*

Societyof Petroleum Engineers of AIME

6200NorthCerXra/ Expwy.
Oailas, Texas 75206

TheEffectof ChainLengthof OilandAlcohol

AsWellas Surfactant
toAlcoholRatioon theSolubllization,
PhaseBehavior
aod Interracial
Tensionof Oil/Brine/Surfactant/Alcohol
Systems

by
W. C. Hsieh and D. O. Shah, Members SPE-AIME,U. of Florida

THIS PAPERISSUBJECT T’OCORRECTION

(@Copyright 1976
$lrneric anlnstitu teofhfining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, inc.
Thispaperwasprepared forthe1977SPE-AIME InternationalSymposium onOiifieldandGeothermal Chemistry,
heldinLaJo/ia,California, June27-~8,1977. Permissiontocopy isrestrictedtoanabstract ofnotmorethan300
words, illustrations maynotbe copied. The abstract should conta”n conspicuous acknowledgement ofwhere
andbywhomthe paperispresented. Publicationelsewhere afterpub/icationin theJOURNALOF PETROLEUM
TECHNOLOGY’or theSOCIETYOFPETROLEUM ENGINEERSdOLIRNAL isusuallygranted uponraquesttothe
Editorofthe appropriate jom’nal,prcvided agreementtogive propercreditismade. l)iscussionofthis paperis
invited. ‘

