead, late, extinct
Antonyms: alive, live
Synonyms:
dead
not living any more
His parents are both dead. 쑗 Dead fish were floating in the water.
late
a more polite word than ‘dead’, used about people
His late father was a director of the company.
extinct
no longer in existence, because all of the same kind have died
These birds are in danger of becoming extinct.
Antonyms:
alive
living
(not used in front of a noun: ‘the fish is alive’ but ‘a live fish’)
live
living, not dead
29
defeat verb
Synonyms: defeat, beat, conquer, overcome, triumph, thrash
defeat
to succeed against someone in a game, fight or vote
Our team has not been defeated so far this season. 쑗 The soldiers defeated
the enemy’s attempt to take the town. 쑗 The ruling party was heavily
defeated in the presidential election. 쑗 The proposal was defeated by 10
votes to 3.
beat
to win a game against another player or team
They beat their rivals into second place. 쑗 Our football team beat France
2 – 0. 쑗 They beat us by 10 goals to 2. 쑗 My children can usually beat me
at tennis.
conquer
to defeat people by force
The army had conquered most of the country.
overcome
to gain victory over an enemy
The boys quickly overcame their attackers.
triumph
to achieve a great success
The team triumphed over their long-term rivals.
thrash
(informal) to defeat another person or team easily
She expects to be thrashed by the champion.
30
dirty adjective
Synonyms: dirty, filthy, grubby, grimy, soiled, squalid
Antonym: clean
Synonyms:
dirty
not clean
Playing rugby gets your clothes dirty. 쑗 Someone has to wash all the dirty
plates.
filthy
very dirty
His hands were filthy from changing the car tyre.
grubby
so dirty as to be unpleasant
Grubby children were playing in the street. 쑗 He was wearing a grubby old
shirt.
grimy
covered with old dirt that is difficult to remove
The furniture was broken and the windows were grimy.
soiled
spoiled by dirt or other unpleasant substances
The sheets on the bed were soiled.
squalid
referring to a room or building that is dirty and unpleasant
The prisoners are kept in squalid conditions.
Antonym:
clean
not dirty
31
disagree verb
Synonyms: disagree, differ, argue, dispute, contradict
Antonym: agree
Synonyms:
disagree
to say that you do not have the same opinion as someone else
We all disagreed with the chairperson. 쑗 They disagreed about what to do
next.
differ
if people differ, they have different opinions from each other
Our views on education differ. 쑗 Their accounts of what happened differ
in several ways.
argue
to discuss without agreeing, often in a noisy or angry way
They argued over the prices. 쑗 She argued with the waiter about the bill.
쑗 I could hear them arguing in the next room.
dispute
to say that you strongly believe that something is not true or correct
I dispute her version of what happened. 쑗 There is no disputing the fact
that Sarah is the best player.
contradict
to say that what someone else says is not true
They didn’t dare contradict their mother.
Antonym:
agree
to say or show that you have the same opinion as someone else
32
disapprove verb
Synonyms: disapprove, object, criticise, condemn
Antonym: approve
Synonyms:
disapprove
to show that you do not think something is good
The head teacher disapproves of members of staff wearing jeans to school.
object
to say that you do not like something or you do not want something to
happen
He objected that the pay was too low. 쑗 I object to her being given this
private information.
criticise
to say that something or someone is bad or wrong
She criticised their lack of interest and enthusiasm. 쑗 The design of the new
car has been criticised.
condemn
to say strongly that you do not approve of something
She condemned the police for their treatment of the prisoners.
Antonym:
approve
to think something is good
33
dislike noun
Synonyms: dislike, hatred, hate, disgust
Antonym: liking
Synonyms:
dislike
a feeling of not liking something or someone
She had a great dislike of noisy parties.
hatred
a very strong feeling of not liking someone or something
a hatred of unfair treatment 쑗 a campaign against racial hatred
hate
a very strong feeling of not liking someone
Her eyes were full of hate.
disgust
a feeling of dislike that is so strong that you feel angry or slightly ill
Seeing the dead animals filled her with disgust.
Antonym:
liking
a feeling of enjoying something
34
easy adjective
Synonyms: easy, simple, straightforward, uncomplicated
Antonyms: hard, difficult
Synonyms:
easy
not difficult, or not needing a lot of effort
The test was easier than I expected. 쑗 My boss is very easy to get on with.
simple
easy to do or understand
The machine is very simple to use.
straightforward
easy to understand or carry out
The instructions are quite straightforward.
uncomplicated
easy to deal with or understand
In children’s books, the writing should be clear and uncomplicated. 쑗 The
procedure is relatively quick and uncomplicated.
Antonyms:
hard
not easy
difficult
not easy to do or achieve
35
fail verb
Synonyms: fail, neglect, forget, omit, overlook
fail
not to do something
The car failed to stop at the red light. 쑗 She failed to tell us of her change
of address.
neglect
not to do something that should have been done
He neglected to tell the police that he had been involved in an accident.
forget
not to remember
He’s forgotten the name of the restaurant. 쑗 I’ve forgotten how to play
chess. 쑗 She forgot all about her doctor’s appointment.
omit
to leave something out, especially something that is helpful or important
She omitted the date when she signed the contract. 쑗 They omitted to tell
me the price of the ticket.
overlook
not to notice something
She overlooked several mistakes when she was correcting the exam
papers.
36
famous adjective
Synonyms: famous, well-known, renowned, infamous, notorious
Antonym: unknown
Synonyms:
famous
known to many people, especially most people in a place or country
a famous department store 쑗 He’s a famous footballer.
well-known
known by a lot of people
It’s a well-known fact that oil and water don’t mix. 쑗 She used to work for
a well-known London hairdresser.
renowned
known and admired by many people
the renowned Italian singer
infamous
famous for being bad or unpleasant
He was sent to the infamous prison on the island.
notorious
known for bad qualities, or for doing bad things
He was a member of a notorious criminal gang.
Antonym:
unknown
not known for anything important or interesting
37
fat adjective
Synonyms: fat, plump, overweight, obese
Antonyms: slim, thin
Synonyms:
fat
having too much flesh or weighing too much
You’ll have to eat less – you’re getting too fat. 쑗 a doll with a fat face
plump
slightly fat in an attractive way
the baby’s plump little arms 쑗 She’s grown plumper now she’s stopped
smoking.
overweight
having a body that weighs too much
The doctor says I’m a little overweight.
obese
so fat that it is dangerous for health reasons
Many children are becoming obese because of their unhealthy diets.
Antonyms:
thin
not fat
slim
with a body that is thin in an attractive way
38
fatal adjective
Synonyms: fatal, lethal, deadly, mortal, terminal
fatal
causing people to die
There were three fatal accidents on this road last year.
lethal
dangerous and able to kill someone
a lethal dose of painkillers 쑗 a lethal mixture of drugs and alcohol 쑗 Being
out in the sun too long can be lethal.
deadly
likely to cause people to die
The terrorists turned the car into a deadly weapon.
mortal
referring to injury serious enough to cause someone to die
a mortal wound
terminal
referring to the last period of a serious illness that will lead to death
The condition is terminal. 쑗 terminal cancer
39
fight noun
Synonyms: fight, battle, war, conflict
fight
an occasion on which people try to hurt each other or knock each other
down
He got into a fight with boys who were bigger than him. 쑗 Fights broke out
between the protesters and the police.
battle
an occasion when large groups of soldiers fight each other using powerful
weapons
Many soldiers died in the first battle of the war. 쑗 the Battle of Hastings
war
a period of fighting between countries
Millions of soldiers and civilians were killed during the war.
conflict
a war, or fighting as part of a war
the violent conflict between the neighbouring republics 쑗 The government
is engaged in armed conflict with rebel forces.
40
find verb
Synonyms: find, discover, come across, encounter
Antonym: lose
Synonyms:
find
to see where something hidden or lost is after looking for it
I found a £2 coin behind the sofa. 쑗 Did she find the book she was looking
for?
discover
to find something new or to learn something for the first time
Which scientist discovered penicillin? 쑗 We discovered that house had
already been sold.
come across
(informal) to find something by chance
I came across this old photo when I was clearing out a drawer.
encounter
(formal) to meet someone or something unexpectedly
On the journey we encountered several amusing people. 쑗 I have never
encountered such hospitality anywhere else.
Antonym:
lose
to put or drop something somewhere and not to know where it is
41
follow verb
Synonyms: follow, chase, pursue, stalk
Antonym: lead
Synonyms:
follow
to come after or behind someone or something
What letter follows B in the alphabet? 쑗 The dog followed me all the way
home.
chase
to go after someone in order to try to catch him or her
They chased the burglars down the street.
pursue
(formal) to go after someone in order to try to catch him or her
The police pursued the stolen car across London. 쑗 The boys fled, pursued
by their older brother.
stalk
to stay near or follow someone and watch him or her all the time, especially
in a way that is frightening or upsetting, or to follow an animal in order to
kill it
She told the police that a man was stalking her. 쑗 The hunters stalked the
deer for several miles.
Antonym:
lead
to go in front to show someone the way
42
fragile adjective
Synonyms: fragile, delicate, breakable, flimsy
Antonyms: sturdy, strong
Synonyms:
fragile
made from materials that are easily broken
Be careful when you’re packing these plates – they’re very fragile.
delicate
made from materials that are thin and light and easily damaged
a delicate fabric 쑗 delicate skin
breakable
that can break easily
glasses and other breakable items
flimsy
likely to break because of being badly made
The shelter was a flimsy construction of bamboo and leaves.
Antonyms:
sturdy
well made and not easily damaged
strong
with a lot of strength and not easy to damage
43
friend noun
Synonyms: friend, acquaintance, companion, mate, pal
Antonym: stranger
Synonyms:
friend
a person that you know well and like
She’s my best friend. 쑗 We’re going on holiday with some friends from
work.
acquaintance
a person you know slightly
She has many acquaintances at the sports club but no real friends.
companion
a person who is with someone
She turned to her companion and said a few words. 쑗 My travelling
companion spent the whole journey sleeping.
mate
(informal) a friend, especially a man’s friend
He’s gone to the pub with his mates.
pal
(dated informal) a friend
She’s meeting some old school pals for lunch.
Antonym:
stranger
a person whom you have never met
44
funny adjective
Synonyms: funny, comic, comical, humorous, witty, hilarious
Antonyms: serious, solemn
Synonyms:
funny
making people laugh
He made funny faces and all the children laughed. 쑗 That joke isn’t funny.
comic
intended to make people laugh, especially as a performance
a comic poem 쑗 a comic act
comical
strange or silly in a way that makes people laugh
He looked rather comical wearing his dad’s jacket.
humorous
funny in a quiet way, making people smile rather than laugh
a humorous story about his last visit to the dentist 쑗 Some of her comments
were rather humorous.
witty
clever and funny
She gave a witty and entertaining speech.
hilarious
extremely funny
I thought the play was hilarious.
Antonyms:
serious
not funny or not joking
solemn
serious and formal
45
get verb
Synonyms: get, obtain, gain, secure, acquire
get
to receive something
We got a letter from the bank this morning. 쑗 She gets more money than I
do.
obtain
to take action to get something
She obtained a copy of the will. 쑗 He obtained control of the business.
gain
to get something as a result of some work or effort
The army gained control of the country. 쑗 She gained some useful
experience working for a computer company.
secure
to be successful in getting something important
He secured the support of a big bank. 쑗 They secured a valuable new
contract.
acquire
(formal) to become the owner of something
She has acquired a large collection of old books.
46
give verb
Synonyms: give, present, confer, donate, grant
Antonyms: take, steal
Synonyms:
give
to pass or send something to someone
Give me another envelope, please. 쑗 Can you give me some information
about holidays in Greece?
present
to give something formally to someone
His boss presented him with a large report to read 쑗 When he retired, the
firm presented him with a large clock.
confer
(formal) to give something such as a responsibility, legal right or honour
to someone
the powers conferred on the council by law
donate
to give something, especially money, to a charity or similar organisation
He donated a lot of money to a charity for the homeless.
grant
(formal) to give someone something they want, especially officially
The council has granted the school permission to build a new hall.
Antonyms:
take
to go away with something which someone else was using
steal
to take and keep something that belongs to another person without
permission
47
go verb
Synonyms: go, leave, depart, set off, disappear
Antonym: come
Synonyms:
go
to move from one place to another
The plane goes to Frankfurt, then to Rome. 쑗 She was going downstairs
when she fell. 쑗 He has gone to work in Washington.
leave
to go away from a place
She left home at 9 o’clock this morning. 쑗 When they couldn’t find what
they wanted, they left the shop.
depart
(formal) to go away from a place
The coach departs from Victoria Coach Station at 09.00.
set off
to begin a trip
We’re setting off for Germany tomorrow. 쑗 They all set off on a long walk
after lunch.
disappear
to leave a place, often suddenly and without people noticing or knowing
where you have gone
Where have the kids disappeared to? 쑗 Half the guests have disappeared
already.
Antonym:
come
to move to or towards a place
48
good adjective
Synonyms: good, satisfactory, acceptable, excellent, wonderful
Antonyms: bad, poor
Synonyms:
good
of a suitable standard
It would be a good idea to invest in these shares. 쑗 Did you have a good
time at the party?
satisfactory
quite good, or as good as expected
Are the arrangements for your holiday satisfactory?
acceptable
good enough by the usual standards, although not particularly good
Fighting in the street is not acceptable behaviour. 쑗 Would an offer of £50
be acceptable to you?
excellent
very good
We had an excellent meal in a Chinese restaurant. 쑗 Her handwriting is
excellent – it is much clearer than mine.
wonderful
extremely good or enjoyable
They had a wonderful holiday. 쑗 The weather was wonderful. 쑗 You passed
your driving test first time? – Wonderful!
Antonyms:
bad
not of a suitable standard
poor
of a low standard
49
good-looking adjective
Synonyms: good-looking, attractive, beautiful, handsome, lovely, pretty
Antonyms: unattractive, ugly
Synonyms:
good-looking
having an attractive face
His sister is a very good-looking girl. 쑗 He’s not especially good-looking.
attractive
with pleasant physical features, or pleasant to look at
They found the mountain scenery very attractive. 쑗 She’s an attractive
woman.
beautiful
physically very attractive, or pleasant to look at
We have three beautiful daughters. 쑗 The house stands in beautiful
surrounding.
handsome
a handsome man or boy has an attractive face
Her boyfriend is very handsome.
lovely
very pleasant to look at
She looks lovely in that dress. 쑗 There’s a lovely garden behind the house.
pretty
a pretty woman or girl has a face that is quite attractive
Her daughters are very pretty.
Antonyms:
unattractive
not attractive
ugly
unpleasant to look at
50
group noun
Synonyms: group, crowd, gang, mob
Antonym: individual
Synonyms:
group
a number of people together
She is leading a group of businessmen on a tour of Italian factories. 쑗
There are reduced prices for groups of 30 and over. 쑗 The teacher divides
the children into groups for different activities.
crowd
a very large number of people together
A crowd of football supporters went past. 쑗 Crowds of people were
gathering outside the cinema. 쑗 Let’s get an early train home to avoid the
crowds after work.
gang
a group of young people who do things together, especially one that causes
trouble
mob
Gangs of teenage boys wander the streets.
a large number of people behaving in a noisy, angry or uncontrolled way

