1

This operat ing procedure is writ t en wit h t he obj ect ive t o give an overview of
perform ing a dispersion m odeling st udy using PHAST v6.4.

Basically, t here ar e t w o m odelling packages available in PHAST v6.4 for dispersion

m odeling. These packages ar e t he Vessel/ Pipe Sour ce Model and t he User Defined
Source Model.

This procedur e will begin by defining t he weat her condit ions of t he m odeling scenario
and follow by defining t he m ixt ure of t he discharge m at erials. The t hird sect ion of
t his procedur e will address on ent ering and defining t he m odeling condit ions and
scenario of t he m odeling case.

For t he t hird sect ion, t he Vessel/ Pipe Source Model will first be used t o m odel t he
dispersion profile, which lat er will be com par ed wit h t he dispersal pr ofile generat ed
by t he User Defined Source. I n gener al, t he dispersal profile obt ained fr om bot h
m odels should be com parable t o each ot her.

I n order t o facilit at e t he present at ion of t he procedur e, t he following exam ple case

will be used:

I n t he design of an offshor e plat form , concern was raised on t he hot exhaust

released from an em er gency diesel generat or t hat m ay affect t he operat ion of t he
helideck.

The exhaust pipe is locat ed horizont ally t oward plat form East , wit h t he t ip angled 45 0
downward. The exhaust t ip is about 20.7 m abov e sea level and about 4.9 m
beneat h t he helideck as shown in Figu r e 1 . The int ernal diam et er of t he t ip is 14”
( 355 m m ) .

Figu r e 1 : Loca t ion of t he e x ha ust ( look ing N or t h) .

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The exhaust gas com posit ion is t aken t o be:

Species MASS FRACTION

Nitrogen, N2 0.746
Carbon Dioxide, CO2 0.091
Water Vapour, H2O 0.040
Oxigen, O2 0.123

The exhaust flow rat e is calculat ed t o be 9319 Kg/ hr ( 280 m 3 / m in) @ 470 0 C. The
out let velocit y of t he hot exhaust was calculat ed t o be 47.0 m / s.

From t he Per cent age Exceedence of Mean Wind Speed wit h reference t o t he
Pasquill’s St abilit y Cat egories, t he following wind speeds wer e adopt ed:
W ind Spe e d Pa squill’s St a bilit y Ca t e gor ie s
1 m/s B
3 m/s E
5 m/s B
18 m / s D

The m odeling result s will be discussed lat er in t he pr ocedur e.

Basically, t he operat ing procedur es int roduced in here will be sim ilar for ot her
dispersion case. I t will be t he init iat ive and r esponsible of t he user t o furt her
fam iliarize wit h ot her feat ur es and applicat ions available in PHAST v6.4, which
relat ed t o dispersion m odelling.

This operat ing procedur e only cov er s t he t echnical procedur es of using PHAST v6.4
for disper sion m odelling. For t he Physics and Therm odynam ics involve, please r efer
t o PHAST v6.4 Technical Refer ence.

Ther e is ot her consequence m odelling soft war e t ools available in t he m ark et , such as
FRED from Shell, CALPUFF, AEROMOD,I SC3, OML and ADMS, which also offer s a 2- D
dispersion m odelling. To som e ext ent , bot h PHAST and FRED would yield com parable
m odelling result s. However, t hese 2- D m odelling t ools m ay also have it s lim it at ion. I t
is up t o t he user t o ex plore. Wit h t he cont inuous m ark et dem and and im provem ent
from t he I nform at ion Technology, Com put er Fluid Dynam ics ( CFD) soft ware t ools,
such as FLACS and ANSYS- CFX, are now available in t he m arket , which offer s 3- D
com put er m odelling. The user can look t hr ough t he int ernet for furt her inform at ion
about t he CFD soft wares.
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A. D EFI N I N G TH E W EATH ER

1. Click on t he N e w St udy Folde r icon t o creat e a new case st udy as shown in

Figu r e 2 .

