SPECIFICATION FOR LUBRICATING OILS FOR USE in Solar Gas Turbine Engines PDF
SPECIFICATION FOR LUBRICATING OILS FOR USE in Solar Gas Turbine Engines PDF
SPECIFICATION FOR LUBRICATING OILS FOR USE in Solar Gas Turbine Engines PDF
Data
Control
SPECIFICATION NO. ES 9-224 ISSUED: 5/13/65
Level (Date and PRD No.)
1
REVISION:
(Letter, Date and PRD No.)
Jose Aurrecoechea
ATTENTION
This copyrighted work and the information herein is proprietary to Caterpillar Inc., Solar
Turbines Incorporated, and/or subsidiaries of either. Without express, written proprietor
permission, any copying, disclosure, or use except that for which it is loaned, is prohibited.
CONTENTS
Paragraph Page
1.0 SCOPE 1
CONTENTS (Continued)
Paragraph Page
6.1 Background 9
6.2 Guidelines for Electrical Conductivity/Resistivity 10
6.2.1 Low Conductivity Oils 10
TABLES
Table Page
1.0 SCOPE - This specification establishes the types of lube oil that can be used in Solar gas
turbine engines, gears and driven equipment during normal operating service. This specification
also provides guidelines on use and replacement of lube oils in the field.
1.1 ENGINE PRESERVATION - The oils in this specification are suitable for preservation of the
engine, gears and driven equipment for a period of up to 90 days. If storage, shipping or down time
longer than 90 days is expected, special instructions for preservation shall be obtained from Solar.
Information on corrosion preventive oils for long term preservation is provided in ES 9-248 and ES
9-248-1. Preservation of air/gas path surface and fuel system shall be in accordance with ES 9-
249.
1.2 CONVENTIONAL OIL TYPES - The following oil types are suited for use on Solar
turbomachinery provided that they are in compliance with all the requirements of this specification.
1.3 SPECIALTY OIL TYPES - The following oil types are also allowed provided that (1) the oil
type is specified in the engineering drawing, (2) compatibility with hoses, elastomers and paints
have been considered, and (3) oil cooler is sized correctly relative to heat capacity of oil.
Changeover to these oils in the field is not recommended unless Solar is notified and the package
is checked for oil compatibility.
1.4 USAGE - Where a Solar drawing references this specification without specifying the oil
type, only synthesized hydrocarbons and petroleum oils (i.e. Conventional Oils) can be used
as defined herein.
1.4.1 EXCEPTIONS - Only Mercury 50 requires the use of Class III (Synthetic Ester) Oils.
1.5 OIL MIXING - Conventional oils are miscible and can be used interchangeably in the lube
system. In other words, synthesized hydrocarbons can be added to a lube oil system that is filled
with a petroleum oil, as the addition of a higher performing oil type will improve the net properties of
the bulk oil mixture. Conversely, the addition of a lower performing oil type such as a petroleum oil
to synthesized hydrocarbon will have the net effect of lowering the bulk properties of the oil mixture.
Specialty oils must not be mixed with conventional oils nor with each other.
2.0 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS - the following documents of the issue in effect on the date of
this specification from a part of this specification to the extent specified herein.
SOLAR
ES 9-248 Corrosion Preventive Oil for Long Term Preservation
ES 9-248-1 Corrosion Preventive Oil for Factory Test and Long Term
Preservation: Addendum 1 to ES 9-248
1
Specification No. ES 9-224W
ASTM D97 Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Oils
[IP 15/67(86)]
ASTM D130 Standard Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from
Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test (IP 154/86)
(British Standard 4351)
ASTM D445 Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and
Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity) (British
Standard 4708) (IP Designation: 71/84)
ASTM D664 Standard Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by
Potentiometric Titration (British Standard 4457) (IP 177/83)
ASTM D974 Standard Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator
Titration (British Standard 2634) (IP 139/86)
ASTM D1298 E1 Standard Practice for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or
API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method (British Standard 4714) (API MPMS Chapter
9.1) (IP 160/82)
ASTM D1401 Standard Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and
Synthetic Fluids
ASTM D2270 Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic
Viscosity at 40 and 100EC (British Standard 4459) (IP Designation:
226/91)
ASTM D2272 Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Steam Turbine Oils
by Rotating Bomb
2
Specification No. ES 9-224W
ASTM D3427 Standard Test Method for Gas Bubble Separation Time of Petroleum
Oils
ASTM D3605 Standard Test Method for Trace Metals in Gas Turbine Fuels by
Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectroscopy
ASTM D4293 Standard Specification for Phosphate Ester Based Fluids for Turbine
Lubrication
ASTM D4628 Standard Test Method for Analysis of Barium, Calcium, Magnesium,
and Zinc in Unused Lubricating Oils By Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry
ASTM D5182 Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Scuffing (Scoring) Load
Capacity of Oils
OTHER
ISO 4406 Hydraulic Fluid Power - Fluids - Method for Coding Level of
Contamination by Solid Particles
3.1.1 GENERAL - Synthesized hydrocarbons (SHC) are oils that are derived from other chemical
compounds; they include polyalphaolefins (PAO, also referred to as olefin oligomers), alkylated
aromatics and other products. Additives are blended in, as necessary, in order to meet all the
requirements of this specification. Two viscosity grades are allowed for use, ISO VG 32 and ISO
VG 46. SHC's must be chemically compatible and miscible with petroleum oils.
