Arquivo5203 1
Arquivo5203 1
Arquivo5203 1
Centro de Informática
Departamento de Ciência da Computação
Ph.D Thesis
Recife
February 2004
2
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Centro de Informática
Departamento de Ciência da Computação
Recife
19th of February, 2004
Acknowledgments
In my academic life I have had the pleasure of having been supported, taught
and influenced by so many friends. I am very grateful indeed for all that
they have done. In chronological order of their appearance in my life I list:
Ivan Pedro, Múcio Gomes da Silva Queiroz, Antônio Carlos Pavão, Teresa
Bernarda Ludermir, Sóstenes Luı́s Soares Lins, Rildo Pragana, Benedito de
Melo Acioly, Manoel Agamêmnon Lopes, Emı́lio de Barros Lucena, Michael
Berry Smyth, Pietro Di Gianantônio, Dieter Spreen, Sı́lvio Romero Lemos
Meira e Marcı́lio Carlos Pereira de Souto.
I would like to thanks the support of my families in all phases of my
life, for all that we have shared, for being understanding that so many times
when I was absent from their company for doing my work and for having
influenced making myself what I am. My parents: Wilson Rosa de Oliveira
and Glauce Tavares de Oliveira. My first wife: Teresa Bernarda Ludermir.
My two sons: Artur Ludermir de Oliveira and Rodrigo Ludermir de Oliveira.
My wife: Sı́lvia Carla Felipe da Costa. In the course of my life I have had
many dog-friends all having their share in my heart. In chronological order:
Preta, Cacilda, Ieda, Plutão, Bruna, Laila, Julie and Lambão. I am grateful
to all of them for their love and friendship.
I would like to thanks Prof. Marcı́lio Carlos Pereira de Souto for having
suggested to extend an earlier old result of mine from weightless to weighted
neural networks which ended up in this thesis. For achieving my results I
had the institutional support of Prof.Teresa Bernarda Ludermir. The sys-
tematics of requiring that the student must defend the thesis proposal is very
illuminating. The examiners back then - Clylton Galamba Fernades, Edson
Carvalho de Barros Filho e Gérson Zaverucha - made fruitful and decisive
suggestions. The examiners for the viva voce - besides the three, Benjamin
Callejas Bedegral and Francisco de Assis Tenório - have also their share in
the contribution for the improvement of this final version of the Thesis.
Special gratitude to Gérson Zaverucha for many suggestions in the pro-
posal. Feeling overwhelmed I must admit that his suggestions made the
Thesis much clearer. He also made me see my work in a better perspective.
i
ii
Abstract
Arguments for cognitive and physical plausibility of this approach are given
and the mathematical consequences of them are investigated.
iii
iv
with a corresponding
Keywords:
i) Theory of Computing.
v
vi
Palavras-Chave:
i) Teoria da computação.
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Classical Models 17
vii
viii CONTENTS
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.3 A Critique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
xi
xii LIST OF FIGURES
6.1 A not definite Turing machine T which finds the GCD of two
number in unary notation using the Euclid’s algorithm . . . . 114
A.1 (a) FSA for odd parity, i.e. recognizes the language of 0’s and
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Index
activation, 2 degree, 21
activation function, 8 deterministic, 28
algorithmic, 92 dynamical recognizer, 68
alphabet, 17
edges, 26
analog states, 9
effective computability, 91
associative, 18
elementary functions, 115
basic simple functions, 116 Entscheidungsproblem, 103
bounded, 68 equivalent, 29
connections, 2
final states, 22, 28
155
156 INDEX
minimal, 29
gain, 72
monoid, 18
high, 72
Neural Turing Machine, 103
homomorphism, 18
Neural Turing Machines, 103
Hopfield-Turing Machine, 124
noiseless, 68
inaccessible, 29 nondeterministic, 28
initial, 37
output alphabet, 22
initial state, 22, 27
over, 19, 20, 37
input alphabet, 22, 27
potentially, 91
instability, 71
practical computable functions, 115
instructions, 91
prefix, 18
iteration, 19
processing elements (artificial neu-
language, 19, 20 rons), 2
language accepted, 25 product, 19
language represented, 25
quotient, 29
layers, 3
learned, 92 reduced, 29
learning, 122 region, 69
length, 18 regular expressions, 19
lexicographic ordering, 19 regular language, 20
local memory, 2 reject, 29
low, 72 robust, 68
INDEX 157
stack, 91
star closure, 19
state-splitting, 130
substring, 18
suffix, 18
k-suffix, 20
sum, 19
threshold, 8
tolerance, 123
transfer, 8
transfer function, 2
transition function, 27
Citation Index
Adeodato & Taylor (1995), 60 Carrasco et al. (2000), 10, 12, 36, 37,
Aleksander & Hanna (1976), 11 41, 42, 50, 53, 57, 79, 80
62 Casey (1998), 53
Aleksander (1996), 60, 62 Clouse et al. (1997), 35, 36, 44, 46,
Browne & Aleksander (1996), 60, 62 Franklin & Garzon (1990), 4, 10, 65,
Carrasco & Forcada (1995), 51 66, 69–72, 78
158
CITATION INDEX 159
Giles et al. (1992), 7, 35, 36, 38, 39, Jordan (1986b), 39, 45
98 Kolen (1994a), 51
Hopcroft & Ullman (1979), 11, 17, Ludermir & de Oliveira (1994), 10
Maass & Orponen (1998), 53, 69, 71, Rabin & Scott (1959), 77
89 Robinson & Fallside (1991), 36, 38–
Omlin & Giles (1996b), 50, 78 Siegelmann et al. (1997), 10, 67, 68
Pollack (1987), 65, 66, 70, 72, 78 Sun et al. (1991b), 65, 69–72, 78
Pollack (1991), 4, 7, 35–39, 43, 50, Trakhtenbrot & Barzdin (1973), 22,
53 95
CITATION INDEX 161
Werbos (1974), 77
Wolpert (1991), 65
Zeng et al. (1993a), 51
50
Šı́ma (1995), 35, 49, 97
Šı́ma (1997), 53
de Oliveira & Ludermir (1992), 7,
10, 12, 63, 69, 74, 103
Hecht-Nielsen (1990), 3