Physical Education
Physical Education
Physical Education
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
ANS- All children have an equal right to enjoy the physical education programmes .
the physical education programme designed for individuals with disabilities such as
deafness or hearing impairment , mental retardation , orthopaedic impairment
visual impairment including blindness, traumatic brain injury , etc . is called adapted
physical education . these programmes are adapted or adjusted to meet the need of
individuals through modification and accommodations.
Adapted physical education may be defined as a diversified or branch out
programmes of development activities,games,sports and rhythms,befitted to the
interests, capabilities and limitation of students with disabilities, who may not safely
or successfully engaged in unrestricted participation in the general physical
education programme .
1.medical examination –proper medical check –up of the children should be done
according to the disability of the student or individual .
2.interest of the student – the programme should be planned and directed based on
the interests abillties , capacity and limitations of the students .
3. special equipment – special equipments should be used as per the requirement of
the student. It should be according to the level of student.
4. proper environment – the play area should be well defined with proper
boundaries and should be limited to smaller areas for the convenience of students
with specific needs .
5.change in rules—rules of the sport and game should be changed or modified according to
the specific needs of students . for example more number of chance s at the skill giving
more rest time or interval during the game or sport.
Q.6 Write short notes on the following ?
1. special Olympic bharat
2.career in book writing
3. career in sports photography
4.career in sports industry .
Sports industry --- for a person who has knowledge of physical education and sports
careers are also available in sports industries it self . a person who wants a career in sports
industry must have deep knowledge of physical education and sports .
Q.no. 5- how can health threat the prevented through life style change ?discuss in detail.
ANS.-not only india but the whole world is facing a number of health threats .cancer,heart-
attack diabetes,hypertension,obesity,arthritis,depression,kidney failure etc.are major
health threats for all of us.change in our life style can help preventing such threats or
disorders .adopting healthy life style is not an easy task but we have to adopt and maintain
healthy life style ,if we want to survive or be ready to die premature death.it has already
been mentioned the components of a life style as :
1.proper and balanced diet
2.regular physical exercise
3.proper rest and sleep
4.No use of drugs and alcohol
5.limit of T.V watching
6.no use of smoking
7.change in our physical environment.
1.proper and balanced diet-proper and balanced diet plays an important role is our lives
.improper and imbalanced diet can result in the following ailments:
1)weight loss
2)obesity
3) organ malfunction
4. loss of tone in muscles
2 regular physical exercise – it is usually seen that most of the people try to avoid physical
activities in their daily life . they prefer lift or elevator instead of staircase . even for a
walking distance , they prefer scooter or motorbike .
Sufficient exercises give the following benefits –
1 healthy growth and development
2 improve general well – being
3 strengthen muscles bones and joints
4 prevent obesity
5 reduce cholesterol and heart – diseases
3.proper rest and sleep-proper rest and sleep is also a very significant part of our healthy
survival .inadequate or insufficient sleep disturbs our daily routine and the person who has
not sufficient sleep ,becomes irritable .therefore sound sleep is necessary for keeping an
individual away from fatigue and exertion.
4. no use of drugs and alcohol –use of harmful drugs and alcohol has very negative and
serious effects on health of the users .harmful drugs taken without a doctor’s prescription
,lead to may ailments such as loss of sleep ,loss of appetite ,liver damage , pain in muscles
and damage to vital internal organs.
5.limit of T.V watching – watching T.V for a number of hours is not good for health . many
eyesight complications and problems are consequence of excessive use of TV watching
,computers ,i-pads etc . such electronic gadgets must be use as necessity and not as
addiction .decrease in T.V watching significantly reduces obesity and body weight
6.no use of smoking –smoking in any form or use of tobacco causes oral cancer up to some
extent .so smoking in any form must be quit as early as possible .it is pathetic to say that
some young men smoke cigarettes as a modern lifestyle and fashion without considering its
consequences.
