A Comparative Study of Career Mother vs. Non-Career Mother in Terms of The Level of Parental Neglect

Career Mother vs.
Non-Career Mother in Terms of their Parental Neglect …
A Comparative Study of Career Mother vs. Non-Career

Mother in Terms of the Level of Parental Neglect
Acudesin, Joylyn
Baguio, Janica Joyce
Labay, Jannah Cristina
Padilla, Karen
Robles, Warther Execquiel
Salvador, Philip
Tolentino, Neica
Victorio, Jhayzel
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Career Mother vs. Non-Career Mother in Terms of their Parental Neglect …
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAREER MOTHER VS. NON-CAREER MOTHER IN TERMS

OF PARENTAL NEGLECT
Karen Padilla1,2,3 Joylyn Acudesin1,2,3 Janica Joyce Baguio1,2,3 Jannah Cristina Labay1,2,3 Warther
Execquiel Robles1,2,3 Philip Salvador1,2,3 Alvin Tan1,2,3 Neica Tolentino1,2,3
Norman Paul Deg-aoan1,2,3,4
Humanities and Social Sciences

Senior High School Department
Our Lady of Fatima University
October 2017

Table of Contents
Endorsement…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..i
Certificate of originality………………………………………………………………………………………….ii
1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..................... 1-2

1.1 Definitions of terms ………………………………………………………………………………... 2
2.0 Literature review………………………………………………………………………………............... 3
2.1 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………………………………… 3
2.1.1 Parental Rejection Theory………………………………………………….………... 3
2.2 Variable discussion………………………………………………………………………………....... 3
2.1.1 Career Mother…………………………………………………………………………....... 3-4
2.2.2 Non-Career Mother……………………………………………………………………….. 4-5
2.2.3 Parental Negligence ………………………………………………………………………. 5
2.3 Statement of the problem………………………………………………………………………….. 5-6
2.4 Hypothesis of the study………………………………………………………………………………… 6
2. 5 Conceptual Frameworks………………………………………………………………………………. 7
3.0 Methodology ………………………………………………………………………………..................... 8
3.1 Research Design………………………………………………………………………………............... 8
3.2 Research Locale………………………………………………………………………………................ 8
3.3 Population and Sampling……………………………………………………………………………….. 8
3.4 Research instrument………………………………………………………………………………......... 8
3.4.1 Demographic profile………………………………………………………………………… 8
3.4.2 Alabama Parenting Questionnaire……………………………………………………. 8-9
3.5 Research ethics ………………………………………………………………………………................ 9

3.6 Data Collection ………………………………………………………………………………................ 9
3.7 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………..................... 10
4.0 Result ………………………………………………………………………………................................ 10
4.1 Demographic profile……………………………………………………………………………….......... 10-11
4.2 Conjoint Score ……………………………………………………………………………….................... 11-13
4.3 Independent Sample T-test……………………………………………………………………………
5.0 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………........................... 14-15
6. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………............................ 15
7.0 Recommendation………………………………………………………………………………................ 16
Acknowledgement
References
Appendices
Appendix A
Informed consent
Appendix B
Scoring and interpretation
Appendix C

Endorsement
This research entitled: “A Comparative Study of Career Mother vs. Non-Career Mother in terms of
Parental Neglect” prepared by Padilla et al. of HUS 12-6, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
Practical Research 2 has been examined and now recommended for oral examination.
This is to certify that Padilla, et al. are ready for oral examination.
Mr. Norman Paul Deg-aoan

Adviser
This is to certify that the thesis: “A Comparative Study of Career Mother vs. Non-Career Mother in
Terms of the Level of Parental Neglect” prepared and submitted Padilla, et al. of HUS 12-6, is
recommended for oral examination.
Name of panel chair

Chair
Name of panel member Name of panel member

Member Member
Name of College Dean
Dean, name of college

Certificate of Originality
We hereby declare that this research is our work and that, to be the best of our knowledge and belief, it
contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material to which to a
substantial extent has been accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other
institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text.
We also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our work, even though we may
have received assistance from others on style, presentation and language expression.
Name of principal researcher with signature
Principal investigator
Members:
Acudesin, Joylyn M.
Baguio, Janica Joyce
Labay, Jannah Cristina
Padilla, Karen
Robles, Warther Execquiel
Salvador, Philip
Tan, Alvin
Tolentino, Neica S.
Mr. Norman Paul Deg-aoan
Adviser
Date signed
Date