Figu r e 2 : N e w ca se st udy w indow .

2. Select t he W e a t he r Ta b fr om t he St u dy Folde r as shown in Figur e 3 .

Figu r e 3 : Se le ct ing t h e W e a t h e r Ta b fr om t he St udy W indow .

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3. Select t he St udy icon in t he W e a t h e r Ta b and click on t he I n se r t W e a t he r

icon in t he Tool Ba r m enu t o insert a new w eat her dat a as shown in Figur e
4 . I n t his case, t he new weat her dat a is nam e as 1 m / s, B.

I nsert Weat her

A r ed fram e will appear

around t he icon prom pt ing
t he user t o insert t he
required param et ers.

Figu r e 4 : Adding a n e w w e a t he r da t a .

4. Double click on t he weat her icon ( 1 m / s, B) . The W e a t h e r Pa r a m e t e r s

W indow will appear as shown in Figur e 5 . I n t his case, t he W in d Spe e d is
chosen t o be 1 m / s and t he wind condit ion is t aken t o be B in accordance t o
t he Pa squ ill’s St a bilit y Ca t e gor ie s as shown in Table 1.

Surface wind I solat ion Night

speed at 10 m St rong Moderat e Slight Thinly overcast < 3 / 8 cloud
height ( m / s) or > 4 / 8 cloud
< 2 A A- B B - -
2 - 3 A- B B C E E
3 - 5 B B- C C D E
5 - 6 C C- D D D D
> 6 C D D D D

A Unst able condit ions

D Neut ral condit ion
F St able condit ions
Ta ble 1 : Pa squ ill’s St a bilit y Ca t e gor ie s
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Figu r e 5 W e a t he r Pa r a m e t e r s W indow

5. To change at m ospheric param et er s of t he w eat her condit ion, select t he

At m osphe r ic Pa r a m e t e r s t a b and perform t he required changes. Click on
t he OK but t on aft er finish insert ing t he required param et er.

Figu r e 6 : At m osphe r ic Pa r a m e t e r s a v a ila ble .

NOTE: All t he D a t a Box in t he At m osphe r ic Pa r a m e t e r s t a b sur r ounded by green

fram e indicat ing t hat all t he dat a required for t he calculat ion has been insert ed.
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6. The red fram e sur rounding t he weat her icon ( 1 m / s, B) will disappear aft er
all t he required w eat her dat a has been added in.

The r ed fram e will

disappear aft er t he
required w eat her dat a has
been added in.

Figu r e 7 : Aft e r a ddin g t he w e a t he r da t a .

7. Repeat St e p 3 t o 6 t o add anot her 3 m or e w eat her dat a for t his st udy. The
det ails for t he w eat her are given in Ta ble 2 .

W ind Spe e d Pa squill’s St a bilit y Ca t e gor ie s

1 m/s B
3 m/s E
5 m/s B
18 m / s D
Ta ble 2 : W e a t he r da t a f or t he st u dy.

Figu r e 8 : Add t he w e a t he r da t a for t he st u dy.

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B. CREATI N G TH E M I XTURE

1. As in m ost cases, t he gas/ vapor r eleased int o t he at m ospher e com prises

m or e t han one com ponent ; hence it is necessary for t he user t o creat e t he
corr ect m ixt ure com posit ion prior t o t he m odeling ( t o be discussed in
SECTI ON C) . I f t he gas/ vapor dispersed consist of only one species, such as
only nit rogen, am m onia, et c is r eleased int o t he at m ospher e, t hen t he user
can select t he com ponent direct ly in t he st eps discuss in SECTI ON C wit hout
going t hrough t his sect ion.

2. Click on t he M a t e r ia l t a b in t he St udy Folde r as shown in Figu r e 9 .

Figu r e 9 : M a t e r ia l t a b in t h e St udy Folde r .

3. Select t he Loca l M a t e r ia l icon and click on t he I nse r t M a t e r ia l icon on t he

Tool Ba r m e n u as shown in Figur e 1 0 . I n t his st udy, t he m ixt ure is nam ed
as Hot Exhaust .