3
Specification No. ES 9-224W
3.1.4 ADDITIVES IN SHC's - Additives blended with the oil shall be thermally stable, water
inseparable and uniformly distributed throughout the oil at all temperatures up to 284°F (140°C).
3.2 PETROLEUM OILS (ISO VG 32 and 46)
3.2.1 GENERAL - Petroleum oils, also known as mineral oils, shall consist of refined paraffinic
basestock oils that have been blended with suitable additives to meet the physical and chemical
property requirements specified in Table 1. Two viscosity grades are allowed for use, ISO VG 32
and 46. In addition, this type of oil must be chemically compatible and miscible with synthesized
hydrocarbons.
3.2.2 ACCEPTANCE REQUIREMENTS - In order for a petroleum oil to be suitable for use on
Solar equipment, all the physical and chemical property limits in Table 1 must be complied with.
3.2.4 ADDITIVES IN PETROLEUM OILS - Additives blended with the oil shall be thermally stable,
water inseparable and uniformly distributed throughout the oil at all temperatures up to 284°F
(140°C).
3.3.1 REQUIREMENTS - These oils shall comply with the requirements of MIL-L-23699 Class CI
and are classified as a Class III oil for use on Solar packages.
3.4.1 GENERAL - Phosphate esters are also known as fire resistant lubricants and they shall be
comprised of phosphate esters blended with the necessary additives to meet the physical and
chemical property requirements of Table 1.
3.4.2 ACCEPTANCE REQUIREMENTS - In order for a phosphate ester oil to be suitable for use
on Solar equipment, the physical and chemical property limits in Table 1 must be complied with.
3.4.4 ADDITIVES IN PHOSPHATE ESTERS - Additives blended with the oil shall be thermally
stable, water inseparable and uniformly distributed throughout the oil at all temperatures up to
284°F (140°C).
4.1 OIL DETERIORATION - Regardless of the type of oil used, the physical and chemical
properties of lube oil are expected to deteriorate over time. As the rate of deterioration depends on
many factors (such as engine model, maintenance practice, duty cycle, cleanliness of process
gases in boost compressor applications, oil type, etc.), the useful life of lube oils cannot be
specifically defined. Based on industry experience, guidelines and standards for the physical and
chemical condition of in-service oils are provided here.
4
Specification No. ES 9-224W
1
- The oxidation stability requirements of MIL-L-23699 and ASTM D4293 shall apply to Class III and Class IV oils
respectively, in lieu of the ASTM D943 requirement.
4.1.1 CORRECTIVE ACTION - If the physical condition of an in-service oil (per paragraph 4.2) is
deteriorated while its chemical condition (per paragraph 4.3) appears to be acceptable, corrective
action taken should include checking for possible source(s) of solid/water contamination,
check/replace filter elements and, if necessary, oil reconditioning to remove particulate matter and
water.
4.2 PHYSICAL CONDITION OF IN-SERVICE OILS - The physical condition of an in-service oil
can be determined by inspecting it for color, odor, viscosity, water content and particle
contamination. In general, such physical deterioration (as defined by these five properties) can be
reversed by reconditioning the oil provided that physical deterioration is not accompanied by
chemical deterioration as defined in paragraph 4.3. Functional guidelines/limits for the physical
condition of lube oil during service are provided in Table 2.
