Orientation / Training Program Report

05th June – 02nd August, 2011

SHARAFUDDEEN.C
ENGINEER OPERATION

Electricity Distribution Department

Distribution Control and SB Section

Index

Contents Page No.

Acknowledgement 3

Abstract 4

Introduction 5

Power Distribution-General Overview 9

Electricity Network System – General Overview 10

Distribution Network-General Overview 14

Distribution Control Centre (DCC) 33

Electricity Distribution – Construction 42

Electricity Distribution – Maintenance 57

Electricity Distribution – Operations 60

Electricity Distribution – Protection 71

Design and Development Section 95

National Control Centre (NCC) 100

Safety and General Informations 107

Orientation Programs 118

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 Acknowledgment

First & Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Almighty for
giving me an opportunity to work with this esteemed organization, Kahramaa (QGEWC) as
an Operation Engineer in the Electricity Distribution Department. Then I would like to
convey the special thanks to Er.Mohammed Kamel Abed (A. Head of Distribution Control &
Standby Offices Section) and Senior Engineer Mr. Mohammed Loutfi Al Shayb for the
supervision and support that they given which truly help the progression and smoothness
of the orientation program. I delight thankful to the Head of departments and senior
Engineers of various sections such as O&M-Transmission, O&M-Distribution, Design and
Development section, Distribution Construction Section, Distribution Protection section,
Safety Department etc. for giving me all the necessary assistance and support to carry out
my Orientation / Training Program successfully.

My sincere gratitude to all the Engineers of the associated sections including DCC and
Operation Engineers, colleagues and Staff of Kahramaa for their undue support,
assistance & co-operation and their share of knowledge and experience in understanding
the Distribution System of Kahramaa.

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 Abstract

Electricity distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity to end users. A
distribution system's network carries electricity from the transmission system and delivers it
to consumers. Typically, the network would include 11 KV power lines (U/G cables and
O/H lines), indoor and outdoor substations and pole-mounted transformers, low-voltage
(less than 1 kV) distribution wiring and sometimes electricity meters. Electric power is
normally generated at 11-25kV in a power station. To transmit over long distances, it is
then stepped-up to 400kV, 220kV or 132kV as necessary. Power is carried through a
transmission network of high voltage lines. Usually, these lines run into hundreds of
kilometers and deliver the power into a common power pool called the grid. The grid is
connected to load centers (cities) through a sub-transmission network of normally 66kV (or
sometimes 33kV) lines. These lines terminate into a 66 kV (or 33kV) substation, where the
voltage is stepped-down to 11kV for power distribution to load points through a distribution
network of lines at 11kV and below. In Kahramaa, Distribution network mainly consists of
Primary Substations, Indoor substations, outdoor substations, underground cables and
Over Head Lines. An operation engineer should familiar with the KM transmission and
distribution system and the switching operation of the various equipments such as VCBs,
OCBs, Oil and SF6 RMUs, Transformers etc. of various manufactures. An operation
engineer should be responsible to organize and manage the operation activities for KM
Electricity Network Devices and ensure that it is performed in effective, efficient, and
systematic manner. The responsibilities includes but not limited to: Carry out the operations
in the system to balance the load as advised by DCC, Carry out the operations in the
system to Isolate Primary Substations, Carry out the operations in the system for the
Customers (MV), Carry out the operations in the system for the Customers (HV) /
Customer Outage Request, Carry out the operations in the system for the Customers (HV)
/ KM Outage Request, Attend sudden overloading of the system etc. The Orientation
program helped me to get familiarized with the activities of various sections and
departments of Kahramaa such as DCC,NCC,O & M-transmission section, O&M-
Distribution, Design and Development section, Distribution Construction Section,
Distribution Protection section, Safety Department etc. and achieved by hand experience in
switching and operation of various equipments of various manufactures during
commissioning of new substations, maintenance of existing substations, load balancing,
fault isolation and supply restoration etc. and also acquired thorough knowledge and
practical awareness about the safety rules, procedures and code of practices which is to
be observed during commencement of particular activities.

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 INTRODUCTION

Qatar General Electricity and Water Corporation “KAHRAMAA” is the water and electricity
utility for the State of Qatar, which was established in July 2000 in terms of Law # 10 to
regulate and maintain the supply of electricity and water to customers. Since its inception,
KAHRAMAA has operated as an independent corporation on a commercial basis with a
total capital of eight billion Qatari Riyals.

KAHRAMAA works to give customers high quality electricity and water services, and value
for its shareholders. Echoed in our objectives; we operate commercially; comply with
health, safety and environmental standards locally and internationally; and will maximize
the Qatari workforce to take this corporation forward to the future.

Core areas of Business:

KAHRAMAA buys, distributes and sells electricity and water as follows:

 Formulate Power & Water Purchase Agreements (PWPA) and provide necessary
technical and corporate support for establishment of generation & desalination
ventures

 Own, construct and operate electricity & water transmission and distribution
networks in the State of Qatar.

 Set-up plans and programs for development of electricity & water transmission and
distribution networks,

 Lay out regulations, standards and codes of practices for electricity & water
supplies to buildings and facilities,

 Provide consultancy services related to its activities and operations.

Mission
Our Mission is to provide our customers with high quality electricity and water services,
whilst creating value for our shareholders.

The Objectives
Our objectives are to:

 Efficiently meet our obligations to supply Qatar‟s needs for electricity and water.

 Operate on a commercial basis.

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  Comply with local and international health, safety, and environmental standards.

 Maximize the employment of capable Qatari nationals, and develop them to the
competence level of employees in leading international companies.

Corporation's culture and values:

In carrying out our business we aim to;

 Always remember that we are providing a vital service to the public, and that we are
here to serve our customers.

 Be open, honest and responsive in our dealings with our stakeholders.

 Continuously seek to raise our performance standards and hold ourselves publicly
accountable against these standards.

 Work as a team in which everyone shares concern for KAHRAMAA‟s performance

of its responsibilities and takes collective pride in its achievements.

Production & Substations:

Electricity production at the end of the second quarter of 2008 stood at approximately 4263
Megawatts (MW), and is expected to double by 2011 to more than 8707 MW.
This clearly shows continuous and tremendous growth in Qatar's electricity sector. Within
eight years (2000 – 2008), the number of high voltage primary substations increased from
87 substations to 139 substations (2nd quarter of 2008), and is expected to reach 269
substations by 2011 and now it is around 250 primary substations
at this mid of 2011.

The number of distribution substations increased in association with the high voltage
transmission primary substation, and exceeded 8000 distribution substations (2nd quarter
2008); it is planned to reach 10.000 distribution substations by the year 2011, in order to
cope with the substantial increase in economic activity in Qatar at all levels and now it is
arrived around 15000 distribution substations during the mid of 2011.

Cables & OHL

This large increase in the number of primary substations was accompanied by the massive
expansion in the cables and overhead lines (OHL) network in the 11 kV, 66 kV, 132 kV and
220 kV voltage levels. Up to 2008, the length of double circuit cable line laid stands at
approximately 1064 kilometers (km) the OHL stands at 1820 km. The cumulative
investment (2000 – 2008) calculated in the electricity sector stands at US$9.64 billion.

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NCC & DCC

The main electricity transmission network is monitored and managed by KAHRAMAA's

National Control Center (NCC), and the distribution network is monitored and managed by
the distribution control centre (DCC). These centers are equipped with state-of- the art
technology and operated by qualified and experienced staff.

Electricity Expansion Projects

The highly sophisticated power equipment installed at various substations, is operated and
maintained by the qualified and experienced engineers and staff of KAHRAMAA, making
the electricity transmission and distribution system highly reliable and dependable.
The development and expansion projects of Qatar Electricity Transmission Networks
attract the attention of major international companies, as KAHRAMAA\s projects are
deemed among the largest package projects in the world. The last awarded project of
electricity network expansion – Phase VIII, for example, included contracts worth more
than US$ 3.5 billion. There is the impending project of a Phase IX Network.
Future expansion is expected to be worth more than that of Phase VIII. KAHRAMAA's
Department of Technical Affairs is responsible for all contract matters and managing these
projects to finish on time.

GCC Interconnection Grid

KAHRAMAA is also ready to join the GCC Electricity Interconnection Grid. Several 400 kV
transmission substations, overhead lines, cable circuits and NCC development projects are
under construction to ensure that they are completed in time to meet the GCC electricity
interconnection requirements.

Electricity Demand

Demand for electric power in Qatar has increased manifold over the past fifty years; for
example, demand registered, as system maximum load on 10th of September 1988 was
941 MW while it reached 3550 MW on 10th September 2007. The maximum demand
registered as on 30th of August 2008 is 3990 MW and the maximum demand as of 30th
July 2010 and 30th July of 2011 are 4805 MW and 5215 MW respectively.
Average electricity consumption per capita had increased from 12.963 kilowatt hours (kWh)
in 1997 to 17.774 – kWh in 2007 less transmission and distribution losses.
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Electricity customers' number increased as well within the last ten years from 132.429 in
1998 to 191.476 customers in 2007.

Date Temperature Minimum Demand Maximum Demand

7/30/2010 42 3690.00 4805.00

7/30/2011 42 4050.00 5215.00

Temperature Minimum Demand Maximum Demand

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 Power Distribution – General Overview

Electric power is normally generated at 11-25kV in a power station. To transmit over long
distances, it is then stepped-up to 400kV, 220kV or 132kV as necessary. Power is carried
through a transmission network of high voltage lines. Usually, these lines run into hundreds
of kilometers and deliver the power into a common power pool called the grid. The grid is
connected to load centers (cities) through a sub-transmission network of normally 66kV (or
sometimes 33kV) lines. These lines terminate into a 66 kV (or 33kV) substation, where the
voltage is stepped-down to 11kV for power distribution to load points through a distribution
network of lines at 11kV and lower.

The power network, which generally concerns the common man, is the distribution network
of 11kV lines or feeders downstream of the 66 KV (33kV) substations. Each 11kV feeder
which emanates from the 66 KV (33kV) substation branches further into several subsidiary
11kV feeders to carry power close to the load points (localities, Industrial areas, Urban &
Rural areas etc.,). At these load points, a transformer further reduces the voltage from
11kV to 415V to provide the last-mile connection through 415V feeders (also called as Low
Tension (LT) feeders) to individual customers, either at 240V (as single-phase supply) or at
415V (as three-phase supply). A feeder could be either an overhead line or an
underground cable. In urban areas, owing to the density of customers, the length of an
11kV feeder is generally up to 3 km. On the other hand, in rural areas, the feeder length is
much larger (up to 20 km). A 415V feeder should normally be restricted to about 0.5-1.0
km. unduly long feeder‟s lead to low voltage at the consumer end.

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 Electricity Network System – General Overview – ENA

TRANSMISSION NETWORK

The Transmission Network of KAHRAMAA comprises of the following Voltage

levels:

400 KV

220 KV

132 KV

66 KV

33 KV

Major Transmission Networks are:

220 KV Ring

132 KV Ring

66 KV City Ring

West Bay Ring

KAHRAMAA Transmission system consists of Transmission Primary substations, EHV

Overhead lines and EHV cables. The various transmission network elements and voltage
levels are:

 EHV Transmission Overhead lines with nominal operating Voltage of 33 kV, 66kV,
132kV, 220kV and 400kV and their components.

 Transmission Cables and associated equipment with nominal operating Voltage of

33kV, 66kV, 132kV, 220kV and 400kV and their components.

 Transmission Substations equipment with nominal operating Voltage of 11kV,

66kV, 132kV, 220kV and 400kV and their components.

 11kV Cables and associated equipment from Step down transformers to circuit
breakers in the Primary substations.

 Pilot/ Telecom and Fiber Optic cables for Transmission Networks.

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In cable network, both XLPE and Oil Filled cables of various voltage levels are using for the
power transmission.

Oil filled Cables:

The Oil Filled Cables are using for 66 KV and 132 KV Transmission and it is available as
single core and 3 core cables.

Single core 66 KV Oil filled cables sizes are 500mm2,Cu and 1600 mm2 Cu and 3 core 66
KV cables are 3x150mm2 Cu,3x185mm2 Al,3x300mm2 Al.

Single core 132 KV Oil filled cables sizes are 1x500mm2,Cu and 1x1600 mm2 Cu and 3
core 132 KV cables are 3x300mm2 Al and 3x300mm2 Cu.

XLPE Cables:

All XLPE cables used in Kahramaa Transmission system are Single core cables with
Copper Conductors.

The various XLPE cables used in Kahramaa transmission Systems are:

66 KV -240mm2, 300mm2, 400mm2, 500mm2, 630mm2, 800mm2, 1000mm2, 1200mm2,

2000mm2 (all are single core ,Copper)

132 KV- 300mm2, 500mm2, 630mm2, 800mm2, 1000mm2, 1200mm2,1600mm2

2000mm2 (all are single core ,Copper).

220 KV-800mm2, 1600mm2 2000mm2, 2500mm2 (all are single core, Copper).

400 KV-2500mm2(Single core, Copper)

Substations: In transmission system, both Outdoor Switchyard type and GIS type
substations are used. See below the pictures of outdoor switchyard and GIS substations.
Various Substation elements are shown below:

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Some Typical EHV Cables are:

Airport Super - Khalifat 66 KV (3X1C 1000mm2 XLPE, Cu, 3.023 km, 80 MVA rating) -
3.023 km

Al Sowaidi – Gharafa 132 KV (3X1C, 500 mm2 Cu, 6.73 km, 89.2 MVA) - 6.73 km

Ras Abu Fontas – AirPort Super 220 KV (3 X 1 C, 1600 mm2 Cu / XLPE / Lead / PVC, 315
MVA rating

Some Typical 220 KV OHL are:

Ras Abu Fontas B – Mesaeed Ind B 37 Km

Ras Abu Fontas B – Doha South super 9.80 Km

Doha South Super - Doha North Super 58.32 Km

Doha North Super – Ras laffan 84.75 Km

Some Typical 132 KV OHL is:

Doha South Super - Al Shalah 38.13 Km

Ras Abu Fontas – Mesaeed A 24.40 Km

Al shalah – Umm al Ghahab 35.96 Km

Some Typical 66 KV OHL is:

Marghab al Remth - Al Sulaimi 25.85 Km

Abu Thailah – Khore 25.51 Km

Saliyah – Umm al Ghahab 28.09 Km

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Type of Insulators in OHL:

Porcelain, Glass & Smooth Profile

Substations having 33 KV System:

Abu Naklah 132/33/11 KV

Al Udeid 33/11 KV

Dukhan 132/11 KV

NODCO 33/11 KV

QASCO II 132/33 KV

QAPCO 132/33 KV

RASLAFAN 132/33 KV

Umm al Ghab 132/33 KV

Umm Said Industrial 132/33 KV

Messaieed Ind B 132/33 KV

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 Distribution Network –General Overview

Kahramaa Distribution Network consists of more than 15000 (appr) Nos. of substations.

They are either Indoor type, Outdoor & DPS – Distribution Package Substations.

Max demand - 5215MW(as of 30th July,2011)

Primary substations (about 120 Nos ) and mostly they are 66 /11 KV substation's with two
incoming transformers (Rating 25/36/40MVA ). Some 33 / 11 KV sabstation's are also
provided for feeding the 11 KV distributions network. Underground cables (XLPE and
PILC) are widely used to meet the urban load and rural network is constructed by using
OH/L. There are indoor and outdoor substations are provided depending upon the load
requirement and operational flexibility. These substations are also helps to achieve
continuous, stable and reliable supply throughout the state of Qatar. The indoor & outdoor
substations are provided with different sources to feed the LT transformers. Closed Ring,
Ring off (Normally Opened Points – NOP) and Radial feedings are used in the distribution
network depending upon the nature of the Consumer load.

Primary distribution voltage – 11 KV, Frequency – 50 Hz.

System Voltage variation allowed – 10.7 KV to 11.3 KV

HT network – 3 phase 3 wire System

LT network - 3 phase 4 wire System

CLASSIFICATION OF PRIMARY SUBSTATIONS

11KV feeder which could be from the same primary substation or different primary
substation.

Apart from the 11KV open-Ring systems, 11KV closed Ring systems and Radial feeding
system are also used.

The Primary Substations are of VCB type or OCB with CO2 Fire protection.

TYPE OF SUBSTATIONS

1. Primary Substation 66/11kV, 33/11kV

2. Indoor Substation 11kV/LV

3. Outdoor Substation 11kV/LV

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4. Package Substation 11kV/LV

TYPE OF PLANT

a) Indoor Switchgear

Oil Circuit Breaker

Vacuum Circuit Breaker

b) Outdoor Switchgear

Non-Extensible oil RMU

Extensible oil RMU

Free standing, oil switches and oil fuse switches

Non extensible SF6 RMU

Extensible SF6 RMU

Free standing SF6 switches and SF6 Tx circuit breakers

c) Transformers

Oil filled free breathing

Oil filled hermetically sealed

Cast resin

d) Automatic Voltage Regulator

e) Low Voltage Boards

6 way free standing feeder pillar (FSFP)

4 way free standing feeder pillar (special)

4 way bolt on feeder pillar (BOFP)

Low voltage cubicle panels

f) Batteries and Battery Chargers

110 V DC for the Primary Substations

30 V DC for the Indoor Substations

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g) Protection Devices in General comprises of Unit Protection, Backup Protection & aux.
protection.

h) Over Head Line system:

Rural areas are electrified by means of OHL (ACSR and Copper conductors are used)

HT Side :

3 phase 3 wire system and seperate Earth wire is provided with D.O fues on HV side

For every 10 poles one Earth pit is provided

Separate earth pits are provided for LA, Pole Box and PMT.

LT Side:

3 phase 4 wire System & Cut out fuses are provided depending to the Load.

MAIN NETWORK ELEMENTS

Primary Substation

Indoor Substation

Outdoor Substation

Underground cables

Over head lines - OH/L.

1) Primary Substation

Main incoming supply to the Primary Substation is fed from 66 KV system.

Two main incoming transformers are generally provided to feed the 11 KV Distribution
systems. 11 KV Bus is provided with a Bus Coupler (A120) for operational flexibility and is
normally in closed condition. All Switchgear panels for incoming feeders, transformers and
outgoing feeders are equipped with Circuit Breakers, Isolators and Earth switches. Current
transformer and Voltage transformers are also provided in each circuit for protection &
metering. Earthing transformers are provided for stable neutral and for station supply.
Circuit breakers are of either VCB/SF6 / OCB types are used. DC System is 110 V DC with
Battery and Charger. The primary substation is well equipped with Control panel, protection
panel, Switchgear panel and auxiliary facilities. Local and remote control is possible for all
panels by selecting the selection switch (Local/Remote) on panels. RTCC with AVR is also
provided for meeting on load automatic tap changing.

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Operation and Maintenance

Maintenance of Primary Substation is always under the control of

transmission wing. All switching operations on 11 KV outgoing feeders are done by
distribution engineer. But switching operation on HV, LV side of Primary transformers
(Incomers) and Bus section Breakers are done by the transmission wing.

Safety Measures

All primary Substation are well protected from fire hazards.Co2 fire
extinguisher system (automatic) is provided in Primary substation where Circuit Breaker is
OCB. But in new phase Primary‟s are commissioned with SF6 as insulation medium.

Operation Control

A selector switch is provided in each panel to control the operation of

breakers from either locally or remotely (Grid). Normally the Selector switches are in Grid
position where Outgoing feeders are in DCC control and Incomers and Bus Coupler are in
NCC control. A Senior Authorized person can change the Selector switch position for work
only with the consent of Control Engineers of NCC/DCC.

Various makes of VCBs, OCBs and SF6 Breakers for Primary substations are:

Siemens (I/D, Nx plus C, K1, K2)

ABB, AEG

AREVA,

GEC ALSTHOM, Rey Rolle, Hyundai etc.

2) Indoor Substation

All Indoor Substations are well equipped with

Switchgear panels with Circuit Breakers, isolating & eathing facility,
control and protection circuitry and metering facility for the smooth
operation and control of feeder and Local distribution transformers.
All Feeders and L/Tx are connected to the common bus of the
Indoor substation through the respective circuit breaker. DC system available is 30V DC
with Battery and Charger. Station LT supply for station lighting and Battery Charger is
taken from L/Tx. All of the switchgear panels, L/Tx and Communication systems are
protected inside a room.