ABSTRACT with the volubility of alconol in brine. Effect

of alcohol and surfac?ant ccmceatrations on
Economical microemukion flOGding process the formation and volume of the udddle phase
can be achieved by optimizing the surfactant was determined. Surfactant to alcohol ratio
formulation fcr an oil reservoir. This op- was changed in the formulation in order to
timization involves the tailoring of a surf- determine the molecular ratio of surfactant
actant formulation to fit the conditions for to alcohol in the middle phase. The surfactant
a reservoir, namely, the temperature, the to alcohol ratio in the middle phase micro-
sslinity and composition of formation water, emulsion was determined using high resolution
and the nature of the crude oil. The general NMR spectroscopy. Interracial tension was
method of optimization of surfactant formula- msasured as a function of surfactant concep-
tions is to investigate the phase behavior tration to find the interracial tension-
and interracial tensian of surfactant syste= concentration minima. The minimum interracial
containing brins, otl, surfactant and co- tensions at low and high surfactant concentra-
surfactant*l,2 tions were correlated by changing salinity
an’dhydrocarbon oil chain length in the surf-
Solubilization of oil and brfne by mLcro- actant formulation.
emulsion phase containing petroleum sulfonate
TRS 10-410 and alc~hol was determined at INTRODUCTION
room temperature. Interracial tension between
phases was correlated with solubilization Microemulsion flooding process has been
behawior of surfactant formulations. lhe widely tested in laboratory and has been
effect of the chain length of hydrocarbon oil applied in field tests in recent years for
on the solubilization and interfscial tension tertiary oil recovery. In this process, a
behavior of surfactant formulations was inves- microemulsion containing petroleum sulfdnate,
tigated at a surfactant concentration of 5 wt.% alcohol, oil and brine was used as an injection
and isobutanol concentration of 3 wt.%. Effect fluid. The interracial tension between the
of chain length and iso~ric structure of microemulsion and reservoir oil or brine is
alcohols on tl.esolubilization and interracial as low as 10-2 dynes/cm or less. Under adequate
tension behavior of dodecane W. surfactant conditions, the mi.croemulsionslug is miscible
soliltioncontaining 5 wt.% TRS 1O-4IO and 3 with both oil and brine. However, beyond its
wt.% alcohol was investigated and correlated solubilization limit, the microemulsion slug
partitions into three phases, namely, a surf-
)ieferenceaand illustrations at emi of pa=
46 THE EFFECT OF THE STRUC21JREOF OIL AND ALCOHOL ON THE OPTIMAL SALINITY SPE ;594 ‘
actant rich middle phase microemulsion ml ~11 were measured in the spinning drop tensiometer
as surfact.antlean brine and oil phases. ? at 25”C. Density of each phase was measured
Alternatively, an aqueous surfactant formula- by 5 ml pycnometer. Concentration of
tion containing petroleum sulfonate, alcohol alcohol (Isobutanol) in aqueous phase, middle
and brine can be injected into oil reservoir.3 phase and oil phase was determinedly high
The partitioning of this aqueous surfactant resolution NMR measurement? using the pro-
solution into three phases is allowed to take cedutc ?eported elsewhere.
place .—
in situ as it moves In the oil reservoir.
EFFECT OF (2?AINLENGTH OF OIL ON
The maximum oil recovery efficiency is OPTIMAL SALINITY
found at a salinity at which the middle phase
microemulsion exhibits equal interracial Surfactanc solution containing 5% (w/w)
tension of the order of 10-3 dynes/cm or less TRS 10-410 and 3% (w/w) isobutanol in brine
with oil and brine phases.4 At this optimal was allowed to equilibrate with equal volume
salinity, the middle phase microemulsion of n-alkane. It was observed that a surfac-
contalns equal amount of oil and brine. There- tant rich lower brine phase remains in equil-
fore, it is desirable to optimize a surfactant Ibrium with upper oil phase at low salinity.
formulation so that a maximum recovery of A surfactant rich upper ofl phase remains in
0{?. can be achieved. The optimization of a equilibrium w%th lower brine phase at high
surfactant formulation for a giveu crude oil salinity. At medium salinity, a surfacti’nt
canbe achievedby : (1) the proper selection rich middle phase containing oil and bri~,e
of surfactant and alcohol and (2) t~e proper remains in equilibrium with upper oil phase
selection of alcohol to surfactant ratio. and lower brine phase. Nearly all the ‘)urf-
actant is concentrated in the Suifacttiit
The optimization of a surfactant formu- rich phase. The amount of surfactant in the
lation for an oil reservoir is a non-trivial oil phase or brine phase is less tha.10.05%
procedure since the choice of petroleum (w/w]● All isobutanol was assuud to be
sulfonate, alcohol and alcohol to surfactant present in the surfactant rich phase. It
ratio can vtiryover a wide range. Therefore, will be shown in the latter part of this
a method f~r predicting the optimal salinity report that this is not a valid assumption.
in the presence of various alcohols must be However, it is convenient and does not af-
established. We believe that the surfactant feet significantly the determination of
formulation should be designed such that the the solubilization behavior.
reservoir brine becomes the optimal salinity
