Automotive LM PDF
Automotive LM PDF
Automotive LM PDF
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
AUTOMOTIVE
SERVICING
EXPLORATORY COURSE
Grade 7 and Grade 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 2
What Is This Module About?
This Module is an exploratory and introductory course which leads you to Automotive
Servicing National Certificate Level I ( NC I)1. It covers 5 common competencies that a
Grade 7/Grade 8 Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) student like you ought to
possess, namely:
These 5 common competencies are covered separately in 5 Lessons. As shown below, each
Lesson is directed to the attainment of one or more learning outcomes:
Your success in this exploratory course on Automotive is shown in your ability to perform
the performance standards found in each lesson.
1NATIONAL CERTIFICATE (NC) is a certification issued to individuals who achieved all the required units of competency for a national
qualification as defined under the Training Regulations. NCs are aligned to specific levels within the PTQF. (TESDA Board Resolution
No. 2004-13, Training Regulations Framework)
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE LEVEL refers to the four (4) qualification levels defined in the Philippine TVET Qualifications Framework
(PTQF) Where the worker in:
a. NC I performs a routine and predictable tasks; has little judgment; and, works under supervision;
b. NC II performs prescribe range of functions involving known routines and procedures; has limited choice and complexity of
functions, and has little accountability;
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 3
How Do You Use This Module?
This Module has five Lessons. Each Lesson has the following parts:
Learning Outcomes
Performance Standards
Materials/Resources
Definition of Terms
What Do You Already Know?
What Do You Need to Know?
How Much Have You Learned?
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
How Well Did You Perform?
References
To get the most from this Module, you need to do the following:
Each Lesson also provides you with references and definition of key terms for your guide.
They can be of great help. Use them fully.
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 4
LESSON 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to
do the following:
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 5
Definition of Terms
Air cleaner - apaper or cellulose element that filters the air before entering the
engine
Bolt - a round rod metal with external threads. The external thread can be screwed in
an internally threaded stock or nut. It usually has square or hexagonal head where
wrench a can be inserted to loosen and tighten
Hand tools - a portable devices that are guided and operated by hands
Hose - a flexible and heat resistant rubber that serves as a passage of coolant in the
cooling system
Nuts - a usually square or hexagonal shape block of metal with internal threaded
hole where an externally threaded bolt can be screwed
Technique - a method of skillful manipulation of activity for efficient and time saving
task
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 6
Testing - a process of determining the working condition of a system or mechanism
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 7
LEARNING OUTCOME 1
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Materials/Resources
1. Table
2. Pencils
3. Rugs
4. Screw driver
5. Fire extinguisher
6. Steel rule
7. Drill bit
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 8
What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about planning and preparing for
task to be undertaken. Take this test.
Pretest LO 1
Directions: Answer the question by writing the letter of the best answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
3. One of the factors to consider when planning and preparing for the task in order to avoid
accident is _____.
A. materials C. place
B. safety D. waste disposal
4. When the task calls for the removal of parts, use _____.
A. cleaning tools C. loosening and tightening tools
B. marking tools D. measuring tools
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 9
What Do You Need To Know?
Read Information Sheet 1.1 very well; then, find out how much you can
remember and how much you have learned by doing Self-check.
1. PLACE. See to it that the place for doing the task is conducive to work, well-
ventilated, clean, and has good lighting. A space provided for freedom to move is
important. A place chosen will give you idea on what task is to be done.
2. MATERIALS. Be sure that aside from tools and equipment, necessary materials
and fixtures to be used such as bench work and manual of specifications must be
available and ready for use.
3. WASTE DISPOSAL. Used parts or compound substance such as oil, grease and
used chemical bottles must be disposed in proper storage bin or container. Non-
disposal of used chemical substance invites hazard to environment and poses
danger to health.
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 10
4. TOOLS/EQUIPMENT. Tools and
equipment must match with the
task to be done. You should be
careful enough to choose tools and
equipment that are worthy of use.
They must be in good condition so
that it can be easily utilized without
damaging the parts.
Adjusting
Cutting tools
Checking
Loosening and tightening tools
Inspecting
Measuring tools
Measuring
Loosening and tightening tools
Assembling
Marking tools
Installing
Measuring tools
Cleaning Cleaning tools
Cleaning tools
Disassembling
Loosening and tightening tools
Removing
Marking tools
Cleaning tools
Reconditioning Loosening and tightening tools
Repairing Marking tools
Measuring tools
Loosening and tightening tools
Testing
Measuring tools
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 12
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 1.1
Directions.Match the pictures in Column A with the corresponding tasks in column B and
thetools to be used in Column C. Write your best answer on the space
provided.
B. ___
▲ loosening and
a. measuring
tightening tools
C. ___
1.
B. ___
b. assembling ► measuring tools
C. ___
2.
B. ___
c. cutting ▼ cleaning tools
C. ___
3.
B. ___
d. removing ◄cutting tools
C. ___
4.
B. ___
e. cleaning ♦ holding tools
C. ___
5.
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How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
Directions: Given are the following factors to consider when planning and preparing for the
tasksto be undertaken. Make a plan on how tasks are prepared by placing the following
factors in thechart.
A. Factors to consider:
3.
Waste disposal – trash bin
4.
Tools and equipment – –cabinet, tools shelf
5.
Safety – Emergency kit, fire extinguishers, safety signs and symbols
SERVICE SHOP
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. _________________________
5. _________________________
6. _________________________
7. _________________________
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 14
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Appropriate hand tools are checked for proper operation and safety.
Unsafe or faulty tools are identified.
All tools are marked for repair according to standard company procedures.
Materials
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 15
What Do You Already Know?
Determine how much you already know about preparing and using hand tools.
Take this test.
Pretest LO 2
Direction: Answer each question by writing the letter of the best answer.
1. When you want to make things done with less effort and efficiency, use _______.
A. bench work C. lights
B. space D. tools
2. Possessing basic knowledge will help you __________ tools for the tasks.
A. guess C. identify and select
B. presume D. replace
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 16
What Do You Need To Know?
Read Information Sheet 2.1 very well. Then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-check.
When doing any kind of work, tools are needed to have things done. When fixing
furniture, repairing home appliances, or doing simple repair, tools help you make work
easy, with less effort but with efficient result. Without the needed tools, much time is
consumed and more effort is required to accomplish your task.
In order for you to accomplish a task efficiently, you must possess basic
knowledge on how to identify and select tools that are usable, of good quality and free
from faults. The task required calls for the right kind of tools to prepare. Simple jobs usually
need simple tools to use. Heavy jobs need the use of heavy tools. Through constant
practice, and simple observation, you become skillful in selecting the right tool for the job.
In automotive application, it is important that the needed tools are not defective and
must be perfect for the job to finish on time. The use of faulty tools might result in injury and
damage to you and the parts you are working on.
Preparing hand tools to use is easy but requires a lot of practice. Depending on the
level of work to be done, whether it is basic level which involves inspection and checking,
cleaning and simple fixing of parts; the common level for replacing of basic parts such as air
cleaner, fuel filter, hoses; and the core level when performing major tasks such as tune-up,
overhauling and underchassis work.
The extent of work will give you information to identify and select the size, shape and
type of tools needed to accomplish the task.
The following tools for the specific task have corresponding name of specific tools in
performing the task.
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 17
Pliers – Combination, Crimping and
Bending /Holding/ Twisting/ Crimping
Splicer, Cutting, Long nose, Vise-grip,
Tools/Gadget
Bench vise
To gain more knowledge about the tools, you must know its basic functions so that
you will be able to identify its use.
I. CLEANING TOOLS
1. Scraper is a flat thin sheet of metal with wooden or plastic handle. It is used to
scrape hard to remove dirt or stubborn grime or plastic sticker.
2. Steel/Wire brush are thin strips of metal inserted in a wooden or plastic stock. It is
used to remove rust, hard to remove dirt and grime with sweeping action.
3. Utility rag is a fibrous cloth used in cleaning and wiping dirt and dust.
1. Pliers are generally used as all-around tools. They have the capability for bending,
crimping, cutting, holding, stripping and twisting. They are available in various shapes
and sizes. Generally, pliers used for electrical job are insulated, whereas those for
mechanical work are not insulated but sometimes equipped with rubber for gripping.
Pliers are not used as substitute for wrenches.
Side cutting pliers are tools having a broad, flat, and rough jaw. They have a
pair of nipper-like blades used for cutting and bending wires. Combinationpliers are
equipped with adjustable opening by means of a slip joint. It is used for gripping object
because of its inner notch and also used for cutting and bending small wires. Long-
nose pliers have a needle-nose ends used for holding or picking small object. They
have a razor-like blade on its jaw for stripping, cutting and bending wires. Stripping and
crimping pliers have two-half round edges used to strip electrical wire and a crimping
nose to fold and lock wire connector. Vise grip or locking jaw pliers are specially-
designed pliers used for holding work pieces together. They have a variety of uses such
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 18
as inserting a fastener, holding bolts while tightening or loosening the nut and removing
rounded head bolts and nuts. Machinist pliers have adjustable and cutting jaws with
tooth-edged nose used for holding, bending and cutting wires.
1. Chisel is a hand tool essentially used for cutting bolts, nuts and rivets. It comes in
different types and sizes. A flat cold chisel is used for general cutting. Special
chisels like a diamond point are used for cutting sharp-bottomed groove and a
round-end chisel for cutting oil grooves.
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 19
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 20
Tin snip
IV. DRIVING TOOLS
1. Hammers are generally used for driving or striking work. It comes in various sizes,
weights, and kinds .Ball peen hammer is basically used by machinists as in
automotive applications. It has a weighty ball-shaped metal at the end of the handle
with flat surface on one side for striking a chisel or appropriate work and a rounded
shaped for riveting or penning. The brass or plastic-tipped hammers are used for
striking soft and delicate part such as aluminum or plastic to avoid danger of
breakingor marring the surface.
Brass hammer
2. Puncher is a tool made of steel. It is used to cut or drive outa bolt or lock needle pin
out of a hole. Starting punch is a punch with tapered portion used for initially starting
a pin or rivet removal. After initially starting the pin, the drift punch or pin punch is
used to complete the job of removing the pin. A hole punch is used in cutting a
paper gasket in making holes.
1. Wrenches are tools for loosening and tightening of bolts and nuts. It comes in different
formsStarting
and number in Metric
punchDrift or in English sizes.
punch
1.1 Allen wrench is used in a type of screw bolt with a hexagonal hole on the head.
1.2 Box end wrench is an enclosed end tool used for moderate application for
Hole punch
loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.
1.3 Combination wrench is a tool with an open-end on one side and box-end
on the opposite side. It has the same size on both ends and used in loosening and
tightening bolts and nuts.
1.4 Oil filter wrench is a circular-shaped steel with internal tooth and handle. It is
inserted to the oil filter body, tightened as it is turned for removal.
1.5 Open end wrench is a tool with open end used for light application in
loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.
1.6 Socket wrench is a tubular-like tool with an enclosed end used for heavy
application for loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.
1.7 Spark plug wrench is a socket-like wrench intended for removing and
installing spark plugs.
1.8 Tire wrench is a cross-like or sometimes L-shaped piece of round bar used to
remove the wheels of the vehicle.
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 21
Allen wrench Box wrench Combination wrench
2. Screwdriver is a piece of
long metal rod made of
hardened steel and
tempered at the tip. It is
used to loosen and tighten
screws. It usually comes in
different sizes and forms of
tips. An Allen screwdriver
has hexagonal sides at the
tip and used for hexagonal Philips screw drivers
slot head of the screws. A
flat screw driver has flat Offset screw drivers
tip at the end and used in a
single groove screws. A Philips screw driver has cross-like tip at the end and used
in a cross groove head of the screws. Depending on the kind of application used, a
screwdriver can be of special types such as stubby screwdriver that has a short
shank and handle. It is used for tight space where a typical screwdriver cannot be
used. An offset screwdriver has a shank bent in opposite direction several distance
just before the end of the tip. It is used to loosen and tightened screws in difficult
areas
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 22
2. Scriber is a thin steel rod with pointed tip on its end. It is used for marking fine lines
on metal for layout work.
3. Pencil is a thin strip of graphite enclosed in a wooden case and used for making
drawings and marking lines.
1. Torque wrench is a special service tool for measuring the twisting force applied
when tightening bolts and nuts.
2. Steel rule is a measuring strip of steel available in various lengths in metric and
English system. It is available in 12, 24, 36 and 48 inches size. It is used in
linear measurement of short length or height.
3. Caliper is a tool used in measuring the diameter of a circular work. The Inside
caliper is used in measuring the inside diameter whereas the outside caliper is
used in measuring the outside diameter of an object. The caliper is adjustable.
The Vernier caliper is a good example that is capable to measure both the inside
and outside diameter of an object with accuracy. It can also measure the
thickness and thinness in thousandths of an inch.
4. Metal tape measure is a push and pull, long strip of thin sheet of metal with
corresponding increments in millimeter and inches graduation. It is used for
measuring stock and can be bought in different sizes of length.
5. Feeler gauge is a thin strip of metal with different thickness used to measure or
set gap and clearance between parts of mechanism.
Torque wrench
A hand tool is the best friend of every serviceman. With it, work becomes easy and
efficient. But, if tools are not given careful attention they will easily give up without
maximizing its usefulness. If this condition continues, it will result in a faulty condition.
This faulty condition results from ineffective use which eventually might create the risk of
danger and accident.
Common faults of hand tools are usually blamed on manufacturer’s defect.
However, it doesn’t mean that whenever hand tools become faulty or defective, the
manufacturer always carries the responsibility.
Metal fatigue is one of the usual causes of faulty hand tools specially those that are
made from steel. Like human body that sometimes needs rest, metal fatigue is
developed from overuse of tools. It can also result from too much imposition of force
on tools which is less than its capacity to endure. It will render the tools unserviceable.