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Circuit Breakers used

OCB- Oil Circuit Breaker –Oil (Medium) - Vertical isolation Types available are

Ray Rolle

South Wales,

Brush, GEC etc.

Fig. Brush OCB

Fig. Southwales OCB

VCB- Vacuum circuit Breaker- Vacuum (medium) – Horizontal isolation

Types available are

TAMCO

AL-AHILEIA

EPE,

Siemens, ABB, Schneider etc.

Fig: Tamco VCB

Fig: Front Side of Al-Ahilea Switchgear

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Distribution Transformers

Local & Remote transformers are provided to cater the distribution load.
Available ratings are 500 KVA, 800 KVA, 1000 KVA, 1250 KVA & 1600 KVA. The HT cable
length more than 15 meter is considered as R/TX

Control and Protection

Control and protection circuitry is provided with the Switchgear panel for the control
and protection of Feeders and L/Tx‟s. Local control facility is only available for CB.

Metering

Ammeters are provided in each circuit to measure the load current. Status indicators are
provided for circuit Breakers and DC voltmeter is provided to measure the DC voltage.

Operation and Maintenance: Presently no remote control is possible. Local

operation & Maintenance is always done by the Field engineers (Senior Authorized
Person) of Distribution Department with proper consent from System Control Engineer on
duty.

3) Outdoor Substations

In Outdoor substations, Main Switches and Transformer switches along with Earthing
facility is provided for operational, maintenance and construction activities. The main
switches are intended to break/make the load current manually. Protection and control
circuits are not associated with the main switches in order to protect the circuit under
overload / fault condition. But the transformer circuit is provided with Oil Fuse Switches
(OFS)/ TX Switch with Time lag Fuse (TLF) to protect the transformer from overload and
fault condition. The automatic tripping of the TX Switch is depending upon the rating of fuse
provided in the circuit. The fuse rating is selected as per the transformer capacity. If the
load current is more than the rated value of fuse, then the transformer switch automatically
trips the circuit and protects the transformer. Other than OFS / TLF, there is no protection
available in Outdoor S/S. PRV (Pressure Relieve Valve) protection (for oil gas pressure)
and temperature trip protection( for winding temperature) are provided for transformer.
Metering circuits are also absent in the outdoor substation except the Ammeter with load
current and Maximum Demand indicator provided in the Feeder Pillar. Status Indicators are
provided for Main switches, earth switches and transformer switches. Earth fault indicators
and Gas pressure indicators are also provided in outdoor substation.

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Main Components of Outdoor S/S

Main Switches for Feeders

Earth Switches for Feeders and Transformers

Transformer Switches (OFS & TXS)

Current Transformers provided for EFI

Local Transformers - 11KV/433 V

Bolt on Feeder Pillar (BOFP) / Free Standing Feeder Pillar (FSFP)

HT and MV cables

Earth fault Indicators

Gas Pressure Indicators (only in SF6 Outdoor s/s)

Classification according to Insulation Medium

In outdoor s/s, all feeder switches and TX switches are provided with either Oil or SF6 Gas
as insulation medium for breaking/making load current.

Oil Switches: - Oil is used as insulation medium for breaking /making the load current. All
switches are rated for breaking/ making load current and not intended to break /make the
fault current. But for transformer circuit Oil Fuse Switches (OFS) are provided with Oil
Fuses. In OFS a mechanical inter locked over load protection
is provided for tripping the transformer circuit under over load
condition. If any of the fuses blows out, a mechanical
interlocking arrangement by means of a Plunger and latch
opens the contacts of the OFS. Different types of Oil Fuse
Switches are:-

Long & Crawford – Old version,

operation is risky, if any
abnormalities found, avoid the
switching. Then other remote
switches can be used for
operational purposes.

Fig. Shows the Long & Crawford

feeder and transformer Oil switches

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W Lucy

Yorkshire

Tiger

Fig. W Lucy Oil Switch

SF6 Switches:- SF6 gas is used as insulation medium in new outdoor substations where
the breaking / making of load current is through the SF6 gas insulation medium. In SF6
O/D substations, for transformer Switches are normally provided with the Time Lag Fuses
(TLF) for tripping the circuit Breaker (TXS) on abnormal condition. These fuses are
provided in the secondary circuit of the CT across a shunt coil. Normal condition the
current will flow through the TLF( low impedance path) Any abnormality comes the fuse
will blown out and it will results the flow of current through the shunt coil (high impedance
trip coil) which in turn trips the circuit
breaker. Different types used are:

Tamco

Merlin Gerin

Fig: W Lucy SF6

ABB

W Lucy

Fig.Tamco SF6 RMU

Fuse rating for different rating transformer

Oil Fuse rating available - 40A, 63A, 70A& 90A

Standard TLF Rating available – 5A, 7.5A, 10A, 12.5A &15A

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Voltage Transformer

Voltage Transformers (VT) are provided for metering, protection and synchro check.
VT is always part of Cable and is provided in all Primary substations and in some Indoor
Substation. In Primary all Feeders, Incomers and Bus sections are equipped with VT. VT's
are consider as part of the cable and hence VT isolation is compulsory while doing any
type of injection test like HV Pressure test. Before VT isolation, confirm the cable is dead
and isolated at both ends.

Current Transformer

Different Class CTs are used in Primary as well as in Indoor Substation

for protection & metering. CT‟s are also provided in O/D substations in the Earth Fault
Indicator circuit for indicating passage of the Earth fault current. In SF6 -O/D Substation,
CT is required in the TLF protection circuitry.

Types of Out Door substation

Ring Main Unit (RMU)

Semi Extensible RMU

Extensible RMU

Out Door Substation with feeder switches &TX Switch

Out Door Switching station

Package Substation

Ring Main Unit (RMU)

A single unit with two feeder switches and one T-off transformer
switch. Oil and SF6 switches are available. Only one
Transformer circuit is available. Normally Transformer is
connected to the T-off circuit and two feeder switches
provided on both sides.

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Semi Extensible RMU

The outdoor substation with one RMU unit

and which has a provision to extend its Bus bar towards
one side to add more circuits (Feeder Switches / Tx
switches) depending upon the Bus Bar current carrying
capacity. The extensible side of the RMU is provided with
an End cap.

Extensible RMU

The outdoor substation with one RMU unit and

which has a provision to extend its Bus bar towards
both sides to add more circuits (Feeder Switches/Tx
switches) depending upon the Bus bar current carrying
capacity. End caps provided on both sides.

Fig: Semi extensible RMU

Extensible Out Door Substation

In this Out Door substations, individual switches are provided for transformer
and feeder circuit in a common Bus Bar and has a provision to extend its Bus Bar towards
both sides. End caps provided on both sides. No RMU unit is available.

Out Door Switching Station:

Transformer switches and RMU units are absent in this
type. Feeder switches provided for switching and operational flexibility and connected in a
common bus bar with extensible feature.

Package Substation

In package substation where the RMU unit and Feeder Pillar units are
attached (Bolted) to the transformer and formed a single package unit. HV and MV cables
are not required for transformer.

Main Switch, Transformer Switch & Earth Switch: Main Switches are intended to making
/breaking load current only and there is no associated protection circuitry. These switches
are not designed to break / make fault current.
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Status indication windows are available for Main switches, Earth switches and TXs to
indicate the current status of operation.

Main Switch Closed condition - "ON" with red background

TX Switch Closed condition - "ON" with red background

Earth Switch Closed condition - "ON" with yellow background

Earth Switch /Main Switch /TX Switch - Opened condition -

"OFF" with green background

TX Switches are provided with Oil Fuse/ TLF for tripping the circuit under overload /
abnormal condition.

Inter locking

Inter locking facility is provided between Earth Switch ON and Main Switch ON condition.

Inter locking facility is provided between Earth Switch ON and TX

Switch ON condition.

3) No inter locking facility is provided between Earth Switch OFF and Main Switch /
Transformer Switch OFF condition.

4) Opening/Closing of test plug is allowed only when the earth switch of

respective circuit is in ON condition. In SF6 RMU, the TLF compartment

also having the inter locking facility of this type.

5) Safety and normal operational locks are also provided to all switches.

Earth Fault Indicators (EFI)

Earth Fault Indicators (EFI) is provided in Out Door substations for indicating the
passage of fault current. EFI is normally provided in
left hand side of RMU. EFI is actuated by a CT
secondary current during earth fault. The CT is
wrapped around the feeder circuit cable. Manual
reset and Auto reset types EFI‟s are available.

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Manual type –Manual reset is required after the Flag ON condition due to fault

Auto type - LT supply is provided to EFI and it automatically reset the Flag

due to the fault after a delayed time period when supply resumed.

Gas Pressure Indicator for SF6 RMU

The Gas Pressure Indicator reading should be in

the green zone for the safe operation of SF6
RMU.

Filling Pressure at 20 degree cent. - 0.4 BARG

Minimum operating Pressure - 0.05 BARG

Red zone - operation of RMU is not allowed.

Green zone - Operation is allowed

If it is in red zone, refilling is required for further operation and is allowed only with PTW.

HV and MV cable of Distribution Transformer

11KV HT Single run 3 core cable connects the TX Switch to the Transformer Primary
winding. MV cable Seven run single core (Double run for phases and Single run for neutral)
connect the Transformer Secondary to the MV feeder pillar.

Feeder Pillar: Two types are there. Normal Bus Bar rating for the Feeder Pillar is 2500 A.

1) Bolt on Feeder Pillar (BOFP) – 4 LT out going Cables

2) Free Standing Feeder Pillar (FSFP) - 6 LT Out going Cables.

MV panel could be mounted in two ways:-

1. As an attachment (Bolted) to the Transformer Secondary without MV cables is called

Bolt on Feeder Pillar (BOFP)

2. As a separate unit anchored to the ground and secondary of Transformer is

connected with MV cable called Free Standing Feeder Pillar (FSFP)

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 Special free standing feeder pillar –
Consumer FSFP and Special
consumer panel is available. 4 or 5 LT
out going Cables + Cable for one
separate consumer panel.

MV Panel - Components

MV link (R, Y, B &N)

Ammeter with Maximum Demand Indicating feature

Bus Bar (R, Y, B and Neutral)

MV side cut out fuses (100A, 200A, 315 A)

MV outgoing Cable (4 or 6 circuits)

Eatrhing Bus

Current Transformer

In Feeder Pillar MV links are provided for LT Outgoing Cables (3 Phase 4 wire with
separate Earth wire) HRC fuses are provided in LT cable for overload protection rating
depends on the load current. In some consumer MV panel is available with ACB and REF
protection.

Maximum Demand Indicator

Ammeter is provided in MV panel with two

needles.

One is for the real time load current measurement

and the other one is for all time Maximum Demand. This
indication is more useful tripping/fault analysis.

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LT Transformer – (11 / 0.433 KV) Dyn11

Off load tap changing feature – 1 to 5 tap positions- nominal tap is 3

Local TX - up to 15 mtr

Remote TX - above 15 mtr

Available Transformer ratings - 100, 200,300,500,800,1000,1250,1600 KVA

And various manufactures of Transformers are Utec, Emirates, Federal, and Matelec etc.

Under Ground Cables

XLPE - recent standard (ax, bx, cx, dx, ex & gx)

Various XLPE Cable sizes and Load capacities are shown.

Cable Code Cable Size Full Load 90% Load(A)

Capacity(A)

Ax 3x300mm2 377 339.3

Bx 3x240mm2 342 307.8

Cx 3x185mm2 300 270

Ex 3x120mm2 243 218.7

Gx 3x70mm2 182 163.8

PILC - Old (a, b, c, d)

HT – 3 phase 3core cable, MV – 3 phases and Neutral

Various PILC Cable sizes and Load capacities are shown.

Cable code Cable Size Full Load 90% Load(A)

Capacity(A)

a 3x300mm2 291 261.9

b 3cx240mm2 259 233.1

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c 3x185mm2 224 201.6

d 3x150mm2 200 180

f 3x95mm2 159 143.1

g 3x70mm2 133 119.7

Overhead Lines (OH/L)

Rural areas are electrified by means of OH/L. ACSR and Copper conductors are available

HT - 3 phase 3 wire systems and separate Earth wire is provided

For 10 poles one Earth pit is provided

- Separate earth pits are provided for LA, Pole Box and PMT

LT - 3 phase 4 wires System

Cut out fuses are provided depending upon the load.

OHL code OHL Size Full Load 90% Load(A)

Capacity (A)

R 200MM2 ACSR 302 271.8

Q 150MM2 ACSR 260 234

P 100MM2 ACSR 194 174.6

M 75 MM2 ACSR 170 153

M 50 MM2 Cu 170 153

S 70 MM2 Cu 200 180

Safety during shut down

The working section should be dead, isolate & Earth at both ends before doing any work

Test OH/L line before starting work by using an HV Tester for confirmation

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If the OH/L found Dead, apply Portable Earth at the point of work

Always instruct the workforce to wear

Safety Belt

Safety Shoe

Helmet

Gloves

Field Engineer should collect the original copy of safety document (PTW) signed by the
competent person

OHL work should be stopped immediately when the atmosphere becomes cloudy and
chances of lightning and thunder showers are likely to occur.

Main components

AB Switch (S)

Lightning arrester (LA)

Pole Mounted Transformer (PMT)

Auto Reclosure (R)

Pole Box

Flashing Fault Indicator (FFI)

Conductors & Earth wire

Air Break Switch - Designed to operate on

load condition, AB Switches are numbered
in S- series. Operating hand lever is
provided on the bottom of pole with ON/OFF
locking facility and can be lock off as a point
of isolation.

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For safety, open ABS and apply S/L and C/N & similarly close ABS & L/OFF

Handle upward direction - ON

Handle downward direction- OFF

A visual check is recommended after each operation whether the contacts are properly
inserted/ separated.

Arcing Shields are provided to minimize the arcing of blades.

If ABS is defective, jumper connections are used to bypass it.

Test OH/L, If Dead, Apply Portable Earth

An HV OH/L Tester used to test the isolated line to make sure that the line is electrically
dead and is always applicable before applying Portable Earth to commence a work. After
isolating & earthing ( if facility is available) both ends, then test the OH/L , If found dead
apply Portable Earth at the point of work by a competent person with the presence of a
senior authorized person.

If the OHL is dead - tester making normal low beep

If OHL is live - tester making high beep

(Before and after the tester itself should be check )

Portable Earth (PE):-Before doing any kind of work on OH/L, the Portable Earth must be
applied at point of work and is very essential to give a Permit to Work (PTW) . So before
issuing PTW, the System Control Engineer should confirm that the PE is applied at the
point of work and similarly he should confirm that PE is removed after the work for
cancellation of a PTW.

At point of work

PE is applied by the competent person on the OH/L by means of an insulated operating

rod. The PE circuit consists of four wires and one lead of each wire is connected together.
Then first connect one wire to the Earth wire and then the other three wires to R, Y, B,
phases. After the work, the PE must be removed from the OH/L. While removing PE, first
disconnect R, Y, B phase wires and finally disconnect the wire from the earth conductor.

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Pole Mounted Transformer (PMT)

Pole Mounted transformer (PMT) is transformer, which is mounted on an OH/L pole PMT
ratings are normally 100 KVA, 200 KVA and 500 KVA. Vector group is Dyn11.

Lightning Arresters are provided nearer to the transformer to protect it from lightning
surges. Positioning is always in between the transformer and OH/L line. LA provided at
PMT, Pole Box and Auto Recloser

Drop Out fuses are provided for the transformer protection. Replacement of D.O fuses is
permitted under live condition.

Outgoing cable with Fuse Cut – outs are used to feed the LT 3phase 4 wire system.
Ratings available are 100 A, 200 A, 315 A.

Earthing arrangement for PMT – Normally two Earth pits are provided, one for ground
/Body Earthing and the other one is for system neutral earthing.

Pole Box

Termination in a pole which provides connection between OH/L circuit and

UG Cable circuit is called a Pole Box. The HT cable may be either from any I/D Substation
/ Out Door Substation or from another OH/L portion due to crossing of road / EHT line.

CT and Earth Fault Indicators are provided in some Pole Box to indicate earth fault
passage

LA's are provided to protect the cable termination from lightning surges.

Separate Earthing is needed for pole Box.

Auto reclosers

Auto recloser is provided to restore the service continuity after a transient fault on
OH/L. Faults which are not permanent called transient fault. 90% of the faults in OH/L are
of transient nature, after a short time called the dead time, the CB can be reclosed.

Auto recloser will trip the circuit for a fault beyond it (O/C or E/F)
and it save the healthy section.

Auto Recloser normally provided nearer to the AB Switch and

that will helps to isolate the faulty portion and there by restore
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the healthy portion after opening the AB switch

CT's are also inserted with the Auto Recloser, to measure the load current for protection.

Different type used in Kahramaa OHL System

In Kahramaa distribution system, Auto Reclosers used as sectionalizers since the Auto
reclosing feature is disabled. Auto Recloser should not consider as a point of isolation.
According to the operation and control, two types of Recloser are used in OH/L System.

Auto reclosers with manual control

During fault, the auto recloser trips the circuit. But after the first opening, the recloser
attains Lock-Off. Manual operation is needed for closing the Auto recloser and this is done
by using an insulated operating rod. First the operator should manually reset the switch
and then close.

Auto reclosers with auto control

A microprocessor control is provided along with the Auto recloser and is mounted on the
pole (bottom). The operator can operate it from the ground itself. This type of Auto recloser
trips the OH/L faulty section and attains to lock off. Closing after patrolling and clearing the
fault is possible from the automatic control installation. This type of auto recloser should
protect the OH/L section from O/C, short circuit, E/F and sensitive E/F.

Main Components

Battery – 240/ 120 V AC is required to charge the battery.

VT - VT's are the voltage source for charging the battery

It always provided in the source side of the Auto recloser.

LA - Lighting Arresters are provided to protect A/R.

Flashing Fault indicator

It is a device that is used to identify the earth fault passage. FFI flashes only
when the fault current passing through it. Its location is always nearer to the AB switch and
is clip on to the OH/L.

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 Distribution Control Centre (DCC)

Objective

Monitors and ensures continuous electricity supply for the distribution network,
within the prescribed values of limit violations, giving priority to security and safety.

Major functions

Controls Active & Reactive power flow in the network and there by regulate the voltage.

Confirms to all the operation are done in strict compliance with the department safety rules
and regulations and thereby ensuring system safety and security.

Control , coordinate and direct to all switching operations by giving instruction to field
engineers for switching in the 11 KV network for maintenance / repair of network
components and for after fault restoration.

Co-ordinate with NCC, in case of generation shortage or other system contingency to shed
the load in accordance to the prearranged methods.

Issue permit to work (PTW), sanction for test (SFT) and isolation certificate for work in
distribution network and also ensure for proper isolation and earthing by giving priority to
safety and security.

Immediate restoration of supply after disturbance and thereby limiting interruption to the
minimum.

Inform management about any abnormality & important events.

Co-ordinate with other department for the smooth and efficient functioning of distribution
Network.

Network control by using telemetry

A telemetry system is provided for the smooth operation and monitoring of distribution
network on real time basis.

The circuit breakers of the outgoing feeders of Primary s/s can be controlled from the DCC
console. This is achieved by RTU and telemetry provided at PRY & DCC. All data's like,

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Bus voltage, current (outgoing feeders) and Breaker status are transferred to DCC for
monitoring and controlling. It also provided alarm and limits violation condition to remind
the Control Engineer to act accordingly. The available data's in the DCC computer console
can be utilized to originate different report for the smooth functioning of DCC.

Available Data's & facilities

Loading Values of different Primary transformers.

Loading values of different outgoing feeders of PRY

Bus voltages of PRY

Breaker and VT status of PRY

Limit violation, alarm and important events.

All the data's available in the DCC console can be utilized for past and present system
analysis and also helpful for the contingency analysis. The data's available in the database
also helps to originate various technical report & statistics.

