CSWIP3.2 Guide 1
CSWIP3.2 Guide 1
CSWIP3.2 Guide 1
2 GUIDE Page 1 of 20
1) SAW Defects;
a) Solidification cracking
b) Porosity
c) Hydrogen induced cracking
d) Slag inclusion
2) What term would be given to non- metallic inclusions on both sides of a weld?
a) Wagon Track
4) State 4 mechanisms of cracking which may be found in the weld metal of ferritic steel
weldments?
a) Hydrogen induced cracking
b) Solidification cracking
c) Solidification Pipe or Void
d) Reheat cracking
7) Give 2 reasons why the grain growth which occurs on welding make these materials
unsuited for many welded products?
a) As the chromium content is increased, increased quantities of sigma phase is produced
which embrittles the steel. Solidification cracking is a problem. Single phase alloys suffer
grain growth with heating & loss of strength & toughness on welding.
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X-Ray
12) One of the general rules concerning the application of geometric principles of shadow
formation of radiography is;
a) The distance between the anode& the material examined should always be as great as
possible.
13) The small area in the X-ray tube from which the radiation emanates is called;
a) Focal spot
14) A sheet of lead with an opening cut in the shape of the part to be radiographed may
be used to decrease the effect of scattered radiation which undercuts the specimens, such
a device is called;
a) A mask
15) Low voltage X-ray tubes are generally fitted with windows made of ;
a) Beryllium
17) The general method of producing X-rays involves the sudden deceleration of high
velocity electrons in a body is called
a) A target
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18) The velocity of electrons striking the target in an X-ray tube is a function of ;
a) The voltage difference between the cathode& anode
19) The primary form of energy conversion when electrons striking a target in an X-ray
tube results in the production of;
a) Heat
20) The purpose for circulating oil in some types of X-ray tube is ;
a) To dissipate heat
22) The radiographic absorption of a material will tend to become less dependent upon
the composition of the material, when;
a) The kilovoltage is increased
23) The load that can be handled by an X-ray tube focal spot is governed by;
a) The size of the focal spot &the efficiency of the cooling system of the anode
24) A lead sheet containing a pinhole may be placed halfway between the X-ray tube&
film in order to;
a) Determine the approx: size of the focal spot
25) the most common way of cooling the anode of a high power X-ray tube is;
a) Cooling by circulation of water or oil in the anode
26) In certain cases, it may be advantage to pack lead shot around a specimen. The
purpose for doing this is;
a) To generate smaller wavelength X-radiation
27) Excessive subject contrast caused when the thickness range in the test specimen is too
great for the radiation quality used may be corrected by;
a) Increasing the kilovoltage
b) Using a filter at the X-ray tube& increasing the exposure time
28) Which of the following X-ray generators would produce the narrowest cone of X-
radiation?
a) High voltage produces narrower X-radiation
29) A radiograph of a steel weldment is made using a 15Mev betatron. When the
radiograph is developed, there was an overall film mottling. A possible cause for such
mottling is;
a) Failure to use a lead screen during exposure
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CSWIP-3.2 GUIDE Page 4 of 20
30) While using an X-ray tube for radiography the operator wishes to increase the
radiation intensity. To do so the,
a) Tube current should be increased
31) The main purpose of the X-ray generator controls on the equipment is ;
a) To enable the operator to obtain the intensity, quality& duration of exposure desired
35) Filters;
a) Lead (pb), steel, copper or brass are used as filters
36) A filter mounted on the X-ray tube between the source& the specimen, for to absorbs
more of the “soft” or low energy X-rays. This helps to prevent over exposure of thin
areas of the specimen and it reduces the undercut near the edges of the specimen. By
absorbing more of the “soft” radiation, lower subject contrast results
37) Thin sheets of lead foil in intimate contact with X-ray film during exposure increase
film density because;
a) They emit electrons when exposed to X & Gamma radiation which help darken the
film
38) X-ray tubes are often enclosed in a shock proof casing in order to;
a) Protect the operator from high voltage shock.