Because of wrong habits or attitudes, human error also contributes to faulty hand
tools. Wrong use of tools for the job will create bad effect on the tools. A screwdriver
which is intended for loosening and tightening screws becomes defective and reduces its
usefulness when used like cold chisel.
Natural tear and wear causes tools to widen or reduce its size. A slack is noticeable
when a box wrench for removing the bolt becomes loose when the internal sides of the
wrench is bigger than the external sides of the bolt’s head. If used in this condition, both
the bolt and the wrench will develop fault.
Tools not kept, not maintained, and unused will become rusty. Tools with jaws become
difficult to operate. It will take time cleaning and removing the corrosion before it becomes
functional.
To become more aware of the condition of hand tools, it is good to know some of its
specific faults.
1. Cleaning tools. Wire and fiber brush must be tightly fit and securely intact on its
recess. Frayed brushes indicate overuse. Bristles can easily be removed and may
splatter. They can pose danger to the eyes and skin. Likewise, dirty rags can create
dust and affect the respiratory system.
Frayed brushes
Dulledhacksaw teeth
4. Loosening and
tightening tools. A
slacked wrench or
screwdriver is a product
of overused or wrong
sized tool when forcefully
used. Incorrect position of
tools or the person doing
the job will create an
unbalanced force. When
force is applied, the
possibility of accident Rounded striking edge and
may happen. There is loose hammer head
also a tendency of
slippage when the
surrounding sides of the
wrench don’t fit squarely with the sides of the bolt or nut being removed or
tightened. Therefore, this kind of fault must be addressed right away and the
wrench or screwdriver be
replaced at once.
6. Measuring Tools. A
measuring tool must be
always kept clean.
Dirty, bent, and
creased measuring
tools like measuring
tape, steel rule, and
caliper will give
inaccurate reading if
the gradation lines are
not readable.
Tools produced in the industry must pass the Work Equipment Law. In this law,
procedures on the extent, fitness, correctness, and usability of tools and equipment are
Creased measuring tool
provided in accordance with specified task. This ensures safety standards before tools are
released in the market.
The following are some of the information you need to know about the safety
requirements of hand tools:
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 26
2. User’s manual. It tells where, when and how the tools are to be used. It also gives
information on the limitation of tools if subjected to constant use. In this
manual, users are given warning on the possible injury one may get if used
incorrectly. It also gives detailed information on how tools are maintained and
stored. If tools need to be assembled, the manual gives a step-by-step
instructions on how to do the task.
a. Tensile strength. Tools must belight but durable so that excessive forcein
using them is not necessary. In this manner, strain on hands and shoulders
are reduced. A tool must be strong and reliable to stand the stress of constant
use. Tooth edge of hacksaw and chisel must be tempered and so with a
screw driver.
b. Powerful. Tools must not be heavy on the hand side rather than on the end
portion of the driving force, as in a hammer. They must be considerably long
to give a powerful twisting force as in a wrench and screw or a heavy blow
when using hammer. This reduces muscular effort and efficiency of work is
achieved.
c. User- friendly. Tools must be easy and comfortable to use. They must be
hand-fit and oval or cylindrically shaped. A square-shaped handle creates
discomfort on palms because of the edge area.
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 27
d. Safe Toolsmust have gripping surface on their handles to assure holding
power and avoid slip that may lead to injury. Stopper must also be on pointed
and sharp-bladed/edged tools. Driving tools must be provided with
appropriate length of grip.
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 28
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-check 2.1
Direction: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the best answer.
Column A Column B
5. Open wrench
f. used for cutting pipes, tubing and fairly thick metal
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 29
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
Show that you have learned something by doing this activity.
I. Directions: Group yourselves. Get your set of tools in your group tool box.
Identify the faults of the tools by attaching the “fault slip of paper” Leave a tool
without any fault unmarked or clean. Exchange with another group for evaluation.
1. ________________________ 2. ________________________
3. _______________________ 4. ________________________
5._______________________ 6. _______________________
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 30
7.________________________ 8._______________________
II. Directions: Reflect on the following questions. Write your answers in your Activity
Notebook
1. Which of the following safety requirements of hand tools do you find the easiest? Which
one do you find the most difficult? State your reason.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 31
Activity Sheet 2.2
Direction.Fill-up the corresponding service procedure with the right tools for the job.
TIGHTENING AND
______________________
______________________
________________ ___________________
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 32
Activity Sheet 2.3
Directions: Make a cut out of the different faulty tools and classify them according to the
condition of each one.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 33
How Well Did You Perform?
Procedure:
5. Measure the cutting point and mark the surface with a pencil or any appropriate marker.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 34
6. Grasp the hacksaw handle securely with your
right hand and the left hand on the front end of
the frame.
7. Position your body in front of the vise with your left foot
toward the bench and your right foot steady to provide
needed balance.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 35
LEARNING OUTCOME 3
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Malfunctioning tools in unplanned or unusual event are reported.
Materials
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 36
What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about preparing a report of
malfunctioning tools. Take this test.
Pretest LO 3
Directions: Answer the question by writing the letter of the best answer.
A. effectiveness C. elasticity
B. enablement D. endurance
2. A tool that has __________ been defective creates headache and irritation.
A. condemned C. marked
B. thrown D. used
A. design C. serviceability
B. shape D. style
A. drives C. increases
B. precedes D. reduces
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 37
What Do You Need To Know?
Read Information Sheet 3.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 3.1.
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 38
Below are some effects of a
defective tool that can result in the following
consequences:
3. Decreases credibility.
Competitiveness is the
language of service. Once the
customer perceives that a
worker or a serviceman uses
faulty tools without giving
notice of it, it lessens their
trust and confidence.
To give you an idea of what an inventory, requisition and account of tools are, a basic
sample of forms are given.
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 39
Form 1- IT Form
Item Source
Description Quantity Remarks
No. of Fund
Open wrench, mm. drop forged,
001 National 1 set, 12 pcs
Sakura, Japan
This is to certify that inventory of tools have been made on April 25, 2011.
_________________________
Property/Supply Officer
Conferred:
_________________________
Department Head
_________________________
Principal
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 40
Form 2 - ATC
Remarks / Condition
Item Source
Description
No. of Fund
Good Defective Condemnable
Open wrench, mm. drop forged,
001 National
Sakura, Japan
This is to certify that inventory of tools have been made on April 25, 2011.
_________________________
Property/Supply Officer
Conferred:
_________________________
Department Head
_________________________
Principal
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 41
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 3.1
Directions: On your activity notebook, answer the following self-reflection and discuss it in
the class.
MINUTE PAPER
1. __________________________________________
2. __________________________________________
3. __________________________________________
1. __________________________________________
2. __________________________________________
3. __________________________________________
1. __________________________________________
2. __________________________________________
3. __________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
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How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 43
LEARNING OUTCOME 4
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Routine maintenance of tools are undertaken according to standard
operational procedure, principles and techniques.
Tools are stored safely in appropriate locations in accordance with
manufacturer’s specifications or standard operating procedure.
Materials
1. Goggles
2. Adjustable wrench
3. Vise grip
4. Drill bit
5. Grinding wheel
6. Fire extinguisher
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 44
What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about maintaining hand tools.
Take this test.
Pretest LO 4
Directions: Put a check (√) mark in the appropriate column that best describes your
present level of knowledge of each enlisted competency.
I am
I do not I want to I know it
Knowledge learning to
know it learn more very well
know it
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 45
What Do You Need To Know?
Read Information Sheet 4.1 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 4.1.
Much to say, a good tool manager is efficient in listing and keeping records. Up-to-
date records of tools both the old and newly bought must be entered to the roster of tools.
Basically, fundamental principles and techniques in maintaining tools at the minimum level is
good enough but the more routine schedule you make , the better. It will only take a matter
of one to two hours to maintain tools. Sometimes, it takes more than what expected time is
consumed depending on the extent of the number and size.
One of the maintenance schemes of the Provision and Use of Work Equipment
Regulations 1998 (PUWER) under the Law on Tools and Maintenance is to ensure the
safekeeping and securing of the equipment including tools.
This law helps in identifying safety procedure before it grows into a severe hazard.
In order to avoid these problems, some principles must be followed. Neglect of these
principles opens a doorstep to risk and danger to life and property.
2.
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How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
Directions: Get a partner. Choose one of the competencies you would like to demonstrate.
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How Well Did You Perform?
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
Unit of
Time
Competency Performance
Tasks Date Score
Use of Hand Level
Begun Finished
tools
Classify tools
LO1 Using Hand
according to
tools
use.
LO2 Prepare
Use Hand
and Use Hand
tools.
tools
Clean and
LO4 Maintaining
store tools in
Hand tools
safe place.
Average: _______________
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Performance Rubrics
Criteria 5 3 1
T O T A L __________
21 – 25 91 - 100 Outstanding
16 – 20 86 - 90 Very Good
11 – 15 81 - 85 Good
06 - 10 76 - 80 Fair
01 - 05 71 - 75 Needs Improvement
1. Surf internet and watch video on how tools are used, cleaned and maintained.
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REFERENCES
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 51
LESSON 2
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to
do the following:
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 52
Definition of Terms
Accuracy- the preciseness of result as in mathematical solution which is free from error
Maintain - ensure that something continues to work properly by checking it regularly and
making repairs and adjustments if required
Measuring - an activity or task of getting the amount, size or quantity of a certain thing or
stock/parts
Oil pressure gauge - an instrument that indicates the flow of oil pressure in the engine
Tolerance - the ability of parts or components to endure deviation from standard limit within
which it is allowed without harmful effect
V.O.M. tester - an instrument used in checking the resistance, voltage and current
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LEARNING OUTCOME 1
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Materials
Vernier Caliper
Micrometer caliper
Dial gauge
V.O.M. tester
Clamp ammeter
Multi tester
Megger Tester
Engine Analyzer
Timing/Strobe light
Vacuum gauge
Compression gauge
Radiator pressure tester
Fuel pump pressure tester
Oil pressure gauge
Temperature gauge
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 54
What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about selecting measuring
instrument. Take this test.
Pretest LO 1
Directions: To determine your prior learning, answer the questions by writing the letter of
the
best answer.
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What do you need to know?
Read Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-check.
In automotive application, vehicles are innovated and modified year after year.
Measuring instruments used from engine output testing like dynamometer to engine tune-up
like engine analyzer are used even in small auto shop industry.
With the emerging trends of measuring instruments, the need for accurate data is
very much important. In automotive servicing, the language of competition cannot be denied.
Car owners go to car repair shop with updated gadgets. They thought that repair is not
guessed but really gives a fast movement of digital or analogue reading of the gadget. Just
one flick of a finger is needed to get the job done.
Precision measuring instruments cannot be squarely compared to the one used for
mechanical jobs. Tools for mechanical jobs are heavy and need strong force to operate
whereas precision instruments are light, sensitive and calibrated to get accurate result. A
slight difference of reading invites occurrence of error.
Like any other tasks, components to be measured must first be identified before
using any tools. Identification of components will determine the right tools to be used. It will
make your work easier and faster without going back and forth because of wrong choice of
tools. To understand it more, a precision instrument like vernier caliper is not a good in
getting the diameter of oil filter. But getting the diameter of bearing or thickness of shim
using this kind of precision tool is much better.
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In order to be clearer, the following precision instruments/tools basically used in automotive
application are the following:
1. The Vernier and Micrometer calipers are both precision instrument that can
measure even the smallest and tiniest thickness and diameter of an object.
Vernier or micrometer calipers are usually used in measuring the diameter of
engine crankshaft and camshaft journals pistons and valve adjusting shims.
These engine parts need to be measured in a precise way.
Verniers and Micrometers can be bought equipped with digital or
analogue reading. This will lessen the time consumed in analyzing the
reading of data because of the direct data available as you measure the part.
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B. For Electrical Use
When testing for resistance, external power from the source must be
disconnected because V.O.M. tester is equipped with built-in battery as
source of power. If external power source is not disconnected, the tester itself
will be damaged. When testing for voltage, tester is connected across the
lines of the circuit. But, when the current is tested, the tester prod is
connected in series of the circuit. A Clamp ammeter is also available in the
market. This kind of tester is clamped in the wire itself. It measures current in
amperes. V.O.M. tester Clamp ammeter
Connection of tester when testing resistance Connection of tester when testing voltage
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Connection of tester when testing current
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2. Compression gauge is an instrument that
measures the compression pressure of the
engine cylinder.
3. Radiator pressure tester is used to test the cooling system for internal and
external leaks and to make sure that it has the ability to hold pressure.
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Techniques in measuring and determining
Tolerance of parts
There are many ways in measuring a part or component but there is difficulty when
using precision instruments specially those that require minute data. The process in which
parts are measured needs to have a corresponding data of specifications so that a clear and
objective result is attained. Using specific measuring instrument for a specific part or system
to be measured is highly recommended. Specific measuring instrument is designed for
specific part or system. Using different instruments other than what is required will give you
vague or incorrect result. For these reasons, determining to find out the tolerance will give
you difficulty.
A good example is the kind of bolts being used. A bolt made of high grade carbon
steel has a big difference compared with a bolt made of low carbon steel even if it has the
same size. When a low carbon steel bolt is tightened using the torque data used for high
grade carbon steel will easily give up and break. This is due to the fact that it cannot
withstand the tolerance used in high grade steel carbon steel bolt. The bolt’s mechanical
strength or stretching point easily gives up and consequently breaks.
Ordinary and
high grade bolt
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Vehicle electrical component like ignition coil primary and secondary windings have
specified resistance data but tolerance is also given. It means that when the resistance
reading is above or below the standard reading but within the limit of its tolerance, it is said
that the resistance is acceptable or tolerable.
The application of piston ring end clearance is a good example. Even without the aid
of specifications manual, the principle of general rule is applied by multiplying the piston
diameter by three thousandths of an inch (.003 in”) and you will get the acceptable piston
ring end clearance.
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Methods of calculation/conversion of units of
measurement using mathematical formula
Measurement is the process of finding out the physical quantity in terms of time,
distance, quantity and economy. The word measurement comes from the Latin word
mēnsūra and the science of measurement is called Metrology.