Role of System Control Engineer

1) Switching Programs- Verification & Execution

The switching program is very essential to perform a switching operation in

the network in order to avoid danger and risk. For all scheduled works the switching
programs should be sent in prescribed from in advance (Before 48 hrs, if possible)
exceptions can be allowed during emergency and contingency operation like after fault
restoration, emergency load shifting & back feeding etc. For load balancing among
primary's and among feeders, the DCC should prepare switching programs and send it to
the O&M section for execution. After receiving a switching program, Control Engineer on
duty should study the program in accordance with the following criteria.

Effects of the operation on system- check whether the shutdown is affecting any
consumers, and confirm that the field engineer issued the S/D notice.

Check whether all the safety aspects are taken care of before execution.

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Study the load rearrangement during the shutdown, possible way of back feeding, loading
values of feeders and Transformers involved.

Check the load of feeders involved in paralleling at the time of isolation and live phasing.

Analyze the paralleling involved in the programme and check whether it is a bad paralleling
or not.

Scrutinize the point of isolation, back feeding arrangement in terms of system security and
safety.

Study the loading condition due to the shut down and check whether the shut down causes
any overloading to any feeders and primary transformers involved in the programme.

Check the substation planning Number and Name, Sequence of operation and safety
aspects related to the programme, date of execution and duration of shut down etc.

Study the Live phasing route ,loading during Live phasing and consumer effected (If any
VIP Consumer is in the route of 11KV Live phasing, then alternative path should he
selected for doing the same.

2. Activities on the day of execution

The verified switching programs can be execute after considering the following

Present loading of the feeders and transformers of the system

Present loading of feeders and transformers involved during isolation (shifting load from
one feeder to another) and during 11 KV Live phasing.

Mostly the loading data's of Transformers and feeders are available in DCC console except
some PRY's. S.S.A can be utilized to collect the data's from the PRY's where telemetry is
not available.

Special care at the time of paralleling

Paralleling should be essential for NOP shifting and 11 KV Live phasing, while paralleling,
the following points to be noted.

Check the load of feeders involved before paralleling.

Check whether it is a bad paralleling.

Check the bus voltage of the Primaries involved.

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If possible, request NCC to minimize the voltage difference between Primaries involved.

Block the tap changing in order to avoid furthers changes in voltage and thus the unwanted
circulating current. This will minimize bad paralleling effect.

If there is a bad paralleling history then arrange two field engineers for make & break
operation (if possible) or break and make depending upon the consumer affected.

Check the load on feeder involved after paralleling in order to confirm the paralleling is
successful and is not interrupted the consumer.

Supply confirmation from the field engineer is very essential after paralleling.

Before energizing a transformer, study the present loading of feeder involved and if it will
over load after energisation, then study other possible alternatives.

After the work, DCC can advise the field engineer to establish new NOP in view of load
balance among feeders and Primaries.

3. Fault Restoration

Information about the fault is either any one of the following way

NCC will transmit the message if the standby Earth fault alarm initiated at NCC or if the
Primary Transformer CB tripped.

Alarm initiated at DCC telemetry console.

Information's from the call centre / stand by offices.

Action required:-

If the CB of feeder at PRY has not tripped, then retrieve the past data from data base and
compare with the present load and calculate the load loss. This load loss data will help to
find out in which indoor the tripping has occurred.

For collecting additional information about the tripping, the Control Engineer can utilize the
help of SSA and Stand by Technicians.

Convey all information collected to the Distribution Stand by Engineer and also give the
Tel. No. of SSA who attending the fault. Control Engineer should instruct the field engineer
to proceed to the Indoor / Outdoor / PRY where the fault is suspected.

If OH/L is involved, then inform ABU HAMUR OH/L section to arrange the patrolling.

Report the matter to the top officials with details.

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Study the possible back feeding arrangement.

Collect all information from the SSA at site and from the Stand by Engineer like relay
indication, EFI status, station supply (Battery) and abnormalities etc.

With the above information locate the fault as early as possible.

While test charging, keep the relay time setting to the minimum.

Isolate the faulty section, apply C/N, L/ off and apply CME at point of isolation.

Back feed the healthy portion as possible.

Inform the fault to the O&M section for repair and rectification.

If supply is effected and to be continue for a long time, then arrange Movable Generator.

Before test charging, if OH/L involved make sure that all of the OH/L patrolling gang are
away from the live system. This is confirmed by direct contact with Field Engineer.

Prepare Abnormality report, along with detailed logging in Station Log.

Report the final status to the top officials.

IMPORTANT SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

While executing the switching program, before first operation check the switching program
No, Name of work and Name of Engineer.

Execute the program in a sequential manner.

Give instructions as per the program to the Field Engineer and ask him to repeat the given
instructions.

Always tell the name and planning No. of location and circuit to the Engineer.

Note down the time of instruction and time of confirmation of operation.

Before issuing PTW and SFT confirm that the working section is isolated, Earthed at both
ends. And also confirm that the S/L and C/N applied at the point of isolation.

Always confirm switching positions after cancellation of SFT. Confirming switching

positions after SFT is mandatory because of the Field Engineer has the approval for the
operations of earth switches under SFT. He has the temporary control over Earth switches
during SFT for the purpose like HV injection, signal injection, color phasing etc.

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If OH/L involved in the isolated section, apply CME at point of isolation (if possible) and test
OH/L line, if found dead apply Portable Earth at the point of work. After confirming the
above, issue PTW. Before cancellation of PTW confirm that all CME and portable earth are
removed from the line.

Rack out VT from the line only after isolating both ends. And VT should be rack in before
energizing the cable. VT status should always confirm before energizing the circuit.

Before HV pressure test, confirm that the transformers are in CME condition and VT is in
rack out condition.

After isolating a circuit breaker (Rack out) always instruct the Field Engineer to do Trip –
Test for the CB.

Before Earthing the transformer, confirm that the MV side is isolated.

Before earthing a section, confirm that the section is dead and isolated.

Apply CME at both ends to a faulty section after isolating both ends. Also apply S/L and
C/N.

Always maintain PRY Substation Battery voltage to a value of 110 V DC.

Always maintain the Indoor Substation Battery voltage to a value of 30 V DC.

Gas pressure should be in green zone for SF6 Outdoor Substation.

When multi permits issued to the same Field Engineer or to different Field Engineers within
the same point of isolation, then the energisation shall be done only after the cancellation
of all holding PTW's within the isolated section. When multi permits issued to different field
engineer, cross reference numbering is recommended (# CR).

A field engineer can't hold more than one SFT at a time. SFT is issued by the field
engineer to himself and his direct supervision involvement is required to perform the test.

Proper informational tags must be placed on single line diagram to avoid any wrong
operation.

The field engineer can't suspend the SFT. He has to cancel SFT before he leaves the site.
Any inconvenience occurred to complete the test, then he should cancel the SFT and also
confirm the switching positions before the leaving the site.

The field engineer can't hold PTW and SFT together.

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OTHER IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES

Load shifting / rearrangement as per NCC advise:

Some occasions , NCC instruct DCC to shift some load from one Primary to other as a part
of shut down programs ( Transmission ) or to avoid over loading of Transformers / feeders.
For this arrangement, DCC Control Engineer on duty should study the present loading of
Primary Transformers and do the possible arrangements.

Voltage Complaints - Voltage complaints received from the consumer can be solved by
the following measures.

Study the present voltage profile.

If possible, request NCC to raise the voltage at 11 KV Bus of PRY.

Instruct the Distribution Field Engineer on Stand by duty to attend the case and to take
present voltage of transformer secondary (MV Voltage) line to line and L-N and also
instruct him to verify the present tap position.

If further increase of tap position is possible, then Switch-off Transformer and raise the tap.
Confirm the voltage and ensure system back to normal.

In case of PMT, remove the HT fuse and then adjust the tap position as required.

NOP Shifting:

Paralleling between same or different sources is required

Different Situations:-

 Load balancing among same or different Primary transformers.

 Load balancing among Feeders.

 During shut down works – to back feed the load to avoid interruption.

 During fault restoration.

 To avoid over loading of Feeders and Transformers.

Important Considerations required:

 Before paralleling, study the voltage profile of sources and block the tap if required.

 Before and after paralleling study the real time loading values of Feeders and
Transformers involved.

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  Always confirm the supply status and this is necessary to find out any load loss due
to tripping in between.

 If the paralleling is having a bad paralleling history, then arrange make and break
with two Field Engineers.

Preparation of Reports

Commissioning Report.

Collect the relevant details from the Field Engineer and fill up the data in a prescribed from.
The main information's required are as follows:

 Circuit Labeling Check.

 Protection status

 Cable / Transformer size

 Cable length

 Battery & Battery Charger Voltage

 Earth Fault Indicator positioning

 Abnormality Report

Any abnormality / tripping happened in the system should be recorded in the Station Log
and also prepare an abnormality report of the incident with details in a prescribed form.

PTW and SFT Cards.

Prepared in prescribed form separate for PTW and SFT and which is serially numbered
with brief details particularly about CME, Name of Engineer, Section isolated, work, Date
and Time etc.

Station Log

All events recorded by the Control Assistant in a chronological order during the shift. This
includes all the switching operation instructions given by the Control Engineer.

Control Engineer Log Book

Brief reports about the Operations during the shift.

Daily Report – system statistics

Weekly Maximum Demand Log, Daily peak print out.

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Communication facility available

Q-Telephone, KM's Pax phone, Hot line telephone and Fax

DCC phone numbers for communicating Field engineers are: 44670682, 44675214, and
44461813 etc.

DGCC Pax number is 9996 and the Kahramaa Call center number is 991

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 Electricity Distribution – Construction

Introduction

All the construction & Reinforcement activities connected with Distribution Network is
executed by the construction section. The work includes strengthening of the distribution
system by adding / upgrading the network elements with the existing network. Adding
network elements like Indoor / outdoor substation, transformer and associated network for
meeting consumer demand are always done under the construction activity. But upgrading
the network is always comes under the reinforcement section. For any new proposal, the
Planning and Design department should conduct the detailed study and after that the
proposal passes over to the construction section for final execution. So Construction
section has a vital role in the development of Qatar‟s distribution Network.

New project execution

The Electricity planning Network department submitted all the proposals to the
construction section (Head) for final execution. The construction section upon receipt of the
scheme of works from the planning department, allocates the schemes to the engineers of
the construction section after obtaining the proper consent from governmental authorities.
ROA wing should arrange the approval from the governmental agencies (Qtel, Sewerage,
Civil engineering Department, Road Division and Water Department of Kahramaa)

(ROA - ROAD OPENING APPLICATION WING)

Line of Execution

Planning Department

Generate plans for the new construction work

Design Department

Feasibility Study including Load flow

Planning Department

Final submission to construction for execution

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 Construction Section

1.Study the work before execution

2.Tendering

ROA Wing

Filling road opening applications

Construction Section

Final execution of work by Field Engineers

Role of a Construction Engineer

PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS (NEW SS COMMISSIONING)

OR

REINFORMENT WORKS (UPRATING / REPLACEMENT/ DIVERSION’S):-

1. SHUTDOWN EMAIL from Group Engineer: List of shutdowns for the week concerned
to the respective engineers with SUBSTATION NO / SCHEME NO / CIRCUIT IN
BETWEEN / CONTRACTOR /CWR.NO. AND THE DATE OF COMMISSIONING

2. COLLECT THE FOLLOWING:

a)GEO DIAGRAM: Type the substation number and check the loop in & loop out and cross
check the scheme number with the Shutdown email and take a print out copy.

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b) AUTOCAD: Get the 11 kV schematic diagram of the exiting circuit and take a print out.

c) SCHEME: Collect the scheme for that particular year (/ 2007 or / 2008) and take a print
out for reference. The scheme contains all the details of the new substation (Planning No. /
Consumer, Transformer Rating, Switchgears, Cable type etc)

3. PREPARATION FOR THE SHUTDOWN:

Write the Switching programme with reference to the existing circuits marking the new
substation in between existing circuit.

Switching program + Alteration Sheet + Form FC-3

(Forward Switching Program to DCC, 48 HRS in advance and take a photo copy for
reference)

Check the Important issues in the Program:

 Indoor / Outdoor / Package/ Overhead line.

 Type of Cable (Termination / Joints / Straight thro / transient)

 VCB, OCB, OIL RMU OR SF6

If substation number greater than 5000 assumption it‟s a VCB or substation number
less than 5000 assume it‟s an OCB

 Collect additional information like NOP, Existing Network details etc from DCC

 Emails to Protection & Fitter Group & Shutdown Notice (as per the scheme)

 Email the protection section as per the format (soft copy) & Details of Protection.

(Check for DECOMMISSIONING & RE-COMMISSIONG BETWEEN TWO INDOOR

SUBSTATIONS AND IF FSFP OR MVPANEL for consumer – REF Protection)

 Email for Fitter Group for Inspection of Switchgear Assembly & Earthing etc

 Write the shutdown notice to Head of emergency response & Diesel section with
attachment & highlighting of the LV FEEDER CIRUIT DIAGRAM if consumer
shutdown is involved. (Collect diagram from 5th floor)

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  Check & Confirm with the Concerned Contractor details of Switchgears,
Transformer, MV Panel, Cable and necessary works to be completed before the
Shutdown.

PREPARATION OF THE NEW WORK.

 Estimates the material requirement and coordinate the same with the suppliers &
ABUHAMUR work shop

 Coordinate with consumer for execution of scheme

 Allocate the work to different contractors and coordinate with them for final
execution.

 Prepare an action plan for the proposed work.

 Prepare shut down notices before execution, if any supply interruption anticipated.

 Prepare switching programme for shut down and commissioning. The switching
programme along with the alteration proposed to the existing system is required to
get proper consent from the system control (DCC) in advance (before 48 hrs). For
preparing SW / programme, collect additional information like NOP, Existing
Network details etc from DCC

 The single line diagram with all details (substation type ,cable length & type ,
transformer capacity & Nos ) of the existing network and the proposed alterations
should be send along with the switching programme to the DCC for concurrent and
comments in advance (before 48 hrs ). Keep a copy of the same ( switching
programme & drawing ) for reference & execution

 Execute the work with the consent of DCC on a particular day as indicated in the
switching programme or a day mutually agreed between the construction engineer
& DCC.

Commissioning

On the day of execution, the construction engineer should contact system control engineer,
DCC for executing the work as per the switching program.

The system control engineer should arrange for possible back feeding and load transfer in
order to avoid interruption during the execution of work.

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The switching programme and other activities involved during the execution shall comply
the Safety Rules and Operation memorandum of QGEWC high voltage system. The
system operation memorandum D15 is followed in this aspect.

Before Commissioning a New Substation / Transformer

 Check the new label and fix it properly and confirm the same to control (DCC)

 Protection and fault level of CB. Verify and inform to DCC.

 Check the operation of CB.

 Check the station lighting

 Check the trip circuit healthiness

 Check station Battery and Charger.

 Check the transformer before energizing (oil check, tap setting, name plate,
abnormalities etc.)

 Fix operating lock and label for new s/s

 Do HV Pressure Test for the new circuit.

 Check 11 KV live phasing for the new joints and Terminations before paralleling.

 Check Phase Rotation & MV voltage for the new transformer.

After checking all the safety aspects, the Construction Engineer can commission
the new s/s with proper consent from the System Control Engineer.

Techniques used for system safety:

A number of different techniques and procedures are adopted for satisfying the system
safety during construction and maintenance / repair activities in distribution network. The
newly constructed or repaired network element has to full fill all the standards, before it
connecting to the existing system. In Kahramaa, the techniques and procedures used
before connecting a new network element to the existing system are as follows.

 Cable Identification.

 Spiking

 Colour phasing ( core phasing )

 11 KV Jointing work & Termination work on HT cable )

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  HV pressure test for 11 KV cable and Bus Bar

 Dead phasing check – 11 KV system

 Live phasing check - 11 KV system

 Phase rotation check for MV side.

 MV voltage check.

 Trip / test check for CB.

 Relay inter trip check

 Transformer, Switchgear panel, Switches and Substation observation.

 Relay setting & fault level.

Cable Identification

During construction and maintenance, the existing cable has to be cut for fault
rectification and for commissioning new substations in between the existing cable. Then
the Field Engineer should confirm the cable which is going to be cut is the same cable that
he isolated and earthed for doing the work. This is required only where more cables are
present with the isolated and earthed cable. Any mistake will leads to danger to human life
and to system safety. So before doing any work on cable (joints), the field engineer should
always identify the cable by using proper methods.

Safety measures

The cable has to be dead, isolated and earthed at both ends as per the switching
programme and with proper consent from System Control Engineer.

SFT is required and is issued by the Field Engineer to

himself with consent of system control engineer.
Senior Authorized Person in charge of the work has
the full responsibility of the operation and test.

Method: The Identifier kit consists of an Audio

Transmitter and Receiver set, by which the signal
generation and reception is possible. For cable
identification test, connect the Audio transmitter
between any two phases of the isolated cable after
removing the earth. Keep remote end of cable as

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47
earthed for return path .Then by using the Audio receiver and head phone, we can identify
the cable in which signal is generated. When the receiver is put nearer along the cable
gives a clear beep but varying sound from the cable trough which transmitted the signal.
Sound variation is obtained only from the injected cable due to the twisting of cable pairs.
But for other cables, humming sound is obtained from live cables and clear beep but not
varying is obtained from dead cable if any. The Cable Identification test is done by the field
engineer himself in charge of work. See the figure.

Spiking

After identifying the cable, before cutting, spiking has to require for
100% confirmation that the cable is absolutely dead and safe for cutting. Spike gun is a
special arrangement, where the iron bullet is used for firing. The spiking gun with bullet is
placed over the cable and firing is done remotely with the help of a rope. If the cable is the
correct one, there is no heavy sound. But for live cables heavy flash over and tripping may
occur. Thus spiking will helps to avoid dangerous situation and it provide more safety to the
working personnel's.

Safety measures

The cable should be Dead, isolated and earthed at both ends with the consent of System
Control Engineer.SFT is required before doing the spiking.

After spiking, the cable has to be cut and prepare ends for phasing
PTW is required for any work on cables. But this is a lengthy
procedure which can be reduced subject to pre conditions detailed on
Kahramaa S.O.M. No.7.

Colour phasing / Core phasing –Phase identification check

During construction / maintenance, cable jointing, break and make termination works are
required. Due to straight jointing perfection and easiness, human errors and termination
difficulties, there may be a chance of colour crossing while doing cable works with respect
to the system colour. So colour phasing is required during termination & jointing work and
is the process of identifying the 3 phases of system with the 3 core of the cable. Incorrect
phasing cannot be parallel with other systems. So colour phasing is more essential for all
type of jointing / termination works to transfer the same system phase(R, Y, and B) from
one point to other point. Colour crossing of the cable is serious and to avoid this colour
phasing is required during jointing and termination work.

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Different methods for colour phasing

Banana Resistance and Megger

Connect the three different resistances (known value) to the RYB phases of one cable end
(Star connection with star point earthed) then by using a Megger, which connected to the
other end of cable and measures the resistance. The corresponding values of resistance
obtained on phases will give the correct phase.

Uni directional LED with Battery set.

Connect the battery between any two phases of cable at the known end. Then the lamp
glow will indicate the phases where the battery connected and it also indicate the direction
of current flow. Then from the lamp glow and direction we can easily confirm the three
phases.

Safety

Before doing test, the cable should be isolated, earthed at both ends with the consent of
System Control Engineer.

SFT is required.

General safety measure for Identification, Spike & Colour phasing of cables

Under SFT, the Field Engineer (Senior Authorized Person) has the approval to operate the
earth switch for testing purposes.

The Field Engineer should confirm the switching position after the cancellation of SFT to
the System Control Engineer.

The Field Engineer will be responsible for all such operation or test on the isolated cable
and equipment and also responsible for ensuring safety , during test.

HT Termination & Jointing works for Cables

All termination & jointing works on cable required PTW. PTW is issued by the
Senior Authorized Person to a competent person (Cable jointer / Fitter) for doing the work
with proper consent from System Control Engineer.