7.change in our physical environment – to use of artificial instruments such as air
conditioner ,heating devices etc. is an attempt to change our physical environment .due to
these changes , we are moving away from our natural surroundings and preferring to live
behind closed doors . such artificial lifestyle is a threat for our healthy lives . but it is
impossible to live without such electronic gadgets .there is need to minimize such change
to avoid many health complication.
Q.1-Write short notes on the following:
I. Olympic Flame
II. Olympic Flag
III. Olympic Moto
IV. Olympic Awards
V. Olympic Oath
Ans – i) Olympic Flame: The Olympic flame or Olympic torch marks the opening ceremony
of the Olympic games. The Olympic torch is a symbol of the peace between the continents.
All competing nations march in alphabetical order except Greece which marches first, bring
the founder nation of the games. The Olympic flag is hoisted with the sound of fanfare and
guns. The torch is lighted and after being lit, the flame continues to burn throughout the
Olympics, and is extinguished on the day of the closing ceremony.
ii) Olympic Flag: The Olympic flag, made of white silk, represents the Olympic symbol,
consisting of Olympic rings, which represents the unity of the five inhabited continents –
North and south America, Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa. The coloured interlocked rings
of blue, yellow, black, green, and red colour symbolize the union of five continents. Olympic
flag was created in 1913 at the suggestion of Baron de Coubertin. It was first solemnly
inaugurated in Paris in June 1914. But it was hoisted first time in the Olympic stadium at
the Antwerp Olympic Games which were held in 1920.
iii) Olympic Moto: The Olympic motto consists of 3 latin words Citius, Altius, fortius,
meaning “Faster, Higher, Stronger”. The words inspire the human spirit to move faster,
higher and become stronger through sports. The motto was coined by a French educator
Father Didon in 1895.
iv) Olympic Awards: The first, second and third position holders are awarded with gold,
silver and bronze medals and a certificate respectively. The next five position holders are
awarded with gold, silver and bronze medals and a certificate respectively. The next five
position holders are awarded with certificates only.
v) Olympic Oath: The Olympic Oath is an important ceremony during opening of the
games. A representative athlete of the host country, holds a corner of the Olympic flag
while reciting the oath:
“In the name of all the competitors I promise that we shall take part in these
Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them,
Committing ourselves to a sport and without doping and without drugs, in the true
Spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honour of our teams.”
The judge takes a slightly different oath:
“In the name of all judges and officials, I promise that we shall officiate in
These Olympic games with complete impartiality, respecting and abiding by
The rules which govern them in the true spirit of sportsmanship.”
Q.2 – Discuss the opening ceremony of Ancient Olympic Games.
Ans – The opening ceremony of games began with an oath taking ceremony with all the
participants, their brothers, fathers, trainers etc. On the first day opening ceremony and
religious rites were performed. On the second day march past, introduction of participants,
chariot races, horse races and pentathlon were held. On the third day the animals were
sacrificed followed by race competitions, wrestling and boxing contests. Fourth day,
boxing, wrestling and athletic events were held. Fifth day, recreational programmes and
awards ceremonies were held and the Games were closed. With the passage of time the
number of games kept on changing, such as 400 yard walking was included in 724 B.C.
Three miles race was included in 720 B.C, pentathlon in 708 B.C., boxing in 688 B.C. and
horse – race was included in 648 B.C.
Q.3 – Write short notes on CBSE Sports Award and Chacha Nehru Sports Award.
Ans – CBSE Sports Award
The CBSE Sports Awards is given to the winning school. The awards are given for
overall performance in all the disciplines.
First Prize : Rs .Five Lac
Second Prize : Rs. Three Lac
Third Prize : Rs. One Lac
Chacha Nehru Sports Award
The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has started Chacha Nehru Sports Awards
which is given in the form of scholarships for sports talents. The salient features of the
award are as follows:
1. Objective – The aim is to identify, recognize, nurture and develop the extraordinary
talent among the students studying in class VIII onwards in sports and games. This
will help in the development of sports activities at the school level and support the
importance of mental and physical health among the children. The financial support
in the form of scholarship will motivate the students to excel in their sports
activities.