I nsert Mixt ure

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A r ed fram e will appear Select t he Local

around t he icon prom pt ing Folder icon
t he user t o insert t he
required param et ers.

Figu r e 1 0 : Adding a n e w m ix t u r e .

4. Double click on t he H ot Ex ha u st icon t o open t he param et er window for t he

Hot Exhaust m ixt ure as shown in Figu r e 1 1 .

Figu r e 1 1 : Pa r a m e t e r w indow for t h e H ot Ex ha u st m ix t ur e .

 9

5. To add t he species for t he m ixt ure, click on t he Add… but t on in t he

Com pone nt t a b and select m at erial as shown in Figur e 1 2 . Aft er select ing
t he m at erial click on t he OK but t on t o add t he m at erial int o t he list as shown
in Figur e 1 3 .

Figu r e 1 2 : Se le ct in g t he m a t e r ia l for t he m ix t ur e .

Figu r e 1 3 : Adding t h e m a t e r ia l int o t he m ix t ur e list .

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6. Click on t he Va lue colum n of t he select ed m at erial and ent er it s

com posit ional fract ion in t he m ixt ure as shown in Figur e 1 4 . The
com posit ional can eit her be in M a ss or M ole Ba sis.

Figu r e 1 4 : Ent e r ing t he com posit ion a l fr a ct ion for t h e m a t e r ia l.

7. Repeat St e p 3 t o 6 t o add in all t he relat ed m at erials and it s respect ive m ass

fract ion as shown in Figur e 1 5 . The m at erials and it s m ass fract ion will be
used for t his st udy.

Figu r e 1 5 : Adding a ll t he r e la t e d m a t e r ia ls a nd it s m a ss fr a ct ion for t he

m ix t ur e
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C. EN TERI N G TH E PARAM ETERS FOR TH E M OD ELLI N G

1. Select t he M ode ls t a b in t he St udy Folde r . Select t he St udy and click on

t he I n se r t Ve sse l/ Pipe Sour ce icon on t he Tool ba r m e n u t o add a new
case st udy as shown in Figu r e 1 6 . For t his st udy, t he new case is nam ed as
Hot Exhaust Disper sion St udy

I nsert
Vessel/ Pipe St udy icon
Source

A r ed fram e will appear

around t he icon prom pt ing
t he user t o insert t he
required param et ers.

Models t ab
Figu r e 1 6 : Adding a n e w ca se st udy.

2. Double click on t he Ve sse l/ Pipe Sou r ce M ode l icon to open t he

Pa r a m e t e r s W indow as shown in Figur e 1 7 .

… but t on

Figu r e 1 7 : Pa r a m e t e r w indow for Ve sse l/ Pipe Sou r ce M ode l.

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3. On t he M a t e r ia l t a b, click on t he … but t on t o select t he D ischa r ge

M a t e r ia l. I f t he dischar ge m at erial is a pure m at erial, it can be select direct ly
from t he m at erial list . How ev er, if t he discharge com prises a m ixt ure of
m at erials, t he m ixt ure would have t o be creat ed prior t o t his sect ion, which
has discussed in SECTI ON B. I n t his case, select H ot Ex h a u st fr om t he list .
And click on t he OK but t on as shown in Figu r e 1 8 .

A red fram e will

appear around t he
icon prom pt ing
t he user t o insert
t he required
param et ers.

Figu r e 1 8 : Se le ct in g t he D ischa r ge M a t e r ia l.

4. Nor m ally, for disper sion m odeling, large I n ve n t or y will be used. I n t his case,
it is t aken t o be 1,000,000 Kg. Addit ionally, Te m pe r a t u r e and Pr e ssur e
( ga uge ) are t he t w o Pr oce ss Con dit ion s nor m ally select ed. I n t his st udy,
t he Pr oce ss Condit ion s ar e t aken t o be at 470 o C and 0.0145 barg as shown
in Figur e 1 9 .