39) A voltage selector consisting of an iron core transformer with a single winding have a
series of taps@ various points on welding;
a) An autotransformer
41) The adjustment of tube current in conventional X-ray tube circuit is made by;
a) Adjusting the filament heating current
Filters
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CSWIP-3.2 GUIDE Page 5 of 20
43) Filters placed between the X-ray tube& specimen tends to reduce scatter radiation
undercutting the specimen;
a) By absorbing the longer wavelength components of the primary beam
46) Besides serving as a filter screen of high atomic number such as lead &lead
antimony, also;
a) Provide some image intensifying action
50) The purpose for including a disc-shaped target that rotates rapidly during operation in
some X-ray tube is;
a) To increase the permissible load
Fluoroscopy
52) Two serious obstacles to high sensitivity fluoroscopy are;
a) The limited brightness& large grain size of fluoroscopic screens
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Gamma Ray
57) The absorption of gamma rays from a given source when passing through matter
depends on;
a) The atomic number
b) Density&
c) Thickness of the matter
58) Images of discontinuities close to the source side of the specimen become less clearly
defined as;
a) The thickness of the specimen increases
60) Two isotope sources of given strength have two different specific activity values. The
source with the high specific activity value will be of;
a) Smaller physical size than the source with a lower specific activity
b) Radiation quality
c) Scattered radiation
62) The code of federal regulations requires that all shipping containers for radioisotopes;
a) be fire resistant
63) Which of the following instruments would exhibit the best sensitivity &most likely
be used to detect small leaks in a radiation barrier;
a) A Geiger counter
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66) Lead screens are put in direct contact with the film to;
a) Increase the photographic action on the film
b) Absorb the longer wavelength scattered radiation
c) Intensify the photographic effect of the primary more than the scattered radiation
67) With respect to quality what 3 factors must be considered in selecting SFD?
a) Source size
B) Specimen thickness
c) Geometric unsharpness
68) A larger physical size source may produce an equivalent quality radiograph if;
a) The SFD is increased
69) Cobalt-59 becomes cobalt-60 when it is placed in a nuclear reactor where it captures;
a) A neutron
70) The ability of a material to block or partially block the passage of X-rays &gamma
rays is referred to as;
A) Absorption
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75) Auditing;
a) To carried out a periodic and systematic “check” on a system/process to ensure that it
has been carried out as specified
81) State the factors which must be satisfied for good welds;
a) Fusion
b) The process must remove any oxides& other contaminations from the joint faces
c) Contamination from the atmosphere must be avoided
d) The welded joint must possess adequate properties
83) Describe the metal cleaning requirements required when making high class S.S
welds;
a) Formation of chromium carbides can cause weld decay, or carbide precipitation or
sensitization; for to avoid it stabilized grades with Ti, nb, V, used
b) Hydrogen induced cracking
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CSWIP-3.2 GUIDE Page 9 of 20
87) Dose:
a) The accumulated exposure dose of radiation over a period of time.
89) Dosimeter:
a) Instruments which measure total dose exposure are called dosimeters.eg: of dosimeters
include the Lauritsen electroscope, the pocket dosimeter, the R-meter, and film badges.
91) In selecting a radioisotope for a particular class of work the desired characteristics
would be;
a) Appropriate energy (Mev)-Radiographer can change only this character.
b) High specific activity which would give small source size& high emissive
c) Long half life.
94) Steels:
a) Rimming steel: 0.09%c, 0.9%mn + residuals
Weld ability: The weld pool will require additional deoxident via a filler rod
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Annealing:
a) Temperature: 920°C
b) Cooling: Hold in furnace
c) Result: Improves ductility, decreases toughness, makes bending
Normalizing:
a) Temperature: 920°C
b) Cooling: Hold in air
c) Result: Relieves internal stress, improves mechanical properties, increases toughness
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Quenching/Hardening:
a) Temperature: 920°C
b) Cooling: Hold in some quenching medium immediately after heating
c) Result: Hardens carbon steels, prevents carbide precipitation in austenitic steels, and
prevents temper brittleness.
