احمــــد حمـــزة وحســـن عايــــد
احمــــد حمـــزة وحســـن عايــــد
احمــــد حمـــزة وحســـن عايــــد
April 2018
بِسْمِ اللَّـهِ الرَّحْمَـٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
((وَبَشِّرِ َّالذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ أَنَّ لَهُمْ جَنَّاتٍ تَجْرِي مِن تَحْتِهَا
الْأَنْهَارُ كُلَّمَا رُزِقُوا مِنْهَا مِن ثَمَرَةٍ رِّزْقًا قَالُوا هَٰذَا َّالذِي رُزِقْنَا مِن قَبْلُ
وَأُتُوا بِهِ مُتَشَابِهًا وَلَهُمْ فِيهَا أَزْوَاجٌ مُّطَهَّرَةٌ وَهُمْ فِيهَا خَالِدُونَ))
iii
Acknowledgements
Thanks are also due to our family for their help, valuable
support and all sorts of encouragement.
iv
Contents
Conclusions 24
Bibliography 25
Abstract
V
Chapter One
Adverbial Clauses in English
These clausal start with the conjunctions ' because, as, and
since' as in:
13- I gave him the money because he needed it. (Quirk and
Greenbaum ,1973 : 327 )
14- Jackie Chan has charmed moviegoers around the world because
of his delightful on screen personality.
Also, there are other conjunctions just as 'as , since , seeing (that) ,
and now' . The conjunctions ' because and since' are used as an
answer to the question 'why' (Maurer , 2000 : 353).
16- If you tread her kindly , (then ) she will do anything for you
(Quirk and Greenbaum, 1973 : 323).
But if the clause shows that the condition is not fulfilled, it is called
hypothetical or also called unreal, for example :
21- The elastic cards attached to their backs are so strong and
flexible that you can close the door below without hitting it .
22-Light the fire in order to boil the water. (Smalley et al, 2000:335).
The use of 'for' with a noun phrase can give the meaning of
purpose of doing an action,so it can be used to make clauses of
purpose :
These clauses show that if the same thing takes place in two
contrasting conditions, there must be something surprising about
these two things or about one of them. This can be introduced by
the use of some subordinators like 'as' and 'though '. These clauses
can also be marked by 'that' when it's position in the sentence is
after the subject complement:
37-The more you astound and astonish people, the happier you'll
be. (Biber et al, 2002: 374).
Biber et al (2002 : 374) point out that these clauses are used to
express or to show preferences. This means that these clauses
show that something or someone is preferred than another one:
42-Sooner than go there by car ,I'd take the slowest train. (Quirk
and Greenbaum, 1973 : 329).
1.2.11 Adverbial Clauses of Supplement
43- She shook her head , still gazing at the patterns of sunshine on
the grass outside the hut.
44-Overcome by curiosity, he started at his odd face , at the scar.....
47. Where were you this evening then? you weren't in phonology
48. Writers on style have differed [a great deal ][in their
understanding of the topic (Biber et al, 1999:783).
51. When I last saw you ,you lived in Iraq. (Quirk and
Greenbaum,1973:322).
These clauses can also be used to talk about more than one
thing happening at the same time:
52. I always fell down when I was coming down the stairs.
(Underwood, 2005:238).
55. As Ali was sleeping, the phone range. (Hewings, 2005: 158).
They are used to show the time or duration of the action and
questions. The dependent and independent clauses may occur at
one time ;or one may occur before /after the second, or it may
occur until the other has begun (Adverbial Clauses of Time,
2017:4).
59. When I Took Ali to The School,I had to drag him into
school.
Or may the clauses set the scene for only one action
(hypothetically one):
60. If Nora hadn't either won the race or finished second ,she
would have been out of the championship (Biber et al,
2002:379)
These clauses are more constrained due to the fact that the
subject is either understood from the content or implied. If it is
understood, the subject must have the same reference to that of the
independent clause:
71. To smooth the way, the school has taken special steps
(Biber et al, 2002:377)
The clauses with the conjunction 'as soon as ' seems more
specified with a few adjectives that can be used with nominal
clause to cover the meaning whatever they can . The subject of
verbless clauses is implied and expressed by (it) which refers to
the main clause:
1- When
This subordinator can be used to talk about an action which
interrupts another one. This action is often shorter than the one
which is interrupted. This subordinator expresses the action which
happened in the past:
76. I usually fell down when I was coming down the stairs
(Underwood,2005:337).
77. When I clicked on the image, the screen went blank. (Ibid:
338).
80. You'll see my garden on the left when you cross the street.
2- While
Such a subordinator is used to refer to something continuing
for a period of time:
3- As
Such a subordinator is sometimes similar in meaning to
'when' and 'while', but there are some differences between them.
Underwood (2005: 338)illustrates that the subordinator 'as' is used
to talk about the idea that 'a change in one thing goes with a
change in another':
102. You can't go outside until /till you finish your homework.
Hewings (2005: 158) adds that 'until 'is used to talk about
something that happens and continues to a period of time ,then
stops:
104. They sat on the beach until the Sun sets, and then they went
home.
When the adverbial clause is the result of the action described in the
main clause, this can be expressed through the use of 'until' :
105. she cleaned the dishes until they shone.
6- Once
This conjunction is used to refer to the idea that
something in the main clause will happen as a
completion of the action on the adverbial clause:
7- Since
This subordinator is used to refer to the idea that the event in
the main clause started at the moment indicated in the adverbial
clause and still in the present:
112. Ever since he was a young, he have had the capability to get
angry easily (Smalley et al ,2000 : 330).
113. I feel much more relax since I left school (Quirk et al ,1985:
1084).
When using 'since' it means "from that time to the present ".the
main clause is often in the present perfect tense while the
adverbial clause is in the past simple :
114. I haven't seen him since he left the town (Azar ,1989 : 298).
8- Whenever
9- Now (that)
This subordinator combines reason with tentative meaning,
the event is indicated either in past or present time. It also shows
simultaneity:
These two subordinators mean during all that time ,from the
beginning of the action to the end:
11- As Soon As
It is used to express the idea that when one action happens
another one occurs soon after it:
122. As soon as it stops raining, I will walk. ( Azar , 1989:298)
This subordinator refers to the idea that one thing happens closely
after another one:
125. As soon as the doors were open, the students rushed in.
(Underwood, 2005: 338).
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(2002). Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written
English. London: Longman Company Press.