Before issuing PTW for a working section, the System Control Engineer should confirm that
there is no SFT is pending. Issuing PTW and SFT together for same point of isolation is not
permitted. If PTW is issuing after the SFT, then the Control Engineer should always confirm
the switching position and also confirm that both ends of the cable is isolated and earthed.

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Competent person - Kahramaa certified HV Cable jointer / Fitter with
Identity card of Kahramaa

Straight joint kit - XLPE cable to similar XLPE or PILC to similar PILC

Transit joint kit - XLPE cable to PILC or PILC cable to XLPE

Dead joint - Jointing work on Dead cable

Breaking a Termination – Removing an existing cable at a termination point

Making a Termination - Connecting a new cable at a termination point

Break & Make Termination - Breaking and making termination of cable at a

Point during construction / maintenance work.

Safety

Before doing any work on cables, the cable section must be isolated & earthed at both
ends.

Any work on cables like Break & make terminations, Cable jointing works required PTW
safety document.

PTW is issued by the Senior Authorized Person to the Competent Person (Cable
jointer/Fitter) with the consent of system control engineer.

The Senior Authorized Person should keep the original copy of PTW and give a copy of the
same to the Competent Person. After the completion of work, the Competent Person
should give clearance to the Senior Authorized Person for cancellation of PTW.

High Voltage Pressure Test

The High Voltage Pressure Test is compulsory for cables after the completion of
termination and jointing works during construction and maintenance. The HV Pressure test
for new Bus Bar is also required during construction. The HV Pressure test or injection test
is required for cables to test dielectric strength of insulation. A special HV Pressure Testing
Kit is used for this purpose. During test, -11 KV DC is applied between Phase and
ground(R-E, Y-E, and B-E) and 22 KV DC (-11KV – 0 - +11KV) is applied between
Phases(R-Y, Y-B, and R-B). The duration of HV injection is about 15 minutes for each test.
Pressure test is also required to test the perfection of terminating & jointing work.

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Pressure Test Kit:

In the testing instrument, meters are provided to

indicate the applied KV and leakage mA of the
circuit. If the leakage current value during injection
is in between 0.1 and 1.5 mA, then the cable is
declared as healthy. The leakage current higher
than 3mA indicates the breakdown of the circuit.
That means excessive leakage current or tripping
indicates that the dielectric strength of insulation,
jointing work / termination work is not up to the
standard. If there is a new bas bar is involved in the circuit, then HV Pressure test for Bus
Bar is also compulsory. For safety, discharge rode is provided with the test kit to discharge
the capacitive charge of cable after the test.

Phase to Earth Test

Voltage applied = 11 KV DC (Negative)

(R-E, Y-E and B-E)

Duration - 15 Minutes

Apply – 11KV DC between each phase and earth for 15 minute.

Phase to Phase Test

Voltage applied = 22 KV DC (11 KV 0 +11 KV)

Duration - 15 Minutes

Apply 22 KV DC between R&Y phases for 15 minutes. And repeat the same test for the
other two combinations (R-B & Y-B)

Safety during pressure test

SFT is required for doing Pressure Test.

Before doing Pressure Test, remove all type of earth applied for the section.

Inform to all the personnel working at site about the test and keep them away.

The field engineer responsible for the test should confirm that all newly constructed /
repaired elements including Bus Bar, cable joints, termination are subject to the test.
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After the Pressure Test, the SFT taken should return and cancelled with the consent of
system control engineer. Confirm switching position is mandatory.

11 KV DEAD PHASING:

This is a method of checking R, Y, B, phasing of the newly constructed elements

from known end to the other end before live phasing. Dead phasing will not disturb the
existing system. This is a pre - confirmation test before live phasing.

11 KV LIVE PHASING

After all type of constructional / maintenance activities on cables, terminations, the 11 KV

live phasing is required. This is essential for meeting same RYB sequence condition before
paralleling between two systems. It always conducted at I/D substation and it prove that the
added network elements in same phase sequence with respect to the existing. The I/D
Substation nearer to the newly commissioned Substation
should be taken in order to minimize interruption to the
consumers.

Live phasing proving the three statements below:-

R phase is connected to Existing System R phase

Y phase is connected to Existing System Y phase

B phase is connected to Existing System B phase

At the time of live phasing, we have two different sources from two stations and is available
at the Bus Bar spout and Cable spout in an Indoor S/S. One is the existing supply source
of I/D substation where the live phasing test to be carried out and is available at the Bus
Bar spout. The other one is the existing supply taken through the new circuits (includes all
terminations, cable joints, and Bas Bar except the transformer circuit) and is available at
the Cable spout of the Indoor S/S.

Live phasing sticks

Live phasing is proved by measuring the voltage between

the phases available at the Bus Bar spout and the Cable spout. Live phasing sticks
consists of two sticks connected in a special manner with a Voltmeter and one is inserted
in Bus bar spout and the other is inserted in the Cable spout during the test. The Voltmeter
measures the potential difference between the Bus Bar spout phases and the Cable spout
phases. While observing the live phasing between the two system available at Bus bar
spout & Cable spout, for correct live phasing the voltage should be as follows:-
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 R of (Bus bar spout) to R (Cable Spout) – 11 KV

Y of (Bus bar spout) to Y (Cable Spout) – 11 KV

B of (Bus bar spout) to B (Cable Spout) – 11 KV

R of (Bus bar spout) to Y (Cable Spout) – 5.5 KV

Y of (Bus bar spout) to B (Cable Spout) – 5.5KV

B of (Bus bar spout) to R (Cable Spout) – 5.5KV

If any mistakes happened during work, then the voltmeter will indicate incorrect reading.
Then the Field Engineer should rectify the mistake.

At Indoor substation, the CB towards the new circuit should be kept opened. Then Bus Bar
spout is having the existing supply and cable spout is having the existing system through
the new circuit. By inserting live phasing sticks between bas bar spout & cable spouts, we
can confirm whether the live phasing is correct or not.

Safety during live phasing

Keep Circuit Breakers of L/TX's at new substation as opened, isolated and earthed
condition

(MV link should be opened before closing Earth switch)

Include all the terminations, cable joints for checking the live phasing. Sometimes including
all joints and termination together is not possible at that time check separately for different
routes.

Make sure that all the newly constructed /repaired circuit is included in the test and have
the same phasing with respect to the existing system phasing.

After successful live phasing check, the Field Engineer should coordinate with the System
Control Engineer for closing the CB between existing system and new system. Bad
paralleling and loading capacity of feeder should be considered for safety and stability.

Check live phasing at an I/D substation which is mutually agreed between the Field
Engineer and System Control Engineer. Considerations are minimum interruption, distance
traveling, loading, bad paralleling etc. We can conduct live phasing at any I/D substations (
existing or new one )

If the supply is taken through the new circuit includes an existing O/D substation, then the
existing and new phase rotation has to be check for consumer safety.

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Phase Rotation & MV voltage check for MV side

11 KV live phasing only proving that the new HT network elements are in correct
phase with respect to the existing system. But for transformers MV phase rotation &
voltage check is required to ensure that the consumer supply is not affected due to the
alterations and modifications done during the work. This is required to ensure proper MV
voltage and phase rotation to the consumer.

Methods

1. Phase Rotation meter

2. LED Flickering meter

Phase rotation can be checked either by using a phase sequence check meter (rotating
dial with arrow indication) or by using an LED flickering meter. The rotation in arrow
direction indicates the correct Phase sequence.

Phase rotation check is done at the MV link of transformer.

MV Voltage

Check the voltage at MV panel between three phases and also check the voltage between
phases and neutral.

Correct Value R-N

Y-N - 240 V

B-N

R-Y

B-Y - 433 V

R-B

Safety

Keep the MV side link / ACB as open during the phase rotation and MV voltage check.

LT side fuse replaced only after the successful commissioning of transformer.

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Close, Trip-Test and reclose

Trip-Test

If any CB is Rack out for any operational purpose, then it must be checked for trip test.
This is for a confirmation that all the auxiliary contacts are healthy as before. Trip test is
done by rotating the disc manually and it ensure the following

Circuit Breaker auxiliary contacts are healthy and okay as before.

Trip circuit is healthy.

Close

If the live phasing is correct, for proving the same the Field Engineer should close
the CB between two systems.

Reclose

After proving the live phasing, the system NOP should be as per the direction of
System Control Engineer. That means the close or reclose is according to the system
condition.

Relay inter trip test

Air Circuit Breakers are provided in some consumer panel with Restricted Earth
fault relay ( REF ). REF protects the MV side winding of transformer and the MV cable up
to the point of CT from Earth Fault. Inter trip feature is provided to trip the HT side CB of
transformer during MV fault/ACB tripping condition. So this inter tripping feature has to be
tested before commissioning the transformer

Physical checks before Commissioning

The Field Engineer should observe all the Transformer, Circuit Breakers, panels, Switch
gear room and Switches etc before commissioning the station. Check the following.

Transformer - Oil check

- Tap position (nominal „3‟).

- Termination (MV & HV)

- Name plate details (Rating and % Z)

Circuit Breaker - fault level

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 - Operation check.

- Trip circuit healthiness.

Panel - Circuit labeling.

- Meters to be check for its functioning.

- provide operational locks.

- relay setting & trip circuit status.

Substation and Switchgear room - Planning Number.

- Door Lock.

- DC Battery Voltage check.

- Battery charger healthiness.

- Station lighting.

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 Electricity Distribution – Maintenance

Electrical equipment in substations is generally static, and does not automatically call for
maintenance attendance necessary for its correct functioning.

Obvious defects are few, and may include, for instance silica gel breathers, or signs of oil
loss. Other indicators are generally absent, except under rigorous examination, and the
first indication of problems may be a catastrophic plant failure.

A proper and systematic routine of inspections and routine maintenance are therefore
necessary if plant is to perform its intended function over a long life span. The smooth
functioning of distribution system is always in accordance with the performance of its
operation & maintenance team. So continuous and reliable supply is ensured only through
the better and efficient performance of the operational and maintenance section of the
department. In Kahramaa, this is achieved through the engineering wing and workforce.
Engineering wing is headed by one senior engineer and execution of maintenance
activities are done by the group of Field Engineers. Work force is available at the ABU
HAMUR work shop and from there the work is arranged and coordinated. The material and
manpower for a work should be arranged from the ABU HAMUR workshop. LT
maintenance and operational activities are done by the different distribution stand by
offices. Coordination of stand by offices are done by the DOHA call centre. The Field
Engineers can use the help of stand by offices and that is depend on their availability. The
Maintenance works includes the repairs of Switchgear and the network elements. The
ultimate aim of all activity is to deliver good quality power supply to the consumers without
interruption.

Maintenance activities

All switching operation for the maintenance works is doing by the field engineers.
The main maintenance activities are inspections, routine (preventive) maintenance, post
fault maintenance and modifications and retrofitting.

Preventive Maintenance: - Preventing a future breakdown and ensure continuous supply.

All periodic scheduled maintenance on the 11 KV Distribution system is comes under this
category. Regular systematic maintenance, all preventive action taken for the smooth &
efficient operation of the system. Servicing, Overhauling and routine oil and gas check are
examples.

Corrective maintenance or Breakdown Maintenance:- This is the corrective actions taken

for the smooth and efficient operation of the system. The Break down or corrective
maintenance activities are conducted after the failure of an equipment. Such maintenance

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results in outage of circuit and supply. In general, it consists of locating the trouble, repair
and recommissioning.

General duties of Maintenance Field engineers

All switching operations for Maintenance activities are done by field engineers on duty.

1) Periodic repair & maintenance – Preventive works-oil /gas changing, servicing etc.

2) Break down Maintenance -TX replacement, Faulty Cable rectification etc.

3) Emergency break down duty - stand by engineer generally attend this duty on rotation
basis. Loss of supply due to tripping and emergency load shifting are coming under this
category.

4) System operation duty - The spare field engineer should attend the load rearrangement
works as per switching programme (NOP shifting) for the smooth running of system as per
the request of system operation (DCC).

5) Cable fault: - The field engineer (Cable fault) on duty should locate the cable fault. After
finding the fault, the field engineer has to arrange the excavation team and the cable
jointer. After repairing he has to restore the supply.

All these above discussed activities should be coordinated by the senior Engineer
of Maintenance department and shall comply the safety practice and System Operation
Memorandum of Kahramaa. The interference to the live system is permitted only with the
proper consent from the System Control Engineer on duty (DCC). So for all the work
(operational, repair and maintenance ) the field engineer should obtain proper consent
from System Control Engineer (DCC).

Documentation:

Full and accurate documentation is an essential part of maintenance procedure. This shall
record both the regular routine maintenance items, and particular activities, such as
modifications, retrofitting etc.

Documents comprise:

Substation Record Card (FORM-1)

Pre-Maintenance Inspection Report (FORM-2)

Maintenance Works Report (FORM-3)

A set of Job Instructions recording the work to be done.

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Safety precautions during Maintenance activities:

Electrical equipment is dangerous. All persons engaged in work on 11kV and low voltage
apparatus are subject to the Ministry of Electricity and Water Safety Rules - Distribution.

All persons are therefore obliged to be familiar with these rules. THERE ARE NO
EXCEPTIONS.

In particular attention is drawn to the following:-

No work shall take place inside a substation (including substation equipment accessible
from outside the substation), except in the presence of a Competent Person.

No work shall take place on 11kV apparatus unless, as appropriate:

A Limitation of Access Permit has been issued to the Competent Person in charge. OR

The apparatus is dead, isolated from all live apparatus, locked to prevent accidental
energisation, and labeled with Safety Notice. AND

A Permit to Work or other suitable document has been issued to the Competent Person in
charge of the work. OR

HV testing is carried out under a Sanction for Test.

Safety Wear

All technicians working in substations shall be equipped with personal items of safety wear
suitable to prevent danger to themselves, in the context of the duties being performed. The
minimum requirement is overalls and safety shoes or boots.

Hazardous Materials

All persons in charge of working parties in substations shall be familiar with the hazard
potential of materials in use.

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 Electricity Distribution –Operations

The Operations section of the Electricity distribution department organize and manage the
Operation Activities for KM Electricity Network Devices and ensure that it is performed in
effective, efficient, and systematic manner.

The main role of an Operation Engineer is as follows:

 Carries out Voltage Regulation and control by adjusting taps on Distribution

transformers at System Control Engineer Request.

 Carries out switching operations up to and including 11 KV at Secondary and

Primary Substations at System Control engineer request for balancing loads or
maintenance in the Network.

 Ensures that Filed Operations are carried out in accordance with the provisions of
Kahramaa Electricity Rules and Regulations and safety policy.

 Issues Permit To Works (PTW), Sanction For Tests (SFT), Isolating & Earthing
Certificates, Limitation of Access (LOA) for works and tests on high voltage plant
and equipment.

 Attends to system faults and takes necessary action to isolate faulty sections, repair
and restore supply either through back feeding or mobile diesel generators.

 Perform other related duties as requested Senior Engineer i.e. participation in

special stand by duties at important events and functions.

 Compiles technical reports and analysis on system abnormalities and defects and
recommends courses of action plan.

 Carries out system studies in order to identify areas of improvements in the system
and recommends action plan.

 Assists in the skills development and training of Qatari nationals in line with the
Qatarization Policy, as required.

 Participate in the 24 hr shift and stand by roster.

Immediate supply Restoration:-

Immediate supply restoration always gives better service to consumers and

is important in distribution system. The kahramaa distribution system has adopted an

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efficient and effective way for overcoming the emergency breakdown condition. The field
engineer are posted on a round the clock rotation basis for the stand by duty in order to
attend the emergency tripping conditions and restoration thereon. During the tripping and
emergency condition, the system control engineer should co-ordinate and directs the field
engineers for immediate restoration. The system control engineer should direct and co-
ordinate by giving instructions to the field engineer as per the relay indication and other
field information. First, he should find out the faulty portion and then isolate it from the
healthy system and then restore the remaining healthy system as early as possible. After
that, DCC Control engineer has to direct and coordinate the field engineer to rectify the
faulty section as early as possible. All the above switching operation must be done
according to the safety rules & as per the Operation Memorandum of kahramaa.

The stand by offices staff provides assistance to locate the fault during the restoration
process. Along with the stand by office staff, kahramaa has substation attendants who
comes under NCC and posted to some Primary Substations. The SSA also provides
necessary assistance during a fault or system disturbance. Apart from the above,
kahramaa providing stand by diesel generators, this is capable of delivering power to the
interrupted consumers. DG Set allocation is mainly depends on the duration of interruption
and the nature of consumer.

Load re- arrangement (NOP Shifting)

As discussed in the introduction, in kahramaa distribution system, the open ended Ring
main system (Ring –off with NOP) is mostly used. NOP is the normally opened points in
the 11 KV Distribution systems and is shifted to transfer load from one primary to another
or shifted load from one feeder to another feeder of same primary. NOP is provided for the
smooth operation of system grid and for operational flexibility. Closed Ring operation is
also provided for some important distribution consumers. But mostly all I/D and O/D
substations are feeding from one source at a time and there is always one or more
alternative sources (either from same or different PRY) are available as NOP. Some Radial
feeding s/s and multiple source feeding s/s are also available (same primary). The location
of NOP decides the loading of the 11 KV feeders which in turn reflects the loading of the
transformers of the Primary Substation.

NOP shifting will always helps to balance the loading among 11 KV feeder/ primary
transformers and also helps to back feed the system at the time of supply failure. There
NOP shifting can be execute either by a pre-planned manner (prior switching
programmers) or for an emergency situation like over loading / tripping of feeder /
transformer (PRY). If it is in urgent nature, then the field engineer on standby duty has to

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attend the NOP shifting. The pre- planned NOP shifting programme is normally executed
by the field engineer on system operation duty.

For system operation load shifting (NOP- Shifting), the DCC should prepare the switching
programme and the switching is done by the field engineer.

Procedures:

Procedures for the execution of various activities are shown below.