for the formulation. The solubilized (or dissolved) volume
of brine and/or oil was plotted as functions
MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTS of salinity as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
As salinity increases, the solubilized volume
Petroleum sulfonate TRS 10-410 (60% of brf.nedecreases, while the solubilized
active) was obtained from Witco Chemical volume of oil increases. The intersection
Company. Alcohols of chain length from of these two curves is defined as the optimal
C3 to C5 were purchased from Chemical Sample salinity for phase behavior So. The inter-
Company and were 99% pure. Even nunber facial tension of brine-surfactant phase, Ym
normal alkanes from C6 to C16 were purchased and oil-surfactant phase, yom were plotted
from Chemical Sample Company and were 97% as functions of salinity as shown in Figures
pure. Sodium chloride (analytical grade) 3and 4. As salinity increases, ym increases
was purchased from Fisher Scientific Company. and yom decreases. The intersection of these
Water was double distilled. wo curves”is defined as the optimal salinity
for interracial tension Sy.
Surfactant solutions were made by
~xing 5% (w/w) of TRS 10-410, 377(w/w) The optimal salinity S$ or Sy increases
alcohol and desirable amount of sodium as the chain length of n-alkanes increases
chloride in distilled water. The surfactant as shown in Figure 5. In contrast, the
solutions were allowed to equilibrate with volume of the middle phase at optimal salinity
equal volume of nornml alkanes at 25 ~ 1°C decreases as the chain length of n-alkane
in 50 ml graduated cylinders. VoluEE of each increases as shown in Figure 6. The optimal
equilibrated phase was then recorded when tensiom (yom = YW) decreases as the chain
“thevolume of each phase did not change with length of n-alkane decreases (Figures 3 and 4).
tire. The time for the stabilization oi
phase volume ranged from 3 days to more than The optiu@ salinity of the microemulsion
6 weeks, with the shorter the chain length system is a linear function of”the density
of oil, the longer the time required for phase of n-alknaes (Figure 7). This implies that
stabilization. for the same concentration and type of pet-
rol?um sulfonate and alcohol, the optiml
After equilibration, phases were separated salinity of the micraemulsion system can be
and the Interracial tensions between phases
.
;PE”6594 W.C. HSIEH AND D.O. SHAH 47
predicted from the density of the n-alkane. volume of the middle phase decreases as the
Whether this kind of correlation can be concentration of isobutanol increases. This
applied to aromatic or unsaturated hydro- Is shown in Figure 16.
carbon Is not yet explored.
In other experi=nts, the concentration
EFFECT OF CHAIN LENGTH AND ISOMERIC STRUCTURE of Iscbutanol was kept at 1.5% or 3% while
OF ALCOHOL ON OPTIMAL SALINITY the concentration of TRS 10-410 varied, As
the concentration of TM 10-410 increases,
Surfactant solution containing 5% (w/w) the volume of the middle phase increases lin-
TRS 10-410 and 3% (w/w) alcohol in brine early (Figure 17). Again, the volume of the
was allowed to equilibrate witi equal volume middle phase is always smaller at higher
of dodecane. The phase behavior of these isobutanol concentration, I.e. 3%. The vol-
microemulsion system is similar to that ume of the middle phase approaches zero when
described above. As chain length of n-alcohol the concentration of TRS 10-410 reduces to
increases, the optimal salinity decreases near zero. This indicates that the fornwtion
(Figures 8 and 9). However, the solubilized of the middle phase requires the presence of
volume of brine or oil and the optimal surfactant molecules.
interracial tension (yom = Ym) at optimal
salinizy are not significantly different The distribution of isobutanol AR upper
for different alcohols. oil phase, lower aqueous phase and middle
phase was determined by high resolution NMR
The optimal salinity for the mfcroemulsion measureumts. Concentrations of isobutanol
systems containing isom?rs of butanol is in in the dddle phase and the lower aqueous
the order of 2-C40H ~ i-c?40Hs n-C40H as phase for mfcroemulsions of different oils
shown in Figures 10 and li. This is parallel are Msted in Table I. At optimal salinity
to the volubility of butanol isomers in brine. or near optiud saltnity, the concentration
of isobutanol is 0.02258 gin/mlsolution in
The optimal salinity for the microemlsion the lower phase and 0.0176 gin/mlin the
system containing isomers of pentanol is middle phase for different oils.
in the order of tert-C50H > 2-C50H > n-C50H
as shown in Figures 12 and 13. This is also To calculate this isobutanol to surfac-
parallel to the volubility of pentanol isomers tant TM 10-410 molar ratio, the surfactant
in brine. Again, the solubilized volume TRS 10-410 was assumed to be dissolved in the
of brine or oil at optimal salinity and the middle phase, since the concentration of
optimal interracial tension (y= = Yom) “are TRS 10-410 in oil phase or brine phase was
not significantly different for different less than 0.C5% bywei@t. The molecular
alcohols. It appears that the optimal sal- ratio of isobutanol to surfactant TRS 10-410
inity of microemulsion systems containing in the uuddle phase was found to be 1.4 when
different alcohols is a linear function oil was hexadecane and 2.85 when oil was
of the alcohol volubility in brine. hexane. This is Shown in Table II.