Early history had no standard of measurement. It was only over time where people
agreed and accepted to use it for uniformity and necessity. Later on, a means of
standardizing measurement was established to avoid dishonesty and deceit.
The era of measurement continued to develop into a more suitable and scientific
way. Later on, methods of calculations were scientifically done as a way of solving number
problems and were generally accepted in education, government offices, business and
personal used.
There are two widely accepted and recognized used systems of measurement. The
International System (SI) and the English systems. The SI is expressed in metric system of
measurement which is expressed in meter for length or distance and kilogram for
mass/weight. Whereas the English system is expressed in inches or mile for length/distance
and ounce or pounds for mass/weight.
In automobile its systems are also measured. Whether it functions or not, its kinetic
and static energy can be measured. When the vehicle runs, it is measured by the distance
travelled in terms of miles(mi) or kilometers (km). When it comes to speed it is measured by
miles or kilometers per hour. When it comes to engine speed it is expressed in revolution per
minutes (rpm).
Below is a sample Systems of Measurement chart of both English and Metric with
corresponding conversion
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
LENGTH
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WEIGHT
VOLUME
AREA
144 sq. inches 1 sq. ft. 100 SQ. millimeters 1 sq. centimeter
9 SQ. feet 1 sq. yard 100 SQ. centimeters 1 sq. decimeter
43, 560 sq. ft. 160 sq. rods 100 SQ. decimeters 1 sq. meter
160 sq. rods 1 acre 10,000 sq. meters 1 hectare
640 acres 1 sq. mile
TEMPERATURE
FAHRENHEIT CELSIUS
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173 Degrees F ALCOHOL BOILS 78.34 Degrees C
212 Degrees F WATER BOILS 100 Degrees C
An orderly manner and systematic way of calculation is necessary. This can be done
by employing some means of mathematical formula. Having this kind of system will not only
simplify the job of computation but will arrive in a definite and correct answer to the problem.
Aside from having a chart of conversions, it is a fundamental need that you must
know how to calculate some simple computation of measurements. Although what you need
can be found in the chart it is still good that you know basic use of mathematical formula in
solving numerical problems. There will be time that you will be challenged to make
computations. Having this knowledge is an advantage on your part.
Convert 500C to 0F
0
Celsius to Fahrenheit F= 9 x 0C + 32 0
F = 9 x 50 0
C + 32=1220F
0
C to 0 F 5 5
Convert 1220F to 0 C
0 0 0
Fahrenheit to Celsius C= 5x F - 32 C = 5 x 1220F –32 = 500 C
0
F to 0C 9 9
Celsius to Kelvin
Convert 500 C to K
0
C toK
K = 0 C + 273 K = 500 C + 273 = 323 K
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How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 1.1
I. Directions: Select the best answer. Write the letter only. Use your Activity Notebook for
your answers.
A. courage C. honesty
B. dishonesty D. tax
2. The era of measurement continued to develop into a more suitable and _________ way.
A. logic C. magic
B. physical D. scientific
A. 1 C. 24
B. 12 D. 36
4. When the vehicle runs, it is measured by the distance travelled in terms of mile (mi) or
_________.
A. 2000F C. 2140F
B. 2120F D. 2160F
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II. Directions: Fill up the blanks with the tools used for each precision instrument.
III. Directions: Based on the results of the activity, what is your personal reflection on
measuring the ignition coil resistance using a V.O.M? Write your answer in your
Activity Notebook.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
Objective : The student will independently measure the ignition coil resistance using a
V.O.M.
Procedure:
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4. Measure the resistance of the Secondary
ignition coil then record the data.
Specifications Manual
5. Compare with the specifications manual and
interpret the reading. Primary - __________
Secondary - __________
Interpretation:
Ignition coil
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How Well Did You Perform?
Performance Rubrics
Criteria 5 3 1
Accuracy Performs the task Performs the task Performs the task
with no error with at least 1-2 with at least 3-5
errors errors
Follows all the safety Follows the safety Follows the safety
practices as set in practices with at practices with at
Safety the guidelines least 1-2 safety least 3-5 safety
measures not met measures not met
T O T A L _________________________
RATING SCALE: Points Earned (S) Numerical Rating (PL) Descriptive Rating
(PL)
21 – 25 91 - 100 Outstanding
16 – 20 86 - 90 Very Good
11 – 15 81 - 85 Good
06 - 10 76 - 80 Fair
01 - 05 71 - 75 Needs Improvement
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How Do You Extend Your Learning?
I. Directions: Answer the question in your activity sheet. Compute for torque and show the
solution
1. A mechanic assembled the engine. He needed to tighten the bolts. He used a tool with
18 inches (in) long and applied a force of 5 pounds (lbs). What was the torque
generated?
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 71
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Materials
Instruction manual
Micrometer/Vernier caliper
Receipt of purchase
Tool holster
Torque wrench
VOM tester or equivalent
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 72
What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about maintain measuring
instrument. Take this test.
Pretest LO 2
Directions: Write your answers to the following questions in Column A and in Column
B. Write your answers in your Activity Notebook.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
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What Do You Need To Know?
Read Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-check.
The following are basic rules to consider in managing your measuring instruments.
1. Always keep your receipt of purchase. This is one way of ensuring your
measuring tools of their warranty if something happens to your tools. This will
give you a good exchange of a new one if manufacturer’s defect is the cause of
the defect.
2. Always follow safety instructions. The safety instructions in owner’s manual will
be you guiding information on what and what not to do with your instruments.
This will assure you of the proper use and step-by-step procedures if calibration
is needed.
3. Always match the type of job with your instruments. Matching of job with your
instrument is important. Do not use your instrument if it is not intended for tough
job.
4. Always handle your measuring instruments safely. Never use your tools to point
at somebody or use for joke or play. Remember, measuring tools are expensive.
If they accidentally fall, they may easily be damaged. Always use the tool holder.
Like a careful lineman, a tool holster is always fastened in his waist to protect the
instrument from falling.
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 74
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 2.1
I. Directions: Write your answers for the questions in Column A and in Column B. Write
your answers in your activity notebook.
A. Why a measuring instruments get out of B. Basic rules to consider in managing your
calibration? measuring instruments.
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
II. Directions: Adjust to Zero accuracy the V.O.M. tester in the following selector range:
1. Rx1Ω
2. R x 10 Ω
3. R x 1k Ω
4. R x 10k Ω
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How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
Perform Mensuration
and Calculations
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 76
How Well Did You Perform?
Performance Rubrics
Criteria 5 3 1
Proficiency Performs the task with Performs the task Performs the task
competence and with competence with competence but
exceptional and with standard below standard
performance performance performance
Accuracy Performs the task with Performs the task Performs the task
no error with at least 1-2 with at least 3-5
errors errors
Completeness Performs all the steps Performs the task Performs the task
in sequence with at least 2-3 with at least 3-5
steps not met steps not met
Safety Follows all the safety Follows the safety Follows the safety
practices as set in the practices with at practices with at
guidelines least 1-2 safety least 3-
measures not met 5 safety measures
not met
T O T A L __________
RATING SCALE: Points Earned (S) Numerical Rating (PL) Descriptive Rating
(PL)
21 - 25 91 - 100 Outstanding
16 - 20 86 - 90 Very Good
11 - 15 81 - 85 Good
06 - 10 76 - 80 Fair
01 - 05 71 - 75 Needs
Improvement
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How Do You Extend Your Learning?
Directions: Surf internet and watch video or make research on the following:
REFERENCES
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LESSON 3
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to
do the following:
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Definition of Terms
ABS or Anti-lock Brake System - a safety system that allows the wheels on a motor
vehicles to continue interacting with the road surfaces as directed by driver steering inputs
while braking, preventing the wheels from locking up and therefore avoiding skidding
Cell - a device that produces electrical energy by the chemical action of electrodes in an
electrolyte
Charging system - to generate enough current to keep the battery fully charged, and to
satisfy the demands of ignition and electrical system and it includes the alternator, voltage
regulator which often a part of the alternator itself, the battery and the indicator gauge or
warning light on the dash
CurrentA flow of electric charge through a medium. This charge is a typically carried by
moving electrons in a conductor such as wire
ECU or Engine Control Unit- a type of electronic control unit that controls a series of
actuators on an internal combustion engine to ensure the optimum running
Electrical device - any physical entity in an electronics system used to affect the electrons
or their associated fields in a desired manner consisted with the intended functions of the
electronics components
Fabrication - an industrial term refers to building metal structure by cutting bending, and
assembling
Fog beam - provide a wide, a bar shaped beam of light with a sharp cutoff at the top and are
generally aimed and mounted low
Ignition Coil - an induction coil in an automobile’s ignition system which transforms the
batteries low voltage to the thousands of volts needed to create an electrical spark
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 80
requirement.
Pavement- the layered structured that forms the surfaces of path, road, highway, or aircraft
runway
Power train - the portion of a vehicles drive mechanism that transmits power the engine to
the wheels, tracks, or propellers
PPE or Personal Protective Equipment- the protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other
garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer’s body from injury
Roundabout - a type of circular intersection, a junction in which road traffic flows in one
direction around a central island
Schematic (diagram) - used extensively n repair manuals to help users understand the
interconnections of parts, and to provide graphical instruction to assist in taking apart and
rebuilding mechanical assemblies
Splice - to join two pieces of rope or wire by weaving the strands of each into the other
Symbol- written or printed sign or character (image) that can represents something in a
specific context
Taillight- a part of lighting system of the vehicle usually mounted at the rear of the vehicles
and usually come in pairs
Traffic signs or road signs - signs erected at the side of roads to provide information to
road users
Unification - the act of identifying two terms with a suitable substitution. the act or process
of uniting or joining together
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 81
LEARNING OUTCOME 1
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Materials
Road map
Vehicle dashboard
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 82
What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about analyzing signs, symbols
and data. Take this test.
Pretest LO 1
A. B. C. D.
A. B. C. D.
A. B. C. D.
A. B. C. D.
A. B. C. D.
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A. B. C D.
A. Maintain speed and just go, because you have the right of way.
B. Stop right away.
C. Slow down or stop if necessary and wait until it’s clear to go.
D. Must turn right and always keep on the right side of the road.
A. B. C. D.
B. Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided in eachnumber.
A. B. C.
C. E. F.
100%-skip the Learning Outcome and proceed to the next Learning Outcome
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 84
What Do You Need To Know?
Know?Know? KKNowKnow?
Read Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.1.
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 85
Basic Sign Categories
Regulatory signs are symbols in circle intended to instruct on what one must do (or not do)
under a given circumstance. It is also used to reinforce laws, regulations or requirements
which apply either at all times or at specific times or places. Ignoring these signs may result
to a violation of existing law or regulation.
Warning: Used to warn the public of a hazard or mark a hazardous site or area. Also of
actions or potential situations which could lead to danger.
Information: This sign is a very legibly printed and very noticeable placard that informs
people of the purpose of an object, or gives them instruction on the use of something.
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General Information – Indicates permission or public information
(White on blue).
Is it really necessary to use specific color and background for each group of
signs?
Information Signs
MANNED EMERGENCY
MAIN
FIRST-AID STOP
ELECTRICAL ACCESSIBLE TELEPHONE
STATION
SWITCH
Warning Signs
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 87
Regulatory - Mandatory Signs
USE OF COMPRESSED NO
ALCOHOL OPEN FLAMES
MOBILE AIR NOT FOR UNAUTHORIZE
PROHIBITED PROHIBITED
PHONE CLEANING ENTRY
PROHIBITED
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How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 1.1
1. Signs and symbols provide information and direction in a workplace for easy access
to the services or information. What is the required color and background used for
these informative symbols?
A. White on Red B. White on Blue C. White on Black
A. B. C.
3. Which is an example of sign that gives emphasis to hazards that is not obvious?
A. B. C.
A. B. C.
A. B. C.
9. Which category of symbols is best used to show a health hazard that is not
obviously seen?
A. Regulatory sign B. Warning sign C. Information sign
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 89
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
Show that you have learned something by doing this activity.
Directions: On the space provided in the box, fill-up the blank with the correct answer and
explain to the class your views about them.
Basic
Common
Sign
Categories
Safety Signs
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 90
How Well Did You Perform?
Performance Rubrics
Knowledge of The topic was very The topic was The topic was unclear
the topic satisfactory, clear and satisfactory, clear and and there was no main
well-defined defined idea at all
slow
Communicatio Spoke clearly and Spoke clearly but Spoke unclearly with
n distinctively; and explanations could be inadequate and
explanation of more detailed incomplete explanation
information was easily
conveyed
Completeness All the following Three (3) out of four (4) Only two(2) out of four
of information information were information were (4) information were
included: included: included:
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Rating Scale:
9 - 12 – Better
5 - 8 – Good
1 - 4 – Needs Improvement
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What Do You Need To Know?
Read Information Sheet 1.2 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 1.2.
Traffic signs not just provide information but guide and keep safe the motorist and the
community from accident.
TURN RIGHT TURN LEFT KEEP LEFT AHEAD ONLY KEEP RIGHT
Mostly black symbol on white circular background background with red border
NO NO RIGHT MOTORCYCLE
OVERTAKING TURN
SPEED LIMIT HORN PROHIBITED
The marking or figure in the SPEED LIMIT sign is in kilometer per hour
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Warning Signs
SLIPPERY CHILDREN
SERIES OF QUARYSIDE STEEP HILL ROAD AHEAD
BENDS AHEAD UPWARD
PEDESTRIAN
CROSSROAD SHARP MERGING TUNNEL
CURVE TRAFFIC AHEAD
AHEAD
For traffic signs, according to the “Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals”,
the symbol in yellow diamond with black border is another warning sign in addition to the
white triangle in red border.
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 94
Priority signs
Other provision stated in the “Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals”
Information, Facilities or Service Signs are signs that use white symbol on blue or green
rectangular background.