Figu r e 1 9 : Ent e r ing t he Pr oce ss Condit ion s.

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5. Select t he Sce n a r io t a b. For and check on t he Line Ru pt ur e in t he

Sce n a r io Type se ct ion as shown in Figu r e 2 0 . For t his case, t he exhaust
discharge is an Out door Re le a se .

Line
Rupt ure

Out door
Release

Figu r e 2 0 : Se le ct in g t he Lin e Rupt u r e a s t h e ca se sce n a r io.

6. Next , select t he Pipe t a b and ent er t he dat a for Pipe Le ngt h and it s
I nt e r n a l D ia m e t e r . The user can select t he unit of value ent er ed by clicking
on t he arr ow next t o t he unit as shown in Figu r e 2 1 .

Pipe t ab
I nt ernal
Pipe Diam et er
Lengt h

Select ing
t he unit
from t he
droplist

Figu r e 2 1 : Ent e r ing t he pipe da t a .

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7. Select t he Loca t ion t a b and ent er t he Re le a se Coor dina t e s as shown in

Figu r e 2 2 . I n t his st udy, t he exhaust t ip is elevat ed at 20.74 m fr om t he sea
surface.

Figu r e 2 2 : D e fining t he Re le a se Coor dina t e s.

8. Select t he I n door / Out door t a b. Click on t he droplist arrow of t he Out door

Re le a se D ir e ct ion and select An gle d fr om H or iz ont a l. I n t his st udy, t he
exhaust t ip is angled at – 4 5 de g fr om t he horizon as shown in Figur e 2 3 .

Figure 23: Defining the orientation of the exhaust tip.

 15

9. Aft er St e p 8 , click on t he OK but t on t o close t he Pa r a m e t e r W in dow . I t will

be not ed t hat t he r ed fr am e surr ounding t he H ot Ex ha ust D ispe r sion St udy
icon will have disappear indicat ing t hat all t he dat a required for t he disper sion
m odelling have been ent er ed and now it is ready t o run t he m odelling result s.

The red fram e

surr ounding t he
Hot Exhaust
Dispersion
St udy icon
disappear

Figu r e 2 4 : Aft e r f in ish e nt e r ing t h e r e quir e d infor m a t ion.

10. Click on the Run Models icon to initiate the simulation of the modelling case.

Run Models icon

The following Progress Window will appear indicating the progress of the calculation.

Upon complete of the calculation the Progress Window will disappear. Additionally, the
user can monitor the calculation progress in the Log Window located at the bottom as
shown in Figure 25.
 16

I ndicat ing t he com plet ion of t he calculat ion

Figure 25: PHAST Log Window.

11. Click on t he V ie w Re por t icon in t he Tool ba r m e nu t o generat e t he

calculat ion report .

View Report

12. Showing in Figur e 2 6 is t he report generat ed for dispersion m odel.

Figu r e 2 6 : Th e dispe r sion r e por t ge ne r a t e d.

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13. From t he Re por t , select t he D ischa r ge t a b. From t he D isch a r ge Re por t ,

t he D ischa r ge Ve locit y of t he exhaust gas can be obt ained as shown in
Figu r e 2 7 .

Discharge
velocit y

Discharge
velocit y

Figu r e 2 7 : Ge t t ing t h e D isch a r ge V e locit y of t h e h ot e x ha ust ga s.