5
Specification No. ES 9-224W
D445 Viscosity at 104°F (40°C) 28.8-35.2 41.4-50.6 28.8-35.2 41.4-50.6 28.8-35.2 cSt 41.4-50.6 cSt
cSt cSt cSt cSt (136-165 SUS) (193-235 SUS)
(136-165 (193-235 (136-165 (193-235
SUS) SUS) SUS) SUS)
Viscosity at 212°F (100°C), 5.40 cSt 6.04 cSt 5.09 cSt 6.04 cSt 4.09 cSt 4.8 cSt
Minimum (44 SUS) (46 SUS) (43 SUS) (46 SUS) (40 SUS) (42 SUS)
D664 or Neutralization (Total Acid 0.40 mg KOH/g 0.20 mg KOH/g 0.10 mg KOH/g
D974 Number), Maximum
D1744 Water (Parts Per Million 200 ppmw 200 ppmw 1000 ppmw
Weight), Maximum (0.02 wt.%) (0.02 wt.%) (0.1 wt.%)
D92 Flash Point, COC, °F (°C) 390°F 390°F 390°F 390°F 437°F (225°C)
Minimum (199°C) (199°C) (199°C) (199°C)
Fire Point, COC, °F (°C) 440°F 450°F 440°F 450°F 617°F (325°C)
Minimum (227°C) (232°C) (227°C) (232°C)
E659 Autoignition Temp., °F (°C) 725°F (385°C) 590°F (310°C) 1000°F (538°C)
Minimum
4.2.1 COLOR (VISUAL APPEARANCE) - Darkening of in-service lube oils, regardless of type, is
to be expected, although the rate at which this occurs cannot be quantified. Color darkening and
increasing haziness could be indicative of (1) particulate contamination, (2) water contamination, or
(3) oil oxidation. Change in oil color may or may not be accompanied by significant changes in its
chemical condition as defined in paragraph 4.3.
4.2.2 ODOR - As lube oil deteriorates, intermediate compounds can be formed that can impart a
strong odor. As odor is a highly subjective human sensation, such detection should be recognized
as a qualitative indicator that needs to be substantiated by quantitative analytical tests to establish
the chemical condition of the oil.
4.2.3 VISCOSITY - Changes in oil viscosity may be indicative of changes in oil chemistry due to
contamination, high shear rates and/or excessive temperature. A decrease in viscosity can result
from contamination with fuel or a less dense fluid. Viscosity increases, which is the more common
phenomenon, is generally associated with oil deterioration which can be verified by checking the
chemical properties of the oil.
6
Specification No. ES 9-224W
Test Limiting
Property Method Condition Recommended Action
Water content ASTM D1744 max. 2,000 ppmw Check tank, sumps, for standing water or
water leakage
Particle Automatic Abrupt increase in Check bearing points for excessive wear
contamination particle particle count
counter/ISO Check other sources of contamination
4406 code
Centrifuge or filter to remove sediments or
replace oil
4.2.4 WATER CONTENT - Water contamination of in-service lube oils is of concern because it
can be manifested in two ways. When excessive water is present in bulk, the tendency to separate
from the oil phase will allow it to collect at the bottom of oil tanks or in stagnated areas in pipelines.
In addition, depending on the emulsion characteristics of the oil, finely divided water particles can
remain in permanent dispersion in the oil, thereby disrupting the hydrodynamic and corrosion
properties of the oil. A maximum limit of 2000 ppm (0.2 weight percent) of water in the oil layer is
the criterion to be used for oil change out or oil reconditioning to remove both standing water and
water dispersed in the oil.
4.2.5 PARTICLE CONTAMINATION - Particulate matter in lube oil can be due to contamination,
wear debris or oil oxidation (coking). Filters in the lube oil system, if properly installed and
maintained, will remove most of the particles in the mesh size range. However, the particles that do
pass through the filter mesh could continue to be in circulation and even increase in population,
unless they are removed by oil conditioning processes. Unless the chemical properties of the oil
have deteriorated beyond allowable limits, removal of such particles could restore the oil to service.
7
Specification No. ES 9-224W
4.3.1 ACIDITY - Oil acidity is determined by obtaining its total acid number (TAN) per ASTM D664
or ASTM D974 and comparing it to that of a new, unused oil sample from the same lot, if possible.