For complete information on traffic signs please follow the link to:
Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals at Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signal
s
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How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 1.2
A. IDENTIFICATION:Identify the symbol and write your answer on the space provided.
1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________
4. _____________________________
5. _____________________________
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How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
4. Create 5 to 10 pieces small (about 1cm X 1cm) traffic and road sign
a. Use 1 or more regulatory sign.
b. Use 2 or more warning signs.
c. Use 1 or more information sign.
5. Based on your map, place your traffic and road signs on your map to keep it safe
for the motorists and the community.
1. Where should you place your signs, left or right side of the road?
2. Why do you have to place your signs distance ahead of the actual location of its
information?
4. If you are to work in a large shop without any signs and symbol, what are the
possibilities that might happen to you, shop and the job?
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How Well Did You Perform?
Performance Rubrics
Accuracy of All information were Two (2) information Three (3) or more
information clear with no were information were
questionable ideas unclear/questionable unclear/questionable
Variety of Have wide variety of Have a few variety of Have little or no variety
information information with few information with some of information with lots of
repetitions repetitions repetitions
Rating Scale:
9 - 12 – Better
5 - 8 – Good
1 - 4 – Needs Improvement
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How Do You Extend Your Learning?
Directions: Move around your nearest barangay. Observe the visibility of traffic signs and
symbols in the community. Report your findings in the class.
Read Information Sheet 4.1 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 4.1.
DASHBOARD SYMBOLS
The dashboard, particularly the instrument panel, represents the easiest way a
vehicle talks back to its driver, allowing him to stay up to date with the status of the car and
provide him with prior notice on potential mechanical problems.
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This panel is switched on if the fuel level gets very low and
refuel is required.
The light monitors the front airbag and, in case it is turned on,
signals a problem with it; it usually requires professional
assistance.
Front airbag
If on, this light shows that the power train has been damaged
and the car needs to be serviced as soon as possible.
Power train malfunction
AUTOMOTIVE
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This symbol is usually turned on just after the driver starts the
engine and informs him that one or more doors are closed
incorrectly
Open doors indicator
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How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 1.3
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct option for each given condition.
A.
1. Not charging A. B. C. D.
2. Over heating A. B. C. D.
4. High beam on A. B. C. D.
5. Emergency indicator A. B. C. D.
B. Multiple Choice: Write the letter of your answer to identify the signs and symbols.
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1. This symbol lit up
as soon as the A. Charging system is normal and functional.
ignition key is B. Charging system needs repair
switch on then, C. Ignition system is malfunctioning
later after the engine runs it D. Ignition system is normal and functional.
lit off.
2. If this symbol is ignored A. The engine will last long.
B. The engine is overheating.
C. Transmission gear oil is too low.
D. This could lead to damaging wear and tear of the
engine bearing.
A. Left turn or right turn lever jammed
3. When both of
B. Emergency button has been activated
these are
C. Turn signal experiencing short circuit
blinking up
D. It’s a parking light.
4. The ignition key is on and the A. Driver is not on the steering wheel
seat belt warnig does no lit B. Hand brake is activated.
up even though not fastened C. The engine has not started yet
correctly D. It will lit up when fastened correctly
A. The tire is over pressurized.
B. The tire is under pressure.
5. Tire pressure monitor lit up
C. All of the above
D. None of the above
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K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 103
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
Show that you have learned something by doing this activity.
“GIVE ME A SIGN”
Where else are the warning signs? Have you seen all warning signs inside your
shop? Can you now identify road signs and their meanings?
Here are some more signs and symbols to learn. Never drive if you don’t know these,
you might get into a trouble. Service mechanic should know these signs and symbols very
well, these help a lot in diagnosing a problem.
Are you ready to meet your new set of signs and symbols? If yes,
2. Proceed to the nearest auto shop or garage (jeepneys are not recommended, cars
are recommended).
3. Ask politely the owner for the assistance (never do this on your own), to turn on the
ignition. See and observe the front panel in front of the driver’s seat.
4. You must be seeing some symbols that lit-up in the front panel instrument. On your
paper, draw those symbols that you have observed. It is an advantage if you can take a
picture of it.
4. You may ask the owner what are those symbols for? Take note of its purpose.
3. How will these symbols help you in performing diagnosis in that vehicle?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
____________
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 104
How Well Did You Perform?
Performance Rubrics
Rating Scale:
9 - 12 – Better
5 - 8 – Good
1 - 4 – Needs Improvement
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 105
How Do You Extend Your Learning?
1. Using the internet, download the different signs and symbols found on the dashboard
panel of a vehicle.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 106
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Necessary tools, materials and equipment are identified according to the plan.
Components, assemblies or objects are recognized.
Dimensions and specifications are identified according to job requirements.
Materials
Sample drawing
Schematic diagram of electrical circuit
Pictorial diagram of electrical circuit
Wiring diagram of a vehicle
Layout diagram
Sample plan
Technical drawing
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 107
What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about interpreting technical
drawings and plans. Take this test.
Pretest LO 2
2. In the Ignition System Diagram wherein symbols and images are used to represent the
3. A presentation of the ignition system wherein all components are represented by simple
images.
4. It is a circuit protecting device that melts and cuts off a circuit. What is the symbol?
A. B. C. D.
M
A. B. C. D.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 108
6. A picture of something made with a pencil or pen usually consisting of lines generally
without
color.
8. Also known as “Physical design” which shows the actual connection being used. This is
more
13. Electrically operated noise makers used by the driver to warn the pedestrian of an
approaching vehicle.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 109
14. An electrical device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy in a rotary
motion.
15. A device that allows a small current to control a switch of a much larger current circuit.
100%-skip the Learning Outcome and proceed to the next Learning Outcome
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 110
What Do You Need To Know?
Read Information Sheet 2.1 very well; then, find out how much you can
remember and how much you have learned by doing Self-check.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 111
Observe that all lamps use standard symbols except the head light (sealed beam) which
uses
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 112
4. A layout diagram or the “physical design” which shows the actual connection being
used. This is more artistic than schematic and pictorial diagram.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 113
Common to industrial purposes like in automotive, a technical drawing is use to
present some components precisely with dimension.
In this drawing, English System is used for all dimensions except the dimension for the
thread given in “12x8 Metric (1.25 pitch)”.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 114
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 2.1
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 115
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer for each number below.
1. Technical Drawing:
_____
2. Schematic Diagram
_____
3. Pictorial Diagram
_____
5. Drawing Plan
_____
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 116
What Do You Need To Know?
Read Information Sheet 2.2 very well; then, find out how much you can
remember and how much you have learned by doing Self-check.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 132
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 133
COMMON DRAWING SYMBOLS
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 134
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 2.2
A. Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct
answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
B.
D.
Column A Column B
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 135
B. Draw and Identify: Draw the missing symbol on the box and write the name of the
symbol
on the space provided.
1. ________________________
2. _______________________
3. _______________________
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 136
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
1. Since most component of a vehicle is readily available in the auto supply, explain
why is it necessary for automotive servicing to have a technical drawing?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
____________________
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 137
How Well Did You Perform?
Performance Rubrics
Knowledge of the The topic was very The topic was The topic was unclear
topic satisfactorily clear satisfactorily clear and there was no main
and well-defined and defined idea at all
Communication Spoke clearly and Spoke clearly but Spoke unclearly with
distinctively; and explanations could inadequate and
explanation of be more detailed incomplete explanation
Information was
easily conveyed
Completeness of All the following Three (3) out of four Only two(2) out of four
information information were (4) information were (4) information were
included: included: included:
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 138
Rating Scale:
9 - 12 – Better
5 - 8 – Good
1 - 4 – Needs Improvement
1. Using the internet, download the common traffic and drawing symbols used in a vehicle.
REFERENCES
LO1
Manual of Traffic Sign
http://www.trafficsign.us/signshape.html
Transportation Engineering Philippines
http://engineer-einjel.blogspot.com/2009/10/traffic-signs.html
Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signal
s
LO 2
Automotive Technology Studies
http://rsandas.com/P1_Session_2-1.html
How to Read Dashboard Lights
http://www.autoevolution.com/news/how-to-read-the-dashboard-lights-
1370.html#image2
Picture Symbol
http://dashboardsymbols.com/the-symbols/
Understanding your dashboard gauges
http://www.familycar.com/Classroom/dashboard.htm
The Different Safety Signs and Symbols
http://safetysignsandsymbols.com/
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 139
LESSON 4
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to
do the following:
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 140
Definition of Terms
Corrosives - those chemicals that pose risk to organic material, especially human flesh.
Corrosive materials and most cleaners are composed of acids and bases
Goggles- a transparent or dark eyeglass that protect the welders’ eyes from injury
Hand tools- portable devices that are guided and operated by hands
Hazardous material- any material that can cause bodily injury or pose a threat to the
environment
Signs and symbols- a mark that expresses information to warn or to give direction
Toxic material- any poisonous material that can cause illness or death
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 141
LEARNING OUTCOME 1
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Tools, equipment and work area are inspected and cleaned, free from dust,
grease and other substance.
Cleaning solvent as per workshop cleaning requirements is observed.
Work area is checked and cleaned.
Materials
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 142
What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about the inspecting/cleaning
tools, materials and shop equipment. Take this test.
Pretest LO 1
Directions: Choose the letter of the option that will best complete the sentence.
2. Loose clothes, untucked shirt or unrolled sleeves worn during work by a mechanic may
result
to getting:
A. caught by the machine C. torn
B. dirty D. stained
3. Type of shoes that should be worn as protection from accident or injury in the workplace:
A. hard shoes or boots with rubber soles C. tennis shoes with Velcro fasteners
B. sandals with heels and closed toes D. track shoes with laces
5. Most important reason why it’s important to use the right tools for the right job.
A. save money C. efficiency
B. fun D. neatness
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 143
What Do You Need To Know?
Read Information Sheet 1.1 very well; then, find out how much you can
remember and how much you have learned by doing Self-check.
Workshop Policy
The workshop policy applies to all workshop. It entails awareness about legal policies
that must be put into practice. It is an understanding of all the hazards that may exist in the
workplace. Each person who works at the shop should be required to read the policy and
agrees to abide by it. This provides important legal protections in the event of an accident.
Workshop policy includes shop safety. It is the responsibility of everyone. Safety
means protecting oneself from injury at all times. Working in the shop requires the use of a
large variety of tools, materials, and equipment that can injure the worker and others in the
shop if not properly used. A profitable auto shop is a well-run auto shop; a well-run auto
shop is a safe one. Automotive mechanic uses power tools if needed, Power tools are
usually electrically driven. It means it can work in a span of minute. Therefore, this must be
treated with care and respect.
Workshop policy on service procedures from the time the customer comes in and
gets out must be strictly followed so that they will be satisfied with the work rendered to
them. Workers will also benefit if is obeyed. It means that they will work on the job order
issued to them. They should never work on any other orders unless given to them by the
person in charge so that healthy working relationship is preserved between the company
and the workers.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 144
There is also workshop policy on the use of tools, materials and equipment.
Compliance with them will create good management of these implements. Materials like
rags, petroleum products, and water are economized; tools hammers, wrenches and
screwdrivers are taken care; and use of equipment like air compressor as substitute to
electric fan is not misused. Aside from these, use of workshop and office facilities like fans,
papers, toiletries, cleaning materials are not abused.
General Requirements of Safety in Workshop Policy
Guidelines for safe practices.
1. During the course of working in the shop, a general service technician moves from
one area of the shop to another, moving parts and equipment around the shop and
performing varied tasks. It is important that the shop floor be free of hazards that
could cause technicians to slip or trip.
2. In a wide variety of shop tasks, waste materials are produced that can cause
dangerous situations unless the waste materials are disposed of or stored properly.
3. Always be sure that shop exits are well-marked with an EXIT sign and are clear of
obstructions.
4. For personal safety and to help keep the shop free of hazards, always comply with
the following safety rules:
a. Work quietly and focus solely on the job at hand.
b. Do not leave creepers lay on the floor. Always stand them against the wall, wheels
outward, when not in use.
c. Do not indulge in horseplay in the shop; immature and improper behavior can
cause serious accidents.
d. Before performing a task, consider the relevant safety precautions related to the
task and formulate a prevention plan for each hazard.
Keep the shop free of hazards.
Use appropriate personal protective devices (clothing and equipment)
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 145
e. Always wear protective clothing and equipment in any situation where it is
necessary.
Wear protective eyewear at all times in the shop area.
Do not wear rings, bracelets, watches, or necklaces when working around
moving
machinery or electrical equipment.
Do not put sharp objects into the pocket of work clothes. They could cause
personal injury or damage to vehicles.
Keep hands free from oil and grease.
Wipe off grease and other spills from the shop floor immediately, or at least put
an oil-absorbing compound over them.
5. When cleaning up flammable liquids, always dispose of the rags in a metal container
with a tight-fitting lid.
6. Do not look in the direction of another person who is welding.
7. Do not run a vehicle engine inside a closed garage unless the vehicle exhaust is
hooked up to exhaust ventilation
equipment. A deadly amount of carbon
monoxide, which is present in the exhaust,
can collect in a very short time.
8. Do not smoke in any shop, except in an
area designated for smoking.
9. When pumping a flammable liquid from a
large container into a small one, be sure to
first attach a ground wire between both
containers.
These guidelines for safety practices are practical in nature. Common sense dictates
what to do but knowing how these practices are applied will increase awareness and ability
to increase your competencies.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 146
۩ STANDARD SAFE HANDLING OF TOOLS, MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
Safety in workshop is subject to a number of various risk assessments and safe
codes of working practices. This must be adhered to and enforced by those in charge of the
workplace. There may be risk activities in the shop by which one must observe properly.
Handling of Tools, Materials, and Equipment
Everyone involve in the shop should be trained in proper handling of tools, materials,
and equipment. It is necessary for you to recognize them and how they are used. The
following information will give you insights on safe handling.
1. Service of records of all machine tools, materials and equipment must be kept. All
information must be complete and done in order.