Key Shapes

Shape Purpose Shape Purpose

: Activity / Process : On-Page reference

: Decision : Off-Page reference

: Document : Connector

:Predefined Process : Terminator

:Data

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5.1.1 Carry out the operations in the system to balance the load as advised by DCC

DCC O&M Section

5.1.1.1
From the results of system monitoring and Network
requirements, prepare Switching Program /
Operation and forward to Snr. Systems Engineer for
review and approval
(System Control Engineer)

5.1.1.2
Review and approve the Switching Program / 5.1.1.3
Operation and forward it to Snr. O&M Engineer with Instruct O&M Engineer to visit the site and carry out the Job mentioned in the Switching
a copy to Head of System Control Section and Program and fix up the date after approval from DCC Snr. System Engineer
Head of O&M Section (Snr. O&M Engineer)
(Snr. Systems Engineer)

5.1.1.4
Go to the Location and carry out the works needed by referring to the Switching Program
in consultation with DCC
(O&M Engineer)

5.1.1.5
Contact DCC after completion the Job in order to assure completion of Job Satisfactory
(Overload alarm disappeared)
(O&M Engineer)

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5.1.2 Carry out the operations in the system to Isolate Primary Substations

ET DCC O&M Section

5.1.2.1
Send the Yearly Maintenance Plan to DCC Not approved (with comments)
(ET - O&M Head of Section)

ET Maintenance Yearly Plan (ET-Px/Fx)

5.1.2.2
Review and
approve?

Approved

5.1.2.3 5.1.2.4
Send the ET Yearly Maintenance Plan to ET Forward the Plan to O&M Snr. Engineer
and ED O&M Head of Section (Head of Section)

5.1.2.5
Assign the O&M Engineer according to the Plan to
carry out the operation of Primary Substation
(Snr. O&M Engineer)

5.1.2.6
Request the System Control Engineer to provide the
Disapproved feedback required to write the Switching Program
and send it DCC
(O&M Engineer)

5.1.2.7
Review and
approve?

5.1.2.8
Go to the Location to study the works needed by
Approved
referring to the Switching Program
(O&M Engineer)

5.1.2.9
Establish Coordination between ET O& M
Engineer and ED O&M Engineer

5.1.2.10
Consult DCC for starting operations as per safety
rules and high voltage switching procedures
(O&M Engineer)

5.1.2.11
5.1.2.12 Contact DCC after completion the Job in order
Inform NCC to issue Safety Document to ET to assure completion of Job Satisfactory
(O&M Engineer)

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5.1.3 Carry out the operations in the system for the Customers (MV)

*Customer, CSD O&M Section, DCC

5.1.3.1
Contact CSD in order to carry out the operation
required for his Job (Isolating MV Panel)
(Customer)

5.1.3.2
Send a request to EDD O&M Head of Section
and explain the Customer requirements
(Head of Installation Section - CSD)

5.1.3.4
5.1.3.3
E-mail, Internal Memorandum, Work Order Assign the O&M Engineer to carry out
Forward the Letter to Snr. O&M Engineer
the Job (Isolating MV Panel)
(Head of O&M Section)
(Snr. O&M Engineer)

Switching Program 5.1.3.5

(EDD-P1/F4) Prepare the Switching Program
(O&M Engineer)

5.1.3.6 5.1.3.7
Send the Switching Program Carry out the switching operations in consultation with
DCC System Control Engineer DCC and as per KM Safety Rules and SOM
(O&M Engineer) (O&M Engineer)

5.1.3.9
After completing the job; get clearance from 5.1.3.8
CSD installation engineer for re Advise the Customer to carry out the Job
commissioning (O&M Engineer)
(Customer)

5.1.3.11
5.1.3.10 After having clearance from CSD ;contact DCC to re energize the
Inform O&M Engineer for re commissioning Customer Panel with reference to the switching program including the
(Installation Engineer - CSD) essential tests when required as MV panel replacement case
(O&M Engineer)

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5.1.4 Carry out the operations in the system for the Bulk Customers (HV) / Customer Outage Request

Customer O&M Section, DCC

5.1.4.1
5.1.4.2
Before one week of outage; contact the Head
Pass the memo to Snr. O&M Engineer with comments
of O&M Section by memo to carry out the job
(Head of O&M Section)
(for outage requirements)

5.1.4.3
Assign O&M Engineer with comments in order to carry out the switching work
(Snr. O&M Engineer)

5.1.4.4
Request the System Control Engineer to provide the feedback required to write the
Switching Program
(O&M Engineer)

Switching Program
(EDD-P1/F4)

5.1.4.5
Review, study and approve the switching program
(DCC)

5.1.4.6
Send copy to customer by the fixing time,coordinate with the authorized
person to carry out its portion of work
(O&M Engineer)

5.1.4.7
Issue the Isolation and Earthing Certificate with agreement signed by O&M
Engineer, Customers authorized Engineer and System Control Engineer
(O&M Engineer)

5.1.4.8
After competing the work, call the O&M Certificate Isolation and Earthing Certificate (EDD-P3/F1)
engineer to cancel the Earthing Certificate for
normalizing the system

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66
5.1.5 Carry out the operations in the system for the Bulk Customers (HV) / KM Outage Request

O&M Section, DCC Customer

5.1.5.1
Before one week of outage; contact the Customer by memo to carry out the job (for outage
requirements) with a copy to Snr. O&M Engineer
(Head of O&M Section)

5.1.5.2
Pass the memo to O&M Engineer with comments in order to carry out the switching work
(Snr. O&M Engineer)

5.1.5.3
Request the System Control Engineer to provide the feedback required to write the Switching Program
(O&M Engineer)

Switching Program (EDD-P1/F4)

5.1.5.4
Review, study and approve the switching program
(DCC)

5.1.5.5
Send copy to customer by the fixing time,coordinate with the authorized
person to carry out its portion of work
(O&M Engineer)

5.1.5.6
Issue the Isolation and Earthing Certificate with agreement signed by O&M Engineer, Customers
authorized Engineer and System Control Engineer
(O&M Engineer)

Certificate Isolation and Earthing Certificate (EDD-P3/F1)

5.1.5.7
Issue the Safety Document (LOA or PTW or SFT) to carry out the job for KM staff
(O&M Engineer)

Permit to Work (PTW) (EDD-P1/F1)

Limitation of Access (LOA) (EDD-P1/F5)
Sanction for Test (EDD-P3/F2)

5.1.5.8
Cancel the Safety Document (LOA or PTW or SFT)

5.1.5.9
After competing the work, call the O&M engineer to cancel the Earthing Certificate
for normalizing the system

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67
5.2 Attend sudden Overloading of the System

DCC O&M Section

5.2.1
- Inform S/B duty engineer by mobile about the
5.2.2
overloading of the circuits
Assign O&M Engineer to contact DCC and proceed to site
- Record the sudden overloading cases in the log sheet
(Snr. O&M Engineer)
and in the load readings record
(System Control Engineer)

5.2.3
Carry out the switching operations for load shifting / balance, continue untill over
load problem is solved
(O&M Engineer)

5.2.4
Inform O&M Engineer that overloading problem is solved
(System Control Engineer)

5.2.5
Monitor Overloading
(System Control Engineer)

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68
Work force for Distribution

Kahramaa is having a strong work force to do its operational, maintenance, repair

and construction activities of the distribution system.

Abu Hamur workshop

All repair / maintenance activities for switch gears, panels, transformers, switches
etc are done at this work shop. There are different section are working under the Head of
workshop. The man power for the O&M activities and constructional activities are also
supplied from this work shop .Round the clock duty is also available for some important
areas.

Fitting Section

OHL Section

Cable section

Diesel Generator section

Stand by Offices

Stand by offices are under the system operation department (DCC).Their primary duty is
providing service to the consumers (MV / side service). Supply interruption of the consumer
is attended by the stand by office Staff.

Depending on their availability, the O&M, Construction and DCC can utilize them for
finding Substation location and for collecting information‟s from site etc.

DOHA STAND BY / EMERGENCY CALL CENTRE

KHALIFA TOWN STAND BY

RAYYAN STAND BY

WAKRAH STAND BY

M. SALAL STAND BY

KHORE STAND BY

AL- GHOWAIRIYA STAND BY

SHAHANIYA STAND BY

RUWAIS STAND BY

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69
Substation Assistant –SSA

Controlling from NCC / DCC

Duty - Primary substation

-Collecting information‟s from the different sites as per the requirement of NCC/DCC.

Switching Programme

A group of sequential operation and activities required to avail shutdown for a live system
to perform some operational, repair / Maintenance work and to energize back the system to
normal after completion of work.

Switching Programme Form

Operation No Location Circuit Operation Time Initial

Work Execution

For arranged work like preventive maintenance, Corrective maintenance, the field
engineer should prepare the switching programme after obtaining proper data from DCC
and send to the DCC prior to the execution (48 hrs before).

For emergency break down / tripping work the field engineer should operate according to
the proper instruction from control engineer on duty (DCC).

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70
 Electricity Distribution – Protection
Introduction

The function of a protection scheme is to ensure the maximum continuity of supply. This is
done by detecting the faults and isolating the minimum possible part of power system
during fault and abnormal condition. Protective relays are the devices that detect abnormal
conditions in the Electrical power system by constantly monitoring and measuring Electrical
quantities as well as various other parameters to discriminate between Normal and
abnormal conditions. The basic Electrical quantities which are monitored for detecting
abnormal conditions are

Voltage

Current

Phase Angle

Frequency

Discrimination

Discrimination is the ability of the protective relaying scheme to determine the point at
which the fault occurs and isolate (by mean of Tripping actions) only the faulty element or
section. Basically there are there methods of Discrimination.

Time Discrimination

Comparison Discrimination

Magnitude Discrimination

When more than one protective device is used in series, it is necessary to have
discrimination between these protective devices.

Power System Protection – Main Functions

1. To safeguard the entire system to maintain continuity of supply.

2. To minimize damage and repair costs.

3. To ensure safety of personnel.

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Basic Requirements of a Power System Protection:

1. Selectivity: To detect and isolate the faulty item only.

2. Stability: To leave all healthy circuits intact to ensure continuity of supply.

3. Speed: To operate as fast as possible when called upon, to minimize

Damage, production downtime and ensure safety to personnel.

4. Sensitivity: To detect even the smallest fault, current or system abnormalities and
operate correctly at its setting.

Power System Protection – Speed is Vital!!

The protective system should act fast to isolate faulty sections to prevent:

• Increased damage at fault location.

• Danger to the operating personnel (flashes due to high fault energy sustaining for a long
time).

• Increased probability of earth faults spreading to healthy phases.

• Higher mechanical and thermal stressing of all items of plant carrying the fault current,

Particularly transformers whose windings suffer progressive and cumulative deterioration

because of the enormous electromechanical forces caused by multi-phase faults
proportional to the square of the fault current.

RELAYING SYSTEM.

THE COMPLETE RELAYING OF THE POWER SYSTEM CAN BE DIVIDED INTO

FOLLOWING THREE GROUPS

Primary relaying, which may also be called as first line of defense against short circuit or
insulation failure etc.

Secondary relaying or back up relaying. These relays function only if the primary relays
fail to operate.

Relays for other abnormal conditions. This includes relays other than the relays for
short circuit conditions, which vary from situation to situation.

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72
MAIN PROTECTION

This normally expected to take the initiative in cases of fault in the protected zone. The
speed of fault clearance is critical, especially for outgoing feeders from the larger bulk
supply points. This is achieved by employing unit protection.

BACK UP PROTECTION

This is to act as a substitute for the main protection in case of failure or inability of this to
perform it‟s intended function.

There are two reasons for applying back up protection to the element of power
system.

1. In order to act as back up to the main protection to ensure that in the event of its failure
the fault will be cleared with the complete discrimination. Or with the minimum isolation of
supply or circuits.

2. To protect the parts that is not covered by main protection.

SELECTIVITY (Discrimination)

Selective protection will determine that the fault is within the protected zone and isolate
only the protected zone from the remaining system.

Selective protection can be categorised in to two:

Absolute selectivity (absolute discrimination)

Relative selectivity (Dependent Discrimination)

ABSOLUTE SELECTIVITY (Absolute Discrimination)

When protection operate for a fault within its own zone Eg: pilot wire protection restricted
earth fault protection, busbar differential protection etc.

RELATIVE SELECTIVITY

This is obtained by grading the settings (time or current) for the protection relays of several
sections Eg: Over current protection, earth fault protection, over load protection, voltage
protection etc.

STABILITY

The term stability is used to describe the quality of a protective system by virtue of which, it
remains inoperative under specified conditions usually associated with high value of fault

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73
current. This condition only achieved by unit protection. Non-unit system cannot be said to
remain stable under any fault conditions.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER &VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

CT & PT FUNCTION

1. Reduce power system current & voltage to lower value for measurement.

2. Insulate secondary current & voltage circuits from the primary.

3. Permit the use of standard current &voltage ratings for secondary equipments.

TESTING OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER

1. Ratio check

2. Magnetization test

3. Polarity

4. Insulation Resistance

TESTING OF POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

1. Ratio check

2. Polarity

3. Insulation Resistance

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER STANDARDS

IEC IEC 185:1987 CTs

IEC 446:1992 CTs

IEC 186:1987 VTs

EUROPEAN BS 7625 VTs

BS 7626 CTs

BS 7628 CT+VT

BRITISH BS 3938 : 1973 CTs

BS 3941 : 1975 VTs

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74
MAXIMUM SECONDARY WINDING VOLTAGE (KNEE POINT VOLTAGE)

Ek = 4.44 x B A F N Volts

Where

Ek = Secondary Induced voltage (Knee point Voltage)

B = Flux Density (Tesla)

A = Cross sectional area (Square Metres)

F = System frequency (Hertz)

N = Number of Turns

CURRENT TRANSFORMER BURDEN

CT Burdens are usually quoted in VA (Volt- Ampere)

12.5 VA burden at 5A would have an ohmic value of 12.5/5x5 = .5 Ohms

CLASSES 5P, 10P CT

Class 5P or 10 P used for over current and earth fault protection

CLASSES 1.0, 0.5 CT

For metering and instruments

OPEN CIRCUITED CT SECONDARY WINDING

IN ANY CASE THE SECONDARY OF A CT MUST NEVER BE LEFT OPEN CIRCUITED

WITH PRIMARY ENERGISED.

While connecting instrument transformers to relays particular attention must be paid to

connect with correct polarity.

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

Protection Class 3P for protection and Class 1.0 for metering

Types of Faults:

The most common fault that can occur on a power system are as follows

There phase fault (L-L-L)

There phase to ground (L-L-L-G)

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Phase to phase (L-L)

Phase to ground (L-G)

Phase to Phase with ground (L-L-G)

Faults in system

Cable faults – Joint faults, termination faults and third party damage

Transformer faults – Incipient faults, over loads, terminal faults, winding faults and through
faults

Switch gear faults – Flash over due to insulation failure

Bus bar faults

Natural events

Physical accidents

Mal operation

DISTRIBUTION FEEDER PROTECTION

Systems of feeder protection divided in to two groups generally known as Unit Protection
and non-Unit protection.

Non-unit are based on the principle of current grading or time grading or a combination of
both.

Discrimination is obtained by applying selected settings to the relays.

TIME AND CURRENT GRADED SYSTEMS (Non Directional)

Principles and application of non directional time and current graded system used for the
protection of the radial feeders where a time lag for fault clearance would not cause system
instability, or where the combined effect of the fault current and time lag for fault clearance
will not cause damage to the plant, cables and lines which form part of the circuit from the
power source to the fault. In addition to the primary protection they are also used as back
up protection

Time grading is most appropriate when the fault current expected is high (Greater than 10
times the primary rating of the current transformers to be used) and the impedance
between the substations is low ,because nothing can be gained by using a combination of
current and time grading.

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The inverse definite minimum time relay (IDMT) is used extensively to provide a
combination of current and time grading since the operating current is inversely
proportional to the current magnitude, the higher the fault current the shorter will be the
clearance time. With any graded scheme the time interval for discrimination is usually
taken as 0.4Seconds, to ensure stability, protection engineer choose for possibility of
better grading margin, but usually larger margin of safety to be preferred.

CURRENT GRADED SYSTEM

In circumstances where there is sufficient impedance between relying points current

grading can be applied. The relays used for current grading referred to as high set over
current relays and they operate (instantaneous) without time lag, at a predetermined fault
current setting.

PARALLEL FEEDERS

If it is essential to maintain a firm supply on a given busbar under fault conditions on one of
the feeding circuits, two or more h.v cables must be run in parallel to these busbars, each
suitably equipped with protection to ensure discrimination and automatic isolation of the
faulty circuit.

To achieve security of supplies in urban areas ring main systems are used. The protection
of such circuits requires somewhat expensive unit protection or directional protection.

DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT AND DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT RELAY

The principle of a directional over current relay consists of combination of over current
relay (non-directional type) element and a directional power relay which has a current coil
and a pressure coil, the later provides directional features to the relay. In the normal flow of
power the disc of the directional power relay does not move but as there is a reversal of
current or power, the disc starts rotating and completes the circuit for over current or earth
fault elements which energizes this relay. Due to over current a torque is produced in the
disc and the action closes the trip contacts, thereby enabling the circuit breaker to operate
and isolate the feeder.

FUSE

The fuse was originally invented by; Edison in the year 1880 and is being considered as
the weakest link in the electrical circuit. It is taken as one of the simplest protective device
and is used as circuit interrupting device under short circuit condition.

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TERMS GENERALLY USED:

Minimum fusing current: It is that minimum value of current at which the fuse element
melts.

Current rating of fusing element. It is that value of current at which the fusing element
can normally carry without melting. Its value is less than the minimum fusing current and
the current.

Fusing factor: The ratio of minimum fusing current and the current rating of fusing
element.

or Fusing factor = Minimum fusing current / Current rating of fusing element

Its value is always more than 1.

Thus, the significance of fusing factor is that it readily states the minimum current at which
at which the fuse will melt.

Prospective current: It is defined as the R.M.S. value of the alternating current or direct
current which would flow in a circuit immediately following the fuse when a short circuit
occurs assuming that the fuse has been replaced by a link of negligible resistance.

Melting time or pre-arcing time: This is the time accounted from the instant the current
which will cause a break in fuse wire starts flowing to the instant the arc is initiated.

Arcing time: This is the time accounted for from the instant of arc initiation (end of pre-
arcing time) to the instant of arc being extinguished or the arc current becomes zero.

Total operating time: It is defined as sum of the pre-arcing time and the arcing time.

CLASSIFICATION OF FUSES

Expulsion Fuses: They consist of modern „cut-outs‟ and may be semi-enclosed type.

Cartridge fuses: They are also called as high rupturing capacity fuses (H.R.C) this is one
of the most important circuit breaking method. The arc is extinguished in a filling powder
(quartz sand), which produces a high resistance, which helps to quench the arc.

Open fuses

It consists of plain fuse wire and it fuses without any provision of arc extinguisher.

HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY.

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The rupturing is represented in MVA. It is very important to realize that a fuse is never
called upon to pass an actual current equal to its rupturing capacity. When it is specified
that it will successfully operate in a circuit having prospective current equal to said value;
but the fuse melts much earlier due to cut-off action. Hence a fuse never allows passing a
current equal to its specified rupturing capacity.

TIME CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS

The fuse has inverse time characteristics i.e. if the short circuit current is high, time taken
for fuse to interrupt is low and vice versa happens when the fault current is low.

DISCRIMINATION CHARACTERISTICS

When more than one protective device is used in series, it is necessary to have
discrimination between these protective devices. Applications of the fuses and their
discriminative property should be studied in view of the other protective gears in
conjunction with the proposed fuses.

Kahramaa Distribution system protection

The protection scheme used in Distribution Network including the Primary substation,
Indoor substation and outdoor substation are detailed below.

Primary Substation protection

The protection schemes at a typical primary substation 66/11KV with 2 X 40 MVA

Transformers is as follows.

1. Transformer Differential – Instantaneous relay

Unit Protection scheme protects the LV & HV windings of the Transformer from internal
faults (short circuit & heavy Earth fault) protected zone is in between the LV & HV side
CT‟s

2. HV side REF Protection – Instantaneous relay –4B3 type

A type of Unit protection and it protects the HV side winding of transformer.

REF is highly sensitive to all Earth faults. Protected zone is within the line CT‟s and neutral
CT‟s. A small Protection of winding nearer to the neutral remains as unprotected.

3. LV REF Protection – Instantaneous relay

It Protects the LV side winding of transformer from internal

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Earth faults.

4. HV side IDMT Relay - (2 O/C+1 E/F)-Type –TJ M10.

A type of Back up protection and it protects the transformer from HV Side Over currents
and Earth faults.

5. LV Side – Directional Over current and E/F Protection (DOC)

It always directed towards transformer LV winding. Protects the transformer from heavy
circulating current occurred at the time of tap changing and it also protect the other source
in the same Bus from the internal LV fault of the transformer.

6) Temperature, Gas and oil surge protection for transformer

Main TX Bucholz /PRV trip

Tap changer Bucholz surge/gas trip

Earthing TX Bucholz surge trip

Main Transformer winding temp trip

Eathing TZ Bucholz Alarm

Earthing TX low oil level

Main TX Bucholz Alarm

Main TX winding temp alarm

Main TX low oil level

Other Relays

Master trip Relay-All relays are wired to the master trip to initiate the tripping signal for
Circuit breaker. Type –F8H trip relay.

Pilot wire inter trip –Type TEC Relay

Pilot wire protection sustained inter trip -Type TC-5

Earthing transformer and system protections

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Since the Primary transformer is star delta, an Earthing transformers OF 500 KVA with Zig
Zag winding is used on the 11 KV side with tertiary delta winding.

Tertiary – 166.6KVA

11/0.415KV

Percentage impedance – 4.23 %

Impedance per phase is 27.5 ohm

Maximum fault current for 3 seconds is 750 A

Earthing transformer is required for the following purposes

The earthing transformer is mainly used for the earthing purpose. It creates an artificial
neutral point on the delta 11 KV side winding.

Used to limit the fault current to a maximum of 750 Amps

Used for the purpose of SBEF protection and also for the REF protection

Used to provide Auxiliary supply to primary substations (415 volts)

Stand by Earth fault Protection

Stand by earth fault relay is provided in the secondary circuit of earthing transformer
neutral CT. If an earth fault is not cleared by appropriate Circuit breaker of 11KV feeder in
the Primary substation, the earth fault current will continue to flow through of the 66/11KV
transformers in the Primary substation.