Mobs of reporters follow the star wherever she goes. 쑗 An angry mob
surged towards the gates of the government building.
Antonym:
individual
a single person
51
guide verb
Synonyms: guide, direct, lead, steer, conduct
guide
to show someone the way to somewhere
She guided us up the steps in the dark.
direct
to tell someone how to get to a place
Can you direct me to the nearest post office?
lead
to go in front to show someone the way
She led us into the hall.
steer
to make a person or vehicle go in a particular direction
We steered the children quickly away from the barking dogs. 쑗 She steered
the car into the garage.
conduct
(formal) to take someone to a place
The guests were conducted to their seats.
52
habit noun
Synonyms: habit, custom, tradition, practice, routine
habit
something that someone does regularly
He has the habit of biting his fingernails.
custom
something that people usually do, or have done for a long time
It’s their custom to invite all their neighbours to a party at New Year. 쑗 the
local custom of decorating the wells in spring
tradition
beliefs, stories and ways of doing things which are passed from one
generation to the next
According to local tradition, the queen died in this bed. 쑗 It’s a family
tradition for the eldest son to take over the business.
practice
a way of doing something, especially a way that is regularly used
It’s standard practice for shops to stay open later on Saturdays. 쑗 It’s
always been our practice to walk the dogs before breakfast.
routine
the usual, regular way of doing things
He doesn’t like his daily routine to be disturbed. 쑗 A change of routine
might do you good.
53
hard adjective
Synonyms: hard, difficult, awkward, tough, tricky
Antonyms: easy, simple
Synonyms:
hard
not easy
Some of the questions were very hard. 쑗 It’s hard to stay happy when bad
things happen.
difficult
not easy to do or achieve
Finding a parking space is difficult on Saturdays. 쑗 I find it difficult to
work when I’m tired.
awkward
hard to use, deal with or carry out because of shape, size or position
I find the handle rather awkward to hold comfortably. 쑗 Some of the
movements you have to do are quite awkward.
tough
requiring a lot of effort, bravery or confidence
She’s very good at taking tough decisions.
tricky
requiring a lot of skill, patience or intelligence
Getting the wire through the little hole is quite tricky. 쑗 It was tricky to get
the right tone of regret in the letter.
Antonyms:
easy
not difficult, or not needing a lot of effort
simple
easy to do or understand
54
harm verb
Synonyms: harm, damage, hurt, injure, wound
harm
to physically affect something or someone in a bad way
Luckily, the little girl was not harmed. 쑗 The bad publicity has harmed our
reputation.
damage
to break, partially destroy or badly affect something
A large number of shops were damaged in the fire. 쑗 These glasses are
easily damaged. 쑗 His career was badly damaged by the newspaper
reports.
hurt
to have pain, or to cause someone to feel pain
My tooth hurts. 쑗 No one was badly hurt in the accident. 쑗 Did you hurt
your leg when you fell?
injure
to cause pain or damage to someone or to a part of the body
He injured his back playing rugby.
wound
to hurt someone badly by cutting into their flesh
Two of the gang were shot and wounded in the bank robbery. 쑗 The
attacker pulled a knife, wounding him on the arm.
55
help noun
Synonyms: help, support, assistance, aid
help
something which makes it easier for you to do something
Do you need any help with moving the furniture? 쑗 Her assistant is not
much help in the office – he can’t type or drive.
support
help or encouragement
I’m grateful for the support of friends and family. 쑗 We have had no
financial support from the bank.
assistance
help
He asked if he could be of any assistance. 쑗 She will need assistance with
her luggage. 쑗 He was trying to change the wheel when a truck driver
offered his assistance.
aid
help, especially money, food or other gifts given to people living in
difficult conditions
aid to the earthquake zone 쑗 an aid worker
56
hesitate verb
Synonyms: hesitate, pause, stumble, waver
hesitate
to be slow to speak or make a decision
He hesitated for a moment and then said ‘no’. 쑗 She’s hesitating about
whether to accept the job.
pause
to stop or rest for a short time before continuing
She paused for a second to look at her watch.
stumble
to make mistakes when reading aloud or speaking
She stumbled a little when she had to read the foreign words.
waver
to be unable to decide what to do
He is still wavering about whether or not to leave the company.
57
increase verb
Synonyms: increase, expand, enlarge, extend
Antonyms: decrease, drop
Synonyms:
increase
to make a level or amount higher
The boss increased her salary. 쑗 The number of soldiers in the area has
been increased to fifty thousand.
expand
to increase the size or extent of something
We have plans to expand our business.
enlarge
to make something bigger
We need to enlarge our house now that we have four children. 쑗 Could you
enlarge this photograph?
extend
to make something longer or bigger
We are planning to extend our stay in London. 쑗 The company has
extended my contract for another two years. 쑗 We’re going to extend our
kitchen.
Antonyms:
decrease
to become less
drop
to decrease
58
intelligent adjective
Synonyms: intelligent, bright, clever, able, talented, gifted
Antonyms: stupid, unintelligent
Synonyms:
intelligent
able to understand and learn things very well
He’s the most intelligent child in his class.
bright
young and intelligent
Both children are very bright. 쑗 She’s the brightest student we’ve had for
many years.
clever
able to think and learn quickly
Clever children can usually do this by the time they are eight years old.
able
good at doing something, or good at doing many things
She’s a very able manager. 쑗 There are special activities for able children.
talented
with a lot of artistic ability
He’s a very talented writer.
gifted
very clever at something
He was a gifted mathematician.
Antonyms:
stupid
not able to understand or consider things well
unintelligent
showing a lack of intelligence
59
job noun
Synonyms: job, assignment, task, chore, duty
job
a specific piece of work
The children help with little jobs around the house.
assignment
a piece of work that has to be done in a specific time
My literature assignment has to be finished by Wednesday. 쑗 He was given
the assignment of reporting on the war.
task
something, especially a piece of work, that has to be done
Once I had finished my regular tasks I went home. 쑗 He was given the
unpleasant task of telling his mother about it.
chore
a piece of routine work, for example cleaning in a house, that you have to
do
household chores
duty
different jobs that have to be done as part of your official work
One of his duties is to lock the doors at night.
60
kill verb
Synonyms: kill, murder, assassinate, execute, slaughter, put down
kill
to make someone or something die
Sixty people were killed in the plane crash. 쑗 A long period of dry weather
could kill all the crops.
murder
to kill someone deliberately
He was accused of murdering a policeman.
assassinate
to kill a famous person, especially for political reasons
They were shocked by the news that the President had been assassinated.
execute
to kill someone as a legal punishment for a crime, or for something they
have done
Some countries still execute murderers. 쑗 The government’s political
enemies were executed.
slaughter
to kill many people or animals at the same time, or to kill an animal for its
meat
Thousands of civilians were slaughtered by the advancing army.
put down
to kill an animal that is old or ill painlessly, using drugs
The cat will have to be put down.
61
knowledge noun
Synonyms: knowledge, information, wisdom
Antonym: ignorance
Synonyms:
knowledge
the general facts or information that people know
We were impressed by her knowledge of the subject.
information
a set of facts about something
She couldn’t give the police any information about how the accident
happened. 쑗 He gave me a very useful piece or bit of information. 쑗 For
further information, please write to Department 27.
wisdom
knowledge about life, especially about how to deal with situations and
people
Their leaders were women of great wisdom.
Antonym:
ignorance
a state of not knowing
62
lack noun
Synonyms: lack, shortage, deficiency, deficit
lack
the fact that you do not have something
The children are suffering from a lack of food. 쑗 The project was cancelled
through lack of funds.
shortage
the fact that you do not have something you need
a shortage of skilled staff 쑗 During the war, there were food shortages.
deficiency
not enough of something needed to make someone or something healthy
or complete
Their diet has a deficiency of calcium or has a calcium deficiency.
deficit
an amount by which something is less than it should be
The company announced a two-million-pound deficit in its accounts.
63
language noun
Synonyms: language, speech, dialect, slang, vocabulary, jargon
language
a way of speaking or writing used in a country or by a group of people
We go to English language classes twice a week. 쑗 She can speak several
European languages.
speech
the ability to say words, or the act of saying words
His speech has been affected by brain damage. 쑗 Some of these
expressions are only used in speech, not in writing.
dialect
a variety of a language spoken in a particular area
They were speaking in a local dialect.
slang
popular words or phrases used by certain groups of people, but which are
not used in formal situations
Don’t use slang in your essay. 쑗 Slang expressions are sometimes difficult
to understand.
vocabulary
all the words used by a person or group of persons
She reads French newspapers to improve her French vocabulary. 쑗
specialist legal vocabulary
jargon
a special type of language used by a trade or profession or a particular
group of people
People are confused by computers because they don’t understand the
jargon.
64
leader noun
Synonyms: leader, boss, manager, employer, supervisor, captain
leader
a person who is in charge of an organisation such as a political party
He is the leader of the local council. 쑗 the leader of the construction
workers’ union
boss
the person in charge, especially the owner of a business
If you want a day off, ask the boss. 쑗 I left because I didn’t get on with my
boss.
manager
the person in charge of a department in a shop or in a business
The bank manager wants to talk about your account. 쑗 She’s the manager
of the shoe department.
employer
a person or organisation that gives work to people and pays them
Her employer was a Hong Kong businessman. 쑗 The car factory is the
biggest employer in the area.
supervisor
a person whose job is making sure that other people are working well
The supervisor has told us to work faster.
captain
a person in charge of a team
The two captains shook hands at the beginning of the match.
65
learn verb
Synonyms: learn, memorise, master, pick up
Antonym: teach
Synonyms:
learn
to find out about something, or about how to do something
He’s learning to ride a bicycle. 쑗 We learn French and German at school.
memorise
to learn something thoroughly so that you know and can repeat all of it
At school, we memorised a new poem every week.
master
to become skilled at something
Although he’s a good cook, he still hasn’t mastered the art of making
bread.
pick up
to learn something easily without being taught
She never took any piano lessons – she just picked it up. 쑗 He picked up
some German when he was working in Germany.
Antonym:
teach
to show someone how to do something
66
legal adjective
Synonyms: legal, licensed, valid, legitimate, lawful
Antonym: illegal
Synonyms:
legal
allowed by the law
It’s legal to drive at 17 years old in the UK.
licensed
given official permission to do something
Buy goods only from licensed dealers.
valid
able to be used only for a specific time
Your ticket is no longer valid. 쑗 He was carrying a valid passport.
legitimate
fair and reasonable, or allowed by the law
They have legitimate concerns about the project. 쑗 He acted in legitimate
defence of his rights.
lawful
(formal) allowed by the law
Their behaviour was perfectly lawful.
Antonym:
illegal
against the law
67
lie noun
Synonyms: lie, fib, white lie, falsehood, fabrication
Antonym: truth
Synonyms:
lie
something that is not true
That’s a lie! – I didn’t say that! 쑗 Someone has been telling lies about her.
fib
(informal) a lie about something unimportant
He told a fib about where he’d been so he wouldn’t get into trouble.
white lie
a lie about something unimportant, especially a lie told in order not to upset
someone
I told a white lie, saying I was visiting my mother and couldn’t go for a
drink with him.
falsehood
(literary) a lie
It appears that he had told several falsehoods under oath.
fabrication