2. All portable electrical equipment must be regularly inspected and tested for electrical
safety.
3. There must be a responsible person to take charge of the tools, materials, and
equipment before, during and after used.
4. Every worker involved must be trained according to use of work equipment and tools.
5. Tools and equipment must be cleaned after use.
6. There must be proper uniform (apron, shirt, or apron) when working with machine
tools or other equipment especially those that have rotating spindles.
7. Precision measuring equipment, drills, etc. must be placed in their appropriate
cabinets after use.
Handling tools, materials and equipment safely will give a better work output. Their
life cycle is prolonged. Task is accomplished easily and life is preserved.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 147
۩ TYPES AND USAGE OF CLEANING CHEMICALS
Cleaning chemicals are used in taking away dirt, dust and hard to remove grime.
Cleaning products have variety of ingredients. They may be safe or toxic depending on how
they are used. Cleaning chemicals used in automotive servicing are quite different from the
ones used in households. Even though some cleaning materials in households can have
small amount of chemicals used in automotive, it cannot surpass the kind of cleaning
materials used in automotive because of the different types and extent of their application.
Cleaning products for use in automotive is somehow stronger than other cleaning
materials used for garments and other household purpose.
Cleaning products used in automotive are for plastics, metals, leathers, rubbers and
glasses. These types of cleaning products are hazardous and corrosives. That is why, strict
compliance with their use must be considered seriously or else this will pose danger to the
one using these and to the environment. Cleaning products used for plastics are somehow
not applicable for use in leathers because of some ingredients that do not conform to the
latter.
The reason why they differ in types of chemicals mix in the product is the strength of
alkalinity and acidity. Strong alkalis are those that have sodium hydroxide and are used in
removing paints like paint remover. Heavy-duty alkalis are those that contains sodium
carbonate and are used in removing greasy substance like thinner. A mild alkali is a sodium
bicarbonate contained chemicals. They are also known as baking soda used in removing oily
substance in automobile body before wash-out painting.
Aside from alkali type of cleaners, the acid base type cleaning chemicals have at
least three types. The strong acid cleaners are highly corrosive. They are good in removing
hard deposits. Hydrochloric acid or the well-known muriatic acid is a good example of this
type. The mild acidcleaners are good in removing rusty stains and blemish. Anti-rust
cleaners, wheels and tires dressing compound are good example of this type, and the soft
acid cleaners are those that are used in cleaning glasses. This kind of cleaners is available
in detergent, liquid, and bar.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 148
Muriatic acid Glass cleaners
In using any cleaning materials for automotive use, it is basic and necessary that
safety procedures must be followed. Usually, the use of appropriate hand gloves will protect
the hands from entrance of chemicals to the skin and fingernails that may cause liver or
kidney disease, skin irritation and allergy. Respirator or dust mask is also recommended to
protect the respiratory system from inhalation of hazardous fumes. Fumes coming from
chemicals can dry the eyes. That is why goggles is recommended in relieving the eyes from
eye irritation, dryness and accidental splash of cleaning products. All protection must be
done when using automotive cleaners to avoid risk of severe injury.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 149
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 1.1
I. Directions: Write the correct answer on the space provided in the statement. Use your
Activity notebook in answering the statement.
II. Directions: Select the best answer. Write the letter only.
1. Greasy and slippery tools must be
_____A. kept clean and free of dust and oil or grease.
_____B. kept covered.
_____C. used with gloves.
_____D. wiped with friction oil.
2. Defective tools and equipment should be
_____A. marked as defective
_____B. put under the bench
_____C. reused
_____D. thrown away
3. To prevent from being bumped into or tripped over, tools used should be
_____A. passed on to someone else who will need them next
_____B. put under the bench so that they are out of the way
_____C. returned to the tool room or put back in their drawers, cabinets or racks
_____D. stacked neatly on the bench when you are done with them
4. For safety, drawers and cabinet doors should be
_____A. avoided.
_____B. clearly labeled.
_____C. kept closed.
_____D. painted red.
5. Do not lay tools on ledges, fenders, or any place where they could
_____A. get lost.
_____B. fall on someone.
_____C. get dirty.
_____D. look messy and unprofessional.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 150
III. Directions: Identify the strength of the following chemical cleaners in the box.Write S for
Strong, H for Heavy, M for Mild, and S for Soft. Write your answers in your Activity
notebook.
1.
Paint Remover
1. _________
2.
Muriatic Acid
2. _________
3.
Lacquer Thinner
3. _________
4.
Dressing
Compound
4. _________
5.
Glass Cleaners
5. _________
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 151
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
I. Directions: Make a round inside the workshop area. Observe and list down the
condition of the shop if it complies with the workshop policy requirements. Answer
the following questions.
Improved Removed
2.1 _____________________________________________________________
2.2 _____________________________________________________________
2.3 _____________________________________________________________
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 152
II. Directions: Perform the proper handling of tools, materials and equipment.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 153
How Well Did You Perform?
Performance Rubrics
Criteria 5 3 1
Proficiency Performs the task Performs the task Performs the task
with competence with competence with competence but
and exceptional and with standard below standard
performance performance performance
Accuracy Performs the task Performs the task Performs the task
with no error with at least 1-2 with at least 3-5
errors errors
Completeness Performs all the Performs the task Performs the task
steps in sequence with at least 2-3 with at least 3-5
steps not met steps not met
Safety Follows all the safety Follows the safety Follows the safety
practices as set in practices with at practices with at
the guidelines least 1-2 safety least 3-5 safety
measures not met measures not met
T O T A L _________________________
21 – 25 91 - 100 Outstanding
16 – 20 86 - 90 Very Good
11 – 15 81 - 85 Good
06 - 10 76 - 80 Fair
01 - 05 71 - 75 Needs Improvement
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 154
How Do You Extend Your Learning?
Directions: Visit the nearest automotive shop in your community. Introduce yourself as
automotive servicing student and ask for the different chemical cleaning materials they used
in automotive shop. Compare with the ones listed below.
1. Anti-rust paint
2. Anti-rust spray
3. Automobile body cleaners
4. Baking soda
5. Glass cleaner
6. Lacquer thinner
7. Metal conditioner
8. Muriatic acid
9. Paint remover
10. Paint thinner
11. Solvent
12. Wheel and tire dressing compound
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 155
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Corresponding labels for containers and waste materials are posted and made
visible.
Materials
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 156
What Do You Already Know?
Determine how much you already know about storing/arranging tools and shop
equipment. Take this test.
Pretest LO 2
Directions: Write the letter of the best answer to complete the statement.
1. To some degree, personal safety in the workshop is not only confined to the use of tools,
materials and equipment but to __________.
A. her C. others
B. him D. self
2. When working in the shop, it is a good personal protection to work in __________ area.
A. well-built C. well- scented
B. well-loved D. well-ventilated
3. Goggles, head bonnet, and dust musk are good implements for _______ protection.
A. lower body C. upper body
B. middle body D. whole body
5. When personal safety is the issue, it is basic to human instinct to ______ oneself.
A. prevent C. promote
B. produce D. protect
6. High grade rubber ____ protects the hands from paint, solvent and electrical shock.
A. belt C. gloves
B. band D. tire
9. International standard labeled signs are black _________ with red surround shape.
A. cymbals C. sandals
B. samples D. symbols
10. When working ______________ must come first before anything else.
A. personality C. personal safety
B. personal attributes D. personal share
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 157
What Do You Need To Know?
Know?KnowKNowKnow?
Read Information Sheet 2.1 very well. Then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-check.
Whenever safety is the issue, safety of oneself usually comes to mind. It is a basic
instinct for human being to protect himself.
Safety in the workshop is not only confined to the use of tools, materials and
equipment. To some degree, in workshop, personal safety must come first before anything
else. You can replace broken tools with new one. Buy new materials and operate new
equipment but you cannot buy new body as replacement if something happens to it.
Personal safety involves habits, values, and awareness. Having these virtues will shy
you away from injury and harm.
1. Upper body protection. These includes safety glass for eye protection called
goggles . This is used when grinding metal or when reconditioning tools. Welding
goggles are also used when joining metals so that eyes are protected from flying
debris. Transparent goggles are useful when working underchassis. Eyes are
protected from dust and small particles that may get into the eyes and cause
irritation. The head should be protected with head gear like bonnet or cap. This head
gear protects head and hair from dust, accumulated dirt , falling object and harmful
chemical especially when working underneath the vehicle. The nose and face should
be protected with face mask or respirator so that harmful fumes from exhaust gas
and chemicals may not get into the lungs.
2. Middle body protection. These include apron that protects the body from dirt and
sudden spill of substance like oil. High grade rubber gloves protect the hands from
paint, solvent and electrical shock.. Leather gloves protect the hands from hot
surface like newly welded metal to avoid abrasion. Hand cream is also useful to
protect hands from dryness.
3. Lower body protection. These include safety shoes to protect the feet from slipping
and risk from heavy falling object.
4. Whole body protection. The use of coveralls or jumpsuit is a good protection against
flying debris, chemical spill, paint, solvent and abrasion.
Aside from the different implements to protect self from any harmful injury, labeling of
warning signs and symbols must be clearly written and properly identified.
Labels must be color coded. Usually a red color code is a sign of danger sign. It
gives you information on the seriousness of consequence if not followed. Yellow color code
can mean warning. It gives information to forewarn you from danger. A green color code
may mean safe. It is good that workplace be posted with properly labeled signs, symbols,
and stickers.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 159
International standard labeled signs are black symbol with red surround shape.
The total quality management in automotive servicing is getting the job done with
excellence and direction. This is one of the principles that should be implemented in order
for the management to work. One of the key principles is the proper maintenance of the
shop. To be effective, there must be some methods to work on. One is the management of
peopleware. They are the ones that need sustainable training in the shop and workshop
environment. This increases their manpower capability in the field of work. Because of this,
they become assets in managing the shop. Increasing their skills also increases their values
and worth. Therefore, it decreases the chance of accidents and expenses in the workplace
by applying corrective and preventive maintenance. These corrective and preventive
measures also include the hardware. The hardware part of management in automotive
servicing are the workshop facilities like the tools, materials, equipment/machineries
including facilities like furniture, lighting, water, and furniture. Proper management of these
hardware results in cost effective expenses in the workplace.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 160
In Japan, they use the 5 S principles of management for increase efficiency and
effectiveness in the workplace. These 5 S principles of management will help you a lot in
sorting, setting in order/simplifying, sweeping, standardizing, and sustaining.
Screwdrivers Gaskets
Oils
Philipps Overhauling gasket
Engine oil
Standard Carburator kit gasket
Gear oil
Offset Transmission gasket
Penetrating oil
Stubby Differential gasket
Automatic transmission oil
Allen
Brake/Clucth fluids
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 161
3. Sweeping, Shining, Systematic cleaning – a process of clearing out the dirt, dust
and residual grime to make the space, machines, and fixtures clean. Examples are:
What location or machines need immediate and regular clean-up?
Which of them should be cleaned first?
4. Standardizing – a
process of having a
uniform procedures of work or placement of things in proper place. Examples are:
How the procedures done?
What is the schedule of work from start to finish?
Where should the finished work be placed?
Who will be in-charge of testing the work?
5. Sustaining - a process of maintaining a continuous and consistent implementation of
doing the 5 S principles.
With these 5 S in mind as tool for management principles, it is expected that it can
build a good workshop and workplace environment that in the process it will result in shop
maintenance, efficiency and effectiveness.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 162
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-check 2.1
I. Directions: Write the correct answer for each of the following questions:
1. When personal safety is the issue, it is basic to human instinct to ______ oneself.
A. prevent C. promote
B. produce D. protect
2. To some degree, personal safety in the workshop is not only confined to the use of tools,
materials and equipment but to
A. her. C. others.
B. him. D. self.
4. Goggles, head bonnet, and dust musk are good implements for _______ protection.
A. lower body C. upper body
B. middle body D. whole body
5. When working in the shop, it is good personal protection to work in __________ area.
A. well-built C. well- scented
B. well-loved D. well-ventilated
II. Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer. Use
your Activity notebook.
Column A Column B
A. These are the ones that need sustainable training in the shop
1. peopleware and workshop environment.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 163
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
Show that you have learned something by doing this activity.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 164
How Well Did You Perform?
Performance Rubrics
Criteria 5 3 1
Proficiency Performs the task Performs the task Performs the task
with competence with competence with competence but
and exceptional and with standard below standard
performance performance performance
Accuracy Performs the task Performs the task Performs the task
with no error with at least 1-2 with at least 3-5
errors errors
Completeness Performs all the Performs the task Performs the task
steps in sequence with at least 2-3 with at least 3-5
steps not met steps not met
Safety Follows all the safety Follows the safety Follows the safety
practices as set in practices with at practices with at
the guidelines least 1-2 safety least 3-5 safety
measures not met measures not met
T O T A L __________
RATING SCALE: Points Earned (S) Numerical Rating (PL) Descriptive Rating
(PL)
21 – 25 91 - 100 Outstanding
16 – 20 86 - 90 Very Good
11 – 15 81 - 85 Good
06 - 10 76 - 80 Fair
01 - 05 71 - 75 Needs Improvement
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 165
How Do You Extend Your Learning?
Directions: Perform one of the following 5S andanswer the space with I CAN if you are able
to do it. Leave the space blank if you cannot but state your reason why.
1. _____ sorting
Why?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. _____ setting in order, straightening, Simplifying
Why?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. _____ sweeping, Shining, Systematic cleaning
Why?
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. _____ standardizing
Why?
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
5. _____ sustaining
Why?
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 166
LEARNING OUTCOME 3
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Waste and used materials are disposed in accordance with the standard
operational procedures and environmental regulations.
Personal safety in disposing waste and used materials is are observed
Materials
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 167
What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about the disposing waste/used
lubricants. Take this test.
Pretest LO 3
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.Use your Activity
Notebook for your answers.