EFFECT OF SURFACTANT ~ ALCDHOL RATIO ULTRA LOW INTERFACIAL TENSION BY HIGH AND
ON OPTIMAL SALINITY LOW SURFACTANT CONCENTRATION SOLUTIONS

Ihe concentration of TRS 10-410 in It has been demonstrated 6s7 that the
surfactant solution was kept at 5% (w/w) ultra low interracial tension also can be
while the concentration of isobutanol was produced at substantially lower surfactant
varied in order to change the surfactant to concentrations (* 0.2% w/v). However, unlike
alcohol ratio. At 1.0% and 1.5% salinities, the high surfactant concentration s~ste=,
the solubilized volume of brine was dram- there is no middle phase present in the sol-
aticallydecreased, but the solubilized volume ution of low surfactant concentrations. The
of oil was not changed significantly (Figures question that can be raised is whether there
14 and 15). The Interracial tension ym is any correlation be!s?eenthe ultra low
was increased about two orders of magnitude interracial tensions observed in high and low
when isobutanol concentration increased from surfactant concentration systems. It i$ SISO
4% to 9% at 1% NaCl and froml% to 5% at 1.5% desirable to investigate the dependence of
NaCl. The interracial tension yomwas not the interracial tension on the surfactant
affected significantly as concentration of concentration, salinity and chain length of
isobutanol var$ed. hydrocarbon oil in low surfactant concentration
systenk3.
Therefore, an op”timalconcentration of
isobutanol can be determined at each salinity. The interracial tension of dilute surf-
Accordingly, optimal isobutanol concentration actant formulations in equilibrium with
can be selected at 3% when salinity is 1% dodecane and hexadecane are shown in Figure
and at 1.5% when salinity is 1.5%. The 18. The interracial tensions have a sharp
 .
48 THE EFPECT’OF lliESTRUCTURE OF OIL AND ALCOHOL ON THE OPTIMAL SALINITY SPE 6594
minimum at O .1% TRS 10-410 with O .06% iso- part may be due to high surface charge density.
butanol for dodecane and at 0.006% TRS 10-410 We also observedlo that the maximum oil
with 0.0036% isobutanol for hexadecane. Brine recovery of a crude oil occurred in sand-
concentrations used were the sam as optimal packs and berea cores at a salt concentration
salinities (dodecane, Sy = 1.5% NaCl and where the oil droplets exhibited a uundmum in
forhexadecane, SY = 2% NaCl). electrophoretic mbility.

