Upstream Bandwidth Allocation: (Edit)

A PON takes advantage of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), using one wavelength for
downstream traffic and another for upstream traffic on a single mode fiber (ITU-T G.652). BPON,
EPON, GEPON, and GPON have the same basic wavelength plan and use the 1490 nanometer
(nm) wavelength for downstream traffic and 1310 nm wavelength for upstream traffic. 1550 nm is
reserved for optional overlay services, typically RF (analog) video.
As with bit rate, the standards describe several optical power budgets, most common is 28 dB of
loss budget for both BPON and GPON, but products have been announced using less expensive
optics as well. 28 dB corresponds to about 20 km with a 32-way split. Forward error correction (FEC)
may provide for another 2–3 dB of loss budget on GPON systems. As optics improve, the 28 dB
budget will likely increase. Although both the GPON and EPON protocols permit large split ratios (up
to 128 subscribers for GPON, up to 32,768 for EPON), in practice most PONs are deployed with a
split ratio of 1:32 or smaller.
A PON consists of a central office node, called an optical line terminal (OLT), one or more user
nodes, called optical network units (ONUs) or optical network terminals (ONTs), and the fibers and
splitters between them, called the optical distribution network (ODN). “ONT” is an ITU-T term to
describe a single-tenant ONU. In multiple-tenant units, the ONU may be bridged to a customer
premises device within the individual dwelling unit using technologies such as Ethernet over twisted
pair, G.hn (a high-speed ITU-T standard that can operate over any existing home wiring - power
lines, phone lines and coaxial cables) or DSL. An ONU is a device that terminates the PON and
presents customer service interfaces to the user. Some ONUs implement a separate subscriber unit
to provide services such as telephony, Ethernet data, or video.
An OLT provides the interface between a PON and a service provider′s core network. These
typically include:
 IP traffic over Fast Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, or 10 Gigabit Ethernet;

 Standard TDM interfaces such as SDH/SONET;
 ATM UNI at 155–622 Mbit/s.
The ONT or ONU terminates the PON and presents the native service interfaces to the user. These
services can include voice (plain old telephone service (POTS) or voice over IP (VoIP)), data
(typically Ethernet or V.35), video, and/or telemetry (TTL, ECL, RS530, etc.) Often the ONU
functions are separated into two parts:
 The ONU, which terminates the PON and presents a converged interface—such as DSL, coaxial
cable, or multiservice Ethernet—toward the user;
 Network termination equipment (NTE), which inputs the converged interface and outputs native
service interfaces to the user, such as Ethernet and POTS.
A PON is a shared network, in that the OLT sends a single stream of downstream traffic that is seen
by all ONUs. Each ONU only reads the content of those packets that are addressed to it. Encryption
is used to prevent eavesdropping on downstream traffic.
Upstream bandwidth allocation[edit]

The OLT is responsible for allocating upstream bandwidth to the ONUs. Because the optical
distribution network (ODN) is shared, ONU upstream transmissions could collide if they were
transmitted at random times. ONUs can lie at varying distances from the OLT, meaning that the
transmission delay from each ONU is unique. The OLT measures delay and sets a register in each
ONU via PLOAM (physical layer operations and maintenance) messages to equalize its delay with
respect to all of the other ONUs on the PON.
Once the delay of all ONUs has been set, the OLT transmits so-called grants to the individual ONUs.
A grant is permission to use a defined interval of time for upstream transmission. The grant map is
dynamically re-calculated every few milliseconds. The map allocates bandwidth to all ONUs, such
that each ONU receives timely bandwidth for its service needs.
Some services – POTS, for example – require essentially constant upstream bandwidth, and the
OLT may provide a fixed bandwidth allocation to each such service that has been
provisioned. DS1 and some classes of data service may also require constant upstream bit rate. But
much data traffic, such as browsing web sites, is bursty and highly variable. Through dynamic
bandwidth allocation (DBA), a PON can be oversubscribed for upstream traffic, according to
the traffic engineering concepts of statistical multiplexing. (Downstream traffic can also be
oversubscribed, in the same way that any LAN can be oversubscribed. The only special feature in
the PON architecture for downstream oversubscription is the fact that the ONU must be able to
accept completely arbitrary downstream time slots, both in time and in size.)
In GPON there are two forms of DBA, status-reporting (SR) and non-status reporting (NSR).
In NSR DBA, the OLT continuously allocates a small amount of extra bandwidth to each ONU. If the
ONU has no traffic to send, it transmits idle frames during its excess allocation. If the OLT observes
that a given ONU is not sending idle frames, it increases the bandwidth allocation to that ONU. Once
the ONU's burst has been transferred, the OLT observes a large number of idle frames from the
given ONU, and reduces its allocation accordingly. NSR DBA has the advantage that it imposes no
requirements on the ONU, and the disadvantage that there is no way for the OLT to know how best
to assign bandwidth across several ONUs that need more.
In SR DBA, the OLT polls ONUs for their backlogs. A given ONU may have several so-called
transmission containers (T-CONTs), each with its own priority or traffic class. The ONU reports each
T-CONT separately to the OLT. The report message contains a logarithmic measure of the backlog
in the T-CONT queue. By knowledge of the service level agreementfor each T-CONT across the
entire PON, as well as the size of each T-CONT's backlog, the OLT can optimize allocation of the
spare bandwidth on the PON.
EPON systems use a DBA mechanism equivalent to GPON's SR DBA solution. The OLT polls
ONUs for their queue status and grants bandwidth using the MPCP GATE message, while ONUs
report their status using the MPCP REPORT message.

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A PON takes advantage of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), using one wavelength for

 IP traffic over Fast Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, or 10 Gigabit Ethernet;

Upstream bandwidth allocation[edit]

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