1. Government institutions like the DENR have local policies that protect the citizens from
______________ of these hazardous materials and substance.
A. harmful effects C. neutral effects
B. good effects D. balance effects
6. The harmful effect of waste materials is so huge that it even affects our
A. earth C. ocean
B. environment D. space
9. Toxic material is
A. allergen C. irritating
B. comforting D. lethal
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 168
10. An inventory of waste materials and substance that can be found in the workshop will be
of great help in finding out their
A. condition C. serviceability
B. purpose D. type
Read the Information Sheet 3.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 3.1.
۩ WASTE MANAGEMENT
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 169
All of these hazardous, waste materials and substance can paralyze human and
definitely lethal if not given serious attention in managing them.
The following are some guidelines to follow when disposing waste and used
materials and substance.
1. Have a separate container or trash bin for disposable materials. Different waste
materials like used, empty plastics, bottles, cans must not be mixed in one container for easy
disposal and segregation.
2. Have a separate container for used and unused materials and substance.
Used oil must not be disposed in the drainage. Doing so will harm the eco-system. This will
endanger the lives of water life species and plant life. This must be stored in a container with
proper label. Unused oil and other chemical materials must be properly labeled and covered
to avoid escape of fumes that may cause instant fire.
In the United States the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) is very strict in
implementing protection against careless and improper use and disposal of hazardous waste
products. Breaking this law may lead to prosecution.
3. Have an appropriate amount ofuse of chemical materials or substance. Many
unused chemical materials and substance are due to overfill. That is why the excess
chemicals cannot be returned back to its container especially if already mixed with other
chemicals and cannot be stored for a period of time. This overfill when stored and dried tend
to form into another composition and thereby unsafe to use. Disposal of this kind is a
problem.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 170
MATERIALS/SUBSTANCE IN THE WORKSHOP
Condition Remarks
Contact cement
Paint
Oil
Solvent
Thinner
Turco
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 171
Self-Check 3.1
Directions: Fill-in the blank space by selecting the correct answer. Use your Activity
Notebook by writing the letter of your answer.
A. compliance C. observation
B. hearing D. styling
3. Government institution like the DENR have local policies that protect the citizens from
______ _______ these hazardous materials and substance.
5. The effects of hazardous waste materials to human and environment can be __________.
A. bought C. managed
B.loaned D. rented
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 172
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
Unit of
Competency Time Performance
Use of Hand Tasks Date Begun Finished Score Level
tools
LO1 Inspect/Clean
Inspect/Clean workshop
Tools and tools and
Shop equipment
Equipment
LO2 Store/Arrange
Store/Arrange tools and
Tools and shop
Shop equipment
Equipment
Average: _______
_________
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 173
How Well Did You Perform?
Performance Rubrics
Criteria 5 3 1
Accuracy Performs the task Performs the task Performs the task
with no error with at least 1-2 with at least 3-5
errors errors
Follows all the safety Follows the safety Follows the safety
practices as set in practices with at practices with at
Safety the guidelines least 1-2 safety least 3-5 safety
measures not met measures not met
T O T A L _________________________
21 – 25 91 - 100 Outstanding
16 – 20 86 - 90 Very Good
11 – 15 81 - 85 Good
06 - 10 76 - 80 Fair
01 - 05 71 - 75 Needs
Improvement
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 174
How Do You Extend Your Learning?
Directions: Below is a puzzle interconnected with one another. List down names of
automotive waste materials/substance and their effects to human and environment. Use
your Activity Notebook in answering the activity.
FLAMMABLE
TOXIC
REACTIVE
CORROSIVE
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 175
REFERENCES
LO1
Swing Crispin, Frederic, Dictionary of Technical TermsThe Bruce
Publishing Co.: 1948.
Chilton’s Easy Car Care. Chilton Book Company. 3rd Ed. Chilton Way,
Radnor, PA 19089
Stockel, Martin W. Auto mechanics Fundamentals. The Goodheart -
Willcox Company, Inc. 1978
The Oxford Dictionary of Current English. New Revised Ed. Oxford
University Press, 1998.
Popular Mechanics Guide To Auto Basic Repair and Maintenance. Book
Division The Hearst Corporation, New York, NY
www.google.com.ph
en.wikipedia.org
LO 2
Swing Crispin, Frederic, Dictionary of Technical TermsThe Bruce
Publishing Co.: 1948.
Chilton’s Easy Car Care. Chilton Book Company. 3rd Ed. Chilton Way,
Radnor, PA 19089
Stockel, Martin W. Auto mechanics Fundamentals. The Goodheart -
Willcox Company, Inc. 1978
The Oxford Dictionary of Current English. New Revised Ed. Oxford
University Press, 1998.
Popular Mechanics Guide To Auto Basic Repair and Maintenance. Book
Division The Hearst Corporation, New York, NY
LO 3
Swing Crispin, Frederic, Dictionary of Technical TermsThe Bruce
Publishing Co.:1948.
Chilton’s Easy Car Care. Chilton Book Company. 3rd Ed. Chilton Way,
Radnor, PA 19089
Stockel, Martin W. Auto mechanics Fundamentals. The Goodheart -
Willcox Company, Inc. 1978
The Oxford Dictionary of Current English. New Revised Ed. Oxford
University Press, 1998.
Popular Mechanics Guide To Auto Basic Repair and Maintenance. Book
Division The Hearst Corporation, New York, NY
www.google.com.ph
en.wikipedia.org
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 176
LESSON 5
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to
do the following:
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 177
Definition of Terms
Avalanche - also called a snow slide or snow slip. It is a sudden, drastic flow of snow down
a slope, occurring when either natural triggers, such as loading from new snow or rain, or
artificial triggers, such as snowmobilers, explosives or backcountry skiers, overload the
snowpack
Capacitor- formerly known as condenser.It is a passivetwo-terminalelectrical component used to store
energy in an electric field. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common
electrical devices
Cliff -is a significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure
Colleagues - a person with whom one is associated in a profession or occupation
Combustibility-a measure of how easily a substance will set on fire, through fire or combustion.
Dermatitis- derives from Greek derma "skin" + -itis "inflammation". Dermatitis symptoms vary with all
different forms of the condition. They range from skin rashes to bumpy rashes or including blisters.
Although every type of dermatitis has different symptoms, there are certain signs that are common for
all of them, including redness of the skin, swelling, itching and skin lesions and sometimes oozing and
scarring
Earmuffs - objects designed to cover a person's ears for protection. They consist of a thermoplastic or
metal head-band, that fits over the top of the head, and a pad at each end, to cover the external ears
Electrode- an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a
semiconductor, an electrolyte or a vacuum). The word was coined by the scientist Michael Faraday from
the Greek words elektron (meaning amber, from which the word electricity is derived) and hodos, a
[1]
way
Fatigue - the decreased capacity or complete inability of an organism, an organ, or a part to
function normally because of excessive stimulation or prolonged exertion
Fumes - vapor, gas, or smoke, especially if irritating, harmful, or strong
Glare - to express by staring angrily
Glazing - also (less commonly) used to describe the insertion of ophthalmic lenses into an eyeglass
frame
Hazardous fumes- to expose to the action of fumes; to treat with vapors, smoke, etc.; as, to
bleachstraw by fuming it with sulfur; to fill with fumes, vapors, odors, etc, as a room. She fumed
the temple with an odorousflame
Hazards- a term used to describe something that has the potential to cause harm
Hierarchy - a series in which each element is graded or ranked
Hydrazine -also called diazane. It is an inorganic compound with the formula N2H4. It is a colorless
flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odor. Hydrazine is used within both nuclear and conventional
electrical power plant steam cycles to control concentrations of dissolved oxygen in an effort to reduce
corrosion
Illness - sometimes referred to as ill-health or ailment. It is a state of poor health. Illness is
sometimes considered another word for disease
Isolating - to set apart (a component, circuit, or system) from a source of electricity or to set
apart or cut off from others
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 178
Jeopardy - in a situation in which someone or something is exposed to possible injury, loss,
or in danger
Jerky movement - a condition which is associated with unintentional erratic or irregular
movements
Legislation - the act or process of making laws; enactment
Pedestrians - a person traveling on foot, whether walking or running. In some communities, those
traveling using roller skates or skateboards are also considered to be pedestrians
Risks- a measure of the possibility of a specific harmful effect in given circumstances
Severity - used of the degree of something undesirable e.g. pain or weather
Tendinitis - is informally also tendonitis, It is theinflammation of a tendon (the suffix -itis denotes
diseases characterized by inflammation), is a type of tendinopathy often confused with the more
[1]
common tendinosis, which has similar symptoms but requires different treatment. The term tendinitis
should be reserved for tendon injuries that involve larger-scale acute injuries accompanied by
inflammation
Triggered - a device that activates or releases or causes something to happen
Ventilation- the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality
(i.e. to control temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne
bacteria, and carbon dioxide). Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive
moisture, introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the
interior air
Workplace - applies to a wide range of premises including shops, offices, schools, hospitals
and places of entertainment. It also includes the common parts of shared buildings and
temporary work sites (but not construction sites)
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 179
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 180
What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about identifying hazards and
risks. Take this test.
Pretest LO 1
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank space provided. Use your
Activity Notebook for your answers.
100%-skip the Learning Outcome and proceed to the next Learning Outcome
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 181
What Do You Need To Know?
Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.1.
In any place, or corner, hazard could be present. At home, on the street, in school or
in the workplace, anything could happen and may cause some damage to an individual or to
property. Example: anything could happen with an extension cord lying on a floor, from a
simple tip-off to electric shock or even more.
WHAT IS HAZARD?
A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse effects on properties or
someone’s health under certain conditions at work. Workplace hazards can come from a
wide range of sources. General examples include any substance, material, process,
practice, etc that have the ability to cause harm or adverse health effect to a person under
certain conditions. See table below
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 182
As shownin the table above, workplace hazards also include practices or conditions
that release uncontrolled energy like:
an object that could fall from a height (potential or gravitational energy),
a run-away chemical reaction (chemical energy),
the release of compressed gas or steam (pressure; high temperature),
entanglement of hair or clothing in a rotating equipment (kinetic energy), or
contact with electrodes of a battery or capacitor (electrical energy).
3 Modes / Forms of a hazard
Dormant – The situation has the potential to be hazardous, but no people, property,
or environment is currently affected by this. For instance, a hillside may be unstable,
with the potential for a landslide, but there is nothing below or on the hillside that
could be affected. For a shop work area, dormant hazard is an undetected hazard
created by the design of equipment or layout of the workshop area.
Armed – The situation has the potential to be hazardous and there are people,
property, or environment that is in potential harm's way. This is a dormant hazard that
has become armed and ready to cause harm during certain work circumstances.
Active - A harmful incident involving the hazard has actually occurred. Often this is
referred to not as an "active hazard" but as an accident, emergency, incident, or
disaster. This is an armed hazard triggered into action by the right combination of
factors. At this point it is too late to take any preventive action to escape injury or
avoid death.
Classes of hazard
Auto An engine is hooked- The engine is raised-off The chain snaps and
repair up by a chain block from the car’s engine the engine knocks
shop (hoist) compartment down on the car.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 183
Hazards are classified into six different types. They are
Physical - includes floors, stairs, work platforms, steps, ladders, fire, falling objects,
slippery surfaces, manual handling (lifting, pushing, pulling), excessively loud and
prolonged noise, vibration, heat and cold, radiation, poor lighting, ventilation, air
quality
Mechanical and/or electrical - includes electricity, machinery, equipment, pressure
vessels, dangerous goods, forklifts, cranes, hoists
Chemical - includes chemical substances such as acids or poisons and those that
could lead to fire or explosion, cleaning agents, dusts and fumes from various
processes such as welding
Biological - includes bacteria, viruses, mould, mildew, insects, vermin, animals
Psychosocial environment - includes workplace stressors arising from a variety of
sources.
Ergonomic- repetitive movements, improper set up of workstation, etc.,
WHAT IS RISK?
Risk is the chance or probability that a person will
be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if
exposed to a hazard. In an auto repair shop, doing most
of the jobs place a technician in risky situation. Example,
the mechanic is exposed to danger while performing
underchassis repairs, he is at risk. There are dangers
that may actually become an accident like a bolt snaps
while loosening and the mechanics hand strikes hard on
other component. It may also apply to situations with
property or equipment loss, like the engine in above example would experience damage
from a knock down, and the car itself would be damaged too.
Hazard VS Risk
Mostly these two words are used interchangeably with one another. From above
statements in this lesson, hazard and risk have its own identity which areclosely related to
one another. Hazard is the possible danger that could occur when some factors would
trigger such event 2hile risk is the possible harm which may result if given danger becomes
active. Simply hazard is a possible cause while risk is a possible negative effect.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 184
IDENTIFYING HAZARDS AT WORK
The process of identifying and fixing potential hazards in the workplace is called
hazard management - a simple procedure where you assess and control the risk of hazards
to workers. A workplace hazard is something that has the potential to harm the health and
safety of people at work.
Lifting and moving equipment and materials, panel beating, and working in awkward
postures (such as removing or replacing engine parts under car bonnets) are some
examples of manual handling tasks you may have to do in the automotive industry.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 185
At times, your tasks may involve bending and
stretching as well as twisting sideways, or working
with materials and equipment above shoulder height.
All of these increase the risk of manual handling
injury. Many engine parts are too heavy to lift safely,
and storage of items such as vehicle tires on racking,
while it may be easy at ground level where they can
be rolled in, presents a manual handling risk if you
attempt to lift them.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 186
Powered Tools and Hand Tools
Many of the tools used in the automotive industry are
powered by electricity. Your employer must make sure all electrical
machinery and equipment are kept in good working order. Electrical
plugs and switches must be checked regularly to make sure they are
not damaged. Leads can become split or frayed, and these too must
be inspected for wear each time they are used. Electrically powered
tools must be tested and tagged regularly.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 187
Confined Spaces
Some automotive workshops have pits to enable work to be done if a hoist is not
available. The vehicle is driven over the pit, and the mechanic works from beneath. This
work should never be done by someone working alone: a second person should be on hand
(outside the pit) to monitor the work and to provide assistance. Because carbon monoxide
(from the vehicle exhaust) is heavier than air, the fumes may build up in the 'confined space'
under the vehicle. These fumes need not be only from the vehicle being worked on: if other
engines are running nearby, there is still a significant risk of exhaust emissions collecting in
the pit. Good ventilation is essential in automotive workshops. Engine bay doors should be
fully open at all times. If weather conditions prevent this, the work must be evaluated and
tasks such as spray painting, which could result in a build-up of fumes, should be postponed.