Presence or absence of isobutanol does The effect of NaCl concentration on the

not shift the surfactant concentration at microstructure of TRS iO-410 plus isobutanol
which the ndnimum interfaclal tension occurs. system was investigated using freeze-fracture
This is shown in Figure 19. The ultra low electron microscopy, pulse and high resolution
interracial tension only occurs at optild NMR spectroscopy and optical anisotropy meas-
wilinity, i.e., 1.5% NaCl in dodecane. The urements. With increasing NaCl concentration,
interracial tension data are shown in Figures the surfactant system undergoes various phase
19 and 20. transitions and at 2.0% NaCl, the system
consists of “birefringent cellular fluids.tt11
The effect of hydrocar~on oil chain length The freeze-fracture electron micrographs re-
m the interracial tension values at 0.01, vealed a Iamellar, membranous foam-like
2.1 and 5.0% surfactant concentrations are structure of the birefringent solution.
shown in Figure 21. At 0.1% TRS 10-410 with
or without isobutanol the “ultralow iuter- APPLICATIOQ
facial tension appears at 12 carbon chain
length of 0110 At 5% TRS 10-410 with 3% The methods of selecting components for
isobutanol, which is 50 tires nrme concentrated, a surfactnnt formulation to exhibit its msx-
khe optimal interracial tension also appears imum capacity to solubilize oil and brine and
at 12 carbon chain length. At 0.01% TRS 10- coneequently produce an ultra low interf?cial
410 with 0.0067% IBA, the interracial tension tension are desirable in the surfactant
reaches a plateau at dodecane. flooding process. These ~thods can be defined
as the optimization of a surfactant formula-
In conclusion, the ultra low interracial tion. It has been shown ~z2 that the optir
tension can be produced at a high surfactant ization of a surfactant formulation can be
concentration, e.g., 5% and at a low surfac- achieved by adjusting the salinity of the
tant concentration, e.g., O.IZ. The attain- brine. In this work, the relation between
nent of low interracial tension strongly optimal salinity and various factors was in-
iepends on the electrolyte as well as surfac- vestigated. These factors include hydrocarbon
taut concentrat~ona and on the chain length oil chain length, alcohol chain length and
of oil. Both in the him and low surfactant its isomxic structure, alcohol and surfactant
concentration regions, the attainment of concentratlona as well as the alcohol to surf-
ultra low interracial tension requires the actant ratio. ‘Iheresults of this study form
same salinity and the same chain length of a framework of guide lines to optimize a
~il for the TRS 10-410 surfactant solutions. surfactant formulation. This study clearly
I’herefore,we believe that the behavior of demonstrates how the nature and concentration
~igh and low surfactant concentration system of various components, nawly, hydrocarbon
is interrelated. oil, alcohol, electrolytes as well as the
alcohol to surfactant ratio, can influence the
Recently we have proposed ndecular solubilization, phase behavior and interracial
wchanism to account for the observed effects tension of a surfactant formulation.
~f surfactant and salt concentrations and of
oil chain-length on the ultra low interracial CONCLUSIONS
tension.5$8 We have shown that ultra low
interracial tension occurs at the critical (1) The surfactant migration from lower to
micelle concentration (CMC) for synthetic middle to upper phase is promted by an increase
or natural petroleum sulfonatea. The oil in salinity.
chain length effect is attributed to parti-
tioning of the surfactant and CMC phenomna. (2) Optimzl salinity for phase behavior Sd
correlates well with optiual salinity of inter-
From electrophoretic unbility, and inter- racial tension behavior SY as demonstrated
facial tension measurements we have shown9 that by Healy and Reed.1
for the effect of surfactant, salt, or caustic
concentration, the minimum in interracial (3) Optiwd salinity So and Sy increase as
tension corresponds to a maximum in electro- oil chain length increases.
phoretic mobility of oil droplets and hence
presumably to the incerfacial charge at the (4) Optimal salinity So and S for surfactant
oil/brine interface. We believe that the formulations containing elcohoI isomers of
generation of ultra low interracial tension in C4 or C5 or C30H increaaew$th increasing
. . ---- an
SPE 6594 W.C. HSIEH AND D.O. SHAH -z