NOTE: t he Pr e ssu r e ( ga u ge ) of t he discharge defined in St e p 4 has a significant

effect on D isch a r ge Ve locit y of t he hot exhaust . The gr eat er t he Pr e ssu r e
( ga uge ) , t he gr eat er t he D ischa r ge V e locit y will becom e. I n t his case, t he
Pr e ssu r e of t he hot exhaust is not given, t hus it can be arbit rarily est im at ed by
assigning a value t o t he Pr e ssur e ( ga u ge ) in St e p 4 and check t he D isch a r ge
Re por t if t he D ischa r ge Ve locit y calculat ed is com parable wit h t he Act ua l
D ischa r ge Ve locit y given. The Act u a l D isch a r ge Ve locit y is calculat ed t o be at
47.0 m / s, while from t he m odelling, t he D ischa r ge Ve locit y is est im at ed t o be at
47.13 m / s, which is com parable. Hence, t he dispersion r esult is accept able.
Ot her wise, t he user will have t o change t he Pr e ssur e ( ga uge ) and re- run t he
m odel again unt il a com parable r esult is obt ained. This is necessary for t he
Ve sse l/ Pipe Sour ce M ode l.
 18

14. I n t his case, t he concer n is on t he t em perat ur e effect of t he hot exhaust on

t he am bient t em perat ur e in t he vicinit y of t he flight pat h and over t he landing
area of t he Helideck. Hence, prior t o plot t ing t he dispersal profile, t he
concent rat ion of t he ex haust cloud indicat ing t em perat ur e higher t han 30 o C
will be det erm ined.

15. Select the Dispersion tab in the report and determine the concentration of the exhaust at
o
30 C.

o
Figure 28: Determining the concentration of the exhaust at 30 C.

Conc  39,108.93 44,878.17  39,108.93

30  28.89 31.72  28.89

Conc 41,372 ppm

16. Click on the View Graph icon. A Plot Setup Window will appear prompting the use to
select the Weather Condition. For this case, select 1 m/s, B and click on the OK button.

View Graph icon

 19

17. From t he Gr a ph W indow , select t he Side vie w t a b as shown in Figur e 2 9 .

Figu r e 2 9 : Side vie w t a b

18. Right click on t he Side vie w Gr a ph and select Pr ope r t ie s… fr om t he drop

list as shown in Figu r e 3 0 .

Figu r e 3 0 : D r oplist f r om t h e Side vie w Gr a ph.

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19. The Plot Pr ope r t ie s W indow will appear. Select t he Conce nt r a t ions t a b
and uncheck all t he check box in t he Se conda r y Conce nt r a t ions sect ion.
Change t he Pr im a r y Conce nt r a t ion t o 4 1 ,3 7 2 ppm . Click on t he OK
but t on.

20. Right click on t he Side vie w Gr a ph and select D yna m ic… from t he drop list
as shown in Figur e 3 1 .

Figu r e 3 1 : Se le ct in g D yna m ic… f r om t he dr oplist .

21. A Cloud D yn a m ics Cont r ol W indow will appear .

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22. Click on t he Pla y but t on t o plot t he side view of t he disper sal profile.

Play but t on

23. Aft er finish plot ing t he graph, close t he Clou d D yna m ics Cont r ol W indow
and t he graph profile appear is t he side view of t he dispersal profile of t he
exhaust gas wit h t he boundary of t he profile at 30 o C.

The t em perat ur e
of t he dispersal
boundary = 30 o C

24. To copy t he graph, left click on t he graph and press Ct r l + C. To past e t he

graph ont o ot her docum ent ( such as Ms Word file) , press Ct r l + V .
 22

25. Repeat St e p 1 6 t o 2 4 t o obt ain t he dispersal profile for wind speed at 1 , 3 , 5

and 1 8 m / s.

26. The r esult s obt ained from t he V e sse l/ Pipe Sour ce M ode l ar e as shown in
Figu r e 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 4 and 3 5 .

Figu r e 3 2 : D ispe r sa l pr of ile for w ind spe e d a t 1 m / s, B.

Figu r e 3 3 : D ispe r sa l pr of ile for w ind spe e d a t 3 m / s, E.

 23

Figu r e 3 4 : D ispe r sa l pr of ile for w ind spe e d a t 5 m / s, B.

Figu r e 3 5 : D ispe r sa l pr of ile for w ind spe e d a t 1 8 m / s, D .