Temper:
a) Temperature: 550°C-700°C
b) Cooling: Hold air cool
c) Result: Increases toughness of quenched steels.
Stress relief:
a) Temperature: 550°C-700°C
b) Cooling: Hold in air
c) Result: Relieves residual stresses, improves stability, prevents stress corrosion
cracking
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100) What are the things we will take care about a repair?
a) Make sure the repair, if it is a fitness for purpose evaluation
b) If repair is required make repair welding procedure
c) Ensure welding procedure is approved
d) The extend of repair& possible consequences such as distortion
e) The access of welding& welding positions
f) Requirement for preheat& or post heat
g) Choice of welding consumables& welding procedure to avoid pre or post weld heat
treatment.
h) The mechanical properties required in the weld metal & HAZ & the need for
procedure tests
i) Qualified welder& supervisor
j) Repair removing area& reweld are required NDT
107) Isotopes:
a) Atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons were called isotopes
of the element
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108) Radioactivity:
a) Is refers to the disintegration of unsuitable nuclei of atoms
114) Radioactivity:
a) The number of disintegrations which a given amount of a radioisotope has during a
given length of time is called the activity of the isotope
115) Ionization:
a) Any action which disturbs the electrical balance of atoms which make up matter is
referred to as ionization. Ionization rated are expressed in terms of roentgens per
hour(r/hr) or milli roentgens per hour (mr/hr)
117) Scattering;
a) Change in the direction of incident radiation is called scattering
118) Roentgen;
a) Is a measure of ionization in air due to passage of gamma or X-radiation.
119) Curie;
a) The unit of measure of radioactivity. Is defined as any radioisotope that gives 3.7 X
1010 disintegrations per second.
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CSWIP-3.2 GUIDE Page 14 of 20
120)
a) RBE : Relative Biological Effectiveness
b) REM : Radiation equivalent men
c) RAD : Radiation absorbed dose
123) Leak tests called wipe tests are made at intervals not exceeding 6months to assure
the capsules have not ruptured and released contamination
126) Leucopenia;
a) The lack of necessary number of white blood cells. May or may not be serious.
127) Anemia;
a) A lack of the proper number of blood cells, or a decreased amount of hemoglobin in
the circulating blood. The total number of red cells in one person is normally about
35trillion
130) Gonads;
a) The reproductive organs of a man (Ovaries& testes)
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137) Radioactive material container must have a tag or label stating the;
a) Kind of radioactive material
b) Quantity
c) Date of measurement
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Note:
Subscript is atomic number& denotes the nuclear charge of protons in the nucleus
Superscript is the sum of the neutrons& protons in the nucleus; it is approximately the
atomic weight.
143) if using railway cars for transporting of radioactive materials the play card must be;
a) Diamond shaped
Screens
146) In radiography with gamma rays the front lead foil need be;
a) Only 0.004 to 0.006inch thick.
Film
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152) Units:
Radiation Quantity S.I Unit& Symbol Earlier Unit
Absorbed Dose 1 Gray(Gy) 100 rad
1Centi Gray 1 rad
Dose rate Micro Gray/hr/GBq@1meter Roentgen(R)
Milli Roentgen(mR)
Dose Equivalent 1 Sievert(Sv) 100rem
10 milli sivert(mSv) 1rem
Co-60 14.4
Cs-137 4.2
Ir-192 5.9
Ra-226 9.0
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CSWIP-3.2 GUIDE Page 18 of 20
Wire Diameter(mm)
Set 1-ISO-7 6-ISO-12 10-ISO-16
3.2 1.0 0.4
2.5 0.8 0.32
2.0 0.63 0.25
1.6 0.5 0.2
1.25 0.4 0.16
1.0 0.32 0.13
.80 0.25 0.10
b) ASTM;
Wire Diameter(inch)
Set A B C D
0.0032 0.010 0.032 0.100
0.004 0.013 0.040 0.126
0.005 0.016 0.050 0.160
0.0063 0.020 0.063 0.20
0.008 0.025 0.080 0.25
0.010 0.032 0.100 0.32
c) ASTM PLAQUE;
4T T 2T
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CSWIP-3.2 Guide Page 1 of 5
Contrast
1) Contrast;
a) Is a comparison of the light to dark areas. If the radiograph has a large difference in
density, the radiograph has high contrast.