alcohol volubility in brine. There is no

significant difference in ultra low inter-
racial tension achieved and volums of oil 1. Healy, R.N., Reed, R.L. and Stenmark,
or brine solubilized et optimal salinity by D,G.: “Multiphase Microemulsion Syste=,”
using different alcohols with chain length . &, ~., 16, 147-160, 1976.
from C3 to C5. ‘Ibisindicates that one can
select an alcohol according to reservoir 2. Reed, R.L. and Healy, R.N.: “Some
salinity and still produce an uItra low Physiochemical Aspects of Microemulsion
interracial tension. Flooding: A Review” In Improved Oil
&ecovery by Surfactant and Polymer
(5) Studies with increasing alcohol concen- Flooding, eds. D.O. Shah and R.S.
tration indicate that there exists an optimal Schechter, Academic Press, pp. 383-
alcohol concentration which can produce ultra 437, 1977.
low interracial tension and solubilize maximum
amount of oil and brine. The optimal alcohol 3. Bon@au, D.F. and ClamPitt, R.L.: “A
concentration depends on brine salinity. Surfactant System for theOil-Wet Sand-
stone of the North Burbank Unit,” SPE
(6) l!heoptiuvilsalinityofanoil/brine/ 5820, Presented at the SPE Improved Oil
surfactant/alcohol system depends upon the Recovery Symposium, March 22-24, 1976.
volubility of alcohol in brine. The higher
the volubility of alcohol in brine, the 4. Healy, R.N. and Reed, R.L.: “Immiscible
higher the optiud salinity. Microemulsion Flooding,” SPE 5817,
Presented at SPE Improved Oil Recovery
(7) Middle phase volum is proportional to Symposium, March 22-24, 1976.
the concentration of surfactant. However,
the middle phase voluue decreases as concen- 5. Shah, D.O. ——
et al.: “University of Florida
tration of Isobutanol increases in the surf- Improved Oil Recovery Research Program,”
actant formulations. Semi-Annual Report, pp. A1-A27, Decenber
1976.
(8) Amlar ratio of alcohol to surfactant
in the middle phase was found to be 1.5 when 6. Anderson, D.R., Binder, M.S., Davis,
oil was hexadecane and about 3 when oil was H.T., Manning, C.D. and Striven, L.E.:
hexane. SPE Paper No. 5811, Presented at.SPE
Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa,
(9) For a given oil; ultra low interracial Oklahoma, March 22-24, 1976.
tension occurs at the optimal salinity and
at a specific 8urfactant concentration. 7. Cash, R.L., Cayias, J.L., Fournier, R.G.,
Jacobson, J.K., Schares, T., Schechter,
(10) At low surfactaut concentrations, the R.S. and Wade, W.H.: SPE Paper No. 5813,
ultra low interracial tension occurs at a Presented at SPE Improved Oil REcovery
specific chain length of oil. At high Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, March 22-24,
surfactant concentrations, the middle phase 1976,
microemulsion forms with the same chain length
of oil resulting in the ultra low Interfscial 8. Chan, K.S. and Shah, D.O.: “The Molecular
tension. This suggests that ultra low inter- 14chanism for Achieving Ultra Low Inter-
racial tensions observed at the low and hi@ racial Tension,” 51st Colloid and Inter-
surfactant concentrations are interrelated. face Science Symposium, June 1977.
Perhaps, the middle phase does form at low
surfactant concentrations but remain invisible 9. Shah, D.O., Chan, K.S. and Bansal, V.K.:
because of extremely small volume. However, “The Importance of Interracial Charge vs.
its effect on Snterfacial tension is evident Interracial Tension in Secondary and Ter-
and measurable. tiary Oil Recovery Processes,” Proceedings
of AIChE 83rd National Meeting, p. 98,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT’S March 1977.

The authors wish to express their sincere 10. Chiang, M., Chan, K.S., and Shah, D.O.:
appreciation to Energy Research and Develop- “A Laboratory Study on the Correlation of
ment Administration (Grant No. EY-77-S-05- Interracial Charge With Various Inter-
5341), National Sci&ce Foundation-R4NN racial ProDert+es in Relation to Oil
(Grant No. AER 75-13813) and to the industrial Recovery Efficiency During Water Flooding,t’
consortium of 21 msjor oil and chemical Proceedings of International Conference
companies for “theirsupport of the research on Colloids and Surfaces - 50th Colloid
presented in this paper. and Surface Science Symposium, Vol. 11,
@d. M, Kerker, Academic Press, p. 321,1976.
50 THE EFFECT OF ‘THE STRUCTURE OF OIL AND ALCOHOL ON THE OTPIMAL SALINITY
r , SPED6594 -

1
U. Shah, D.O., Haleh, W.C. and Deamer, D.: Proceedings of 69th AIChE Annual Meeting,
“The Structure and Interfaclal Properties p. ?1, Novenber 1976.
of Birefringent Cellular Fluids,”

TAELE I

Distribution of Isobutanol in Middle and Lawer Phasee

after Equilibration of Various Hydrocarbon Oils
with 5% TRS 10-410 plue 3% Isobutanol Formulation

Oil Chain Salifilty Concentration of Isobutanol

Length wt.% rntddlephase lower phase
(grams/ml solution)

(26 0.50 0.01648 0.02015 0.818

0.75 0.01690 0.02340 0.722
C8
0.875 0.01813 0.02371 0.765
C8
1.125 0.01524 0.02285 0.667
Clo
1.25 0.01688 0.02392 0.706
Clo
1.50 0.01785 0.02143 0.833
C12
1.50 0.01761 0.02241 0.785
C12
1.75 0.01999 0.02235 0.895
C14
2.00 0.01935 0.02303 0.840
C16

Average value 0.01760 0.02258 0.7795

*K. cone of IBA in the middle phase

cone of IBA in the aqueous phase
. .

