Consti Syllabus
Consti Syllabus
Consti Syllabus
POLITICAL LAW
Defined
- People v. Perfecto, 43 Phil. 887
- Macariola v. Asuncion, 114 SCRA 77
Constitutional Construction
- Perfecto v. Meer, 85 Phil. 552
- Endencia v. David, 93 Phil. 696
- Nitafan v. Commisioner of Internal Revenue, 152 SCRA 284
Self-executing provisions
- Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, GR 122156, Feb. 3, 1997
Constitutional History
Pre-1935 Constitution
Schurman Commission
Taft Commission
Spooner Amendment
Philippine Bill of 1902
Jones Law of 1916
Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934
1935 Constitution
1973 Constitution
- Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 33
1987 Constitution
- In re: Letter of Reynato Puno, June 29, 1992, 210 SCRA
AMENDMENT PROCESS
Amendment vs. Revision
Procedure
1. Proposal
a. By Congress
b. By a Constitutional Convention
Theories on Position of Constitutional Convention
c. By the People thru Initiative
RA 6735
- Defensor-Santiago v. Comelec, GR 127325, March 19, 1997
2. Ratification
Doctrine of Proper Submission
- Tolentino v. Comelec, 41 SCRA 702
Presumption of Constitutionality
- Lim v. Pacquing, GR 115044, Jan. 27, 1995
Requisites of Judicial Review:
Ripeness
- City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 US 95, 75 L.Ed.2d 675
Mootness
- David v. Macapagal-Arroyo (PP1017), GR 171396, May 3, 2006
- La Bugal-B’laan Tribal Assn. v. DENR Secretary, GR 127882, Dec. 1, 2004
- DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 US 312, 40 L.Ed.2d 164
2. Proper Party
Conventional Standing
- Warth v. Seldin, 422 US 490, 45 L.Ed.2d. 343
Representative Standing
Taxpayer’s Suits
- Bayan v. Zamora, G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000
- Gonzales v. Narvasa, G.R. No. 140835, August 14, 2000
CONCEPT OF STATE
1. People
Citizenship
Citizenship vs Nationality
Modes of Acquiring citizenship
Citizens of the Philippines
- Moy Ya Lim Yao v. Commissioner of Immigration, 41 SCRA 292
- Djumantan v. Domingo, Jan. 30, 1995
Election of Philippine citizenship
- In re: Vicente Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999
Doctrine of implied election
- Co v. HRET, G.R. No. 92191-92, July 30, 1991
Natural-born citizens
- Bengson v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001
- Tecson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004
Dual citizenship & dual allegiance
- Mercado v. Manzano, GR 135083, May 26, 1999
Res judicata in citizenship cases
Doctrine of Indelible Allegiance
Naturalization
- Republic v. De la Rosa, 232 SCRA 785
Loss of citizenship
- By naturalization in a foreign country
- Frivaldo v. Comelec, 174 SCRA 245
- Labo v. Comelec, 176 SCRA 1
- By express renunciation or expatriation
- Yu v. Defensor-Santiago, 169 SCRA 364
Suffrage
- Akbayan Youth v. Comelec, G.R. No. 147066, March 26, 2001
- Makalintal v. Comelec, GR 157013, July 10, 2003
2. Territory
Philippine Archipelago
Archipelago Doctrine
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
3. Government
Functions
Constituent vs. Ministrant
Laissez-faire vs. Welfare State
Doctrine of Parens Patriae
- Gov't. of Phil. Islands v. Monte de Piedad, 35 Phil. 728
- Cabanas v. Pilapil, 58 SCRA 94
Classification: De Jure vs De Facto
- Lawyers League v. Aquino, GR 73748, May 22, 1986
4. Sovereignty
Change in sovereignty
- People v. Perfecto, 43 Phil. 887
- Macariola v. Asuncion, 114 SCRA 77
Belligerent Occupation
Consent to be sued
Express Consent
- Republic v. Feliciano, 148 SCRA 424
General Law
- CA 327; PD 1445; Art. 2180; Act No. 3038
Special Law
- Meritt v. Gov't. of the Phil. Islands, 34 Phil. 311
Implied Consent
When State commences litigation
- Froilan v. Pan Oriental Shipping, Sept. 30, 1954
When State enters into a business contract
- USA v. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487
Permissible Delegation
a. Tariff Powers to the President
b. Emergency Powers to the President
- First Emergency Powers cases, 84 Phil. 368
- Second Emergency Powers cases, 92 Phil. 603
c. Delegation to the People
d. Delegation to Local Government Units
e. Delegation to the Administrative Bodies
Power of Subordinate Legislation