Respirators will be necessary for a number of jobs in an automotive workshop. Dust
masks do not provide protection against vehicle fumes and gases, or paint drift from
spraying operations. Employers must find out what kind of breathing protection is needed
and make sure all workers are issued with it and instructed in its correct use.
Noise
Excessive noise can cause permanent hearing
loss and is probably the most common cause of
hearing loss in adult males. Hearing loss limits a
person's ability to communicate at work, home and
socially. There is no medical treatment and hearing
aids offer limited benefit.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 188
Hazardous Substances
A hazardous substance is any substance, which can potentially harm the health and
safety of workers. Labels and material safety data sheets (MSDS) provide OHS
information about the substance.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 189
DIFFERENT HAZARDOUS MATERIAL / SUBSTANCE AND ITS EFFECT
CORROSIVE MATERIAL
OXIDIZING MATERIAL
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 190
COMPRESSED GAS
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 191
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 1.1
Directions: Select the best answer. Use your Activity notebook in writing your answer.
1. It is a term used in workplaces that defines a possible source of harm to person, damage
to property or environment.
A. risk B. hazard C. accident D. danger
2. The probability of getting harmed or damaged occurring from exposure to a hazard.
A. risk B. hazard C. accident D. danger
3. What form of hazard is the situation that has a potential to be hazardous, but no people,
property, or environment is currently affected by this?
A. armed B. active C. dormant D. hidden
5. This material has been used as the component of the brake lining of some vehicles, which
when in dust form become hazardous to health when inhaled.
A. Hydrazine B. asbestos C. spray paint D. solvent
6. This can cause permanent hearing loss and is probably the most common cause of
hearing loss in adult males working in a very busy industrial plant like automotive industry.
A. Hazardous substance B. Slips, Trips and fall C. Noise D. solvent
8. What materials which ignite and continue to burn if exposed to a flame or source of
ignition?
A. corrosive materials B. flammable and combustible material
C. oxidizing materials D. compressed gas
9. Used as a cleaner or degreaser, which is considered hazardous if it enters the body when
a person breathes in their vapour, through skin contact, or through the mouth from contact
with food or fingers.
A. spray paints B. solvents C. batteries D. petrol
container
10. This equipment is hazardous when not properly used like if accidentally points to an
open wound could force air to blood stream and can be fatal.
A. fan blades B. solvent C. hand tools D. compressor
Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 192
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
Crossword
Task: Follow the clues below to fill in the blanks:
1 2 3 4 5
9 10
11
12
Across
4. Power _____ used in workplaces can be noisy
6. Unit of measuring noise levels
7. If you are unsure, ___ your supervisor
8. One kind of personal protective equipment (PPE) for hearing
9. Of advanced age
11 Loud sound
12. Operating machinery without hearing protection can ______ hearing
Down
1. A noise _____ of 85 dB(A) and above can cause hearing loss.
2. Noise is a constant hazard at a construction ____
3. The sense by which sound is perceived
5. Hearing ____ can be prevented
7. Once more
10. Abbreviation for “decibel”
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 193
How Well Did You Perform?
Score Rating:
Directions: Visit your nearest industrial shop. Introduce yourself as automotive servicing
student. Interview a worker on the following:
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 194
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Materials
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 195
What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about evaluating hazards and risks
Take this test.
Pretest LO 2
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided. Use your Activity
Notebook for your answers.
1. What is the health problem when a person’s ability to control the demands of works is
threatened?
2. What is the health problem when a worker tries to overcome an existing workload in
excess of his ability?
4. Locate the area of pain in the repetitive, horizontal movement of the wrist to the extreme
range.
5. Locate the areas of pain while extending the forearm in a repetitive bending from the
elbow.
6. Locate the pain in reaching movements where in the shoulder is reaching above level.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 196
7. Locate the area of pain in reaching movements where in the trunk is reaching behind.
8. What health problem is the most common cause of occupational disease and accounts
for most workdays lost?
A. heart disease B. stress C. musculoskeletal disorder D. allergies
9. What provide the workers with minimum standards of health and safety in the workplace?
10. What are the four terms used in health and safety legislation?
100% - skip the Learning Outcome and proceed to the next Learning Outcome
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 197
What Do You Need To Know?
Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 2.1.
Exposure to
hazards in
the
workplace
can lead to
serious
illness.
In any workplace, hazard is built-in with it. We cannot deny the existence of danger
since a workplace is a site where there are many risky conditions, materials or substances,
tools and equipment, and practices which may bring jeopardy to humans,health, property or
environment. In the previous topics you have identified the different sources of hazard
present in a workplace.
Hazards are threat to human life or health whenever a person is performing his or her
job in the workplace. Simply, a mechanic is exposed to threat most of the time from simple
tools to equipment, from fumes to solvent.
Some occupational diseases have been recognized for many years, and affect
workers in different ways depending on the nature of the hazard, the route of exposure, the
dose, etc. Some well known occupational diseases include:
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 198
Noise-induced hearing loss (caused by noise, which is common in many
workplaces, including airports, and workplaces where noisy machines, such as
presses or drills, etc. are used).
There are also a number of potentially crippling health problems that can be associated with
poor working conditions, including:
Stress-related disorders.
heart disease;
musculoskeletal disorders such as permanent back injuries or muscle disorders;
allergies;
reproductive problems;
Stress occurs in many different circumstances, but is particularly strong when a person’s
ability to control the demands of work is threatened. The stressful experience is
intensified if no help is available from colleagues or supervisors at work.
The more hours people worked in a day, the higher their risk of developing coronary heart
disease, the results of the study suggested. People who worked 10 hours a day had a 45 percent
higher risk of heart disease and those who worked 11 hours a day had a 67 percent higher risk of
heart disease than people who worked 7 to 8 hours a day, according to the study.( Long Work
Hours Raise Heart Disease Risk Dramatically - MyHealthNewsDaily Staff , Apr 2011)
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 199
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a group of painful disorders of
muscles, tendons, and nerves. Carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, thoracic outlet
syndrome, and tension neck syndrome are examples. Work activities which are frequent
and repetitive, or activities with awkward postures cause these disorders which may be
painful during work or at rest.
Almost all work requires the use of the arms and hands. Therefore, most WMSD
affect the hands, wrists, elbows, neck, and shoulders. Work using the legs can lead to
WMSD of the legs, hips, ankles, and feet. Some back problems also result from
repetitive activities.
WMSDs are recognized as leading causes of significant human suffering, loss of
productivity, and economic burdens on society.
WMSDs arise from ordinary arm and hand movements such as bending,
straightening, gripping, holding, twisting, clenching and reaching. These common
movements are not particularly harmful in the ordinary activities of daily life. What makes
them hazardous in work situations is the continual repetition, often in a forceful manner,
and most of all, the speed of the movements and the lack of time for recovery between
them. WMSDs are associated with work patterns that include:
Fixed or constrained body positions
Continual repetition of movements
Force concentrated on small parts of the body, such as the hand or wrist
A pace of work that does not allow sufficient recovery between movements
Generally, none of these factors acts separately to cause WMSD. WMSDs commonly
occur as a result of a combination and interaction among them.
Heat, cold and vibration also contribute to the development of WMSD. Poor layout of the
workstation and improper selection of equipment and tools can lead to these hazardous
body movements.
Body Movement:
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 200
Exerting force while extending forearm
Body Movement:
Body Movement:
Body Movement:
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 201
Hazardous reaching movements - reaching behind the trunk
Body Movement:
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 202
B. EFFECT OF HAZARD ON WORKER AND EMPLOYER
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 203
LEGISLATION
Government legislation is what provides workers with minimum standards of
health and safety in the workplace. Minimum standards, however, can always be
made more protective with stronger legislation. Historically, many trade unions have
been successful in pressuring governments to enact health and safety legislation, to
make legislation more protective and to enforce the laws. Today it is still important
for unions to organize and fight for stronger and more protective occupational health
and safety legislation at the national, state or provincial levels.
Workers,
industry
officials,
health
professionals
and
government
officials all
have
responsibilities
for health and
safety.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 204
Guides
It’s not good enough just to comply with OHS laws – employers must be in a position to
prove that they comply. The following are the list of records which might help the employer to
provide safe systems of work and safe worksite.
ERGONOMIC DESIGN
When you think about how to improve a workstation, remember this rule: If it feels right, it probably
is right. If it feels uncomfortable, there is probably something wrong with the design, not the worker.
Two
examples of
good
workstations
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 205
On some jobs
arm supports
and rests may
reduce arm
fatigue
The working position should be as comfortable as possible. The arrows indicate areas that need to be
improved to prevent potential injuries from developing. To improve the sitting position for the worker
on the right, the chair height should be lowered, tilted slightly forward and the worker should be
provided with a footrest.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 206
These pictures
illustrate how tool
design can prevent
you from having to
work with a bent wrist
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 207
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 2.1
C Y R R A C E A R P L U G
H E A V Y E T F K O D F L
E D I C A L B R R C O T O
M C U R R E N T O A O F U
I G W D E C I B E L Y H D
C H O I S T R A I N L E S
A D H E F R C D B F A E D
L L P I S O L V E N T S Y
H O L I V C P A N G L U E
C F X Q R U M O D E P T H
T F U E L T U K I D J B N
I A Z C L I M B N S E F S
W C R E W O P O G N O R A
S S L I P N O I S Y T N G
AUTOMOTIVE
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How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
Directions: Perform the following body movements and assess the area of hazard.
Directions: Interview at least 3 0r 5 drivers and ask what part of his/her body easily gives in
to pain when driving. Share your findings in the class.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 209
LEARNING OUTCOME 3
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Materials
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 210
What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about controlling hazards and
risks. Take this test.
Pretest LO 3
Directions: Select the best answer. Write the letter only in your Activity Notebook.
1. Hazard identification must be conducted in close consultation with the ______ performing
the activity.
A. animal B. person C. plant D. thing
2. Once the hazards have been identified, the next step is to assess the
A. game B. play C. risks D. time
3. The _____ is the probability (likelihood) of harm or damage occurring from exposure to a
hazard, and the likely consequences of that harm or damage.
A. damage B. destruction C. hazard D. risk
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 211
WhatDo You Need To Know?
Read the Information Sheet 3.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 212
with the people performing the activity. The following are used to assist staff to identify
hazards in the workplace:
Based on your knowledge in identifying hazard you have learned from the LO 1: Identifying
Hazard and Risk , complete the first two column (Identify Hazards and Location) on the
table below
Who
Date
Identified Probability/ Risk Identified Manage
Location Severity Complete
Hazard Likelihood Score Control the
d
Hazard
(LO 2)
damage occurring from exposure
to a hazard, and the likely
consequences of that harm or
damage. The greater the
consequences, the greater the
risk, similarly the more certain the event, the greater the risk. Risk assessment is a process
of analysis and evaluation.
Based on your knowledge you have learned from LO 2: EVALUATE HAZARD AND RISK,
supply the necessary value for the next two column (Severity and probability). Refer your
scoring on the equivalent value for Severity and Probability on the table below.
The value of the risk score is equal to the product of Severity and Probability Values, to
determine RISK LEVEL check the risk score with the table below
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 213
MEDIUM 3-6
LOW 1-2
On the table above, the risk matrix will help identify the RISK SCORE and RISK LEVEL.
Equivalently on the illustration below that encircled requires some attention.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 214
Major accidents by their nature are rare events, which may be beyond the experience
of many employers. These accidents tend to be low frequency, high consequence
events as illustrated in Figure 1 below. However, the circumstances or conditions that
could lead to a major accident may already be present, and the risks of such incidents
should be proactively identified and managed.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 215
Preference Control Example
Removing the hazard, eg taking a hazardous piece of
1. Eliminate
equipment out of service.
Replacing a hazardous substance or process with a
2. Substitute less hazardous one, eg substituting a hazardous
substance with a non-hazardous substance.
Restricting access to plant and equipment or in the
3. Isolation case of substances locking them away under strict
controls.
Redesign a process or piece of equipment to make it
4. Engineering less hazardous. Isolating the hazard from the person
at risk, eg using a guard or barrier.
Adopting standard operating procedures (SOPs) or
5. Administrative safe work practices or providing appropriate training,
instruction or information.
Personal The provision and use of personal protective
6. Protective equipment could include using gloves, glasses,
Equipment earmuffs, aprons, safety footwear, dust masks.
REVIEW
implement revised control measures,
where appropriate. It ensures that new
hazards and those overlooked in the
original exercise are identified and controlled. The monitoring and review process involves:
• systematically checking existing risk control measures to assess their effectiveness;
• collecting data on any new hazards which have arisen;
• formulating new control measures.
Accommodate both right- and left-handed workers by providing a good work layout
and tools which suit their needs.
Provide each workstation with a chair even if the work is done standing up. Periodic
rests and changes in body position reduce the problems of standing for too long.
Eliminate glare and shadows. Good lighting is essential.
Self-Check 3.1
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 217
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
Directions: Inspect the shop room. Make reports of the findings and apply necessary
solutions
to the problem. Be guided with the risks management process.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 218
How Well Did You Perform?
Performance Rubrics
Criteria 5 3 1
RATING SCALE :
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Procedures in emergency related drills are strictly followed in line with the
established organization guidelines and procedures.
Materials
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 220
What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about maintaining occupational
safety and awareness. Take this test.