TABLE II

Composition of the Middle phaje after Equilibration

of 5% TRS 10-410 plus 3% Isobutanol Formulation
with Equal Volume of Various Hydrocarbon Oils

Oil Chain Salinity Volume fraction Composition (moles)

Length wt.% of Middle Phase, % TRS 10-410:Isobutanol :Oil:Water

C6
0.50 ’46 1: 2.85 : 43.9 : 336

0.75 41.3 1: 2.63 : 40 : 224

C8
0.875 34.7 1 : 2.36 : 38.8 : 131
C8
1.125 36 1: 2.06 : 31.4 : 159
Clo
1.25 32 1 : 2.03 : 30.5 : 110
Clo
1.50 28 1 : 1.88 : 19.6 : 130
C12
1.50 28 1 : i.85 : 17 : 156
C12
1.75 21.3 1 : 1.60 : 7.9 : 154
C14
c 2.00 19 1 : 1.40 : 7.4 : 154
16
 ● ✎✎

25
[“’”L
OPEN SYMf30L - Vw
CLOSE SYM80L-V~
A n-HEXANE
O n-DECANE
Q n-TETRA -
OECANE IJ
I
I I
I I
I I

I i
I I
1 \
I
//

L A
00 0.5 1.0 I5 2.0 2.5
SALINITY, NoCI Wt. % SALINITY, NoCI wt. %

Fig. 1- Effect of oil chain length on the solubili- Fig. 2- Effect of oil chain length on the solubili-
zation behavior of 5% TRS 10-410 + 3% isobutanol. zdion behavior of 5% TRS 10410 + 3% isobutanol.

I
OPEN SYMBOL , ?OM

Ii
a n- HEXANE OPEN SYMBOL- ~o~ A n-OCTANE
CLOSE SYMB9L, rMw 0 n- DECANE
1‘o t CLOSE s ‘MBOL- rMw O n- DODECANE
o n- TETRA-
lo\ DECANE o n-HEXADECANE

‘“’[\w\ /
‘p,.
\ y?’ /d

ii
t
ooool~ ok o oool~ J
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
SALINITY, NaCl wt. % SALINITY, NoCI Wt.%

Fig. 3- Effect of oil chain length cn the interfaci:l Fig. 4- Effect of Oi 1 chain length on the interracial
tension behavior of 5% TRS 10410 + 3% isobutanol. tension behavior of 5% TRS 10-410 + 3% isobutanol.
 ●

h . wlurne of the Middle Phase 50

o Concentration of “1’RS-10-410
(100Y@ktiv8) in the Middle Phase

6 8
CHAIN
IO 12
LENGTH OF OIL
14
~ .-l
16
.~
/“
Total

6
/

volume of the system= 50ml

8 10 12 14 16
chain Length of Oil
Fig. 5- Optimal salinities SU and S@ of 5% TM ?0-410 + 3% iso-
butanol vs. chain 1ength of oi 1.
Fig. 6- Volume of the middle phase and concentration of TRS 10-410
(100% active) in the middle phase at optimal salinity for different
chain length of oils.

c,@ OIL’ DODECANE O n-C30H

OPEN SYMBOL - Vw A n- C40H

CLOSE SYMBOL -V. o n-C50H

C6

0.6 0.7 0.8

DENSITY OF OIL., gin/ml Fig. 8- Effect of alcohol chain len th on the solubili-
zat ion behavior of 5% IRS 10-410 + 3i alcohol at various
salt concentrations.
Fi .7- Optimal salt ni ty as a function of density of hydrocarbon
Oi ‘! so
 ●

OPEN 5YWOL- VW o n-
CLOSE SYMBOL-VO

OILI DODECANE
A 1$0.
o 2- 1
.
C40H

I I
OPEN SYMBOL - ~oM-
CLOSE SYMBOL - ~MW
0.5 1.0 1.5 20 25 3.0 3.5
SALINITY, wt.% NoCI
SALINITY, wt. % NOCI

Fig. 10- Effect of isomeric structure of butanol on the solu-

Fig. 9- Effect of alcohol chain length on the interracial bi 1ization behavior of 5% TRS 10410 + 3% alcohol at various
tension behavior of 5% TM 10410 + 3% alcohol at various salt concentrations.
salt concentrations.