2) Radiographic contrast?
a) The difference in density between the detail& its background.
3) Radiographic Contrast;
a) The density difference between two selected portions of a radiograph
5) Radiographic contrast;
a) Is defined as a comparison of densities on developed film areas. This is a combination
of subject contrast& film contrast.
6) Subject contrast:
a) X-ray kilovoltage or Gamma ray energy
b) Scattered radiation
7) Film contrast:
a) Screen type
b) Film contrast characteristics
c) Film density (exposure& chemical cleaning)
9) for a given change in the radiation exposure film contrast is the inherent ability to
show
a) A difference in intensity
Density
15) What is the name given to degree of film blackening?
a) Density
Gradient
16 The slope of a straight line joining two points of specified densities on a characteristic
curve of a film is known as the;
a) Average gradient
Latitude
19) In comparison with lower voltage radiographs, high energy radiographs show;
a) Greater latitude
20)The range of thickness over which densities are obtained that are satisfactory for
interpretation is a measure of the;
a) Latitude of a radiograph
21)The range of specimen thicknesses that can be adequately recorded on the radiograph
is referred to as the;
A) Latitude of the radiograph
CSWIP-3.2 Guide Page 3 of 5
Graininess
22) As the effective energy of the radiation increases up to about 250kv;
a) Film graininess increases
23) A radiograph is taken at a voltage of 500kv.If the voltage is increased with a resultant
increase in the energy of radiation while all other conditions remain the same;
a) There will be little significant change in the graininess of the film
24) Graininess;
a) When the minute silver grains on which the x-ray film image is formed group
together in relatively large masses, they produce a visual impression is called
graininess
Definition
25) Improper geometric factors, poor contact between film& lead foil screens&
graininess of film are possible causes of;
a) Poor definition
26) An X-ray tube with a small focal spot is considered better than one with a large focal
spot when it is desired to obtain;
a) Better definition
Latent image
29) Latent image;
a) When X-rays, gamma rays, light or electrons strike the photographic emulsion a
change takes place in the silver halide crystals. This change is referred to as latent image
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Mottling
31) Explain film mottling;
a) Mottling due to diffraction; during radiography of course grained steels (castings)
using low energy X-rays, the X-rays are diffracted by grain boundaries & defect
like image will appear on the radiograph called mottling. To confirm mottling the
angle of the initial radiation has to be changed.
To avoid mottling:
a) Increase X-ray energy (use high Kv)
b) Use lead (Pb) screens
32) Mottling due to diffraction can be reduced and in some cases eliminated by;
a) Raising the kilovaoltage
b) Using lead foil screens
Scattered Radiation
33) To reduce the amount of scattered radiation;
a) Use lead foil screens
b) Protection from back scatter
c) Filters
d) Use masks& diaphragms
34) When primary radiation reaches objects beyond the specimen being radiographed;
a) Backscattered radiation occurred.
35) Most scattered radiation reaching the film comes from the specimen being
radiographed. This would be called;
a) Forward scatter
36) Due to scattered radiation the edge of the image become hazy or foggy, causes the
condition known as;
a) Undercut
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Geometrical Unsharpness
37) The ill defined part of the total shadow is called penumbral shadow, also referred to
as;
a) Geometrical Unsharpness
39) Geometric principles of shadow formation applied to radiography are the basis of;
a) Radiation source should be as small as possible
b) SFD should be as great as possible
c) Film should be as close to the specimen as possible
d) The center ray of the radiation beam should be perpendicular to the film
e) The plane of max interest on the specimen should be parallel to the film
40) A general rule governing the application of the geometric principles of shadow
formation states that;
a) The central ray should be as nearly perpendicular to the film as possible, to preserve
spatial relationships
41) In order to utilize the principles of geometric enlargement (placing the film at a
distance from the specimen)
a) The source of radiation must be extremely small
CSWIP-3.2 Guide Page 1 of 4
Film Processing
Developing:
2) Developing;
a) Developing solutions have the ability to reduce the silver bromide crystals on the
exposed part of films to metallic silver. Developing time 5-8minutes having a
temperature of 68°F or 20°C.Longer developing time is likely to produce chemical fog
which will decrease contrast.