an invented story that is not true
The newspaper story was a complete fabrication from start to finish.
Antonym:
truth
things which are true
68
like verb
Synonyms: like, enjoy, love, appreciate
Antonyms: dislike, hate
Synonyms:
like
to have pleasant feelings about someone or something
Do you like the new manager? 쑗 She doesn’t like eating meat. 쑗 In the
evening, I like to sit quietly and read the newspaper.
enjoy
to get pleasure from something
Have you enjoyed the holiday so far? 쑗 She doesn’t enjoy sailing because
it make her seasick.
love
to like someone or something very much
The children love their new baby brother. 쑗 We love going on holiday to
the seaside. 쑗 I’d love to come with you, but I’ve got too much work to do.
appreciate
to be pleased about or grateful for something
Shoppers always appreciate a bargain. 쑗 Customers don’t appreciate
having to wait to be served.
Antonyms:
dislike
not to like something or someone
hate
to dislike someone or something very much
69
love noun
Synonyms: love, liking, affection, fondness, passion, infatuation
Antonym: hatred
Synonyms:
love
a strong feeling of liking someone or something very much
I had never felt such love for anyone before. 쑗 In the book he writes about
his love for his children.
liking
a feeling of enjoying something
She has a liking for chocolate. 쑗 This drink is too sweet for my liking.
affection
a feeling of liking someone, especially a friend
She always spoke of her neighbour with great affection.
fondness
a gentle feeling of liking someone or something
She remembered her aunt with fondness. 쑗 my fondness for cakes and
chocolate
passion
a very strong feeling of love, especially sexual love
He couldn’t hide the passion he felt for her.
infatuation
a sudden strong feeling of love for someone, especially someone you do
not know very well or someone who does not love you
Eventually his infatuation for his friend’s wife passed.
Antonym:
hatred
a very strong feeling of not liking someone or something
70
meal noun
Synonyms: meal, snack, feast, picnic, barbecue, takeaway
meal
an occasion when people eat food, or the food that is eaten
You sleep better if you only eat a light meal in the evening. 쑗 Hotel guests
can have their meals in their room if they wish.
snack
a light meal, or a small amount of food eaten between meals
We didn’t have time to stop for a proper lunch, so we just had a snack on
the motorway.
feast
a very large meal for a group of people, especially one eaten to celebrate a
special occasion
This is quite a feast you’ve prepared for us. 쑗 a wedding feast
picnic
a meal eaten outdoors away from home
If it’s fine, let’s go for a picnic. 쑗 They stopped by a wood and had a picnic
lunch.
barbecue
a meal or party where food is cooked out of doors
We’ll have a barbecue this weekend, if the weather’s fine.
takeaway
a hot meal that you buy in a shop and eat somewhere else
Does the Chinese restaurant do takeaways?
71
mistake noun
Synonyms: mistake, error, slip, blunder
mistake
an act or belief that is wrong
There are lots of mistakes in this essay. 쑗 You’ve made a mistake – my
name is David, not John.
error
something that is wrong, especially a mistake in writing or speaking
There isn’t a single error in the whole document. 쑗 The waiter made an
error on the bill.
slip
a small, often careless mistake that isn’t very important
Don’t worry about that. It was just a slip. 쑗 He made a few slips in his
calculations.
blunder
a big mistake, often one that causes a lot of embarrassment
A dreadful blunder by the goalkeeper allowed their opponents to score.
72
mixture noun
Synonyms: mixture, blend, combination, compound
mixture
a number of things mixed together
a mixture of flour, fat and water
blend
something, especially a substance, made by mixing different things
together
different blends of coffee
combination
several things joined or considered together
A combination of bad weather and illness made our holiday a disaster.
compound
a chemical made up of two or more elements
Water is a compound of two gases, hydrogen and oxygen.
73
moving adjective
Synonyms: moving, emotional, pathetic, stirring, touching
moving
making you feel emotion
a moving story about a girl who finally finds her real parents 쑗 The funeral
was very moving.
emotional
causing you to feel emotion, or showing emotion
We said an emotional farewell to our son. 쑗 The music made her feel very
emotional and she started to cry.
pathetic
making you feel sympathy
She looked a pathetic figure standing in the rain.
stirring
making you feel strong emotions, especially pride or enthusiasm
a stirring tune 쑗 Some of his speeches are very stirring.
touching
making you feel emotion, especially affection or sympathy
I had a touching letter from my sister, thanking me for my help when she
was ill.
74
naked adjective
Synonyms: naked, bare, nude, undressed
naked
not wearing clothes
The little children were playing in the river stark naked. 쑗 A naked man
was standing on the balcony.
bare
not covered by clothes or shoes
He walked on the beach in his bare feet. 쑗 I can’t sit in the sun with my
arms bare.
nude
not wearing clothes, especially in situations where people are expected to
wear some clothes
Nude sunbathing is not allowed on this beach. 쑗 She has appeared nude
on stage several times.
undressed
having just taken off your clothes, usually to put on other clothes or clothes
for sleeping in
The children are undressed ready for bed.
75
necessary adjective
Synonyms: necessary, essential, vital, required
Antonym: unnecessary
Synonyms:
necessary
which must be done
Don’t phone me in the evening unless it’s absolutely necessary. 쑗 Is it
necessary to finish the work today?
essential
which cannot be omitted or avoided
You can survive without food for some time, but water is essential. 쑗 It is
essential that we get the delivery on time.
vital
extremely important
It is vital that we act quickly. 쑗 Good transport is vital to my plan.
required
which must be done or provided because of rules or regulations
We can cut the wood to the required length. 쑗 We can’t reply because we
don’t have the required information.
Antonym:
unnecessary
which is not needed, or which does not have to be done
76
new adjective
Synonyms: new, novel, innovative, fresh, brand-new, original
Antonyms: old, old-fashioned
Synonyms:
new
made very recently, or never used before
Put some new paper in the printer. 쑗 The new version of the software is
now available.
novel
new and unusual
Visiting New York is a novel experience for me.
innovative
new in a way that has not been tried before
a very innovative design
fresh
new and different
The police produced some fresh evidence.
brand-new
completely new
You’ve got mud all over your brand-new shoes!
original
new and interesting
The planners have produced some very original ideas for the new town
centre.
Antonyms:
old
having existed for a long time
old-fashioned
no longer in fashion
77
next adjective
Synonyms: next, nearby, neighbouring, adjacent
next
nearest in place
The ball went over the fence into the next garden. 쑗 She took the next seat
to mine.
nearby
not far away
They met in a nearby restaurant.
neighbouring
which is close to you
people from the neighbouring villages
adjacent
very close to or almost touching something
My office is in an adjacent building.
78
noisy adjective
Synonyms: noisy, loud, deafening, piercing, rowdy
Antonyms: quiet, silent
Synonyms:
noisy
making a lot of noise
a crowd of noisy little boys 쑗 The hotel overlooks a noisy road. 쑗 This
machine is noisier than the old one.
loud
very easy to hear
Can’t you stop your watch making such a loud noise? 쑗 Turn down the
radio – it’s too loud.
deafening
so loud as to make you unable to hear
The noise was absolutely deafening.
piercing
unpleasantly high and loud
They suddenly heard a piercing cry.
rowdy
involving people who are making a lot of noise
A rowdy party in the flat next door kept us all awake. 쑗 The minister had
a rowdy reception at the meeting.
Antonyms:
quiet
with very little or no noise
silent
not talking or making any noise
79
now adverb
Synonyms: now, presently, immediately, instantly, promptly
Antonym: then
Synonyms:
now
at or around this point in time
I can hear a train coming now. 쑗 The flight is only two hours – he ought to
be in Berlin by now.
presently
now, or in a short time
He’s presently working for a chemical company. 쑗 The doctor’s busy just
now, but will be able to see you presently.
immediately
very soon, or very soon after an event
Please hurry. We must leave immediately. 쑗 He got my letter and wrote
back immediately.
instantly
so soon after an event that no time appears to have passed in between
Her mood changed instantly.
promptly
very soon after an event, in a way that is helpful or efficient
The phone rang and she answered promptly.
Antonym:
then
at that time in the past or future
80
occasional adjective
Synonyms: occasional, periodic, intermittent, odd
Antonyms: frequent, regular
Synonyms:
occasional
happening sometimes, but not very often
He was an occasional visitor to my parents’ house. 쑗 We make the
occasional trip to London.
periodic
repeated after a regular period of time
periodic attacks of the illness 쑗 We carry out periodic reviews of the
company’s financial position.
intermittent
stopping and starting in an irregular way
Intermittent showers are expected over the weekend.
odd
done only rarely or occasionally
I’ve only been to the odd concert in the last few years. 쑗 On the odd
occasions I’ve met him, he’s seemed very nice.
Antonyms:
frequent
happening or appearing often
regular
done at the same time each day
81
often adverb
Synonyms: often, frequently, repeatedly, regularly, again and again
Antonyms: seldom, rarely
Synonyms:
often
on many different occasions
I often have to go to town on business. 쑗 Do you eat beef often? 쑗 How
often is there a bus to Richmond?
frequently
on many occasions
During the talk she frequently asked questions. 쑗 She could frequently be
seen walking her dog in the park.
repeatedly
very many times, especially so many that it is annoying
I have repeatedly asked them to make less noise.
regularly
on most occasions
She is regularly the first person to arrive at the office.
again and again
several times, usually in a firm or determined way
The police officer asked the same question again and again.
Antonyms:
seldom
not often
rarely
almost never
82
old adjective
Synonyms: old, ancient, elderly, antique, old-fashioned
Antonyms: young, new
Synonyms:
old
having had a long life, or having existed for a long time
When I’m older, I’ll probably be bald. 쑗 My uncle is now quite an old man.
쑗 He collects old cars. 쑗 We watched some old films. 쑗 Throw away that
old shirt.
ancient
very old, or belonging to a time long ago
He was riding an ancient bicycle. 쑗 the civilisations of ancient Greece and
Rome
elderly
a more polite word than ‘old’ used for describing someone who has had a
long life
An elderly man sat down beside her. 쑗 My mother is now rather elderly and
doesn’t drive any more.
antique
old and valuable
an antique Chinese vase
old-fashioned
no longer in fashion
She wore old-fashioned clothes.
Antonyms:
young
not old
new
made very recently, or never used before
83
perform verb
Synonyms: perform, carry out, fulfil, execute
perform
to do an action
She performed a perfect dive. 쑗 It’s the sort of task that can be performed
by any computer.
carry out
to do something, especially something that has been planned
Doctors carried out the tests on every patient. 쑗 The police carried out a
search for the missing boys.
fulfil
to complete something in a satisfactory way
He died before he could fulfil his ambition to fly a plane. 쑗 We are so busy
that we cannot fulfil any more orders before Christmas.
execute
(formal) to do something that has been planned or agreed
As part of the test, drivers are asked to execute an emergency stop.
84
protect verb
Synonyms: protect, defend, guard, shield, shelter
Antonym: neglect
Synonyms:
protect
to keep someone or something safe from harm or danger
The cover protects the machine against dust. 쑗 The injection is supposed
to protect you against the disease.
defend
to protect a person or place that is being attacked
They brought in extra troops to defend the city against attack.
guard
to watch someone, something or somewhere carefully to prevent attacks or
escapes
The prison is guarded at all times.
shield
to protect someone or something from being reached or seen
He tried to shield her from the wind.
shelter
to give someone, or go somewhere for, protection for a short time
The school sheltered several families of whose houses had been flooded. 쑗
Sheep were sheltering from the snow beside the hedge.
Antonym:
neglect
to fail to look after someone or something properly
85
proud adjective
Synonyms: proud, arrogant, conceited, vain
Antonyms: ashamed, modest
Synonyms:
proud
showing pleasure in what you or someone else has done or in something