2. Number and value of each Awards – There are 50 scholarships each year of Rs.
500/- per month to all indentified sports talents in class IX-XII based on the
performance at national level in various disciplines of CBSE Inter School Sports and
Games. Currently, there are 14 disciplines and number of scholarship available in
each discipline.
3. Duration – The scholarship shall be awarded from the commencement of class IX
(or higher class) and up to class XII (max. four years) subject to fulfillment of
following conditions.
Visible level of improvement in performance in the skills of the concerned discipline.
Passing of each level of class examination
A candidate selected for the award in class VIII but has not qualified for admission
to class IX shall not be eligible for the award.
A candidate who has been discontinued from the rolls of an institution or has been
rusticated shall forfeit the award.
The awards are generally not transferable.
Inability of the student to pursue the discipline due to health or medical reasons
shall lead to discontinuation of the award.
A candidate who has failed in class IX (or any other class) shall not be eligible for the
award for a second running year in the same. The candidate can seek renewal of
scholarship subsequent to passing such class and producing documentary evidence.
However, if under age category 16 some students are selected, the scholarship in
such case shall be till the completion of class XII studies.
4. Eligibility – The students must be Indian Nationals studying in schools located in
India and should not be in receipt of any other scholarship for the same or similar
purpose from any other agency (Govt. or non-govt). The student must be participant
of the CBSE Inter school sports and Games competition, 2005 onwards at the
national level.
5. Selection of the scholar – The students shall be identified at the CBSE Inter school
Sports and Games Competition on the basis of their overall performance and score
at the national level. In respect of team games, a core committee of minimum three
members shall identify the scholar. All the scholarship shall be identified by
February 28 of the preceding academic year of the award.
The proposal for the Award should be submitted every year by the 31st of May, for the
preceding year ending on 31st march. In case the application is received after 31st May, it
will not be considered for that year and will not be carried forward to the next year.
Proposals may be sent to the Ministry by members of Parliament, state government, sports
authority of India or national sports federations. The award may be cancelled in case it is
found that it has been obtained by malpractice or fraud or misrepresentation. In such a
case, the cash and other honours given as part of the Award, however, shall not be taken
back, nor the awardees or legal heirs be compelled to refund the same.
The withdrawal or cancellation of the award cannot be disputed in any court of law and the
decision of the ministry is final in this matter.
Award
The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award consists of the following:
1. A scroll of honour
2. A plaque
3. A cash component of Rupees seven Lakhs Fifty thousand. This cash amount is also
exempted from income tax or wealth tax during the year it is disbursed. In case, the
award is given for a team game or sport, each team member shall receive an amount
of three lakhs seventy five thousand.
Apart from the above, the awardee or awardees are also given a blazer, a tie/scarf and the
reimbursement of TA/DA as decided by the government.
Q.6 – Write briefly about IOC.
Ans – The supreme authority of the Olympic Movement is the IOC, created by the Paris
Congress on 23rd June 1884. It is the decision making body of Olympic movement. The IOC’s
role is to lead the promotion of olympism in accordance with the Olympic charter. The IOC
encourages the development of sport on allllvels and cooperates with competent
organizations and authorities. It encourages the promotion of sport ethics and Olympic
Ideals and takes measures to protect athletes and the unity of the Olympic movement. The
IOC ensures that the Olympic games, the sport and cultural festivals of the Olympic
movemen are held regularly, with regard to the Olympic principles and the environment
and in accordance with the Olympic charter.
At least once a year, the members meet at the general assembly called the Sessions. It is on
the occasion of the sessions that important IOC decisions are taken on matters such as the
election of future Olympic games host cities, the composition of the sports programme for
the Games and the recruitment of new IOC members.
Q.1 – What is meant by Yoga? Write a note on the importance of yoga.
Ans – The term ‘Yoga’ is derived from a Sanskrit word ‘Yuj’ which means yoke or union.
