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    Physical Properties of Denim Fabrics After Various Denim Washing Formulas

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    Ronak Joshi
    This document summarizes research into the physical properties of denim fabrics after various denim washing formulas. Five different washing formulas were tested on denim fabric samples. After washing, the samples were analyzed for fabric weight, warp/weft densities, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and pilling. Washing formulas that included hipo-bleaching caused the greatest weight and tensile strength loss as well as the worst pilling. Bleaching damaged fibers and negatively impacted physical properties. Washing generally reduced fabric weight and tensile strength while increasing pilling. Warp/weft densities were largely unaffected by washing.

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    Physical Properties of Denim Fabrics After Various Denim Washing Formulas

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    Ronak Joshi
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    This document summarizes research into the physical properties of denim fabrics after various denim washing formulas. Five different washing formulas were tested on denim fabric samples. After washing, the samples were analyzed for fabric weight, warp/weft densities, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and pilling. Washing formulas that included hipo-bleaching caused the greatest weight and tensile strength loss as well as the worst pilling. Bleaching damaged fibers and negatively impacted physical properties. Washing generally reduced fabric weight and tensile strength while increasing pilling. Warp/weft densities were largely unaffected by washing.

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    This document summarizes research into the physical properties of denim fabrics after various denim washing formulas. Five different washing formulas were tested on denim fabric samples. After washing, the samples were analyzed for fabric weight, warp/weft densities, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and pilling. Washing formulas that included hipo-bleaching caused the greatest weight and tensile strength loss as well as the worst pilling. Bleaching damaged fibers and negatively impacted physical properties. Washing generally reduced fabric weight and tensile strength while increasing pilling. Warp/weft densities were largely unaffected by washing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    23 views3 pages

    Physical Properties of Denim Fabrics After Various Denim Washing Formulas

    Uploaded by

    Ronak Joshi
    This document summarizes research into the physical properties of denim fabrics after various denim washing formulas. Five different washing formulas were tested on denim fabric samples. After washing, the samples were analyzed for fabric weight, warp/weft densities, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and pilling. Washing formulas that included hipo-bleaching caused the greatest weight and tensile strength loss as well as the worst pilling. Bleaching damaged fibers and negatively impacted physical properties. Washing generally reduced fabric weight and tensile strength while increasing pilling. Warp/weft densities were largely unaffected by washing.

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    Physical Properties of Denim Fabrics After Various Denim Washing Formulas

    Conference Paper · April 2014

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    Ahmet Berk Kurtulus Mustafa Atmaca


    Istanbul Technical University Marmara University
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    XIIIth International Izmir Textile and Apparel Symposium
    April 2-5, 2014

    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DENIM FABRICS AFTER VARIOUS


    DENIM WASHING FORMULAS
    Engin Akçagün1, Vedat Dal2, Mustafa Atmaca3, Nuray Ceviz4, Zehra Yıldız5,
    Abdurrahim Yılmaz1, A. Berk Kurtuluş3
    1
    Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Department of Apparel Production Technology, Istanbul, Turkey,
    2
    Marmara University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Textile Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey, 3Marmara
    University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey, 4Marmara
    University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey, 5Marmara University, Technical
    Education Faculty, Department of Textile Education, Istanbul, Turkey
    [email protected]

    ABSTRACT

    Besides durability, design and fashionable, also, today fabric handling and comfort of a cloth
    are becoming into prominence. In general, consumers prefer a ready-made product by looking
    its softness-stiffness, hand, glossiness, and drape in other words its comfort properties.
    Nowadays, denim fabric has been gained a great importance considering its usage area from
    the work wear to the daily clothing. This type of fabrics can maintain their presence in the
    market by either applying different finishing methods on or applying different patterns on.
    Denim fabric washing process gives an effect to a specific product colour and appearance
    which enhance the denim fabric quality. In the washing process various chemical
    compositions are used with different pH values. These washing steps cause some defects on
    fibre and fabric surface thus the physical properties of the end product is an issue that should
    be considered in detailed [1-4].

    The research was divided into two parts. In the first part the physical properties of the denim
    fabrics after various denim washing processes have been investigated. Our next research will
    be to investigate the clothing comfort of the denim samples after washing. For this purpose,
    denim fabric samples have been washed by five different mostly used washing formulas in
    industry. After washing process, fabric samples have been investigated in terms of warp/weft
    densities, fabric weight, tensile strength, abrasion resistance and pilling tests respectively
    before and after washing processes. Regarding the test results the effects of different washing
    formulas on the physical properties have been analysed.