which belongs to you
We’re proud of the fact we did it all without help from anyone else. 쑗 You
should feel proud to belong to such a successful club.
arrogant
very proud in an unpleasant way
He’s such an arrogant young man. 쑗 What an arrogant way to treat
customers!
conceited
thinking that you are better, more intelligent, or more talented than other
people
He’s the most conceited and selfish person I’ve ever known.
vain
very pleased with your own appearance or achievements
He’s always combing his hair – he’s very vain.
Antonyms:
ashamed
embarrassed and sorry for something that you have done or not done
modest
not telling other people about your achievements
86
pull verb
Synonyms: pull, drag, draw, haul, tow, tug, jerk
Antonym: push
Synonyms:
pull
to move something towards you or after you
Pull the door to open it, don’t push it. 쑗 The truck was pulling a trailer. 쑗
She pulled an envelope out of her bag.
drag
to pull something heavy along the ground
She dragged her suitcase across the floor. 쑗 The police dragged the men
away from the gate.
draw
to pull something gently, especially to pull curtains open or closed
She drew the papers towards her across the desk. 쑗 He drew the curtains
and let in the sun.
haul
to pull something with effort
They hauled the boat up onto the beach.
tow
to pull something behind a vehicle
The motorways were crowded with cars towing caravans. 쑗 They towed
the ship into port.
tug
to give something a sudden hard pull
He tugged on the rope and a bell rang.
jerk
to suddenly pull something hard, sometimes causing pain or injury
He jerked the rope out of my hands. 쑗 The smell made her jerk her head
backwards.
Antonym:
push
to make something move away from you or in front of you
87
quiet adjective
Synonyms: quiet, silent, noiseless, inaudible, peaceful,
uncommunicative
Antonyms: noisy, loud
Synonyms:
quiet
with little or no noise
I wish the children would be quiet. – I’m trying to work. 쑗 a house in a
quiet street
silent
not talking or making any noise
He kept silent for the whole meeting. 쑗 This new washing machine is
almost silent. 쑗 They showed some old silent films.
noiseless
making no noise
The engine is virtually noiseless.
inaudible
too quiet to be heard by humans
Her whisper was almost inaudible.
peaceful
enjoyable because there is very little noise or activity
We spent a peaceful afternoon by the river.
uncommunicative
not saying much, or not answering people
Antonyms:
noisy
who or which makes a lot of noise
loud
very easy to hear
88
raise verb
Synonyms: raise, lift, hoist, pick up, elevate
Antonyms: lower, drop
Synonyms:
raise
to put something in a higher position or at a higher level
He picked up the flag and raised it over his head. 쑗 Air fares will be raised
on June 1st.
lift
to take something and put it in a higher position
My briefcase is so heavy I can hardly lift it. 쑗 He lifted the little girl up so
that she could see the procession.
hoist
to lift something or someone using special equipment or a lot of force
He hoisted the sack onto his shoulder. 쑗 The box was hoisted up on a rope.
쑗 It’s time to hoist the flag.
pick up
to take something that is lying on a surface and lift it in your hand
She dropped her handkerchief and he picked it up. 쑗 He picked up a
magazine and started to read it.
elevate
(formal) to lift something into a higher position
They watched as the statue was slowly elevated into position.
Antonyms:
lower
to make something go down
drop
to fall or let something fall
89
sad adjective
Synonyms: sad, unhappy, miserable, depressed, fed up
Antonyms: happy, cheerful
Synonyms:
sad
not cheerful
He’s sad because the holidays have come to an end. 쑗 What a sad film –
everyone was crying. 쑗 It’s sad that he can’t come to see us.
unhappy
feeling upset, or making someone feel upset
The children had an unhappy childhood. 쑗 She looked very unhappy as she
read the letter.
miserable
very sad
She’s really miserable since her boyfriend left her.
depressed
so unhappy that you are not able to enjoy life, especially over a long period
of time
The illness makes her feel depressed.
fed up
(informal) feeling bored and unhappy
She looks really fed up.
Antonyms:
happy
very pleased
cheerful
pleased about life, or making someone feel like this
90
shine verb
Synonyms: shine, glow, blaze, dazzle, glitter
shine
to be bright with light
The sun is shining and they say it’ll be hot today. 쑗 She polished the table
until it shone.
glow
to shine with a weak light
They saw a cigarette glow in the darkness.
blaze
to burn or shine strongly
The fire was blazing. 쑗 The sun blazed through the clouds.
dazzle
to shine a strong light in someone’s eyes so that they cannot see for a
moment
She was dazzled by the lights of the cars coming towards her.
glitter
to shine brightly with small points of light, as the stars in the sky seem to
shine
The diamond necklace was glittering in the light of the candles. 쑗 Her eyes
glittered hopefully as she spoke.
91
small adjective
Synonyms: small, tiny, minute, miniature, microscopic
Antonyms: big, huge
Synonyms:
small
not large in size or amount
The house is too big for us, so we’re selling it and buying a smaller one. 쑗
The guidebook isn’t small enough to carry in your pocket. 쑗 She only paid
a small amount for that clock. 쑗 A small number of problems were
reported.
tiny
very small
The black spot is so tiny you can hardly see it. 쑗 She lives in a tiny village
in the mountains.
minute
extremely small
A minute piece of dust must have got into the watch.
miniature
much smaller than the usual size
He has a miniature camera.
microscopic
extremely small, or so small that you need to use a microscope to see it
It was a microscopic mark and didn’t spoil the appearance of the table. 쑗
They study microscopic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
Antonyms:
big
of a large size
huge
of a very large size
92
smell noun
Synonyms: smell, odour, aroma, scent, stink
smell
something which you can sense with your nose
I love the smell of coffee. 쑗 She noticed a smell of gas downstairs.
odour
a smell, especially an unpleasant smell
the odour of rotten eggs
aroma
a pleasant smell of something you can eat or drink
the aroma of freshly baked bread
scent
a pleasant smell of a particular type
the scent of flowers in the garden
stink
(informal) a very unpleasant smell
the stink of cigarette smoke
93
stop verb
Synonyms: stop, end, pause, cease
Antonyms: begin, continue
Synonyms:
stop
not to do something any more
At last it stopped raining and we could go out. 쑗 She spoke for two hours
without stopping.
end
when something ends, it reaches the point when it stops happening
The film ends with a wedding. 쑗 The concert should end at about 10
o’clock.
pause
to stop or rest for a short time before continuing
She ran along the road, only pausing for a second to look at her watch.
cease
(formal) to stop, or to stop doing something
It seemed that the fighting would never cease.
Antonyms:
begin
to start doing something
continue
to go on doing something or happening
94
strong adjective
Synonyms: strong, sturdy, powerful, fit, mighty
Antonym: weak
Synonyms:
strong
having a lot of force or strength
The string broke – we need something stronger. 쑗 Strong winds blew some
tiles off the roof.
sturdy
well made and not easily damaged
The shelter seemed quite sturdy. 쑗 a pair of sturdy walking boots
powerful
having a lot of force, influence or capability
This model has a more powerful engine. 쑗 The treasurer is the most
powerful person in the organisation. 쑗 The new computers are extremely
powerful.
fit
healthy, strong and having a lot of physical energy
He isn’t fit enough to go back to work. 쑗 You’ll have to get fit if you’re
going to run in that race.
mighty
(literary) having a lot of force or strength
With one mighty heave he lifted the sack onto the lorry.
Antonym:
weak
not strong
95
stupid adjective
Synonyms: stupid, silly, foolish, irresponsible, senseless
Antonyms: sensible, wise
Synonyms:
stupid
behaving in a way that is not sensible, or resulting from this
It was stupid of her not to wear a helmet when riding on her scooter. 쑗 He
made several stupid mistakes.
silly
stupid in an annoying way
Don’t be silly – you can’t go to the party dressed like that! 쑗 She asked a
lot of silly questions.
foolish
showing a lack of intelligence or good judgment
That was a rather foolish thing to do. 쑗 It would be foolish to risk your life.
irresponsible
acting or done in a way that shows a lack of good sense
It was an irresponsible attitude for a parent to have. 쑗 Leaving the children
alone was very irresponsible.
senseless
done for no good reason
a senseless attack on an old lady 쑗 It’s senseless to buy clothes you don’t
need.
Antonyms:
sensible
showing good judgment
wise
able to make good judgments because of experience
96
subject noun
Synonyms: subject, topic, subject matter, matter, theme
subject
an area of knowledge which you are studying
Maths is his weakest subject. 쑗 You can take up to five subjects at the
higher level.
topic
the subject of a discussion or conversation
Can we move on to another topic?
subject matter
the subject dealt with in something such as a book or TV programme
The subject matter of the book is family relationships.
matter
something you are dealing with, especially a concern or problem
Now we’ll turn to the important matter of how much it will cost. 쑗 This is
a matter for the police.
theme
the main subject of a book or article
The theme of the book is how to deal with illness in the family.
97
suggest verb
Synonyms: suggest, recommend, advise, propose
suggest
to mention an idea to see what other people think of it
The chairman suggested that the next meeting should be held in October.
쑗 What does he suggest we do in this case?
recommend
to tell someone that it would be good to do something
I would recommend that you talk to the bank manager. 쑗 This restaurant
was recommended by a friend.
advise
to suggest to someone what they should do
He advised her to save some of the money.
propose
(formal) to make a suggestion
I propose that we all go for a swim.
98
talent noun
Synonyms: talent, gift, aptitude, knack
talent
an unusual natural ability, especially for something artistic
She has a talent for getting customers to spend money. 쑗 Her many talents
include singing and playing the piano.
gift
a natural ability for doing something well
She has a gift for making people feel welcome. 쑗 He has a gift for maths.
aptitude
a natural ability that can be developed further
She has an aptitude for learning languages.
knack
(informal) an ability or tendency to do something, often something wrong
She has a knack for talking to strangers. 쑗 He has this knack of
accidentally offending people.
99
teach verb
Synonyms: teach, educate, train, coach, instruct, tutor
Antonym: learn
Synonyms:
teach
to show someone how to do something
She taught me how to dance. 쑗 He teaches maths in the local school.
educate
to teach someone in a school or college, or give them information that they
need
She was educated in Switzerland. 쑗 We need to educate young people
about the dangers of alcohol.
train
to teach someone or an animal how to do a particular activity
She’s being trained to be a bus driver. 쑗 The dogs are trained to smell and
find illegal substances.
coach
to give private lessons to someone in a particular sport, subject or activity
He coaches young footballers.
instruct
(formal) to show someone how to do something
We were all instructed in the use of the fire safety equipment.
tutor
(formal) to teach a small group of students
She earns extra money by tutoring foreign students in English.
Antonym:
learn
to find out about something, or about how to do something
100
temporary adjective
Synonyms: temporary, fleeting, passing, shortlived
Antonyms: permanent, lasting
Synonyms:
temporary
existing or lasting only for a limited time
She has a temporary job with a construction company. 쑗 This arrangement
is only temporary.
fleeting
lasting for a very short time only
She only caught a fleeting glimpse of her attacker.
passing
causing interest for a short time only
It’s just a passing fashion.
shortlived
lasting for a short time only
Their enthusiasm for the project was very shortlived.
Antonyms:
permanent
lasting or intended to last for ever
lasting
which lasts for a long time
101
thin adjective
Synonyms: thin, slim, slender, skinny
Antonyms: fat, overweight
Synonyms:
thin
not fat
The table has very thin legs. 쑗 He looks too thin – he should eat more.
slim
with a body that is thin in an attractive way
How do you manage to stay so slim? 쑗 She looks slimmer in that dress.
slender
long and thin, or tall and slim
slender fingers 쑗 a slender flower stem 쑗 a girl with a slender figure
skinny
too thin to be attractive
A tall skinny guy walked in. 쑗 She has very skinny legs.
Antonyms:
fat
having too much flesh or weighing too much