Those who practice yoga have been called yogi and yogini.
For better and clear understanding of the term we can study the various ways which
describe Yoga:
1. In its most general sense, yoga involves harnessing or integrating the forces of
embodiment (mind, body and spirit) in order to transcend embodiment.
2. Traditionally, yoga is a method joining the individual self with the divine or
universal spirit. Physical and mental exercises are designed to help achieve this goal,
also called self-transcendence or enlightenment.
3. Yoga is a general term for spiritual disciplines in Hinduism, Buddhism and
throughout S. Asia that are directed toward attaining higher consciousness and
liberation from ignorance, suffering and rebirth.
4. Yoga is an effort to obtain inner peace and happiness. It may be described as a
method by which a restless mind is clamed and energies directed into constructive
channels.
Importance of Yoga
Yoga is a highly developed science associated with a healthy and lively lifestyle with
a balanced approach to life. The goal of yoga is attainment of physical and mental well-
being. In order to accomplish it, yoga makes use of different movements, breathing
exercises, relaxation technique and meditation. Yoga is not a religion, but a way of living
with health and peace of mind. Mind/body awareness can influence mood and self-esteem
to improve quality of life. Yoga is the perfect way to ensure overall health and physical
fitness. Some benefits of yoga have been listed below:
1. Physical purity and cleanliness of Organs: it massages all the internal organs and
glands. The in turn reduces the risk of many diseases. Basically there are three types
of substances inhuman body – pitt, vaat and haph. Various kriyas like jal neti, kapaal
bhaati, tratak, etc, help to clean internal organs. Yogic exercises improve bowel
movement and relieve constipation.
2. Cures and prevents from diseases: Yoga is one of the best remedies known to
humankind for curing chronic ailments that are otherwise difficult to be cured by
other medications. Yoga has been used to alleviate problems associated with high
blood pressure, high cholesterol, migraine headaches, shallow breathing,
constipation, menopause, multiple sclerosis, varicose veins and many chronic
illnesses.
3. Reduces Mental tensions, fatigue and stress inducing relaxation: Yoga offers
techniques as proven therapies for illness and stress. Yogic exercises and deep
breathing can reduce stress, thereby lowering blood pressure and inducing
relaxation. Yoga brings stability to the wavering mind and reduces physical and
mental fatigue.
4. Increases Concentration and self-control- The basic concept of yoga trains the
body and mind to work towards a single goal with concentration. Various asanas
like padmasana and Dhanurasana help in improving concentration power.
Ans – Neti – The process of cleaning the nasal passage with salt water is called as jala neti.
The specially designed pot is used for this purpose called neti pot. This kriya is best for
preventing cold and problem of sinusitis, migraine, depression and tension, to maintain
and to increase the efficiency of nasal passages.
Dhauti – It is the yogic kriya to cleanse the digestive tract. Dhauti is known to help prevent
constipation, gastritis and dyspepsia. This kriya is also helpful in improving the kidney
functioning.
Nauli – It is the yogic cleaning process which will rejuvenate the whole digestive system. It
improves the function of the whole digestive system, helpful in overcoming problem of
constipation; increases the efficiency of pancreas and hence best practice to prevent and
overcome diabetes.
Kaphalabhati – means cranium; ‘bhati’ means shining. This is a kriya or cleansing process
which cleanses the impurities of the Kaphala region and makes it shine with purity, so it
called as Kaphalabhati. It relaxes the facial muscles and nerves, according to classical text
on yoga it also slows down the aging process, helps cure respiratory disorders like asthma,
bronchitis increases the lungs capacity and makes the lungs strong.
Basti – This is the yogic kriya that helps clean the colon. It is known to help cure urinary
and digestive disorders.
Q.5 – Describe the elements of yoga in detail.
Ans – All forms of yoga lay emphasis on development of mental, moral, spiritual and
physical well-being of man, in order to enable him to seek union with God.