- Miners Association v. Factoran, GR 98332, Jan. 16, 1995
Principle of Subdelegation of Powers
Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency
Act of State
Incorporation Clause
Conflict between municipal law and international law
- Ichong v. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 115
Civilian Supremacy
- IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000
Government to serve and protect the people
People to defend the State
Separation of Church and State
Independent Foreign Policy
Nuclear Free Philippines
Just and dynamic social order
Social Justice
- Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726
Respect for human dignity and human rights
Fundamental Equality of men and women
Regalian Doctrine
- Republic v. CA, CCP Intervenor, GR 103882, Nov. 25, 1998
- Cruz v. DENR Secretary, G.R. No. 135385, December 6, 2000
- La Bugal-B’laan Tribal Assn. v. DENR Secretary, GR 127882, Jan. 27, 2004
Autonomous Region
- Disomangcop v. DPWH Secretary, GR 149848, November 25, 2004
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
Legislative power
Initiative, referendum and Recall
- Defensor-Santiago v. Comelec, GR 127325, March 19, 1997
Indirect Initiative
- SBMA v. Comelec, Sept. 26, 1996
Recall
- Garcia v. Comelec, Oct. 5, 1993
Loss of confidence, a political question
- Evardone v. Comelec, 204 SCRA 464, 472
Senate
House of Representatives
Composition (District Representatives; Party-list Representatives)
Party-list Representatives
- Veterans Federation Party v. Comelec, G.R. No. 136781, October 6, 2000
- Ang Bagong Bayani-OFW Labor Party v. Comelec, G.R. No. 147589, June
26, 2001
Qualifications
- Marcos v. Comelec, 248 SCRA 300
- Aquino v. Comelec, Sept. 18, 1995
Theory of legal impossibility
Natural-born
- Bengson v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001
Term of office
Privileges
Freedom from Arrest
Parliamentary Immunity
- Eastland v. US Servicemen's Fund, 421 US 491
- Hutchinson v. Proxmire, 443 US 111
- Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 714
Rules of Proceedings
- Arroyo v. De Venecia (Sin-taxes case), GR 127255, Aug. 14, 1997
Discipline of members
Suspension vs. Preventive Suspension
- Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 128055. April 18, 2001
Electoral Tribunals
Composition
- Bondoc v. Pineda, 201 SCRA 792
- Abbas v. Senate Electoral Tribunal, 166 SCRA 651
Powers
- Aquino v. Comelec, Sept. 18, 1995
- Sampayan v. Daza, 213 SCRA 807
Jurisdiction over Proclamation Controversy
- Caruncho v. Comelec, G.R. No. 135996, September 30, 1999
Commission on Appointments
Composition
- Guingona v. Gonzales, 214 SCRA 789
Powers
- Sarmiento v. Mison, 156 SCRA 549
Powers of Congress
General Legislative Power
Limitations
Substantive Limitations
Procedural Limitations
One Bill, one subject
- Guzman v. Comelec, G.R. No. 129118, July 19, 2000
Sufficiency of Title
- Phil. Judges Association v. Prado, GR 105371, Nov. 11, 1993
- Chongbian v. Orbos, 245 SCRA 253
Bills that must originate exclusively from the House
- Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, GR 115455, Aug. 25, 1994
- Decision on Motion for Reconsideration, Oct. 30, 1995
Three readings on separate days
Bicameral Conference Committee
Legislative Process
Approval of Bills
Presidential veto
Pocket veto
Item veto
- Bengzon v. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133
Power of Taxation
- McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 US (4 Wheat, 316)
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
President and Vice-President
Qualifications
Natural-born Citizen
- Tecson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004
Election
Congress as canvassing board
Supreme Court as Electoral Tribunal
- Defensor-Santiago v. Ramos, PET Case no. 001, Feb. 13, 1996
Term of office
Privileges
Official residence
Salary
Presidential Immunity
- In re: Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160
- Beltran v. Makasiar, 167 SCRA 393
- US v. Nixon, 418 US 683, 41 L.Ed.2d 1039
- Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 US 731
- Clinton v. Jones, 520 US 681, May 27, 1997
- Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001