overweight
having a body that weighs too much
102
think verb
Synonyms: think, assume, reason, conclude, work out, figure out
think
to have an opinion
I think going by train is more relaxing than driving. 쑗 Do you think it’s
going to rain?
assume
to imagine or believe that something is true
Let’s assume that he is innocent. 쑗 I assume you have enough money to pay
for the meal?
reason
to think or to plan something carefully and sensibly
He reasoned that any work is better than no work, so he took the job. 쑗 If
you take the time to reason it out, you’ll find a solution to the problem.
conclude
to come to an opinion from the information available
The police concluded that the thief had got into the building through the
broken kitchen window.
work out
to solve a problem by looking at information or calculating figures
I’m trying to work out if we’ve sold more this year than last.
figure out
to try to think of an answer to a problem
We’re trying to figure out if we have enough time to visit both places.
103
try verb
Synonyms: try, attempt, strive, endeavour
try
to make an effort to do something
I tried to phone her number three times. 쑗 You have to try hard if you want
to succeed.
attempt
to try to do something, especially something difficult
She attempted to lift the box onto the table.
strive
to try very hard to do something, especially over a long period of time
He always strove to do as well as his brother. 쑗 Everyone is striving for a
solution to the dispute.
endeavour
(formal) to try very hard to do something
He endeavoured to contact her by both phone and fax.
104
type noun
Synonyms: type, kind, sort, category, species, genre
type
a group of people, animals or things that are similar to each other
This type of bank account pays 10% interest. 쑗 What type of
accommodation are you looking for?
kind
a type of something
A butterfly is a kind of insect. 쑗 Which kinds of people usually come to
these events?
sort
a type of something
Do you like this sort of TV show? 쑗 What sort of car have you got?
category
one of the groups that people, animals or things are divided into in a formal
system
We grouped the books into categories according to subject.
species
a group of living things such as animals or plants which can breed with
each other
Several species of butterfly are likely to become extinct.
genre
a type of something artistic such as art, literature or theatre
the three main literary genres of prose, poetry and drama
105
unattractive adjective
Synonyms: unattractive, ugly, unsightly, hideous, plain
Antonyms: attractive, pretty
Synonyms:
unattractive
not attractive
Her husband is a rather unattractive man. 쑗 The house is unattractive from
the outside.
ugly
unpleasant to look at
What an ugly pattern! 쑗 The part of the town round the railway station is
even uglier than the rest.
unsightly
a more polite word than ‘ugly’
She has an unsightly scar on her face.
hideous
extremely unpleasant to look at
Where did she get that hideous dress?
plain
a more polite word than ‘unattractive’, used for describing a person
His two daughters are rather plain.
Antonyms:
attractive
having features which people like
pretty
a pretty woman or girl has a face that is quite attractive
106
uncertain adjective
Synonyms: uncertain, doubtful, unsure, in doubt, dubious, sceptical
Antonyms: certain, convinced
Synonyms:
uncertain
not sure, or not decided
She is uncertain whether to accept the job. 쑗 He’s uncertain about what to
do next. 쑗 Their plans are still uncertain.
doubtful
not sure that something is right or good, or not likely
I am doubtful about whether we should go. 쑗 It is doubtful whether the race
will take place because of the snow.
unsure
not sure
She was unsure whether to go to work or to stay at home. 쑗 I’m unsure as
to which route is the quickest.
in doubt
not yet known or definite, or not yet sure
The result of the game was in doubt until the last minute. 쑗 I’m in doubt
about whether I should accept their invitation.
dubious
thinking that something might not be true or good
Everyone else seems to believe her story, but personally I’m dubious about
it. 쑗 I’m dubious about getting involved.
sceptical
thinking that something is probably not true or good
You seem sceptical about his new plan. 쑗 I’m sceptical of the need for these
changes.
Antonyms:
certain
sure about something
convinced
very certain
107
usual adjective
Synonyms: usual, normal, routine, traditional, customary
Antonyms: exceptional, irregular
Synonyms:
usual
done or used on most occasions
She took her usual bus to the office. 쑗 Is it usual for him to arrive so late?
normal
usual or expected by most people
We hope to restore normal service as soon as possible 쑗 At her age it’s
only normal for her to want to go to parties.
routine
done as part of a regular pattern of activities
He went to the doctor for a routine examination.
traditional
done in a way that has been used for a long time
The dancers were wearing their traditional regional costumes.
customary
(formal) usual
He handled the situation with his customary efficiency. 쑗 It’s customary to
give taxi drivers a tip.
Antonyms:
exceptional
being an exception
irregular
not happening always at the same time
108
very adverb
Synonyms: very, extremely, exceptionally, remarkably
very
used to make an adjective or adverb stronger
It’s very hot in the car – why don’t you open a window? 쑗 The time seemed
to go very quickly when we were on holiday.
extremely
to a very great degree
It was extremely hot in August. 쑗 She reacted extremely angrily.
exceptionally
to a very great degree, often so great as to be surprising
an exceptionally rude man 쑗 You dealt with the situation exceptionally
bravely.
remarkably
to an unusually great degree, or in an unusual way
She remained remarkably calm. 쑗 She performed remarkably well in both
events.
109
want verb
Synonyms: want, wish, long, desire
want
to hope that you will do something, that something will happen, or that you
will get something
She wants a new car for her birthday. 쑗 Where do you want to go for your
holidays? 쑗 He wants to be a teacher.
wish
to want something to happen
She sometimes wished she could live in the country. 쑗 I wish you wouldn’t
be so unkind!
long
to want something very much
I’m longing for a cup of tea. 쑗 Everyone was longing to be back home.
desire
(formal) to want something
Most of us desire a large comfortable home.
110
watch verb
Synonyms: watch, look, observe, stare
Antonyms: ignore, overlook
Synonyms:
watch
to look at and notice something
Did you watch the TV news last night? 쑗 Everyone was watching the
children dancing.
look
to turn your eyes to see something
I want you to look carefully at this photograph. 쑗 If you look out of the
office window you can see our house. 쑗 He opened the lid of the box and
looked inside.
observe
to watch something with a lot of attention
Scientists observed the behaviour of the animals for several days.
stare
to look at someone or something for a long time
She stared sadly out of the window at the rain.
Antonyms:
ignore
not to notice someone or something deliberately
overlook
not to notice something
111
weak adjective
Synonyms: weak, feeble, frail, unhealthy
Antonyms: strong, healthy
Synonyms:
weak
not well and strong
After his illness he is still very weak.
feeble
physically weak, especially because of illness or age
He gave a feeble wave with his left hand. 쑗 The voice on the phone sounded
feeble.
frail
physically weak, especially because of age
His grandmother is now rather frail.
unhealthy
not healthy, especially often ill
All their children are quite unhealthy.
unhealthy colour.
쑗 I thought her face was an
Antonyms:
strong
having good health and strength
healthy
not ill, or not often ill
112
wet adjective
Synonyms: wet, damp, moist, soaking, waterlogged
Antonym: dry
Synonyms:
wet
covered in water or other liquid
She forgot her umbrella and got wet walking back from the shops. 쑗 The
chair’s all wet where he knocked over his beer.
damp
slightly wet
She’d just had a shower and her hair was still damp. 쑗 The cellar has cold
damp walls.
moist
slightly wet, often in a pleasant way
To clean the oven, just wipe it with a moist cloth. 쑗 The cake should be
moist, not too dry.
soaking
very wet
Don’t let the dog into the kitchen – he’s soaking or he’s soaking wet.
waterlogged
relating to ground that is full of water, so the surface stays wet for a long
time
After so much rain, the pitch is waterlogged. 쑗 Most plants cannot grow in
waterlogged soil.
Antonym:
dry
containing little or no water
113
work noun
Synonyms: work, labour, drudgery, graft
work
things that you do using your strength or your brain
There’s a great deal of work still to be done on the project. 쑗 There’s too
much work for one person. 쑗 If you’ve finished that piece of work, there’s
plenty more to be done. 쑗 Cooking for two hundred people every day is
hard work.
labour
work, especially hard physical work
Does the price include the cost of labour?
drudgery
boring work that you do not enjoy
Most of the work in the office is sheer drudgery.
graft
(informal) very hard work that needs a lot of energy
She has succeeded through sheer hard graft.
114
worry noun
Synonyms: worry, anxiety, problem, responsibility, burden
worry
something that makes you anxious
Go on holiday and try to forget your worries.
anxiety
nervous worry about something
Her anxiety about her job prospects began to affect her health. 쑗 The cost
of the treatment is one of my main anxieties.
problem
something that causes difficulty
We’re having problems with the new computer system.
responsibility
something that someone is responsible for
It’s my responsibility to lock the doors at night. 쑗 Your children are not my
responsibility.
burden
something that is hard to deal with
Looking after the dog is sometimes quite a burden.
INDEX
Headword Essay Headword Essay
ability n bad adj good
able adj intelligent barbecue n meal
acceptable adj good bare adj naked
accomplish v battle n fight
accurate adj correct beach n
achieve v accomplish beat v defeat
acknowledgement n answer beautiful adj good-looking
acquaintance n friend beg v ask
acquire v get begin v stop
adjacent adj next beginner n
adult n child big adj
advise v suggest big adj small
affection n love blaze v shine
again and again adv often blend n mixture
agree v disagree block v
aid n help blunder n mistake
alert adj aware boiling adj cold
alive adj dead boss n leader
alter v change bother v annoy
ancient adj old brand-new adj new
anger n bravery n courage
annoy v break v
annoyance n anger breakable adj fragile
answer n
antique adj
anxiety n
old
worry
bright adj
bug v
burden n
intelligent
annoy
worry
applicant n contestant burst v break
appreciate v like cagey adj cautious
apprentice n beginner calmness n anger
approve v disapprove candidate n contestant
aptitude n talent capability n ability
argue v disagree captain n leader
aroma n smell careful adj
arrogant adj proud careful adj cautious
ashamed adj proud careless adj careful
ask v carry out v accomplish
assassinate v kill carry out v perform
assemble v collect category n type
assignment n job cautious adj
assistance n help cease v stop
assistant n certain adj uncertain
assume v think change v
attempt v try chase v follow
attractive adj good-looking cheerful adj sad
attractive adj unattractive child n
auxiliary n assistant chop v cut
aware adj chore n job
awkward adj hard clean adj
baby n child
clean adj dirty damp adj wet
clever adj intelligent dazzle v shine
clone v copy dead adj
coach v teach deadly adj fatal
coast n beach deafening adj noisy
cold adj decrease v increase
collect v defeat v
combination n mixture defend v protect
come v go deficiency n lack
come across v find deficit n lack
comic adj funny delicate adj fragile
comical adj funny delight v annoy
companion n friend demand v ask
competence n ability depart v go
competition n depressed adj sad
complain v deputy n assistant
compound n mixture desire v want
conceited adj proud dialect n language
conclude v think differ v disagree
condemn v disapprove difficult adj hard
conduct v guide difficult adj easy
confer v give direct v guide
conflict n fight dirty adj
conquer v
conscientious adj
conscious adj
defeat
careful
aware
dirty adj
disagree v
disappear v
clean
go
contender n contestant disapprove v
contest n competition discover v find
contestant n disgust n dislike
continue v stop dislike n
contradict v disagree dislike v like
convert v change dispute v disagree
convinced adj uncertain donate v give
cool adj cold doubtful adj uncertain
copy v drag v pull
correct adj draw v pull
courage n drop v increase
cowardice n courage drop v raise
crack v break drudgery n work
criticise v disapprove dry adj wet
crowd n group dubious adj uncertain
custom n habit duplicate v copy
customary adj usual duty n job
cut v easy adj
damage v harm easy adj hard
adj = adjective adv = adverb n = noun v = verb