, OPEN SYMBOL- Vw ● n -
CLOSE SYMBOL-VO A 2- c@ti
Oter -
}
OIL: DODECANE

oool~
05 10 15 20 2.5 3.0 3.5 ~
SALINITY, wt. “A NoCI

Fig. 11- Effect of iscmartc structure of butanol on the interracial tension be-
s C
havior of 5% TRS 10410 + 3% alcohol at various salt concerdra?ions.
SALINITY, Wt. ?4.

Fig. 12- Effect of ismeric structure of pentanol on

solubi 1izat ion behavior of 5% TRS 10-410 + 3% alcohol
atvarious salt concentrate ions.
. . ●

og “L’ =~E s “.

t
005\

0005. ‘1;
t
!n-C#4 I
I
0.001 “’ k =60f+

00005 - OPEN SYMBOL - TOM

CLOSE SYM60L- TMW

o~o~,-
0 05 25
SALINITY, wt.% NoCI

Fi .13- Effect of issmrlc structure of panted m the

Fig. 15- Effect of munt of isobutanol on the solubilizaticm
and interracial tension behavior of 5% TRS 10-410 + isobutanol
in ?erfacial tension bahsvio” of 5% TSS 10-410 + 33 alcokl
Mith Wecma at 1.5% Ml.
st vsrious salt concentratfom.

0.0001 ,~
0123456789
ISOMSTANOL . wt ‘%

Fig. 14- Effect of sawnt of isobutanol on the solubilt-

zatlm and t ntarfacial tension of 5% 7SS 10-410 + t sobu-
tanol i! th Wacsna at 1%SaCl.

● 1% NoCI
o I5% Noel I o i. 5 % ISOEUIANOL I

0
0

‘k

t5~- (-1
3436?~~
lSOBU7ANOf., wf ~

Fig. 16- Effect of -nt of isobuted m the volmw of

Fig. 17- Effect of surfectant cmcentratim on the volma
oid61a phase of 5% lRS 1(?-410 + isotutenol wtth tidacane. of ●lddle phaseof 7SS1W1O+ Isobutanolwith dodacane
at 1.5%KzC1.
 ● .

0.5 -
~ -.0 1.S% No Cl with Isobvtarml
o---9 2% Noel
A
E t

;
0.05(
*
z-
0
3
z
~ 0.01 -
A
s 0.005 -
\
ii
a \
;
z 0.001 “

0.0005 -
o

t
I I 1 1 1 I 1 I I 0.0001
-~
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 I .0 0.0050.01 . . 0.5 I 5
TRS IO-410 Concentration , wt. % TRS 10-410, wt. yO (60% OCthl)

Fig. 18- Effect of surfactant concentration on the Fig. 19- Effect of salinity and surfactant concentration on the in-
interracial tension of TM 10410 + isobutanol Hi th te;facial tension betneen s~rfactant sol ut ion and dodecarte.
dodecane at 1.5% NaCl and ~ith hexadecane at2%tialll.

~ 0.1% TRS 10-410 + 0.067V0 IBA

H 0,1%TRS 10-410
& * rQm 5Y. TRS 10-410+3% IBA
~ Zmw }
.- &- SURFACE TENSION (A/W) G--Q O.01% TRS IO- 410+ 0.0067% IBA

~ INTERFACIAL TENSION (0/W)

---
0,1
t

0.0001
0
Ll- 0.5 -%-&-%n
T
6
1

8
I

10
1

12
I

14
SALINITY , wt O/. NcICI
OIL CHAIN LENGTH

Fig. 20- Ef feet of salinity on the interracial tension betwean Fig. 21- Effect of oi 1 chain length on the interracial
O. 1% TRS 10-i10 and dodecane, tension between surfactant soluti~n of TRS 10-410 and oil.