If the fault persists without clearing by the feeder earth fault protection the fault will be
cleared by the SBEF stage 1 and 2 timer relays. Stage 1 will trip the bus section and stage
2 will trip the transformer. Main features are as follows.

Protects the 11 KV distribution systems including the Primary transformer LV winding from
Earth fault and the maximum earth fault clearing time is limited 3 seconds.

The SBEF relay will initiate “Flag ON” condition for all earth faults (magnitude higher than
the set value). Current setting depends on the independence of the Earthing transformer.

If the fault is not cleared by the appropriate feeder earth fault protection, then it will be
cleared by the SBEF stage 1 & stage 2 timer relays. SBEF stage 1 will trip the bus section

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CB after a definite time delay of 2.4 seconds and stage 2 will trips the CB,s of faulty section
transformer HV and LV side after 3 seconds definite time delay.

Relay operation will initiates alarm in NCC and PRY

In Kahramaa Earthing transformers are designed to allow a maximum fault current of

approximately 750 Amps for 3 seconds and Normal current setting is 20%. C/T Ratio for
SBEF protection is 750/1

(27.5/ phase – impedance of ETX)

Effective impedance (27.5/3) =9.16 OHM

I fault (Max) = 11000 / 3x9.16 =694 =750A for 3 Sec

SBEF - Flag ON initiated at NCC and PRY sub station

(If the If is  set value)

Stage-1 –Trips the Bus coupler CB after 2.4sec

Stage-2 – Trips both the HV & LV side CB of PRY TX after 3 sec

11 KV Bus bar Protection

Partial Bus bar Protection

SBEF where there is no partial bus bar protection and in the substations with partial bus
bar, SBEF act as a backup protection.

Partial Bus bar protection

Partial bus bar deferential protection employed in the 11 KV feeders of primary substation
equipped with bus section breaker. This relay works on deferential principle and the relay is
connected across the secondary CT's of bus coupler and incomer with an overlapping
arrangement. The feeder CT‟s are not involved in this scheme of protection causes relay
operation during through fault condition. To avoid this, discrimination between Bus Bar fault
and 11 KV feeder faults is provided. Main features are as follows.

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It protects a portion of Bus Bar from bus Bar faults and provides a back up protection for
the 11 KV feeders. For 11 KV system faults feeder protection act first and when it fails
partial bus bar protection will act as back up.

The phase fault element of the partial Bus Bar protection is graded with the feeder phase
fault protection and Earth fault element is graded with feeder Earth fault element and stand
by Earth fault protection.

In Partial Bus Bar, its 50 element (Hi set) 100m sec delayed operation is enabled to avoid
the tripping in through fault condition. After 100 m second delay, the partial Bus Bar relay
will trips the Three CB's (Bus coupler CB, HV& LV CB of faulty section transformer).

51 element of partial Bus Bar act as a backup protection to outgoing feeders. A time
grading of 300 millisecond is provided between the IDMT O/C elements of Outgoing
feeders & PB relay and Transformer HV O/C

For Internal Fault

PBDP- 50 element (High set) - will operate after 100 milli sec delay.

For External Fault (Through fault)

PBDP –50 high elements will receive a blocking signal from the out going

feeder 1DMT (50 element hi set) within the 100 milli sec time, Then its

operation is blocked by the feeder IDMT (Hi set). If the feeder fails to

send blocking signal, PBDP (50 high set)will trips the LV ,HV side breakers of transformer
along with the Bus coupler breaker.51 elements act as a backup protection for the feeder

Grading

50element -100 milli sec time delayed operation.

51element (O/C) – graded with the feeder IDMT O/C and TX HV side O/C

(Time grading only possible - 300 milli sec)

51 element (E/F) - graded with feeder E/F (IDMT) and SBEF

(Magnitude grading only possible)

CT is -2000/1; current setting is normally 7% (300 m sec time grading)

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Primary substation feeder protection

Normal protection scheme consist of the following relays.

Pilot wire protection

Standard IDMT Relays (2 O/C +1E/F)

Pilot wire protection

A type of unit protection

Solkor R instantaneous protection (60 milli sec)

Relay operates on either current or voltage comparison

Used as main protection in feeders

Pilot wires interconnect the CTs at each end of the line. Employing the well-known
differential principle this would compare the current entering the line with the current
leaving the line. In practice two relays are connected at each end of the line connected by
two pilot wires. Summation CT is used for converting multiple input quantities from a 3
phase system quantity to a single phase
quantity.

For Internal fault - fault within the two CT‟s

Difference in current (entering & leaving) causes

relay operation and trips the CB at both ends.

For External fault

Entering and Leaving current is same. No

current flow through the relay coil and relay remains stable.

Important points

The padding Resistance to set to a value such that, the total loop resistance of the pilot
wire cable is 1000 Ω. Let RL be the Pilot wire lead resistance. There the padding resistor to
be provided at each end is , RP =1000-RL Ω (RL is normally about 10 Ω).

Current Check Relay (B 69 Relay) is used in series with the SOLKOR Relay and it will
prevent the tripping of the 11 KV cable feeders on account of any pilot wire open condition

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or pilot wire shorted condition. For the current check Relay the O/C setting is provided with
more than the O/C setting of the IDMT O/C relay on the feeder.

Pilot wire supervision relay is also used to detect any fault in the pilot wire circuit and for
any type of fault in the pilot wire

If pilot wire supervisor Relay or current check relay is not provided along with SOLOKOR R
Relay, the following situations can occur:

 SOLOKOR R unit protection acted and the Feeder trips only at receiving end, it can
be assumed that it is pilot wire problem and in this Situation, the feeder not to be
put in service until the Pilot wire unit protection is decommissioned.

 The sending end of the feeder Tripped on SOLKOR R unit protection but no tripping
at the receiving end. Then in this situation the feeder not to be put in service until
the 11kv cable is meggered. On meggering, if no fault is found on the Cable, then
the feeder to be charged from the sending end.

Standard IDMT Over current and Earth fault relays

Simplest type of protection

Protect the feeder and network elements from O/C and E/F

Time and Current grading or combination is possible

Standard IDMT relay is provided (2O/C(R and B phases) +1E/F(Y phase))

Induction type – TJM10 and Static relay-MCGG52

Normal current setting is 125% for O/C element and 40% is for E/F element with a time
setting of 0.4 TSM

Some IDMT relays are provided with stage 1 & stage 2 operation features

Stage 1 –50(High set element) & 51(IDMT element)

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Where 50 high set is used for SOTF (Switch on to fault) feature.100 milli sec –300 milli sec
delayed operation is provided for this type relay in order to avoid tripping during heavy
inrush currents (100 m sec –300 m sec) is the decaying time required for inrush.

In some cases, SOTF protection is also provided with Harmonic Restraint feature (100
millisecond delay ) or without Harmonic Restraint feature (300 millisecond delay ). The 2nd
Harmonics from magnetizing inrush currents or switching surges will decay with in 300 milli
second.

51- Normal IDMT element with grading.

Stage-2

50 elements - Initiate blocking signal to the Partial Bus bar high set element and the signal
will reach within 60 milli sec. during a fault in the outgoing feeder. The High set element of
IDMT relay is not used for tripping but it sending blocking signal to the partial Bus bar relay.

Relay Operation

For Three phase balanced fault – R&B O/C relay will operate.

For Three phase earth fault - R&B O/C relay will operate

Phase to phase fault - R or B phase O/C relay will operate

Phase to phase to earth fault R or B phase O/C+E/F will operate

IDMT act as primary protection in feeders where pilot wire protection not commissioned. If
an Outgoing feeder is commissioned with pilot wire protection, then the IDMT relay act as a
backup protection.

Protection used in Indoor Substation

Feeders-1) Standard IDMT relay (2O/C(R

and B phases) +1E/F(Y phase))

Induction type – TJM10 and

Static relay-MCGG52

Fig: 2TJM10 IDMT relay for feeders

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2) Pilot wire protection - SOLKER R instantaneous tripping.

Pilot wire protection (SOLOKOR R) is provided in cables between two indoors and also
provided between the Indoor and Primary s/s.

Bleed off feature is available for 20% of the cable full load. That means for a 300 ampere
cable, 20% bleed off is allowed (60A).

Two type IDMT relays (electromagnetic type and numerical type shown in fig.)

Fig: ABB SPAJ 140C IDMT relay

Transformer protection – 11/.433KV

HV side is protected by EIDMT O/C & E/F protection with

separate High set instantaneous element for O/C and E/F.

LV side winding and cable up to the CT point is protected by

Restricted Earth fault protection. (In case of consumer MV
panel with ACB and REF relay available)

Fig: IDMT relay, Make: Areva , Model: MiCOM P123

From MV panel REF relay to HV panel,

inter trip cable used for the connection for 11 KV inter

tripping.

Fig: 2TJM31 IDMT relay

IDMT relay with EI Characteristic is used. This Provides

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better grading with the MV fuses. Type TJM 31 &2TJm31.

Separate High set instantaneous element is provided to protect transformer from heavy
fault. Current setting and CT ratio required is as per the transformer capacity.

High set relay setting is as per the short circuit fault current of the transformer. (To avoid
the unwanted tripping due to magnetizing inrush current, 130% of the expected fault
current is taken for relay current setting)

MV side protection - Fuse protection is available.

- ACB with REF is provided in some consumer panel

Time and current grading

In Radial feeders, Standard IDMT relays are graded with time and current discrimination.

PRY substations relay setting (O/C element) -125% plug setting with 0.4 TSM

PRY substation relay setting (E/F element) - 40% plug setting with 0.4 TSM

First Indoor S/S setting (O/C element) - 100% plug setting with 0.275 TSM

First Indoor S/S setting (E/F element) - 30% plug setting with 0.275 TSM

From first indoor the current setting is fixed as 100% for O/C and 30% for E/F. Then the
protection is graded by time and always keeps a grading margin of 0.125 TSM to avoid
false tripping. The maximum grading stages allowed is 3.

Protection used in Outdoor Substation

Feeder - no protection is available

- EFI is provided to identify the path of earth fault current.

Transformer -Oil Fuse Switch

HRC fuses are used to protect HV side

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Transformer rating and Fuse required

500 KVA - 40A

800 KVA - 60A

1000 KVA - 60A

1600 KVA - 90A

Transformer with SF6 TX switch

Time lag fuses are provided in the CT secondary circuit to protect HV side.

TLF required for Transformers with different CT is shown below.

Voltage TX Rating CT Ratio TLF rating Max.distributor

KV KVA A A fuse link rating
A
11 200 50/5 3 160
11 300 50/5 5 250
11 500 50/5 7.5 315
11 800 50/5 12.5 400
11 1000 100/5 7.5 500
11 1250 100/5 10 630
11 1500 100/5 12.5 630
11 1600 100/5 12.5 630

Parallel Feeder Protection

Source end -IDMT relay (51)

Load end - Directional relay(67)

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Closed Ring

Protection schemes required for a closed ring system are as follows

Pilot wire protection (SOLKOR R-type) should be commissioned before closing a Ring
system. Ring splitter should be provided in order to separate the ring at the time of tripping
of Bus coupler CB by the operation of PBDP/SBEF protection during the fault. Ring splitter
is an IDMT relay with current setting 100% for O/C and 20% for E/F element. The time
setting should be minimum (0.1 TSM)

OR

Combination of IDMT relays (Directional &Non –Directional) with Ring splitter.

Over head line protection

IDMT (2 O/C+E/F)

Sensitive Earth fault protection

Sensitive Earth fault protection

IN OH/L, the earth path resistivity is very high and then the normal E/F relay will not detect
the earth fault of the system. To overcome, this condition OH/L are provided with sensitive
earth fault relay (current setting is 3% with a long definite time lag of 3 seconds).

CT Ratio - standards

Primary substation

LV side of TX and Bus bar - 2000/1 for PBDP

-2000/1 for D O/C and D E/F

Outgoing Feeders - 400/1 or 300/1 for IDMT, SOLOKER R & Metering

Earthing Transformer - 750/1 (Neutral CT)

Indoor substation

Feeders - 300/5 or 400/5 for SOLKER R, IDMT and metering.

Transformers - 150/100/50/5, 80/40/5, 60/30/5, 100/50/5 for IDMT & Metering

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Outdoor substation

Transformer with SF6 TX Switch – 100/5 or 50/5

CT class

IDMT Relays - 5P10, 15VA

SOLKER R (for differential type) - Class x

Metering - Class 1

Battery supply available

Primary substation - 110V DC

Indoor Substation - 30V DC

TYPE OF TRANSFORMER FAULTS:

Overloads and external short-circuits.

Terminal faults.

Winding faults.

Incipient faults.

All these fault conditions produce mechanical and thermal stresses within the transformer
windings and in the connecting bus bars. Overheating of the transformer is the most
frequent cause of insulation deterioration, which ultimately leads to winding failures.
Excessive overloading will result in overheating and consequent failure of insulation.
External short circuit may only be limited by the transformer reactance and when this is
low, fault currents may be excessive.

Gas and Oil Surge Protection (Bucholz Relay)

This form of protection is used for transformers fitted with an

oil conservator and is generally applied for all transformers
rated 500 KVA and above. It detects incipient faults like oil
failure, core faults and damaged insulation. In oil immersed
transformers, a fault is always accompanied by more or less
violent liberation of gas. The oil is vaporized in the vicinity of
a break-down such as a broken joint or an earth fault. Fig: Pressure relief valve

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Heavy short circuits rapidly increase the oil temperature surrounding the point creating oil
surge due to the pressure build up in the transformer tank, forcing oil though the
connecting pipe into the conservator. Incipient faults can very often be detected only by the
liberation of gas since other types of protections are either non-responsive or not
sufficiently sensitive.

The device used to provide gas and oil surge protection is known as „Bucholz Relay‟ it
comprises oil filled cast housing which is inserted in the pipe between the transformer tank
and the conservator. Bucholz relay will detect incipient faults and initiates alarm. For sever
internal faults, this relay initiates trip to the breaker. Bucholz will initiate alarm and trip for
loss of oil depending on its seriousness. Gas gets accumulated in the casing of the relay
shall indicate the severity of the fault. Chemical analysis of the gas allows the faults to be
localized. Incombustible gases indicate loss of oil and residual air, whereas combustible
gases usually come from arc discharge, faulty insulation, persistent short circuit etc. In big
transformers separate Bucholz relays are provided for main tank and tap changer
compartment.

PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR TYPICAL TRANSFORMERS

With Distribution transformers the economic considerations are predominant and the
minimum protection is usually provided consistent with acceptable overall performance.
High-speed protection is not always necessary, particularly for phase-faults. Power system
stability problems have rarely to be considered. The larger sizes of distribution
transformers, say about 5 or 10 MVA, are equipped with on-load tap changing and may
have forced cooling. The smaller sizes generally have neither and are often equipped with
fuses rather than circuit breakers. Larger distribution transformers are protected by over
current and earth-fault protection. Where fault current can be fed from H.V and L.V sides
the over current protection is usually fitted to both sides of the transformer. Larger
distribution transformers may also have overall differential protection in which the restricted
earth fault protection is incorporated. The protection of such transformers in practice may
differ little from transmission transformers.

Transformer smaller than 5 MVA

Gas detector relay

Overload protection

Over current protection

Earth fault protection

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Magnetic inrush current develops when a transformer is switched on to power system.
Similarly inrush current occurs when the voltage is returning after a fault the inrush current
can appear in all three phases and in a grounded neutral. The magnitude of the inrush
current can be 5 to 10 times the rated current. When the switching done on outer winding,
usually high voltage side of the transformer and 10 to 20 times rated current when the
switching the inner side of the transformer, usually low voltage side of the transformer.

The inrush current has large dc component and is also rich in harmonics Fundamental
frequency and second harmonic are basic frequencies.

There are two particular points that must be appreciated when considering over current
protection of delta/star transformers.

Under phase-phase fault conditions on the star side of the transformer, the current
distribution on the delta side will appear as 2-1-1. Overcorrect protection can be applied in
either two or three phases to cover all types of fault. In this case, the two-overcorrect
elements would result in an increased operating time if the relay elements happened to be
in the phases carrying the single unit of current.

The other point to note that for a three phase fault on the star side, the primary and the
secondary line currents are equal (assuming unity voltage ratio) but for a phase-phase
fault, the secondary current is 0.866 times the value of the primary current. Thus if grading
is done at the three phase fault level, the margin may be insufficient under phase-phase
fault conditions.

OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

Times over current relays are employed for all indoor distribution transformers. The over
current relay perform as primary short circuit protection. Over current relay with an
instantaneous element for high fault currents are used in each phase. The time delay must
be long enough to avoid tripping due to the magnetizing inrush current.

The instantaneous element has to be set about 25% above the maximum through fault
current and above the maximum inrush current. With this setting instantaneous tripping is
only obtained for severe fault on the feeding side of the transformer.

HIGH SET OVERCURRENT

The application of an instantaneous unit makes possible a reduction in the tripping time at
high fault levels and also allows the discriminating curves behind the high set unit to be
lowered thereby improving overall system grading.

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It is important to note that when grading with the relay immediately behind the high set
units, the grading interval should be established at the current setting of the high set unit
and not at the maximum fault level that would normally be used for grading IDMT relays.

Restricted earth fault on the secondary side and inter tripping scheme is required

EARTH FAULT PROTECTION LV 4 WIRE SYSTEM

It should be noted that on a LV 4 wire system, 4 CT‟s will be required to ensure stability
under all load conditions, the 4th CT being placed in the neutral connection. This fourth CT
can be omitted if the earth relay setting is above the maximum spill current caused by
unbalanced loads, but as the degree of unbalance is not normally known (accurately) the
inclusion of the 4th CT is recommended.

TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION

The trip circuit passes through more components, such as fuses, links, and relay contacts
auxiliary switch contacts and through a considerable amount of circuit wiring with
intermediate terminal boards .In a perfect trip supervision scheme the healthiness of the
trip circuit will be monitored when the breaker is in closed or open position.

In circuit breaker earthed condition the trip circuit is disabled and only mechanical opening
is allowed.

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 Design and Development Section

Electricity Network Planning Department has five divisions.

(1)Transmission Planning

2) Design and Development Section

(2)Distribution Planning

(3)Material and Specification

(4) Data Base Section.

Transmission Planning department deals with all EHV system from 66 KV to 400 KV and
with all 11 KV of loads greater than 20 MW.

Design and Development department deals with all 11 KV system of loads less than 20
MW and greater than 5 MW.D & D departments will also do the 11 KV advising for
Distribution Planning department.

Distribution Planning section deals with all 11 KV systems of loads less than 5 MW and all
415 V loads. But any 11 KV network near to 5 MW like 4 MW or 4.5 MW DP will get advise
from D & D.

Materials and Specification Departments deals with materials for forecasting works, which
is to be as per Kahramaa Standards and Specifications.

Data Base Section controls the GEO, Arc Gis,11 KV network drawings etc.

The Design and Development Department can be divided to two units based on their
functions.

1) Design & Development Unit - Design and developing the Schemes according to
the requirements.

2) Distribution Network Analysis Unit

Main functions of D&D Unit are:

 Building Permit Approvals,

 Preparing the Schemes,

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  Road Projects,

 Infra Structure Projects like Lusail City, Qatar Foundation Education City,
Pearl Qatar etc.

 Service Enquiries.

The prime responsibilities of Electricity Distribution Planning section is Building

Permits up to 5MW load, Scheme Design and Costing, Reinforcement Planning.

Building Permit for different consumers are attained collectively by MMUP, Sewage, Q tel,
Fire Brigade and Electricity Water dept.

In MMUP KAHRAAMA has got their own dept which focuses on customers to whom they
can easily implement the scheme there itself and awards the power connection and
wherever there is a necessity of huge load demand and more geographical coverage
needed then it will be followed by Electricity Distribution Planning.

Once the customer demand exceeds 700 amps then Planning dept ask for a customer
substation and implement 11KV scheme for this.

Generally in the Scheme Connection such as upgrading an LTx, adding second

transformer, commissioning of a new substation planning dept has got their own
design standard such as to decide the rating of a VCB, cable size, no of panels required.