bold italic = main entry with synonyms italic = antonym
educate v teach freezing adj cold
elderly adj old frequent adj occasional
elevate v raise frequently adv often
emotional adj moving fresh adj new
employer n leader friend n
encounter v find frozen adj cold
end v stop fulfil v perform
endeavour v try funny adj
enjoy v like fury n anger
enlarge v increase gain v get
enormous adj big game n competition
entrant n contestant gang n group
error n mistake gather v collect
essential adj necessary genre n type
exact adj correct get v
excellent adj good gift n talent
exceptional adj usual gifted adj intelligent
exceptionally adv very give v
execute v kill glitter v shine
execute v perform glow v shine
expand v increase go v
expert n beginner good adj
extend v increase good-looking adj
extinct adj
extremely adv
fabrication n
dead
very
lie
graft n
grant v
grimy adj
work
give
dirty
fail v group n
falsehood n lie grubby adj dirty
famous adj grumble v complain
fat adj guard v protect
fat adj thin guide v
fatal adj guts plural n courage
feast n meal habit n
fed up adj sad hamper v block
feeble adj weak handsome adj good-looking
fib n lie happy adj sad
fight n hard adj
figure out v think hard adj easy
filthy adj dirty harm v
find v hate n dislike
fit adj strong hate v like
fleeting adj temporary hatred n dislike
flimsy adj fragile hatred n love
follow v haul v pull
fondness n love healthy adj weak
foolish adj stupid help n
forget v fail helper n assistant
fragile adj hesitate v
frail adj weak
hideous adj unattractive knack n talent
hilarious adj funny knowledge n
hinder v block labour n work
hoard v collect lack n
hoist v raise language n
hold back v block lasting adj temporary
hot adj cold late adj dead
huge adj big lawful adj legal
huge adj small lead v guide
humorous adj funny lead v follow
hurt v harm leader n
hygienic adj clean learn v
icy adj cold learn v teach
ignorance n knowledge learner n beginner
ignorant adj aware leave v go
ignore v watch legal adj
illegal adj legal legitimate adj legal
immediately adv now lethal adj fatal
impure adj clean licensed adj legal
inability n ability lie n
inaudible adj quiet lift v raise
incorrect adj correct like v
increase v liking n love
individual n
in doubt adj
infamous adj
group
uncertain
famous
liking n
live adj
long v
dislike
dead
want
infatuation n love look v watch
information n knowledge lose v find
informed adj aware loud adj noisy
injure v harm loud adj quiet
innovative adj new love n
instantly adv now love v like
instruct v teach lovely adj good-looking
intelligent adj lower v raise
intermittent adj occasional manager n leader
irregular adj usual master v learn
irresponsible adj stupid match n competition
irritate v annoy mate n friend
irritation n anger matter n subject
jargon n language meal n
jerk v pull memorise v learn
job n mend v break
kid n child microscopic adj small
kill v mighty adj strong
kind n type mindful adj aware

