Generator Protection (Steag) PDF
Generator Protection (Steag) PDF
Generator Protection (Steag) PDF
What is Generator ?
Oil Catcher
Rotor
Bearing
Shaft Seal
Stator
Terminal Bushing
Generator Parts details
Generator Bearings
Bearings in clean
conditions
Need for Generator Protection Relay ?
M h i l
Mechanical
Generator Monitoring
Condition Electrical
System (GEMS)
Differential
Diff ti l protection
t ti is i a very reliable
li bl method
th d off protecting
t ti generators.
t
Under normal conditions, or for Sera fault outside of the protected zone,
current I1 is equal to current I2 .
Parameters Settings
RFs Alarm value 5kΩ
Alarm Delay 2s
RFs Trip value 0.5kΩ
Trip delay 1s
Generator Protection Function -64G2
The 95 % scheme uses the generator voltage and detects a ground fault on the
basis of the displacement of the star-point voltage it causes.
Protection of 95 % Stator winding length against earth faults. The delay has to
safeguard against any malfunction under transient conditions and during
external earth faults.
This protection in conjunction with the voltage function 'Voltage', which covers
95 % of the winding.
Neutral voltage relay with harmonic restraint and time delay is used.
The field
f circuit off the generator is normally isolated from
f the earth.
With a single earth fault in the rotor circuit, it is possible to have continuous
operation without generator damages.
There is however a risk of a second rotor earth fault .In such a case, there will
be large current and risk of severe damages .
Gives alarm for weakly developed faults and tripping for fully developed fault.
The machine may lose the synchronism and start to operate like an induction
machine.
The under-excitation increase the generation of heat in the end region of the
synchronous machine. The local heating may damage the insulation of the stator
winding and even the iron core.
The Loss off excitation protection in Relay measures the apparent impedance seen
out from the generator.
Over excitation results in excessive heating of core lamination and severe heating
of unlaminated metallic parts.
Risk of the over excitation in large when frequency is below rated value and over
voltage relay cannot be used here and therefore, a V/Hz relay is the right one .
When generator works as motor small active current is combined with large
reactive current as currents are balance ,single pole relay is sufficient .
For large turbo units ,reverse power is substantially less than 1 %.Hence ,low
forward power relay can be used.
If driving torque becomes less than total losses, generator starts drawing active
power from network .
In Steam turbine, reduction of steam flow reduces cooling effect and blades are
over heated.
Generator Protection Function – 32G
Negative phase sequence currents produce a reverse sequence rotating field in the
machine .
This induces double frequency eddy currents in the rotor leading to overheating,
primarily on surface of cylindrical rotors and damper winding of salient pole
machines.
Unbalance loading gives rise to double frequency eddy currents induced in rotor
which may cause excessive overheating .
Generator Protection Function – 46G
L
Large generatort are more susceptible
tibl to
t loss
l off synchronism
h i due
d to t lower
l i
inertia,
ti
higher reactance and also if connected by relatively weak ties. if allowed to persist
result in instability and widespread system disturbance.
P l Slipping
Pole Sli i
In this state, plant is still in excited state and large fluctuations in stator voltage
current and power output of the machine occur.
If Generator is faster than the power system, the rotor movement in the impedance
and voltage
oltage diagram is from right to left and generating is signaled
signaled.
If the generator is slower than the power system, the rotor movement is from left to
right and motoring is signaled.
The movement in the impedance plain can be seen in figure, the transient behavior
is described by the transient e.m.f’s
e m f’s EA andd EB,and b X’d. XT and
d by d the
th transient
t i t system
t
impedance ZS.
Generator Protection Function – 98G
The thermal overload protection estimates the internal heat content of the
generator continuously.
In this REG 670 Protection Relay Two warning levels are available .This enables
actions in the power system to be done before dangerous temperature are reached.
reached
If the temperature continues to increase to the trip value ,the protection initiates
trip of the protected generator
Generator Protection Function – 49S
Differential protection for stator does not provide protection against the
inter-turn faults on the same phase winding of the stator.
The reason is that the current produced by the turn to turn fault flows in
the local circuit between the turns involved and thus it does not create
any difference between the current.
Backup or main protection for fault at the bus bar where the plant is connected to
the p
power system
y .