Once the above criteria completes the File will move to Construction Dept for job
Execution.

Main functions of DNA unit are:

 Load Flow Study,

 Advices for the 11 KV Network,

 Other Network Studies.

Load Flow Study:

a) 11 KV feeder loads: DNA unit will study whether the 11 KV feeder loads are in
the limits or overloaded. Maximum allowed load is 80% of the total capacity. If it
is above 80 %, it will be filtered and transfer some loads to other feeders
accordingly.
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 b) Primary Loads(means Transformer Loads): Normally in a 11 KV PRY ,there is
two numbers of transformer with capacity of 40 MVA (2 x 40 MVA - 66/11 KV)
are used. Out of this, 50% of the Load is using one time. This is because, if one
transformer gets faulty or anything like that, other transformer can carry all loads
without interrupting the power supply.

c) If the load is above 50%, then that PRY is named as Out of Form Pry(OOF
Primary).So DNA will analysis and transfer some loads to other PRY or will
propose to add one additional Transformer as possible.

Normally the feeders and transformers will utilize the capacity in (n-1) Pattern. i.e. if there
is two transformers of 40 MVA capacity (2x40 MVA),we will maximum utilize the capacity of
1 transformer,40 MVA (n-1 =2-1 =1 Transformer).

If there is 3 transformers of capacity of 40 MVA (3x40MVA),we will maximum utilize the

capacity of 2 transformers(n-1=3-1=2 Transformers) i.e. 80 MVA max.

d) Other Weak Points:

i) First Leg Outdoor list: if the first leg of a PRY feeder connected to an
O/D S/S it may chance to trip the PRY feeder during any fault. If the
feeder not tripped, it will directly trip the Transformer. So DNA will
analyze the first leg outdoor s/s lists and will try to replace them with
a Indoor S/s.

ii) Series of Outdoor S/S: In some networks there are a lot of outdoor
substations in a ring. If any faults occur in any of this o/d s/s all other
O/D S/S will lose supply. So now a day‟s DNA trying to reduce the
number of outdoor substations in a ring (Max.3 O/D S/s between 2
I/D).

iii) List of OH/L to be diverted to U/G cable: DNA analyzes the OH/L
circuits in the Town area to be diverted to U/G cables.

iv) Radial Circuits: In a radial circuit, if any supply interruption occurred,

it is difficult to restore supply immediately. So DNA try to reduce
such radial Circuits.

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Once in every year DCC (Distribution Control Centre) sends the following about the system
network.

(1) Load Flow Summary (maximum demand)for 11KV

(2) NOPs

(3) Feeders Loaded 80% and above

(4) Lightly Loaded Feeders

(5) Limited Load Capacity feeders

(6) Radial Circuits

(7) Series of Out Door Substations

(8) VIP bad Parallel cases

(9) Feeders having OHL in First Leg

(10) Feeders having OHL to be under grounded.

(11) Feeders with Outdoor substations in the First Leg

Design and Development section envisages the implementation of new Primary substation
by looking into the datas supplied by DCC about the existing condition of every
Transformer.

If any of the Primary transformer is on OOF then Design and Development Dept sends the
information to Transmission Planning in order to construct a new Primary Substation or to
add additional transformer.

Design and Development dept undertakes a study in order to change the first Leg O/D and
convert it into a new Indoor Substation for easy fault understanding.

Also ASHGAL road dept approaches KAHRAAMA in order to superimpose all the electrical
networks during the implementation of a new Road and ASHGAL execute the work under
the supervision of KAHRAAMA.

To conclude Electricity Distribution planning dept works in tandem with constant dept to
ensure a reliable and healthy power supply in Qatar.

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The Line of Execution of a new project can be summarized as per the following flowchart.

Planning
Department
Generate plans for
new construction work

Design Department
Feasibility Study
including Load flow

Planning Department
Final submission to
construction for
execution

Construction Section
1.Study the work before
execution
2.Tendering

ROA Wing
Filling road opening
applications

Construction Section
Final execution of work
by Field Engineers

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 National Control Centre(NCC)

Qatar Power System Over view

Power Station – Installed Capacity

RAS ABU FONTAS A - 497 MW

RAS ABU FONTAS – B/B1/B2 - 1563 MW

RAS LAFFAN (RLPC) - 756 MW

RAS GIRTHAS (RGPC) - 2730 MW

MESAEED (MPCL) - 2004 MW

SATALLITE STATIONS

i. SALIYAH - 133 MW
ii. DSS - 67 MW
Q- POWER - 1025 MW

TOTAL 8775 MW

Transmission network

Kahramaa transmission grid consists of the following voltage levels.

Transmission Network

400KV

220 KV

132 KV

66 KV

Distribution Network

11KV

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 0.433 KV

There are 100 Nos. of transmission substation out of which 90 Nos. are Primary
Substations. They are facilitating to feed 11 KV distribution systems. The primary
substations can be either any of the following type.

1. 220 / 132 / 66 / 11KV

2. 132 / 66 / 11KV
3. 220 / 66 / 11KV
4. 66 / 11KV

Demand Profile

The domestic consumption is more predominant in the system and domestic load
contributes major portion of the total demand. Remaining are industrial and they contribute
very less, near about 15% of the load (approx. 450 mw).Seasonal variations are
predominant because of the extreme climatic conditions. In summer, hot season begins
from May – September, the demand reaches its maximum value But in winter season,
(Nov- Feb), the demand reaches its minimum value.

Year System Peak Domestic Peak Date of System Growth over

(MW) (MW) Peak Previous year

2001 2017 1828 1st Sept -

2002 2110 1904 22nd July 4.61

2003 2312 2067 18th June 9.57

2004 2520 2242 12th july 9.00

2005 2735 2400 28th August 8.53

2006 3230 2805 31st august 18.10

2007 3550 2960 10th Sept 9.91

2008 3990 3245 30th August 12.39

2009 4535 3580 24th August 13.66

2010 5055 3965 20th June 11.46

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Power System – Control

The National Control Centre (NCC) controls the QGEWC'S power system in an
efficient way. The smooth, stable and efficient grid control is achieved by the automated
control system (SCADA / EMS). Two control desks are available, they are (I) Generation
Desk and the other is (ii) Switching Desk.

(i) Generation Desk.

 Controlling the Active and Reactive power flow to maintain the system
voltage & frequency to a predetermined value.
 Act according to the surplus & deficit condition.
 Act according to the abnormal condition.
 Merit Order Dispatch is observed
 Automatic Generation Control is in operation.
(ii) Switching Desk.

 Coordinating & controlling to all Switching operations.

 Give Sanctions ( PTW & SFT ) to all switching operation
 Executing load rearrangement programs during shut down / abnormal
conditions.
 Arranging Periodic / Break down maintenance activities for the network
elements.
Frequency Control

Frequency is controlled by maintaining the balance between Active power and

Demand of the system. This is achieved by Automatic Generation Control(AGC). AGC will
ensure stable frequency by automatic adjustments of generation in accordance with the
system demand. AGC controls the active power flow depending upon the current
frequency.

Target Frequency

The system should run at a target frequency – 50HZ with minimum deviation (not
exceeding 0.2 %) as far as possible to keep agreeable level of power supply quality. The
frequency band is 49.90 to 50.1 HZ .Beyond the set frequency band, AGC change over to
local. Participation factor percentage is also selected to determine the degree of
involvement of each generator unit in the AGC mode of operation.

Minimum Spinning Reserve

 A spinning reserve equal to the capacity of the largest unit in service is to be

maintained as far as possible.
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  Operation with less than above or zero spinning reserve is allowed when there is a
short fall of generation capacity during summer peak, or due to agreed plant
maintenance programme, or units purposefully kept off to avoid plants running
winter nights or when generation unit are agreed to be kept stand by ,to save
running hours for anticipated usage in next summer peak.
Voltage Control

(I) Generator MVAR Control

System Voltage is maintained by controlling the reactive power flow. Due to the
highly inductive nature of load, a larger capacity of MVAR is required. The main MVAR
generation source is the generator and all generators are normally supplying about 50% of
the active power as MVAR. Then the major source and control point of MVAR is generator
source. Voltage is maintained by controlling the MVAR output of generators. The VAR
control can be achieved either through SCADA control or by local control.

(2) Capacitor Bank

Capacitor Banks are provided at remote areas (MVAR Generation) to control voltage in
11 KV network. Automatic switching facility is available. When the transformer (Incomer)
MVAR is crossed a pre set value, automatically the capacitor bank will switch on to the
system one by one. That means supplying VAR to the system.

During summer – Low voltage problem.

During winter : High voltage problem due to capacitive charging of cables.

Reactor compensates the purpose.

Capacitor Bank at

AL GIFARA - 1.5 MVAR x 3 = 4.5 MVAR

AL SULAIMI - 1.5 MVAR x 3 = 4.5 MVAR

(3) Voltage Regulators

Provided in the 11 KV systems across the 11 KV Bus Coupler to regulate the voltage as
required.

(4) Transformer taps changing.

Immediate improvement in voltage to a limited extent is possible by changing the tap of

transformers in the system.
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The Remote tap changing cubicle (RTCC) is having different ways of control. They are:-

(i) Automatic control (with AVR)

(ii) Supervisory control (NCC)

(iii) Manual control (local)

For Grid Transformer - control is done from the NCC (supervisory mode only)

- ON Load Tap changing is possible.

For Primary Transformer (66 / 11KV) – Automatic control mode operation is enabled with
AVR(ON Load Tap Changing)

For Distribution Transformer – OFF load, manual control only permitted.

Operation at Abnormal Conditions

There are generally two conditions where the system runs on bellow target frequently.

Condition 1 - When all the plants on bar (POB) are fully loaded and the frequency starts to
drop as the load increases further. This is an anticipated frequency drop situation.

Action required: - Manual load shedding is required to maintain the system frequency by
NCC.

Action sequence:-

1) Request private generation assistance ( QAPCO ,QVC and QAFCO )

2) If frequency drops to 49.9, instruct QASCO to shed one of there three
arc furnaces.
3) Further drop to 49.9, restrict QASCO to single furnace operation.
4) If frequency drops again and if the tendency of load is to increase
further, manual domestic load shedding is done.
For manual load shedding, 38 list are now functional, each list given a load relief of about
40 MW. The manual domestic load shedding list in waiting (out of the existing prepared list)
is shed when the frequently drop to 49.8 HZ. And if necessary this is continued with next
list and so on. Next load shedding list for cyclic shedding is # 23.

Note: DCC should be informed before domestic shedding, and they inform the stand by
offices concerned. Maximum load shedding time is limited to 2 hrs.

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First domestic load and then furnaces are restored and later import of energy is stopped as
frequency improves.

Condition 2 - A Sudden drop in frequency due to an unexpected major generation loss.

This is an unanticipated frequency drop situation.

Action required – In this case automatic under frequency load shedding takes place at
various stages.

1. Automatic under frequency Bulk load shedding.

2. 11KV feeders at Primary s/s (domestic load) are kept selected at
predetermined frequency levels as below for automatic shedding.
Stage 1 A - Setting 49.2 HZ

Stage 1 - Setting 48.8 HZ

Stage 2 - Setting 48.4 HZ

Stage 3 - Setting 48.0 HZ

Stage 4 - Setting 47.8 HZ

Load shedding selector switch at the Primary's can be put in the desired stage of under
frequency tripping.

3. To improve MVAR levels during the under frequency tripping, reactors are
selected to be automatically closed during stage 2, 3, and 4.
4. First domestic and later the furnaces to be restored manually when
frequency improves.
Load Re arrangement

In order to meet the outage of network elements like Transformer, EHT line, Bus section
etc, the NCC may instruct the DCC to transformer load from one Transformer to other or
one primary to another primary.

Automatic Voltage Regulator

The voltage Band is 10.8 KV to11.20 KV, with a 100 second delay provides to allow grid
level restoration measures.

In Transmission Switching they also generally follow the same procedure as in Distribution
but only difference is instead of doing the operation manually in Distribution by the Field
Engr Transmission Field Engr do the switching by SCADA online.
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They also do the switching in coordination with DGCC (up to 132 KV ) and NCC ( 220 KV /
400 KV).

All operations which execute by the switching engr records in the substation log by the
switching engr including the time of operation.

The procedure adopted by the Transmission Dept for the Isolation of Transformer is as
follows.

(1) Isolate the REMOTE feeder.

(2) Isolate the Breaker in the Transformer Secondary side.

(3) Open the line isolator at the two sides.

(5) Close the earth switches at both sides.

(6) Isolate VTs and VT secondaries at two ends.

(7) Isolate the Earthing Transformer at the Secondary side of the Transformer.

(8) Isolate MV side breakers.

After all the above conditions met the working area around the Transformer roped off and
Caution Notices fixed and finally PTW issues to the Competent person of the concerned
dept.

After the issue of PTW Senior Authorized person keeps all keys in a Danger Envelope.

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 Safety and General Informations

The main objective of the Safety Rules is for the protection of the KAHARAAMA employees
/ Contractors / Apparatus against injury in the course of their duties / operations and to
ensure a safe operation of the equipment.

In addition to the safety Rules for the Control, Operation and Maintenance of the high
voltage system, other associated Rules issued from time to time by KAHARAAMA like the
Grid Code etc should be followed along with additional & specified instructions like the
System Operation Memorandum (S.O.M).

The definitions of safety related terminologies are given below:

Term Description

An earth connection of approved type which is applied after the issue

of a Permit-to-Work or Sanction-for-Test (for example an earth applied
Additional Earth at the point of work) and quoted as additional earth in the Permit-to-
Work or Sanction for Test Card. This can be removed while the safety
Document is in-force, without intimating System Control

Any apparatus, equipment and conductors which are normally

Extra High Voltage
operated at a voltage exceeding 66 KV and above

Any apparatus, equipment and conductors which are normally

High Voltage Apparatus operated at a voltage exceeding 1000 volts (to check IEC & other
standard)

Any apparatus, equipment and conductors which are normally

Medium Voltage
operated at a voltage exceeding 250 Volts but not exceeding 1000
Apparatus
Volts

any apparatus, equipment and conductors which are normally

Low Voltage Apparatus
operated at a voltage not exceeding 250 volts

Sanctioned by the Director Electricity Networks Affairs or by his

Approved
authorized deputy in writing

A competent person appointed in writing by the Director Electricity

Authorized Person Networks Affairs to carry out specific operations and work on the KM
system in accordance with his certificate of authorization

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 A portable notice in approved form attached to apparatus or its control
Caution Notice equipment, conveying a warning against interference with the
apparatus

A certificate given to a competent person confirming that he has

Certificate of
proved himself capable of carrying out the duties he is expected to
Authorization
perform and defining the limits of his authorization

An approved earth connection which is applied as per the instruction

Circuit Main Earth of the system control Engineer before the issue of a Permit-to-Work or
(CME) Sanction-for-Test and quoted in the Permit-to-Work or Sanction for
Test as CME

A person over 21 years of age, who has sufficient technical knowledge

Competent Person and experience to enable to avoid danger to self or any employee or
damage to KM‟s‟ property

Contractor A person, other than a person employed by KM who is required to

Representative work on high voltage system on or in the vicinity

A risk of loss of life, bodily injury or damage to health from shock, burn
Danger or other cause arising from the Generation, Transmission, Distribution
or use of electrical energy

A portable notice, in approved form, attached to apparatus when

Danger Notice „LIVE‟, calling attention to the danger of approach to, or interference
with, the apparatus

At or about zero potential with respect to earth and disconnected from

Dead
all live system

Connected to the general mass of earth in such a way as to ensure an

Earthed
immediate discharge of electrical energy without danger

A form signed and issued by an Authorized Person to a Competent

Person in charge of work other than work on high voltage apparatus
Limitation of Access defining the limit of the area within which the work is to be carried out

Live Electrically charged

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 A form of declaration signed and issued by a Senior Authorized
Person to a Competent person, in charge of work to be carried out on
high voltage apparatus, for the purpose of making known to that
person exactly what apparatus is dead, isolated from all points of
Permit-to Work
supply and feed back, and connected to earth, and on which it is safe
to work. A Permit-to-Work may also be issued to a competent person
in charge of work above ground level in proximity to live high voltage
apparatus.

A form of declaration signed and issued by a Senior Authorized

Person to a Senior Authorized Person in charge of testing of high
voltage apparatus for the purpose of making known to such person,
Sanction-for-Test exactly, what apparatus is dead, isolated from all points of supply &
feed back and connected to earth on which it is safe to carry out the
test and what apparatus is to be tested and the condition under which
testing is to be carried out.

An authorized person whose letter of authorization permits such

Senior Authorized person to issue and cancel Permit-to-Work and Sanction-for-Test
Person cards. He is authorized to carry out switching / operation on KM‟s‟
EHV, HV apparatus / equipment

The operation of switch gears and isolators and other methods of

Switching
making or breaking a circuit

An Engineer appointed by the KM, whose duties are to ensure the

implementation of Safety Rules and check for maximum safety at all
System Control
times to personnel and equipment on the KM‟s‟ system and who is on
Engineer
duty for the purpose of controlling Generation Transmission and
Distribution of Electricity within the State

Persons working under the immediate supervision of a Competent

Working Party
Person or Authorized Person

Some points to remember on Safety:

Limitation of Access (LOA) is basically for Ground level Jobs and not on High voltage
equipments especially LIVES equipments and Maximum validity is of 90 days.

Safety Locks will provide only on PTW or SFT issued.

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The working area should be barricaded or rope up for Safety purposes.

There are 3 types of safety notices in Kahramaa System:

i) Danger notice: Red in Color and will apply on LIVE apparatus near to the
working panel /working area.

ii) Caution Notice: Yellow in color and will apply on Isolation points.

iii) Working Area Notice: Green in color and will apply on working panels or
working area.

There are 3 types of Safety Notices and 1 type of service agreement (with Bulk
Consumers) in Kahramaa system:

i) Permit to Work(PTW) – Safety Notice

ii) Sanction for Test(SFT) - Safety Notice

iii) Limitation of Access(LOA) - Safety Notice

iv) Circuit Isolation and Earthing Certificate: Agreement between Bulk

Consumer and Senior authorized person with the consent of System Control
Engineer. With this nobody can work. For any work to be carried out PTW is
must.

SFT issue only by a Senior Authorized Person to a Senior Authorized Person. But PTW
issue only to a Competent person by a Senior authorized Person.

All the persons who receiving PTW, SFT, LOA etc. should be stay at the working area till
the work is completed.

One Competent Person can receive only ONE PTW at one time.

One senior Authorized Person can issue PTW to two different Competent persons same
time.

If there is any SFT on any equipment or cable, no PTW will be issued on same.

SFT should be cancelled by the issued Senior Authorized person only. But PTW can be
cancelled by any senior authorized person in the absence of issued Senior authorized
person.

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General Informations

 Operation & safety locks.

 Co2 System features.

 Location map

 NO P Shifting

 Bad paralleling and Tap Blocking

 Confirm supply in I/D and O/D Substations.

 Substation & Circuit Identification.

 System Safety.

 Circuit Breakers – Method of isolation.

 Pot End & Cap End Cables.

Operational & Safety Locks with Keys.

For better operational and system safety, kahramaa provided Operational and Safety locks
with keys to their Field engineers. Apart from operational & safety lock, Substation keys are
also available and is provided to all field engineers and to some contractors.

Operational lock with key

Indoor and Outdoor Substations

All Switches, Circuit Breakers, Panels, Isolating and Earthing devices are provided with
Operational lock with key. Normally two types available and given to all Field Engineers.

246 Types

Den (Department of electricity network) - small size

Strictly follow kahramaa's Safety Rules, while using the operational locks during the work.

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Primary Substation

Separate operational lock sets are provided for each circuit of Primary Substation. A
main key box is fixed in all Primaries. Any circuit is taken for PTW / SFT, then after proper
locking the corresponding key set for the circuit should be kept under safe custody in
separate Danger Envelop as per Safety Rules. The Operation and handling of PRY keys is
limited to the Field Engineers.