miniature adj small overcome v defeat
minute adj small overlook v fail
miserable adj sad overlook v watch
mistake n overweight adj fat
mixture n overweight adj thin
mob n group painstaking adj careful
modest adj proud pal n friend
modify v change passing adj temporary
moist adj wet passion n love
mortal adj fatal pathetic adj moving
moving adj pause v hesitate
murder v kill pause v stop
naked adj peaceful adj quiet
nearby adj next perform v
necessary adj periodic adj occasional
neglect v fail permanent adj temporary
neglect v protect pick up v learn
neighbouring adj next pick up v raise
nerve n courage picnic n meal
new adj piercing adj noisy
new adj old plain adj unattractive
next adj please v annoy
noiseless adj quiet plump adj fat
noisy adj
noisy adj
normal adj
quiet
usual
poor adj
powerful adj
practice n
good
strong
habit
notorious adj famous praise v complain
novel adj new present v give
novice n beginner presently adj now
now adv pretty adj good-looking
nude adj naked pretty adj unattractive
obese adj fat problem n worry
object v complain promptly adv now
object v disapprove propose v suggest
observe v watch protect v
obstruct v block protest v complain
obtain v get proud n
occasional adj prudent adj cautious
odd adj occasional pull v
odour n smell pull off v accomplish
often adv pure adj clean
old adj pursue v follow
old adj new push v pull
old hand n beginner put down v kill
old-fashioned adj old question n answer
old-fashioned adj new quiet adj
omit v fail quiet adj noisy
original adj new rage n anger
raise v
rarely adv often skinny adj thin
reason v think slang n language
reckless adj cautious slash v cut
recommend v suggest slaughter v kill
regular adj occasional slender adj thin
regularly adv often slice v cut
remarkably adv very slim adj thin
renowned adj famous slim adj fat
repeatedly adv often slip n mistake
replicate v copy small adj
reply n answer small adj big
reproduce v copy smash v break
request v ask smell n
required adj necessary snack n meal
resentment n anger soaking adj wet
response n answer soiled adj dirty
responsibility n worry solemn adj funny
routine n habit sort n type
routine adj usual species n type
rowdy adj noisy speech n language
sad adj spotless adj clean
satisfactory adj good squalid adj dirty
scent n smell stalk v follow
sceptical adj
seaside n
secretive adj
uncertain
beach
cautious
stare v
steal v
steer v
watch
give
guide
secure v get stink n smell
seldom adv often stirring adj moving
senseless adj stupid stop v
sensible adj stupid straightforward adj easy
serious adj funny stranger n friend
set off v go strive v try
shelter v protect strong adj
shield v protect strong adj fragile
shift v change strong adj weak
shine v stumble v hesitate
shore n beach stupid adj
shortage n lack stupid adj intelligent
shortlived adj temporary sturdy adj strong
silent adj quiet sturdy adj fragile
silent adj noisy subject n
silly adj stupid subject matter n subject
simple adj easy suggest v
simple adj hard supervisor n leader
skill n ability support n help