Pretest LO 4
Directions: Select the best answer. Write the letter of your answer in your Activity
Notebook.
1. Manual work must be _______ properly so that workers will not overexert themselves
and develop muscle strain, especially in the back.
2. Choose tools with an evenly balanced weight and make sure they are used in the proper
5. When determining the appropriate height of the work surface, the following factors are
considered except
100%-skip the Learning Outcome and proceed to the next Learning Outcome
99%-below – Go through the Learning Outcome
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 221
What Do You Need To Know?
Read the Information Sheet 4.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 4.1.
Sitting
If a job does not require a great deal of physical strength and can be done in a limited
space, then the work should be done in a sitting position.
Note: sitting all day is not good for the body, especially for the back. Therefore, there should
be some variety in the job tasks performed so a worker is not required to do sitting work
only. A good chair is essential for sitting work. The chair should allow the worker to change
the leg and general working positions easily.
Work chair
A proper work chair needs to satisfy certain ergonomic requirements. Use the
following guidelines when choosing a chair:
The work chair should be appropriate for the job being performed and for the height
of the
work table or workbench.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 222
Ideally the seat height and the backrest height should be adjustable separately. The
backrest tilt should also be adjustable.
The chair should allow the worker to lean forward or backward easily.
The worker should have adequate leg room under the work table and should be able
to
change the position of the legs easily.
The feet should be flat on the floor. When this is not possible, the worker should be
provided with a footrest. A footrest will also help to eliminate pressure from the back
of
The chair should have a backrest which supports the lower back.
The seat should curve slightly downward at the front edge.
Ideally, the chair should have five legs for stability.
It is preferable if arm rests are removable since some workers do not find them
comfortable. In any case, arm rests should not prevent the worker from getting close
The chair should be covered with a breathable fabric to prevent slipping off the chair.
B. Standing workstation
Standing for long periods of time to perform a job should be avoided whenever
possible. Long periods of standing work can cause back pain, leg swelling, problems with
blood circulation, sore feet and tired muscles. Here are some guidelines to follow when
standing work cannot be avoided:
If a job must be done in a standing position, a chair or stool should be provided for
the worker and he or she should be able to sit down at regular intervals.
Workers should be able to work with their upper arms at their sides and without
excessive bending or twisting of the back.
The work surface should be adjustable for workers of different heights and for
different job tasks.
If the work surface is not adjustable, then provide a pedestal to raise the work
surface for taller workers. For shorter workers, provide a platform to raise their
working height.
A footrest should be provided to help reduce the strain on the back and to allow the
worker to change positions. Shifting weight from time to time reduces the strain on
the legs and back.
There should be a mat on the floor so the worker does not have to stand on a hard
surface. A concrete or metal floor can be covered to absorb shock. The floor should
be clean, level and not slippery.
Workers should wear shoes with arch support and low heels when performing
standing work.
There should be adequate space and knee room to allow the worker to change body
position while working.
The worker should not have to reach to do the job tasks. Therefore the work should
be performed 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30 centimeters) in front of the body.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 223
When determining the appropriate height of the work surface, it is important to
consider the following factors:
Follow these guidelines to ensure a good body position for standing work:
Hand tools
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 224
Choose tools with an evenly balanced weight and make sure they are used in the proper
Position.
Make sure tools are properly maintained.
Tools should be appropriate for right- or left-handed workers.
Manual work must be designed properly so that workers will not overexert
themselves and develop muscle strain, especially in the back. Performing heavy physical
work for long periods causes the rate of breathing and the heart beat to increase. If a worker
is not in good physical condition, he or she is likely to get tired easily while doing heavy
physical work. Whenever possible, it is helpful to use mechanical power to do the heavy
work. This does not mean that employers should replace workers with machines, rather, that
workers can use machines to perform the most arduous tasks. Mechanical power reduces
the risks to the worker and at the same time provides more work opportunities for people
with less physical strength. Use the following guidelines for designing jobs that require heavy
physical work:
Heavy work should not exceed the capacity of the individual worker.
Heavy physical work should be varied throughout the day at regular intervals with
lighter work.
Rest periods must be included in the day's work.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 225
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 4.1
Directions: Below is a puzzle interconnected with one another. Give at least four (4)
important guidelines in maintaining occupational safety and awareness. Use your Activity
Notebook for your answers.
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 226
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
Directions: Answer the following competencies in the column below to assess your
knowledge in Maintaining Occupational Safety and Awareness. Which of the
following do you know about? Put a check ( ⁄ ) on the appropriate box.
2. Standing workstation
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 227
How Well Did You Perform?
Performance Rubrics
Criteria 5 3 1
Performs the task Performs the task Performs the task
Proficiency with competence with competence with competence but
and exceptional and with standard below standard
performance performance performance
Accuracy Performs the task Performs the task Performs the task
with no error with at least 1-2 with at least 3-5
errors errors
Performs all the Performs the task Performs the task
Completeness steps in sequence with at least 2-3 with at least 3-5
steps not met steps not met
Follows all the safety Follows the safety Follows the safety
Safety practices as set in practices with at practices with at
the guidelines least 1-2 safety least 3-5 safety
measures not met measures not met
T O T A L __________
RATING SCALE:
Points Earned (S) Numerical Rating (PL) Descriptive Rating (PL)
21 – 25 91 - 100 Outstanding
16 – 20 86 - 90 Very Good
11 – 15 81 - 85 Good
06 - 10 76 - 80 Fair
01 - 05 71 - 75 Needs Improvement
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 228
How Do You Extend Your Learning?
a. Ergonomic design
b. Safety
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 229
REFERENCES
LO1
Workplace hazards and risks
http://jessicawebber.hubpages.com/hub/Hazards-and-Risks-in-the-Workplace
Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control
http://www.education.vic.gov.au/safe@work/modules/general/risks.asp
Hazard and Risk - Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and safety
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_risk.html
Hazard - Wikipedia
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_risk.html
AEF Companies Crane Safety and Preventive Measures
http://www.aefcompanies.com/safety.htm
PROTECT YOUR HEARING!!! – IMPACT
CILhttp://impact.books.officelive.com/ProtectYourHearing.aspx
Your health and safety at work - YOUR BODY AT WORK –
International Labour Organization
http://actrav.itcilo.org/actrav-english/telearn/osh/body/bmain.htm
LO 2
INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION
http://actrav.itcilo.org/actrav-english/telearn/osh/legis/lemain.htm
The Legal informant
http://johnhodgkinson.wordpress.com/2010/10/20/ohs-record-keeping/
LO 3
Swing Crispin, Frederic, Dictionary of Technical TermsThe Bruce
Publishing Co.:1948.
Chilton’s Easy Car Care. Chilton Book Company. 3rd Ed. Chilton Way,
Radnor, PA 19089
Stockel, Martin W. Auto mechanics Fundamentals. The Goodheart -
Willcox Company, Inc. 1978
The Oxford Dictionary of Current English. New Revised Ed. Oxford
University Press, 1998.
Popular Mechanics Guide To Auto Basic Repair and Maintenance. Book
Division The Hearst Corporation, New York, NY
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 230
REFERENCES
LO 4
Workplace hazards and risks
http://jessicawebber.hubpages.com/hub/Hazards-and-Risks-in-the-Workplace
Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control
http://www.education.vic.gov.au/safe@work/modules/general/risks.asp
Hazard and Risk - Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and safety
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_risk.html
Hazard - Wikipedia
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_risk.html
AEF Companies Crane Safety and Preventive Measures
http://www.aefcompanies.com/safety.htm
PROTECT YOUR HEARING!!! – IMPACT CIL
http://impact.books.officelive.com/ProtectYourHearing.aspx
Your health and safety at work - YOUR BODY AT WORK – International
Labour Organization
http://actrav.itcilo.org/actrav-english/telearn/osh/body/bmain.htm
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 231
ANSWER KEYS
LESSON1. USE OF HANDTOOLS
ANSWER KEYS
PRE TEST
SELF-CHECK #1.1
1. B d C▲
2. B e C▼
3. B a C ►
4. B b C ▲
5. B c C◄
PRE TEST
1. D – tools
2. C – identify and select
3. B – practice
4. C – injury
5. A – checking and inspection
SELF-CHECK #2.1
1. f
2. c
3. e
4. j
5. g
6. d
7. a
8. h
9. b
10. i
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 232
LO 3. Create Report of Malfunctioning Hand Tools
PRE TEST
1. A- effectiveness
2. A- frequently
3. C- marked
4. C- serviceability
5. D- reduces
SELF-CHECK #3.1
1. Assess self-reflection on Minute Paper
PRE TEST
1. Self-Assessment
SELF-CHECK
PRE TEST
1. C- measuring tool
2. B- hit and miss
3. D- vernier caliper
4. A- manual
5. D-torque
6. A-backlash
7. C-tolerance
8. D-strobe light
9. A- formula
10. A-kilometer (km)
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 233
SELF-CHECK #1.1
I.
1. B - dishonesty
2. D- scientific
3. A- foot
4. A- kilometer (km)
5. B- 212oF
II.
A. MECHANICAL USE
1. Vernier caliper
2. Micrometer caliper
3. Dial gauge
B. ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS USE
1. V.O.M. Tester
2. Clamp ammeter
3. Megger tester
4. Engine analyzer
5. Strobe/Timing light
C. PNEUMATIC USE
1. Vacuum gauge
2. Compression gauge
3. Radiator pressure tester
D. HYDRAULIC USE
3. Temperature gauge
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 234
LO2. Maintain Measuring instruments
PRE TEST
SELF-CHECK # 2.1
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 235
LESSON3. INTERPRETING PLANS AND DRAWINGS
ANSWER KEYS
PRE TEST
A.
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. B.
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. A
B.
1. F
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. E
A. IDENTIFICATION:
1. NO PARKING
2. KEEP LEFT
3. SPEED LIMIT
4. NO U-TURN
5. CHILDREN AHEAD
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 236
B. CLASSIFICATION:
1. Information
2. Warning
3. Regulatory
4. Warning
5. Regulatory
SELF-CHECK #1.3
A.
1. A
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. D
B.
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. B
PRE TEST
1. D. Plan
2. B. semi schematic
3. A. pictorial diagram
4. A.
5. D.
6. B. drawing
7. D. schematic
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 237
8. A. layout diagram
9. C. ground
11. D. battery
12. C. bulb
13. C. horn
14. B. motor
15. A. relay
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. E
5. F
1. Fuse
2. Connection
3. Relay
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 238
LESSON4. PERFORM SHOP MAINTENANCE
ANSWER KEYS
LO 1. Inspect/Clean Tools, Materials and Shop Equipment
PRE TEST
1. B- mistakes
2. A- caught by the machine
3. A- hard shoes or boots with rubber soles.
4. C- scratch machines or car finishes.
5. D- all of the above
SELF-CHECK #1.1
1. A - workshops
2. C - safety
3. C – followed
4. A – protective
5. C – person-in-charge
II
III
1. S – Strong alkali
2. S – Strong acid
3. H – Heavy duty alkali
4. M – Mild acid
5. S – Soft acid
PRE TEST
1. C - others
2. D – well-ventilated
3. C – upper body
4. A – habits
5. D – protect
6. C – gloves
7. B – face mask
8. A – signs
9. D – symbols
10. C – personal safety
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 239
SELF-CHECK # 2.1
1. D - protect
2. D - self
3. A - habits
4. C - upper body protection
5. D - well-ventilated
II
1. A - These are the ones that need sustainable training in the shop and workshop
environment.
PRE TEST
1. A - harmful effects
2. A - managed
3. A - waste materials
4. B - good
5. A - compliance
6. B - environment
7. B - lubricating
8. C - reactive
9. D - lethal
10. A - condition
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 240
SELF-CHECK # 3.1
6. A – waste materials
7. A – compliance
8. C – harmful effects
9. B – good
10. C - managed
PRE TEST
1. D – work
2. C – six
3. C – thing
3. B – fumes
4. C – labeled
SELF-CHECK # 1.1
1. B. hazard
2. A. risk
3. C. dormant
4. C. corrosive materials
5. B. asbestos
6. C. noise
9. B. solvents
10. D. compressor
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 241
Crossword Puzzle
1 2 4 5
3
L S T O O L S
H
D E C I B E L O
V T A A S K
E E A R P L U G S
9 10
O L D I A
11
B N N O I S E
12
D A M A G E N
PRE TEST
1. B - stress
2. A – heart disease
3. C – musculosketal disorder
4. B – wrist pain
5. A - elbow
6. C – neck and shoulder
7. C – neck and shoulder
8. D - allergies
9. A - legislation
10.B – stress, act, regulation, code of practice and guide
SELF-CHECK # 2.1
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 242
C Y R R A C E A R P L U G
H E A V Y E T F K O D F L
E D I C A L B R R C O T O
M C U R R E N T O A O F U
I G W D E C I B E L Y H D
C H O I S T R A I N L E S
A D H E F R C D B F A E D
L L P I S O L V E N T S Y
H O L I V C P A N G L U E
C F X Q R U M O D E P T H
T F U E L T U K I D J B N
I A Z C L I M B N S E F S
W C R E W O P O G N O R A
S S L I P N O I S Y T N G
PRE TEST
1. B - person
2. C - risks
3. D - risks
4. A - critical
5. D – 15-25
SELF-CHECK # 3.1
1. Check Self-Reflection
PRE TEST
1. C - designed
2. B - position
3. C - ergonomic
4. D – raised
5. B - the shape of tools and equipment being used
SELF-CHECK # 4.1
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 243
Acknowledgement
This Learning Module was developed for the Exploratory Courses in Technology and
Livelihood Education, Grades 7 and 8 of the K to 12 Curriculum with the assistance of the
following persons:
MODULE WRITERS
ROBERTO S. DAQUIL
Head Teacher VI DepED-Manila
REVIEWERS
GIL P. CASUGA
Chief TESD Specialist
AUTOMOTIVE
K to 12 –Technology and Livelihood Education 244