An increase in TAN is indicative of oil oxidation (or loss of antioxidant) or hydrolisis and represents
irreversible oil deterioration. If other chemical properties are within Table 3 limits, and physical
properties are also acceptable, continued use of such oil is possible provided that the monitoring
frequency is increased.
4.3.3.1 HIGH FOAMING TENDENCY - For high foaming oils with acceptable TAN and RBOT
values, i.e. well within Table 3 limits, the addition of an anti-foaming agent may be appropriate and
the oil supplier should be consulted for correct dosage. However, because of the adverse effect of
excessive anti-foamants on air bubble separation and foam stability, the air release property of the
oil (see paragraph 4.3.4) should be measured before and after addition to be compared with that of
new oil to ensure compliance with Table 3. If high foaming is accompanied by unacceptable or
marginal TAN and RBOT values, the oil should be replaced.
4.3.4 AIR RELEASE - The ability to allow air bubbles to separate from the oil is a critical property
that can deteriorate with service or excessive silicone containing additives (such as that used to
control foaming). An air release value of 10 minutes at 122°F (50°C), as determined using ASTM
D3427, is provided in Table 3 as a limiting guideline (maximum) for this property. Air release must
be monitored when anti-foaming agents (or any silicone containing compound) is added to an in-
service lube oil.
5.1 USE OF VARIOUS OIL TYPES - Use of each lube oil type shall be according to paragraph
1.0, Table 4, and the viscosity and temperature limitations in the applicable functional control
system specification. Package specific operating limits are contained in the hydromechanical
schematics and mechanical installation drawings issued for each package.
5.2 OIL SELECTION - In selecting the appropriate oil for use, it is required that the pour point
must be at least 11°F (6°C) below the ambient air temperature surrounding the package even in the
coldest season. This requirement is to ensure oil flow at the start of the prelube cycle.
8
Specification No. ES 9-224W
Limits
Property Test Method (Compared to New Oil)
Total Acid Number (TAN) ASTM D664 or ASTM 0.8 mg KOH/g max. for Class I oils
D974 0.6 mg KOH/g max. for Class II oils
2.0 mg KOH/g max. for Class III oils
0.2 mg KOH/g max. for Class IV oils
Rotary Bomb Oxidation Test (RBOT) ASTM D2272 25% of original (new oil) value
Sequence I - 300/10
Sequence II - 300/10
Air Release at 122°F (50°C) ASTM D3427 (Guideline only, see Section 4.3.4)
10 minutes max.
Viscosity
Oil Class Grade Ambient Temperature
5.3 OIL TEMPERATURE AT START-UP - Before start-up, the temperature of the oil in the
entire lube system, such as tank, lines, cooler, filters, "P" traps, etc. shall be at or above the
temperature limits given in the applicable functional control system specification to ensure that the
oil entering the engine will have the desired viscosity. Tank heaters and auxiliary pumps may be
used to ensure proper oil temperature in the system prior to package start-up.
6.1 BACKGROUND - In some applications, flammable gas mixtures may exist in the vicinity of
the oil. To avoid incendive sparks (sparks that have enough energy to ignite flammable gases)
caused by static electricity the oil must be able to conduct electricity. Grounding of lubricating
system components is also required.
9
Specification No. ES 9-224W
6.2.1 LOW CONDUCTIVITY OILS - If the conductivity of a lube oil is reported to be less than 50
pS/m at 32°F (0°C), or the lowest ambient temperature at start-up, the lube oil manufacturer should
be asked to submit the following to Solar and the equipment operator:
c) Define the impact of the additive on all of the properties specified in this
specification.
7.1 PRODUCT QUALITY AND LIABILITY - The equipment operator shall be ultimately
responsible for ensuring that the product that is delivered to the site and used in the package,
regardless of brand name, meets the requirements of this specification.
7.1.1 VERIFICATION TESTING - As Solar has no control over, and is not necessarily cognizant
of changes in, lube oil formulation, processing, blending, and labeling, it is recommended that the
equipment operator verify that each batch of oil shipped to the site meets specification
requirements. Verification testing is especially useful when a new lube oil supplier is being
developed and when new or improved lube oils are being considered for use. Verification could
involve conducting all or selected test(s) from Table 1, as determined by operator's previous
experience and specific application.
10