Backup impedance protection for line-faults at lines out from the power plant .
The numerical mho line distance p protection is a three zone full scheme p
protection
for back-up detection of short circuit and earth faults.
The three zones have fully independent measuring and setting which gives high
flexibility
y for all types
yp of lines.
The modern technical solution offers fast operating time down to ¾ cycles.
Generator Protection Function – 21G
Over voltage may occur due to the defective voltage regulator and
also due to manual control errors.
Generator Protection Function – 59G
If more than one generators supply the load and due to some reason one
generator is suddenly trip , then another generators try to supply the load.
Each of these generators will experience a sudden increase in current and
thus decreases the terminal voltage.
Automatic voltage regulator connected to the system try to restore the
voltage.
And under voltage relay type-27
type 27 is also used for the under voltage
protection.
This drop of under voltage not critical for the generator and transformer
block .
Critical for the auxiliary equipment at plant (especially for turbo units).
This Protection function should be block when generator is not loaded .
Generator Protection Function – 81G
This can cause particular problems for gas or steam turbine generators, which
are susceptible to damage from operation outside of their normal frequency
band.
The under frequency (TUF) function is used to detect low power system
f
frequency ,the
th function
f ti can either
ith have
h ad
definite
fi it titime d
delay
l or a voltage
lt
magnitude depend the time delay .
Generator Protection Function – 81G3
In some case close to generating part governor problem can also cause over
frequency .
The Over frequency (TOF) function is used to detect high power system
frequency ,the
the function has a settable definite time delay.if
delay if the frequency
remains above the set value for a time period corresponding to the chosen time
delay .
Generator Protection Function – 81G1
CLASS-A TRIPPING
CLASS-B TRIPPING
Thi
This is
i adopted
d t d for
f all
ll turbine
t bi faults
f lt (Mechanical)
(M h i l) and d for
f some Electrical
El t i l
faults of Generator ,Generator Transformer and unit auxiliary
Transformer for which it is safe to trip the turbine.
Ensure that unit does not over speed due to trapped steam in the turbine
during the shutdown and also the loss of power to the grid from the
Generator is not sudden.
Generator Class of Tripping
CLASS-C TRIPPING
This is adopted for all faults beyond the Generator system which can be
cleared by tripping of Generator transformer HV Side CB alone.
In this case the TG Set runs with HP-LP bypass system in operation and
Generator continues to feed the unit auxiliary load through unit auxiliary
Transformers.
Classification of Tripping
Type-CDG 12
Inverse Time Earth Fault
Type-CAG
yp 17,37
,
Instantaneous Over current
Solid state
Based relay
co st uct o
construction
Microprocessor
Based relay
construction
Numerical
Based relay
construction
Generator Protection Relay
A numeric relay is a digital protective relay that uses a microprocessor with software based
protection algorithms to analyze power system voltages and currents for the purpose of
detection of faults in an electric power system.
F
Function:
ti
Low voltage and low current signals (i.e., at the secondary of a voltage transformer and
current transformer ) are brought into a low pass filter that removes frequency content
above about 1/3 of the sampling frequency. AC signal is then sampled by the relay's analog
to digital converter at anywhere from about 4 to 64 (varies by relay) samples per power
system cycle. The sampled data is then passed through a low pass filter that numerically
removes the frequency content that is above the fundamental frequency of interest (i.e.,
nominal system frequency), and uses Fourier transform algorithms to extract the
f d
fundamentalt l frequency
f magnitude
it d and
d angle.
l
Next the microprocessor passes the data into a set of protection algorithms, which are a set
of logic equations in part designed by the protection engineer, and in part designed by the
relay manufacturer, that monitor for abnormal conditions that indicate a fault. If a fault
condition is detected, output contacts operate to trip the associated circuit breaker(s).
Generator Protection Relay
Microprocessor
Memory module
Input module
O t t module
Output d l
Communication module
Application
pp Software
Advantage of Numerical Relay
¾ Reliability
¾ Multifunctionality
M ltif ti lit
¾ Self Diagnosis
¾ Event and Disturbance Records
¾ Co
Communication
u cat o Capab
Capabilities
t es
¾ Adaptive Protection Sampled Waveform
Generator Protection Relay
Relay Communication
Generator mechanical protection