1. Karma Yoga – Karma yoga is the science of karma or selfless action. Karma yoga
teaches the student that all actions have inescapable consequences, some producing
immediate results, others delayed results and some bearing fruit in future lives.
Karma yoga calls for union with God through right action and service for service
sake, without regard for accomplishment of glory or attribution.
2. Gyana Yoga – Gyana yoga is the path of knowledge, science and wisdom. It is the
way of transcendent knowledge and is geared for those prone to intellectual
curiosity, reason and analysis.
3. Dhyana/Mantra Yoga – Mantra yoga is the path of sacred sound. It is the science of
sound vibration, prayer and hermetic utterance. According to hindu mystical belief,
the world evolved from the essence of sound, through the diversity and intricacy of
vibration and utterance. One of the most sacred mantras is the three-syllable OM or
Aum, origin of the universe.
4. Bhakti Yoga – Bhakti yoga is the path of love and devotion. An individual with and
emotional temperament can transform those emotions, to be absorbed in spiritual
service instead of being attached to physical or sensory gratification. Love can be
centered on a familiar form of God, a great saint or some great task in life.
5. Hatha Yoga (Physical discipline) – Hatha yoga is known as the path of inner
power. It is the science of physical exercises most familiar to common people. In
Hatha yoga the mind, body and spirit are linked and purification of the body is
intended to enhance mental and spiritual development, balance and harmony. Good
physical health, however, is an essential prerequisite to the strenuous disciplines of
this yoga system.
6. Raja Yoga (Mastery of the self) – Raja yoga is the path of stillness, whose goal is to
quiet the mind through meditation to create a state of focused, unbroken
concentration. It is also known as the path of spiritual science, particularly suitable
for those of a more abstract or metaphysical temperament. This path combines
religious study with refinement of all levels of the individual, culminating in
transcendental awareness.
In the quest to reach the Samadhi, all the external limbs prepare the physical body, purify
and energize the body and begin the process of controlling and quieting the mind. The
three internal limbs turn the flow of the mind inwards. In the process of concentration, the
mind becomes even more quite and still. All wandering thoughts are drawn together into
one direction. There is an unbroken flow of thought from subject to object. In dhyana, the
mind engages with the object in an unbroken flow and the sense of self and of time passing
fades the chitta vrittis of the mind are stilled. At this stage an experience of profound peace
and stillness is inevitable. Samadhi can be a moment, a period of time or a semi-permanent
state. But one can’t be in Samadhi and be an individual. Once an individual has reached
Samadhi it is possible to return to the body and to normal life in a different way-no longer
one is caught in the karmic cycle. One can stand back from the play of life and can act and
love without attachment. The practice of all 3 dharana, dhyana and samadhiis called
samyama and this is what leads to vibhuttis or siddhis – special powers or understanding.
Q.2 – What is meant by the prohibited substances and prohibited methods? Explain with
examples.
Ans – The prohibited substances list is a list of all drugs, supplements and other substances
and methods which are banned by WADA from use in sports.
Prohibited substances and prohibited methods are prohibited as doping at all times (both
In-competition and Out-of-competition) because of their potential to enhance performance
or their masking potential.
In-Competition- Unless provided otherwise in the rules of an International federation or
other relevant Anti-doping Organisation, “In-competition” means the period commencing
twelve hours before a competition in which the athlete is scheduled to participate through
the end of such competition and the sample collection process related to such competition.
Out-of-Competition- Any Doping Control which is not In-Competition.
WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) is responsible for maintaining and updating this list.
The list of prohibited substancesis updated annually to keep up with advances in science
and technology, with a new list being issued on the 1st of January.
Substance Prohibited at All times or In-and-out-of-competition
Currently the prohibited list contains 5 classes of substances and 3 methods of doping
which are banned at all times and a further 4 substances banned during competition.