27. The following st ep will discuss on t he Use r D e fine d Sou r ce M ode l.

28. Select t he St udy icon in t he St udy Folde r and Click on t he Use r D e fin e d
Sour ce M ode l icon on t he Tool ba r m e n u t o t he Use r D e f in e d Sour ce
M ode l in t he case st udy as shown in Figur e 3 6 . I n t his st udy, t he new Use r
D e fine d Sou r ce M ode l will be nam e as Use r D e fin e d Sou r ce .
 24

A red fram e will

appear ar ound t he
icon prom pt ing
t he user t o insert
t he r equired
param et er s.

Figu r e 3 6 : Adding t h e Use r D e fin e d Sou r ce M ode l.

29. Double click on t he Use r D e f ine d Sour ce icon in t he St udy Folde r t o open
t he User D e f ine d Sour ce W indow . Click on t he … but t on in t he D ischa r ge
M a t e r ia l sect ion ( M a t e r ia l t a b) t o select t he H ot Ex ha ust as t he
D ischa r ge M a t e r ia l as shown in Figur e 3 7 . The I nve nt or y is t aken t o be
1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 Kg.

Mat erial t ab

… but t on

I nv ent ory

Figu r e 3 7 : Ent e r ing t he da t a in t he M a t e r ia l t a b.

 25

30. Select t he D isch a r ge t a b and choose Le a k as t he Re le a se Sce n a r io. The

discharge is an Out door Re le a se . Ent er all t he required inform at ion in t he
Re le a se Se gm e nt as shown in Figur e 3 8 .

Discharge t ab
Leak r elease Out door Release

Figu r e 3 8 : Ent e r ing t he r e quir e d in for m a t ion in t he D isch a r ge t a b.

31. Select t he Loca t ion t a b and ent er t he Re le a se Coor din a t e s. Norm ally, t he
Conce nt r a t ion of int e r e st in Conce nt r a t ion for t e r m in a t in g dispe r sion
sect ion is t aken t o be at 1 0 0 ppm as t he PH AST only calculat e t he disper sion
concent rat ion unt il t he quant it y defined, which is 1 0 0 ppm in t his case.
Choose Use r D e fine in t he Use r a ve r a ging t im e and ent er 600 s for t he
Ave r a gin g t im e t o be use d in r e por t s.
 26

32. Go t o t he I ndoor/ Out door t ab and choose Angle d fr om H or iz ont a l at – 4 5

de g as t he Out door Re le a se D ir e ct ion .

33. Aft er St ep 32, click on t he OK but t on t o close t he Pa r a m e t e r W in dow . I t

will be not ed t hat t he red fram e sur rounding t he H ot Ex h a ust D ispe r sion
St udy icon will have disappear indicat ing t hat all t he dat a required for t he
dispersion m odelling have been ent ered and now it is ready t o r un t he
m odelling result s.

The red fram e

surr ounding t he
User Defined
Source icon
disappear
 27

34. Click on the Run Models icon to initiate the simulation of the modelling case.

Run Models icon

35. Click on t he V ie w Re por t icon in t he Tool ba r m e nu t o generat e t he

calculat ion report .

View Report

36. Showing in Figur e 3 9 is t he report generat ed for dispersion m odel.

Figu r e 3 9 : Th e dispe r sion r e por t ge ne r a t e d.

 28

37. As m ent ioned in St e p 1 4 , in t his case, t he concern is on t he t em perat ur e

effect of t he hot exhaust on t he am bient t em perat ur e in t he vicinit y of t he
flight pat h and over t he landing area of t he Helideck. Hence, prior t o plot t ing
t he dispersal pr ofile, t he concent rat ion of t he exhaust cloud indicat ing
t em perat ur e higher t han 30 o C will be det erm ined.

38. Select t he D ispe r sion t a b in t he report and det erm ine t he concent rat ion of
t he exhaust at 30 o C.

Figu r e 4 0 : D e t e r m in ing t h e conce nt r a t ion of t h e e x ha ust a t 3 0 o C.