take v give uncomplicated adj easy
takeaway n meal undressed adj naked
talent n unhappy adj sad
talent n ability unhealthy adj weak
talented adj intelligent unintelligent adj intelligent
task n job unknown adj famous
teach v unnecessary adj necessary
teach v learn unsightly adj unattractive
teenager n child unsure adj uncertain
temporary adj usual adj
terminal adj fatal vain adj proud
theme n subject valid adj legal
then adv now vary v change
thin adj vast adj big
thin adj fat very adv
think v vigilant adj cautious
thorough adj careful vital adj necessary
thoughtless adj cautious vocabulary n language
thrash v defeat want v
tiny adj small war n fight
toddler n child warm adj cold
topic n subject wary adj cautious
touching adj moving watch v
tough adj
tow v
tradition n
hard
pull
habit
waterlogged adj
waver v
weak adj
wet
hesitate
traditional adj usual weak adj strong

train v teach well-known adj famous
transform v change wet adj
tricky adj hard whine v complain
triumph v defeat white lie n lie
true adj correct wisdom n knowledge
truth n lie wise adj stupid
try v wish v want
tug v pull witty adj funny
tutor v teach wonderful adj good
type n work n
ugly adj unattractive work out v think
ugly adj good-looking worry n
unattractive adj wound v harm
unattractive adj good-looking wrong adj legal
unaware adj aware young adj old
uncertain adj youngster n child
uncommunicative adj quiet youth n child

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First published in Great Britain 2004

© Copyright Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 2004

Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

ISBN 0 7475 6979 7

Text processing and computer typesetting by Bloomsbury Publishing

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Text Production and Proofreading

a large number of people behaving in a noisy, angry or uncontrolled way

adj = adjective adv = adverb n = noun v = verb

adj = adjective adv = adverb n = noun v = verb

adj = adjective adv = adverb n = noun v = verb

traditional adj usual weak adj strong

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