Fixation
6) Fixation;
a) Removes the unexposed silver bromide without changing the silver deposits which
compose the desired image. The fixer solution also hardens the gelatin on the film so that
it will stand drying with warm air. Fixing time is 8 minutes.2 minutes agitation at
temperature from 65 to 70°F.
7) Good practice indicates the minimum overall density should not be less than;
a) 1.5
9) For best results when manually processing film, solutions should be maintained within
a temp range of;
a) 65°F to75°F
CSWIP-3.2 Guide Page 2 of 4
11) Static marks which are black tree like or circular marks on a radiograph are often
caused by;
a) Improper film handling techniques
13) When sharp, black, bird foot shaped marks which are known not to correspond with
any discontinuities appear at random on radiographs; they are probably caused by;
a) Static charges caused by friction
15) Undercut;
a) Dark lines have diffused edges are seldom straight& they are parallel to the weld seam
21) Segregation;
a) When certain alloys are used for castings the constituent metals may tend to separate in
spots. Light & blotches on a radiograph
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23) Puckered or net like film surface known as reticulation, results from;
a) Sudden extreme temperature changes during processing.
24) Frilling;
a) Loosening of film emulsion from its base; can be corrected by a fresh supply of
fixation chemical.
32) A special form of scatter due to X-ray diffraction effects in a specimen with large
grains will result in;
a) A radiograph of mottled appearance
CSWIP-3.2 Guide Page 4 of 4
Penetrameter
34) Penetrameter;
a)The identifying number shall distinct of lead figures cemented to the penetrameter, the
number should indicate to 2 figures, the minimum thickness of the specimen for which
the penetrameter may be used. A penetrameter is used to indicate the quality & sensitivity
of a radiograph & not to measure the size of a hole or cavity that may be detected.
36) Penetrameter;
a) The penetrameter shall consist of material substantially the same as that of the
specimens under examination.
b) The thickness of the penetrameter shall be not more than 2% of the thickness of the
specimen.
c) The diameter of holes (left to right) shall be 4, 3, & 2 times the thickness of the
penetrameter, but not less than 1/16inch
1) When radiographing to the 2-2Tquality level an ASTM penetrameter for 1/2inch thick
2024 Al alloy has a thickness of;
a) 10 mils
2) If an exposure time of 60seconds was necessary using a 4foot SFD for a particular
exposure. What time would be necessary if a 2foot SFD is used and all the other variables
same;
a) 15 seconds
3) In making an isotope exposure in an unshielded area, you find the dose rate of 6feet
from the source is 1200mr/hr.what would be the dose rate@24 feet?