Substation Gate locks with key

Primary Substation gate key

I/D & O/D Substation gate key – 2 types

Substation gate keys are giving to all Field Engineers and to some Contractors.

Safety locks with key

This is separate lock, unique in nature with key and is an additional Safety measure
during Switching. Safety locks preferably differing from standard locks of the system shall
be used to lock off all switches at points where the circuit on which work is to be carried out
could be energized. The keys for such locks shall be kept in a key safe, if provided, or in
some other safe place preferably in the possession of the Senior Authorized Person in
charge of the work. See Kahramaa Safety Rules12.3.

Normally Safety locks are applied on equipments at points of Isolation and only under
PTW/SFT.

Locking facility available for Indoor VCB

Bus Bar spout shutter

Feeder spout shutter

Earth Switches

Push Button ( Trip / Close )

Panel Door

Interlocking features available

Without opening the OCB, the inter locking lever will not be disengaged.

The Isolating lever entry is possible only when the OCB/VCB in opened condition.
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Closing of Earth Switch is allowed only when the VCB is in Racked Out/Test position.

Closed condition of Earth Switch will not permit to Rack in UCB into Service position.

When VCB is in Service position, the Earth Switch closure not allowed.

CO2- Automatic spraying system for 11 KV Switchgear room at PRY

All Primary Substation with 11 KV OCB switchgears are equipped with an automatic CO2
spraying system in its Switchgear room for the safety of switchgears. Castle – key
interlocking system facility is also provided for personal safety. During the switching
operation / any other purposes the field engineer (SAP) is required to enter this room, then
the automatic spraying mechanism should be blocked temporarily to prevent accidental
operation. So there is an inter locking facility is provided and is designed that, a person will
get the key of switchgear room only after blocking the automatic spraying feature of CO2. A
separate control system is provided for controlling the operation from a nearby room. After
the operation, the Field Engineer should normalize the system as before.

A data transfer is provided to transfer the operation status of CO2 spraying system
(Automatic / blocked / manual) to NCC and it will gives alarm for the changes in operation.
So the field engineer should inform NCC before doing any operation.

Confirm Supply

Out Door Substation

Check the humming sound of Local Transformer.

Check the vibration of transformer.

Ammeter Indication from MV panel / Feeder pillar.

Indoor Substation

Check Transformer humming sound & vibration.

Check Meters indication in the switchgear panel

Check Station Battery charger voltage.

Station lighting.
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Location Map

An up to date location route map is provided to all Field Engineers for helping them to find
out the Location of Substation.

Substation Labeling

Name with voltage level (capital letters) displayed for Primary Substation.

Indoor and Outdoor Substation:-

Name plate with Planning Number and Name displayed.

If there is no name plate label, then substation can be confirmed by checking the circuit
label.

Circuit Identification

Once the substation is identified, then the circuit can be confirmed by the circuit label and
name plate provided on each circuit (Feeders and L/TX)

If circuit label is absent or not legible then the method of confirming the circuits are:-

In Outdoor substation, Earth Fault Indicator positioning is normally in left hand side circuit
of RMU.

Cable size & type as per mimic diagram available at DCC.

If all the identification procedures fail, then the Field Engineer can identify the circuit by
switching operation from the remote / adjacent (Feeding) substation. (First switch off the
substation where identification failed and then close the main switch one by one. Then
identify the circuit from the feeding source by checking the station supply.)

Pot End & Cap End Cables

Pot End (P.E) - Idly charged cable without connected load.

One ends of the cable is connected to the 11KV Bus and the other end is kept free ( not
terminated but the terminals are made and covered with a pot termination kit ). Pot End
cable is idly charged from one end.

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Cap end (C.E) - Earthed Cable

One end of the cable is connected to the 11 KV Bus and the other end is kept free, not
terminated but only covered with a cap. The cap End cable is always in earthed condition
from its 11 KV Bus side.

Parallel Operation

Condition for parallel operation of two systems

Frequency,

Voltage and

Phase sequence should be same

In Kahramaa, QGEWC system, the frequency is same. There is no interconnecting system.

The phase sequence can be correct is there any mistake. Then the only one depending
variable is voltage. So, the voltage variation between the two sources for paralleling should
keep as minimum within the prescribed limit. So before paralleling, the voltage of the two
sources should be same as possible by adjusting the tap position of tap changer.

Parallel operation of transformers

The five essential conditions to be satisfied are that they should all have the same.

Polarity

Voltage ratio

Percentage impedance

Phase rotation.

Identical vector diagram and phase displacement.

Active and reactive power transfer

The power transfer from a source to load is always depends on the total
impedance (transformer + line + generator) and the voltage angle / load angle of the
system. Here Reactive power transfer is always depends on the magnitude of the voltage,
that is always higher voltage to low voltage. The active power transfer is always depending
on the load angle / voltage angle ''δ'' irrespective of the magnitude of the voltage. So
magnitude of the voltage is depends on the voltage regulation and in turn depends on the

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impedance of the system. Therefore the percentage impedance and voltage phase angle /
load angle are the determining factors of load flow from a source to a load at remote end.
The following factors determine the power transfer and thus the current through a line.

Percentage impedance of transformers

Impedance of the line up to the load.

Load angle at different load centre or the phasor displacement of voltage between source
end and load end.

Bad paralleling

Causes of bad paralleling.

 Voltage difference at the two systems involved. This will determine the Reactive
power flow and the circulating current.

 Network impedance up to the point of NOP closure.

 Power system load angle.

During shut down or for load rearrangement, we have to shift Normal Opened Point
between PRY's. To avoid interruption paralleling is required. In some paralleling cases, the
circulating current increases rapidly and trips the weaker portion. This is bad paralleling.
The main causes of bad paralleling are, (i) the loads feeding from different sources (load
angle)(ii) Percentage impedance of the transformers are different (iii ) line impedance up
to the load from the sources are different due to the difference in length .

Tap Blocking

At the time of paralleling, the tap position should be normal to all transformers to
avoid the voltage difference. The voltage difference is not advisable for healthy paralleling.
So blocking of tap is required at the tune of paralleling. Otherwise, the voltage difference
cause to produce high circulating current and this trips the weaker portion.

One another reason for tap blocking is the tap changer is designed to operate on
load condition and not for operating on fault condition. One reason for blocking the tap
during paralleling is to avoid flow of fault current through the tap changer while tap
changing takes place.

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Isolation and Earthing for Different Switchgears

Oil Circuit Breaker - Vertical isolation.

Service position - OCB, connect the Bus bar to the feeder / transformer circuit when OCB
is in closed condition, the live Bus bar is connected with the feeder / Transformer.

Circuit Earth Position (CK/E)

OCB provides connection facility between feeder / transformer circuit and earthing system
(station earth) .When OCB is in closed condition, the feeder / transformer circuit is in
earthed condition.

Bus bar Earth Position

OCB provides connection facility between Bus bar and earthing system. When it is in
closed condition, the Bus bar is earthed.

Vacuum Circuit Breaker - Horizontal isolation

Service position

VCB provided connection facility between Bus bar and Feeder / Transformer circuit.

Isolated / Tested Position

This is Rack / out condition, that means disconnected from the live system.

Earth Switch- Earth switches are provided to earth the feeder / transformer/Bus bar
circuits during shut down.

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 Orientation Program
(05-06-2011 to 02-08-2011)

Date & Engineer Activity Remarks

DCC and Operations

05.06.2011 1.Introduction about Reported to the Control Room and
Engr.Mr. Al Shayb Distribution Control Centre and introduction to the Control Engineers
various necessary safety and Brief about the Coordination /
aspects of Switching & Communication with Various
Operations Construction Engineers &
Maintenance Engineers as per their
Switching Program.

06.06.2011 Load Shifting and Load Communicated with DCC system

Er.Nitin Balancing at S/S:11122, Control Engineer and Closed the
S/S:4159, S/S:12630 etc. N.O.P and Opened the Main
Switches and VCBs of other
Substations as requested.
07.06.2011 Load Shifting and Load Communicated with DCC system
Er.Hanif Balancing at S/S:11244, Control Engineer and Closed the
S/S:0567,S/S:13785,S/S:0524, N.O.P and Opened the Main
etc. Switches and VCBs of other
Substations as requested.
08.06.2011 Carried out the Switching Carrying out the Swtiching Program,
Er.Shanavas Khan programs for the Issue of the SFT,PTW‟s , recording
a)commissioning of 12456 O/D the Nos / Time of Issue and
between 12457 O/D and Communicating the swtiching
10403 I/D. actions of the various Field
engineers.
09.06.2011 Carried out the Switching Carrying out the Swtiching Program,
Er.Abdul Jaleel programs for the Issue of the SFT,PTW‟s , recording
a)Replacement of MV panel at the Nos / Time of Issue and
1605 O/D b)Bypassing of the Communicating the swtiching
S/S 1154 O/D and actions of the various Field
c)Commissioning of 17001 I/D engineers.
at Pearl Qatar.

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Date & Engineer Activity Remarks

Transmission – Operation & Maintenance

12.06.2011 Introduction to Transmission O & M Visited 400/220/132/11 KV
1.Mr.C.Bhatnagar department by UmmBirka Super Substation
2.Er.Hamdi Basouni Mr.Bhatnagar(Asst.Head,O & M- with Er.Greenid.
Transmission) and Introduction to
Types of Cables,Voltage levels ,
Maintenance methods etc by
Hamdi Basouni (Sr.Er of Cable
Section-Transmission O & M Dept.)

13.06.2011 Visited Gharafa 132/66/11 kv Discussed about Various tests

Engr.Greenid Outdoor substation and witnessed on Cables,Fault Locationg
the 66 KV XLPE cable termination Methods,
at 20MVA,66/11 kv Mobile
Transformer
14.06.2011 Met with Er.Azeemudheen
Er.Azeemudheen (Sr.Er.Substations-Transmission O
& M dept) and attended the
Practical Training on 132 kv and
220 KV AREVA GIS Substation(by
Alsthom Engineers) at Mesaeed
AIPP project
15.06.2011 Witnessed the CB maintenance of
Er.Amol Shunt Reactor feeder and 11 KV
cable termination at Gharafa
132/66/11KV Substation.
And attended the Training on
Auxillary Transformers
(make:Koncar,11 KV,500KVA,1000
KVA..) at RAMADA hotel
conducted by Siemens.
16.06.2011 Finger Print Done for Residence
H.R Permit

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Date & Engineer Substation / Circuit Description of work

Distribtution – Maintenance
19.06.2011 Met with Er.Noor Zaman and then A brief introduction to the respective
1.Engr. Noor Zaman with Er.Shujathullah Khan. They sections and the Weekly shutdown
2.Er.Shujathullah Khan given Introduction to Distribution program given to understand
Maintenance activities on various aspects of shutdowns as
Substation,OHL and Cables. Preventive, Corrective,
Replacement and Commissiong of
various substations. General
discussion about S/s Card,
Maintenance Quality form,
Checklists. Coordinated with various
Engineers and fixed appointments
for shutdown
20.06.2011 Bypassing the 1961 Sewage Replacement of Existing Brush
Engr.Ahamed Works -1 I/D and 3974 Sewage OCBs and General Civil Works.
works-5 I/D by temporary RMUs Temporarily By passed the I/D S/S
by RMU(Make:Tamco,SF6 type).
Operational safety as per switching
program instruction from system
control engineer.

After proper isolation & Earth,

issued PTW for Break and make 11
KV terminations.

21.06.2011 Maintenance of PMT-7009 and Isolated and Earthed (Portable earth

Engr.Ahamed Replacement of two poles and also appled) and issued PTW for
isolators in OHL section executing the job.
between3578&1292
22.06.2011 Maintenance of Siemens 11 KV General Maintenace of the VCBs
Engr.Vipin Panels at S/S:11133 I/D TSE-1 and Transformers.
and LTx-1 &LTx-2 VCB: Siemens ,
Transformers : Emirates(1600 KVA)
23.06.2011 Commissioning of O/D S/s after RMU –Tamco SF6 type
Engr.Surya Kanth replacing the old RMU with SF6 Transformer-Federal,500 KVA.
RMU at Al khore Area.

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 Operational safety as per switching
program instruction from system
control engineer.

After proper isolation & Earth,

issued PTW for Break and make 11
KV terminations.

Distribtution – Construction
27.06.2011 Commissioning of O/D S/S16782 Operation as per system control
Er.Ibrahim Farraj DID 19-A between 14950 DID-14 (DCC) switching program.
I/D and 10182 DID-19 O/D.
Issue SFT for Identification, Spike&
Color phasing.

Issued PTW to make two 11 KV

straight joints.

After finished the joint works, issued

SFT for pressure test.

28.06.2011 Commissioning of 15490 H-8 Operation as per system control

Er.Abdul Gafoor I/Dbetween3169 I/D NDN-23 and (DCC) switching program.
11613 –O/D NDN-16
Issue SFT for Identification, Spike&
Color phasing.

Issued PTW to make two 11 KV

straight joints.

After finished the joint works, issued

SFT for pressure test.

29.06.2011 Disconnect 3652 I/D from A700 of Operation as per system control
Er.Abdul Kareem Nuaija North PRY (DCC) switching program.
And connect 10963 I/D to Same
Issue SFT for Identification, Spike&
PRY feeder

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 Color phasing.

Issued PTW to make two 11 KV

straight joints.

After finished the joint works, issued

SFT for pressure test.

30.06.2011 Uprate the Cable between Laqtha At 12044 I/D –VCB:Siemens and at
Er.Riyas South Primary A400 feeder and PRY VCB is K1 K2.
22nd February Street 12044 I/D Operation as per system control
(DCC) switching program.

Issue SFT for Identification, Spike&

Color phasing.

Issued PTW to make two 11 KV

straight joints.

After finished the joint works, issued

SFT for pressure test.

03.07.2011 Commissioning of 16289 O/D Operation as per system control

Er.Mansoor (Ahmed Twar -642)- a radial (DCC) switching program.
Circuit from OHL
Issue SFT for Identification, Spike&
Color phasing.

Issued PTW to make two 11 KV

straight joints.

After finished the joint works, issued

SFT for pressure test.

05.07.2011 At KM2 Building –Construction

Er.Sunil Rathod Department.Swithching program
writing for various activities
06.07.2011 H.R Orientation Program at KM-2
Building

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122
07.07.2011 Commissioning of 15075
Operation as per system control
Er.Sunil Rathod I/D,Elementary Girls School-2
(DCC) switching program.
between 2190 O/D-Girls
Preparatory Secondry school Issue SFT for Identification, Spike&
And 3740 I/D Ummsalal School A Color phasing.

Issued PTW to make two 11 KV

straight joints.

After finished the joint works, issued

SFT for pressure test.

10.07.2011 Conversion of 3 span OHL to

Er.Imad Badar U/G cable between Dhukhan
Road Super PRY (A 1000) and
ABS S-531
11.07.2011 Cancellation of 0864 BEDU HSG- Existing S/S: Oil switch L&C make.
Er.Mansoor 1 and commissioning of 19654 New S/S: RMU Tamco SF6 type.
O/D BEDU HSG-1A & 19682 O/D
Operation as per system control
BED HSG-2
(DCC) switching program.

Issue SFT for Identification, Spike&

Color phasing.

Issued PTW to make two 11 KV

straight joints.

After finished the joint works, issued

SFT for pressure test.

12.07.2011 Commissioning of new label VCB:AL Aheleia

Er.Kafeel and 13241 I/D between A100 Khore Operation as per system control
Er.Ameer PRY and 3425 I/D,Khore west. (DCC) switching program.

Issue SFT for Identification, Spike&

Color phasing.

Issued PTW to make two 11 KV

straight joints. After finished the joint
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123
 works, issued SFT for pressure test.

13.07.2011 Commissioning of 14796 O/D VCB: AL AHELEA

Er.Sunil Rathod Kharthariyat Village between 3474
Operation as per system control
O/D and 2568 O/D
(DCC) switching program.

Issue SFT for Identification, Spike&

Color phasing.

Issued PTW to make two 11 KV

straight joints.

After finished the joint works, issued

SFT for pressure test.

14.07.2011 Connecting A new circuit to Ain

Er.Sreeji Mon Khalid PRY A300
14.07.2011 Fault attended at ALkhor area.The Relaced the Pole Box with new
Er.Shihab Fault was Pole Box of the cable cable termination.
feed ing to the GMT
4905,Sh,Ghanim All kuwari
flashed over on B-phase on the
Pole near to the PMT- 8065 .
16.07.2011 Commissioning of 17084 I/D, Operation as per system control
Er.Abdul Gafoor. 17085 I/D,17086 I/D at Pearl (DCC) switching program.
Qatar between SS-2 PRY A1500
Issue SFT for Identification, Spike&
and SS-5 PRY A 700.
Color phasing.

Issued PTW to make 11 KV

terminations

After finished the joint works, issued

SFT for pressure test.

17.07.2011 Conversion of 2 span OHL to U/G Operation as per system control

Er.Gireesh cable between ABS S-115 and (DCC) switching program.
PMT 8024
Issue SFT for Identification, Spike&

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124
 Color phasing.

Issued PTW to make terminations.

After finished the joint works, issued

SFT for pressure test.

Design and Development Department

17.07.2011 Explained about the divisions of
Er.Anitha Samuel Electricity Network Planning
Department(ENP) Such as
Transmission
Planning,Distribution planning ,D
& D,Material and Specifications
,Data Base ans explained about
the basic activities of the D&D
Dept.such as building permit
aproval ,Scheme
Preparation,Road projects,Infra
structure projects
18.07.2011 Explained about the Distribution
Er.Abdul Azeez Network Analysis (DNA) section
and its functions such as Load
Flow Study ,11 KV advising and
other network related studies etc.
19.07.2011 Explained about the Scheme
Er.Ihsan Preparation Procedures.

National Control Centre(NCC)

20.07.2011 Met with Er.Ahmed Abdul Kader
Er.Ahmed Abdul Kader and he directed to Control room to
Er.U.K.Dwiviedi Er.U.K Dwiviedi.He explained
about the Control room in general
such as Generation deak and
Switching Desk and about the
installed capacity of the various
Power Plants.
He explained about the main

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125
 responsibilities of Generation
desk.
21.07.2011 Explaineed about the main
Er.D.V.Rao responsibilties of Switching desk .

Distribution-Protection
24.07.2011 Met with Er,K.B Shareif and he
Er.K.B.Shareif directed to Er.Hyder Ali.
Er.Hyder Ali Explained about basics of
protection and explained about
various Protection relays Such as
ARGUS-1 (Reyrolle Make and
Non Directioanl relay) Argus -2,
((Reyrolle Make and Directioanl
relay) and SPAS 348 C (ABB
make and directional relay) ,SPAJ
140C (Reyrolle Make and
Directioanl relay) and about
Electromechanical relays Such as
2TJM10,2TJM31 (IDMT relays) ..
25.07.2011 Attended the Precommissioning of Tested C.T.s of Solker relays, IDMT
Technician Daris I/D Substation 19492 ,Rayyan relays and metering C.Ts and
Water Factory. Tested all IDMT and Solker relays
for feeders and Transformers and
conducted the primary injection
also.
26.07.2011 Attended the Tripping of Dry type Tripping was due to High Winding
Technician Sulfiker transformer at 18159 I/D,Qatar Temerature.
University CSU I/D.
27.07.2011 Routine Maintenance at 2407 Various Relays of different feeders
Tech.Murthy of M/s M.K.S -18 I/D and 13229 Qatar tested by secondary injection.
Mastro Foundation -59-2 Central Plant 2
I/D.
28.07.2011 Testing of RMUs at KM store. For RMU,Primary injection done for
Tech,Daris.P.Kurian And Pre commissioning test of O/C & E/F test.and EFI also tested.
LTx-2 feeder(Bus on)at 15659
Zagwah-7 I/D.

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Safety Department
01.08.2011 1.Introduction to Safety
Er.Prakash Choudhary Operations & Advantages .

2. Detail Discussion about Safety

Operations at Site, during
Switching and necessary aspects
of Safety Rules.
02.08.2011 1.Explained about the Safety
Er.Prakash Choudhary Documents and Notices and about
the various situations in which
each one to be used .

2.Enquired and clarified the safety

related questions.

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