Conc  31,463.22 42,884.88  31,463.22

30  25.17 30.78  25.17

Conc 41,297 ppm

39. Click on t he Vie w Gr a ph icon. A Plot Se t up W indow will appear prom pt ing
t he use t o select t he W e a t h e r Con dit ion . For t his case, select 1 m / s, B and
click on t he OK but t on.

View Graph icon

 29

40. From t he Gr a ph W indow , select t he Side vie w t a b as shown in Figur e 4 1 .

Figu r e 4 1 : Side vie w t a b

41. Right click on t he Side vie w Gr a ph and select Pr ope r t ie s… fr om t he drop

list as shown in Figu r e 4 2 .

Figu r e 4 2 : D r oplist f r om t h e Side vie w Gr a ph.

 30

42. The Plot Pr ope r t ie s W indow will appear. Select t he Conce nt r a t ions t a b
and uncheck all t he check box in t he Se conda r y Conce nt r a t ions sect ion.
Change t he Pr im a r y Conce nt r a t ion t o 4 1 ,2 9 7 ppm . Click on t he OK
but t on.

43. Right click on t he Side vie w Gr a ph and select D yna m ic… from t he drop list
as shown in Figur e 4 3 .

Figu r e 4 3 : Se le ct in g D yna m ic… f r om t he dr oplist .

44. A Cloud D yn a m ics Cont r ol W indow will appear .

 31

45. Click on t he Re w ind but t on follow by t he Pla y but t on t o re- plot t he side view
of t he dispersal profile.

Rewind
but t on

46. Aft er finish plot ing t he graph, close t he Clou d D yna m ics Cont r ol W indow
and t he graph profile appear is t he side view of t he dispersal profile of t he
exhaust gas wit h t he boundary of t he profile at 30 o C.

The t em perat ur e
of t he dispersal
boundary = 30 o C

47. To copy t he graph, left click on t he graph and press Ct r l + C. To past e t he

graph ont o ot her docum ent ( such as Ms Word file) , press Ct r l + V .

48. Repeat St e p 3 9 t o 4 7 t o obt ain t he dispersal profile for wind speed at 1 , 3 , 5

and 1 8 m / s.
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49. The r esult s obt ained from t he V e sse l/ Pipe Sour ce M ode l ar e as shown in
Figu r e 4 3 , 4 4 , 4 5 and 4 6 .

Figu r e 4 3 : D ispe r sa l pr of ile for w ind spe e d a t 1 m / s, B.

Figu r e 4 4 : D ispe r sa l pr of ile for w ind spe e d a t 3 m / s, E.

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Figu r e 4 5 : D ispe r sa l pr of ile for w ind spe e d a t 5 m / s, B.

Figu r e 4 6 : D ispe r sa l pr of ile for w ind spe e d a t 1 8 m / s, D .

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COM PARI SON OF TH E M OD ELLI N G RESULT OBTAI N ED FROM TH E

VESSEL/ PI PE SOURCE M OD EL AN D TH E USER D EFI N ED SOURCE M OD EL

Showing below are t he dispersal profiles obt ain from t he Vessel/ Pipe Source Model
and t he Use r D e f ine d Sour ce M ode l at r espect ive wind speed. As can be seen, t he
dispersal profiles gener at ed are com parable for bot h m odels. The Discharge Velocit y
m ay be one of t he fact or cont ribut es t o t he difference obser ved.

D ispe r sa l pr of ile f or w in d spe e d a t 1 m / s, B

Ve sse l/ Pipe Sour ce M ode l

Use r D e f ine d Sour ce M ode l

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For w ind spe e d a t 3 m / s, E.

Ve sse l/ Pipe Sour ce M ode l

Use r D e f ine d Sour ce M ode l

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For w ind spe e d a t 5 m / s, B

Ve sse l/ Pipe Sour ce M ode l

Use r D e f ine d Sour ce M ode l

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For w ind spe e d a t 1 8 m / s, D

Ve sse l/ Pipe Sour ce M ode l

Use r D e f ine d Sour ce M ode l