a) 75mR/hr
5) When radiographing to the 2-2T quality level, an ASTM penetrameter for 2.5inch steel
has a thickness of;
a) 50mils
6) A good cobalt-60 radiograph is made on 3inch steel casting using an exposure time of
10 minutes& SFD of 36 inches. It is necessary to change the SFD to 24 inches. What
exposure time would produce a similar radiograph if all other conditions remain the
same;
a) 6.4minutes
7) An ASTM penetrameter for use when inspecting a 1/2inch steel plate to the 2-2T
quality level using a 15inch SFD would be made of;
a) 10mils thick steel
8) The maximum practical speed of scanning a test object for conventional fluoroscopic
inspection has been estimated to be;
a) About 3inches per second
9)The half value layer of lead for cobalt-60 is approx.0.5inch.If the radiation level on the
source side of 1.5inch lead plate is 64R/hr,the radiation level on the opposite side is;
a) 8R/hr
11) Approx.how long would it take for a 10 curie cobalt-60 source to decay to 2.5curies;
a) 10.6 years
12) An iridium-192 gamma ray source has an approx. practical thickness limit of;
a) 3 inches of steel or its equivalent
CSWIP-3.2 Guide Page 2 of 6
15) A 1000KVp X-ray machine used in conjunction with a lead foil screen has an
approximate practical thickness limit of;
a) 5inches of steel or its equivalent
λ=Decay constant of radioisotope
t=Time
N=Number of atoms remaining after “t” time
λ=Half life of a radioactive element
197) Decay:
N=N0e¯λt
N0=Number of atoms present at Zero time
E=Base of natural logarithms=2.718
Source
I0 I
d0
I0 I
d0
Example;
CSWIP-3.2 Guide Page 4 of 6
(1) Suppose the emission of a source of radiation is 100R/h @ 1foot. What is the dose
rate @ 2 feet? And at 4 feet?
a) I0=100R/hr
do =1ft
d =2ft
Then I÷I0= (d0÷d) 2, I/100= (1÷2)2
=100 x 1÷4, =25R/hr
b) At 4 feet
I÷100= (1÷4)2
=100 X 1÷16, = 6.25R/hr
In the above example at what distance would the group of men receive only 2mr/hr?
If I = 2mr/hr, Io=144r/hr ie, 144,000mr/hr
do =1ft
Then find “d” in the equation;
I÷Io = (do÷d) 2 =2÷144,000=1÷d2
2d2=144000, d2=72000, d=Route of 72000,=268ft
22) An unshielded point source emitting 1Mev gamma rays produces an emission of
500mr/hr @ 1ft. What will be the dosage rate, if there are interposed lead shields 1cm
thick, 2cm thick, 3, 4, 5 and 10cm thick?
a) To compute intensity of radiation for the 3cm thickness of lead shielding, note that
linear absorption co-efficient for lead at 1Mev is 0.77;
I3 =I0e-ut, =500e-0.77 X 3, =500e-2..31
=49.5mr/hr@1ft
24) 1 lead HVL for Co-60 radiation is 0.49 inch, for 10 HVL is?
a) 10 HVL X 0.49inch = 4.9inch lead required
a) Reduction factors depends upon the radiation energy (Mev) and the shields atomic
number, thickness and density
Reduction factor=Dose rate without shield÷ Dose rate with shield
Example; Suppose a Co-60 source of radiation has an intensity of 2,000mr/hr@ a
distance of 10feet.Workmen need to be at that distance from the source but should
receive only 4mr/hr.How much lead shielding should be used? Iron? Concrete?
Reduction factor=2,000÷4, =500
Lead - 4.6inches
Iron - 7.8inches
Concrete- 24.5 inches
Find the exposure rate at 10feet from the 500mc source of Co-60.1 curie of Co-60 has an
exposure rate of 14,400mr/hr@1foot. Therefore 500mc would have an exposure rate one
half this amount, or 7,200mr/hr@ 1feet. From equation;
I÷Io= (do÷d) 2
The exposure rate @ 10feet may be found;
I (10ft) =Io (do÷d) ²
=7,200(1ft÷10ft) ², =7200÷100, =72mr/hr
The 72mr/hr dose rate must be reduced by the iron shielding to 6mr/hr
Reduction factor=72mr/hr÷6mr/hr, =12.
An iron shield 3.5inch thick is necessary to reduce the radiation to 6mr/hr.
267)
Radioisotope r/hr@ various distances in feet from source
1 curie source Gamma radiation
1 2 4 8 16 32
Co-60 14.4 3.6 0.9 0.23 0.06 0.014
Ra-226 9.0 2.3 0.6 0.14 0.035 0.009
Ir-192 5.9 1.5 0.4 0.09 0.023 0.006
Cs-137 4.2 1.1 0.26 0.07 0.016 0.004