Following are the list of prohibited substances prohibited at all times:
1. Non-Approved Substances: Any pharmacological substance which is not
addressed by any of the subsequent sentions of the list and with no current
approval by any governmental regularity health authority for human therapeutic
use (e.g., drugs under pre-clinical or clinical development of discontinued, designer
drugs, substance approved only for veterinary use) is prohibited from use.
2. Anabolic agents-anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS)
3. Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors and related Substances
4. Beta 2 Agonists
5. Hormone and Metabolic Modulators
6. Diuretics and other Masking Agents
Q.3 – Explain Testing in-competition and Out-of-competition.
Ans – Use of unfair means or practice to better sporting performance has been going on
since the invention of sport. The authorities are constantly trying to stay one step ahead of
the cheats. For this WADA was set-up; the organizations has done extensive work over the
last few years to come up with the current framework of anti-doping rules and regulations.
The prohibited list of substances and methods is updated every year by WADA; which is
the list of prohibited substances and methods banned as they may be used by athletes to
improve their performance by artificial means. Drug testing has become an increasingly
large part of both professional and amateur sports. An athlete can be called for drug testing
at any time, in or out-of-competition. The following tests are used to detect the presence of
prohibited or banned substance:
1. Urine Testing: If a positive result is found with sample A, the athlete is notified
before sample B, both samples are of the same unit kept with both agency and the
athlete, is also tested. The athlete or his/her representative is entitled to be present
at the unsealing and testing of the second sample. If this too is positive, the relevant
sporting organizations are notified whose responsibility it is to decide what
penalties or bans are to be imposed on the athlete tested positive on doping test.
2. Blood Test: The same procedure applies as in Urine testing.
3.
In-Competition Testing
In-competition testing, refers to the period of twelve hours before the commencement of
the competition in which an athlete is scheduled to participate through the end of such
competition and the sample collection related to this period of participation. In –
competition is conducted on an athlete for a particular competition or sports event such as
the Olympic games.
Out-of-Competition testing
Out-of-competition testing is any such testing of an athlete not in competition or in any way
associated with the athlete’s immediate participation in an event or match. Random testing
is organized on the basis that the athlete provides sufficient data that he or she might be
reached at any time.when the athlete is subject to advance notice of a test , he or she will
be directed to attend a designated doping control station at a fixecd time and date . in most
national governing bodies , a deemed failure of a doping test will generate a two- year
suspension , repeat offenders will often face a lifetime ban from the sports .
Q4 MENTION THE TYPES OF DOPING .
ANS . DOPING CAN BE SPLIT UP in to the following two types-
1.performance enhancing drugs
2.physical methods
Q5 What are safe ergogenic aids ?
Safe ergogenic aids -----
1.stress management – Excessive stress of competitive sports can affect sports persons
both physically and mentally and as a result their performances are declined .stress
management techniques are recognised ergogenic aids that enhance concentration and
confidence . various relaxation techniques of stress management promote rest and
recovery and maintain positive physical and mental states .
2.proper Nutrition – proper nutrition means opting goodfood choice that has to maintain
good health , usually the daily calorie requirement for woman is 1940 calories and for men
it is 2550 calories ,so by increasing the calorie intake on proper nutrition basis ,high
performance can be achieved .
3.carbohydrate loading ---serveral days before competition if carbohydrate is taken
adequately, there will be an increase in glycogen level in the muscles .most probably the
endurance athletes rely on their stores of glycogen as a source of energy during training or
competition .carbohydrate loading enhances the amount of glycogen in the body before
competitions .
Q.6write a short notes of the following .
1. blood doping 2 .Gene doping
1 blood doping ---blood doping is the practice of boosting the number of red blood cells in
the blood stream in order to enhance performance . because such blood cells carry oxygen
from the lungs to the muscles a higher concentration in the blood can improve an athletes
aerobic capacity and endurance . Many methods of blood doping are illegal, particularly in
profrssional sports .
2.Gene doping --- gene doping is defined by the world anti – doping agency as the non
therapeutic use of cells , genes , genetic elements , or of the modulation of gene expression ,
having the capacity to improve athletic performance .