The Essentials of Wireline Formation Tester
The Essentials of Wireline Formation Tester
The Essentials of Wireline Formation Tester
1 - INTRODUCTION
- All necessary operations are accomplished on one When a segregator sample chamber is used, the
trip in rhe hole. recovered sample is uncontaminated and can be
used for P.V.T. analysis.
- These operations include :
- Productivity,
2. Establish the main fluid characteristics such as :
--3 AI 111 v, ‘,
Figure l-b : Formation tester packer assembly Figure 2-b : F.I.T. gun block with shaped charges
-4-
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
(F.I.T. combination GUN BLOCK: shaped charge and tube
follower in open hole)
see figures 4, 5 and 6.
-5
(A) INITIAL SAMPLE SHOT (B) NO INITIAL FLOW-
SECONDARY SAMPLE SHOT
“Flow Line Valve”
“Shaped Charge”
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+y- F;ont Cap :‘.I
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-open Port :. .I
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-6
MULTIPLIER PISTON
HYDRAULIC OIL
PRESSURE REGULATOR
DUMP CHAMBER
HYDRAULIC PRESSURE GAUGE
PRESSURE EQUALIZING -
VALVE TUBE FOLLOWER
BACK-UP PAD
RETRACTED RUBBER SEAL RINGS
SHAPED CHARGE
AMERADA/HUGEL CONNECTION
SAMPLE DRAIN
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
PRESSURIZED BY
DIFFERENTIAL h
PISTON
BACK UP SHOE
MOVED OUTWARD
FORCING PACKEUS FORMATION
AGAINST FORMA-
TION
MEASURING
FLOWING PRESSURE BUILD
FLOW LINE VALVE PRESSURE UP IN CHAMBER
OPENED ALLOWING
RESERVOIR FLUID
INTO CHAMBER
PISTON MOVING
DOWNWARDDIS-
PLACING WATER - PISTON REACHES
CUSHION INTO LOWEST POSITION.
EMPTY CONTAINER PRESSURE IN
THROUGH CHOKE CHAMBER
CONTAINER BUILDS UP.
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
- Packers set
- Flow'line valve Opened Shaped charge is fired.
- Flow of reservoir fluid
into chamber.
Figure5
-a-
DUMP SHOT FIRED
RELEASING
PRESSURE OF
HYDR. SYSTEM.
EQUALIZING-
VALVE
BACK UP SHOE
RETRACTS.
IN FLOM LINE.
STAGE 4 STAGE 5
Figure 6
SURFACE CONTROL AND PRESSURE RECORDING
(see figure 7)
RECORDING SEQUENCE
10
2 - 3 REPEAT FORMATION TESTER [R.F.T.)
(for open hole only)
The repeat formation tester (RFT) can be set any Tbe tool pretest operation permits recording of two
number of rimes in rhe well. This permits the operating flowing pressures (for 60 cm3/min. and I50 cm31min.
engineer to “pretest” or “probe” the formation for more flowrates), rhe pressure build up curve, and the initial
permeable zones and to check for adequate seal before reservoir pressure.
attemptingafluid sample, and 01 the recording of formation
pKSSUr.Z.
The pressures are measured by means of a strain
On setting the tool, most of the mud cake is pushed gauge sensor whose accuracy is up to 0.29% when specially
away by the packer and the probe forced into the formation. calibrated. Otherwise 0.49%. Direct digital read-out is
A piston is then retracted exposing the tubular filter to the provided on the control panel with simultaneous analog and
formation fluid (see figure 9). digital recording.
11 -
/MUD CAKE
_
‘. ,.
-
:. .
. . . L
L , ‘_.
. . -.
FLOW I PROBE CLOSED
LINE f : DURING
I
INITIAL SET
‘AND SAMPLING
SAXPLING 'FORM
FSIP
aP60
AP150
Figure 10
12 -
3 - RECOVERYANALYSIS
The total amount of recovered fluids should be where x : percentage of formation water
carefully measured and samples retained until the end of all
measurements and test interpretation conclusions. RF : Salinity of recovered water (ppm)
Figure 11 shows the surface measuring equipment. MF : Salinity of mud filtrare (PPm)
GAS The total amount of recovered gas is composed of : FW : Salinity of formation vfater (ppm)
- Explosion or shot gas The amount depends on the
type of equipment and should be detucted from
total recovered gas. Its volume is calculated according
to specific charts.
Formation water percentage can also be calculated
- using charts ET2 and FT3. However, for very low MF and
Solution gas. This is gas dissolved in the formation
RW (less than 10000 ppm) this method becomes unreliable
water. It should be estimated according to solubility
due to the effect of bicarbonate ions, srreaming potentials,
charts and then deducted from total gas.
and desalting by the mud cake.
- Free gas. It is equal to total recovered gas minus
solution and explosion gas.
- 13
DETERMINATION OF FORMATION WATER PERCENTAGE
t
I
I
Rmf
Rrf
150
rATlC p35
SP
310
Chart FT-2
“... . . -_.-- .~ ._. --
SEPARATOR
I’
/ ,,,,,,,,,,,,, .” ,, , ‘,, .A< , / ,, I ,,,, / m
17
EXAMPLE 1
- 18
SMALL HYDROCARBON RECOVERY JFT : specific productivity index (Bblldlpsi-ft)
JFT and RrlR, are plowed on the chart FT9 which defines
COMBINED FTIRt METHOD the interval productivity
‘19.
EXAMPLE 2
(FT/Rt method)
- 20
4 - 2 PERMEABILITY DETERMINATION JFT is the specific productivity index Bbllday(psi-ft)
9 : flowrate (cd/set)
k : permeabiity (millidarcy)
SHUT-IN PERIOD ANALYSIS
h : thickness of tested interval (ft)
(h = 0.75 ftkhot) The pressure build-up equation is :
!JWf: sampling or flowing pressure (psi)
88.4~1 q At
Pi : initial or extrapolated reservoir Pws=Pi + h k log -
t +At
pressure (psi)
P : viscosity of fluid at bottom hole pws : after shut-in pressure (psi)
conditions (cp)
t : flowing 01 sampling time prior shut-in (set)
re : extend boundary radius (ft)
At : time after shut-in for build-up (set)
rw : well radius (ft)
On a semi log grid the plot pws vs log - At is
t + At
a straight line b.zg~eccing the after flow period).
I For the boundary conditions of the fomxxion tester :
In (re/rw) :. = 8 pi is obtained extrap&ting the stCght line to the
At
value - = 1.
Then, t + At
88.4 /.I q
k =
k = 113OJ~~p Zh
-21-
EXAMPLE3
Chokesize : 0.02”
Free gas 15 tuft
Formation fluid determination :
oil 8200 cm3
Sampling time : 500 xc - wirh q/Rw = 300 and JFT = 0.083 CHART FT9
Log dara indicates oil production (no wafer cut)
: I$‘% = 300
PRESSURE BUILDUP DATA : Straight line slope : 3270 - 3060 = 210 psi/cycle
pressure at
At xc
T +At
2090 18 ,035
2235 24 ,046
2400 29 .055
2570 32 .060
2680 35 ,065
2780 37 ,069
2880 39 ,072
3010 45 ,083
3060 52 .094
3090 80 .138
3130 137 ,215
3150 180 ,265
Tool data :
22
NOTES
23