    Key Words: Denim Fabric, Denim Washing, Abrasion Resistance, Pilling Test.

    EXPERIMENTAL

    Denim fabric samples have been washed according to the formulas which were given in Table
    1. After washing steps, fabric weight and warp/weft densities have been measured. Tensile
    strength test was carried out according to the TS EN ISO 13934-1 [5] standard. Pilling and
    abrasion resistance tests have been applied according to the TS EN ISO 12945-2 [6] and TS
    EN ISO 12947-2 [7] standards respectively. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy
    (SEM; JEOL Ltd, JSM-5910LV) was used to observe the physical change of the fibre surface
    in micro scale.
    XIIIth International Izmir Textile and Apparel Symposium
    April 2-5, 2014

    Table 1. Washing formulas and pH values of the processes.


    Washing Types Washing Formula pH
    1 Sizing enzyme, stone enzyme, double rinsing, softening 7
    2 Sizing enzyme, velour feather enzyme, double rinsing, softening 4.5-5
    3 Sizing enzyme, feather enzyme, double rinsing, softening 4.5-5
    4 Sizing enzyme, feather enzyme, hipo-bleaching, rinsing, softening 4.5-5
    5 Sizing enzyme, feather enzyme, hipo-blue bleaching, rinsing, softening 4.5-5

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


    The fabric weight, pilling and warp/weft density values were given in Table 2. Tensile
    strength and elongation at break values can be seen in Table 3. Accordingly, a remarkable
    weight and tensile strength loss was observed. The highest weight and tensile strength loss
    and the worst pilling values were shown in the washing type-4 and 5 respectively. The reason
    is that in both washing formulas of 4 and 5, hipo-bleaching was used. This bleaching step
    causes fibre damage thus affects the physical property of the fabrics negatively. There was no
    remarkable change in warp/weft densities after washing.

    Table 2. Fabric weight, pilling and warp/weft density values after washing processes.
    Fabric Weight
    Washing Types Pilling Values Warp Density/cm Weft Density/cm
    (g/m2)
    Raw Fabric 163.7 5 42 26
    1 147.3 4-5 43 26
    2 135.4 4 43 26
    3 137.4 4 43 26
    4 131.1 3 42 26
    5 134.4 3-4 44 26

    Table 3. Tensile strength and elongation at break values after washing processes.
    Tensile Strength (kgF) Elongation at Break (%)
    Washing Types Warp Direction Weft Direction Warp Direction Weft Direction
    Raw Fabric 96.12 36.85 26.36 10.95
    1 73.08 24.97 23.65 10.26
    2 33.23 12.58 18.61 8.64
    3 39.24 14.44 18.14 8.12
    4 32.49 9.72 20.48 7.63
    5 24.13 11.21 17.23 7.87

    REFERENCES
    [1] Değirmenci Z., Çelik N ., “An Investigation About Knitted Denim Fabrics Preferences” Electronic Journal of Textile
    Technologies, 2013, 7(2) 18-32.
    [2] Gusakov, A. V.,Sinitsyn, A. P., Berlin, A. G., Markov, A. V., Ankudimova, N. V., “Surface hydrophobic amino acid
    residues in cellulase molecules as a structural factor responsible for their high denim-washing performance” Enzyme and
    Microbial Technology, 2000, Volume 7, Issue 9, 664-671.
    [3] Yesilpinar, S., Bahar, S., “The effect of sewing and washing processes on the seam strength of denim trousers”, 2007, 7
    (10) 27-31.
    [4] Arkady P., Alexander V. Gusakov, Sergei G. Grishutin, Olga A. Sinitsyna, Natalie V. Ankudimova, “Application of
    Microassays for Investigation of Cellulase Abrasive Activity and Back staining”, 2007, Volume 89, Issues 2–3, 233–238.
    [5] TS EN ISO 13934-1: “Textiles – Tensile properties of fabrics – Part 1: Determination of maximum force and elongation
    at maximum force using the strip method”, 2002, p.14.
    [6] TS EN ISO 12945-2: “Textiles – Determination of fabric propensity to surface fuzzing and to pilling – Part 2: Modified
    Martindale method”, 2002, p.13.
    [7] TS EN ISO 12947-2: “Textiles – Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method – Part 2:
    Determination of specimen breakdown”, 2001, p.13.

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