- Decision on Motion for Reconsideration, April 3, 2001
Rules on Succession
Vacancy at beginning of term
Vacancy during the term
Temporary Disability
Powers
Executive Power
- Planas v. Gil, 67 Phil. 62
- Myers, Administratrix v. United States, 272 US 52
Legislative Powers
- Municipality of San Juan v. CA, Sept. 29, 1997
- Ople v. Torres, GR 127685, July 23, 1998
Residual Powers
- Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668
Prosecution of Crimes
- Webb v. De Leon, 247 SCRA 652
Appointing Power
Discretionary power
- Flores v. Drilon, GR 104732, June 22, 1993
- Gordon v. Judge Santos, CA-GR Sp No. 48339, Aug. 21, 1998
- Gordon v. CA, GR 134900, Sept. 1, 1998
- Luego v. Civil Service Commission, 143 SCRA 327
Classes of Appointment
- Gaminde v. COA, G.R. No. 140335, December 13, 2000
Appointments subject to confirmation of Commission on Appointments
- Sarmiento v. Mison, 156 SCRA 549
- Manalo v. Sistoza, GR 107369, Aug. 11, 1999
Limitations on the Appointment Power
Power of Removal
Power of Control
Control vs. Supervision
- Drilon v. Lim, GR 112497, Aug. 4, 1994
Alter-ego Principle or Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency
- Carpio v. Executive Secretary, Feb. 14, 1992
The Executive Secretary
- Lacson-Magallanes v. Pano, 21 SCRA 895
Military Powers
Commander-in-chief clause
- Ex Parte Milligan, 71 US 2
- David v. Macapagal-Arroyo (PP1017), GR 171396, May 3, 2006
- Aquino v. Military Commission No. 2, 63 SCRA 546
- Olaguer v. Military Commission No. 34, 150 SCRA 144
- Carpio v. Executive Secretary, supra
Pardoning Power
- People v. Salle, 250 SCRA 581, Dec. 4, 1995
- Monsanto v. Factoran, 170 SCRA 190
- Garcia v. Chairman, COA, 226 SCRA 356
Pardon vs. Amnesty
Diplomatic Power
- Dames & Moore v. Regan, 453 US 654
Treaties vs. Executive Agreements
Power to Impound
- Philconsa v. Enriquez, Aug. 19, 1994
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
Judicial Power
Expanded jurisdiction
Effect on the political question doctrine
Jurisdiction
- Diaz v. CA, Dec. 5, 1994
- First Lepanto Ceramics v. CA, Oct. 7, 1994
Supreme Court
Composition
En Banc & Division cases
Fortich v. Corona, G.R. No. 131457, August 19, 1999
Powers
Supervision over the Judiciary
- Dolalas v. Office of the Ombudsman, Dec. 24, 1996
Rule-making powers
- Maniago v. CA, 253 SCRA 674
Mandatory Review of Death Penalty Cases
- People v. Esparas, GR 120034, Aug. 20, 1996
Writ of Amparo
Equipoise Doctrine
Decisions of the Court
- Nicos Industrial Corp. v. CA, 206 SCRA 127
- Prudential Bank v. Castro, 158 SCRA 646
2. Commission on Elections
En Banc and Division cases
- Sarmiento v. Comelec, 212 SCRA 307
Powers and Functions
- Relampagos v. Cumba, 243 SCRA 690
- Loong v. Comelec, GR 133676, Apr. 14, 1999
Exclusive Original Jurisdiction and Appellate Jurisdiction
- Guieb v. Fontanilla, 247 SCRA 348, Aug. 14, 1995
Special Registration of New Voters
- Akbayan Youth v. Comelec, G.R. No. 147066, March 26, 2001
3. Commission on Audit
- Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. COA, GR 101976, Jan. 29, 1993
Impeachment
Impeachable Officers
Grounds for Impeachment
Procedure
- Romulo v. Yniguez, 141 SCRA 263
Impeachment and Criminal Prosecution
- Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001
- Decision on Motion for Reconsideration, April 3, 2001
Sandiganbayan
Jurisdiction
- Lacson v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 128096, January 20, 1999
Ombudsman
Supervision and control
- Acop v. Office of the Ombudsman, 248 SCRA 566
Prosecutorial Powers
- Camanag v. Guerrero, GR 121017, Feb. 17, 1997
Power to issue subpoena; Form of complaint
- Almonte v. Vasquez, 244 SCRA 266
Power to Investigate Administrative Charges
Concurrent with the Office of the President
- Hagad v. Dadole, 241 SCRA 242
Concurrent with the DOJ
- Honasan v. DOJ Panel of Investigating Prosecutors, GR 159747, Apr.
13, 2004
Power to investigate cases of ill-gotten wealth after Feb. 25, 1996
- Republic v. Sandiganbayan, Sept. 24, 1994
Ombudsman for the Military
- Agbay v. Deputy Ombudsman for the Military, G.R. No. 134503, July 2,
1999
Special Prosecutor
- Zaldivar v. Gonzales, 160 SCRA 843