Abstract
The study aimed to determine who among Career mothers and Non-career mothers shows parental neglect
to their child. The researchers conducted a survey to 45 Career mothers and 45 Non-career mothers with a
total number of 90 respondents. They use the standardized questionnaires namely Alabama Parenting
Questionnaire (APQ) to measure the five dimensions of parenting that are relevant to the etiology of child
externalizing problems in neglect namely: positive involvement with children, supervision and
monitoring, use of positive discipline techniques, consistency in the use of such discipline and use of
corporal punishment. The research was conducted at Barangay General Tiburcio De Leon which is the
closest area in the researchers’ proximity. The results have shown that there has no difference between
their parental practices and both shows neglect to their child by analyzing the data collected which was
computed using statistical analysis.
Keywords: Career mother, Non-career mother, Parental Neglect, Alabama Parenting Questionnaire

1.0 Introduction
Women’s careers have changed dramatically in the last century. From the traditional role of
homemaker, women today have a long way in terms of career options. Instead of staying at home, they
prefer to work to have more income to support their family needs especially those single mothers out
there who do not receive sufficient financial assistance from their husbands. On the other hand, some
mothers choose to stay at home and focus on their children and do the house chores. They believed that
being a housewife is more acceptable in our society. In terms of being responsible, housewives claim that
they are more effective when it comes to parenting than working mothers, Green (2009).
The rush of married women into the workforce runs against traditional thinking that women must
choose between family and career. Many observers condemned working mothers as selfish, unnatural and
even dangerous to their children and society. Working mothers will easily cause mother-child barriers,
because they do not have enough time to communicate or interact with their child so barriers may easily
be created and that may form domestic contradictions and become a hidden trouble in future, (Wilson,
2006). As stated by Murali (2009), working mother is an institution in her own right, one who combines a
successful career giving her financial independence, with an effective motherhood raising a child. It is
important to be understood that both these jobs are extremely demanding, and to do justice to each
without neglecting the others is a formidable task.
Essortment (2002) stated that the connection of children with their mothers at a young age will
allow a close bond. This will make the communication between parent and child easier especially during
the middle and high school years. The attention and moral values the child receives will help guide the
child in a positive direction as they get older. Mothers should not work outside the home from their
child’s infancy to early pre-school age. Mothers must stay at home to guide their children and focus on
building their moral value as a person.
Parental Negligence is when the mother cannot balance her time it may result for being
neglectful, they are consumed with their own needs so much that they ignore the needs of their children.
This style of parenting is characterized by the parents’ failure to responsibly look after their children. This
style of parenting has negative impacts on the roles of parent in satisfying their dependents specific needs
of adequate standard of living, health and safety and security. As these types of parent do not take care of
their dependent or went lack of attention because the mother is working, their 5-year-old dependent may
not even have proper food, clothing or bedding equipment. They may not be feed on time as limited or no
love or affection is shown to the child. The parent might not shower the dependent regularly and hence
impacts the health of the dependent as he may get infections due to hygiene issues. The dependent may

not feel safe and secure due to the lack of support given by the parents to help them overcome nightmares
or bad experiences at school, (Santrock, 1995).
In the discovery of Brainstorm: The Power and Purpose of the Teenage Brain shows that the
human brain undergoes specific and dramatic development during adolescence, in this stage, most of the
teenager undergoes to an aspiration and attitude of parents, over protective environment, discrimination
between siblings, rejection, acceptance, submissive, relationship between parents, dominance etc. in this
lifespan, the relationship between parent and child is the most important. It also states that when the child
reached his adolescence stage, the consciousness and curiosity arises which can lead them to explore and
distant themselves to their parents, Siegel (2015).
Overall, this topic concerns the differences of career mothers and non-career mothers in terms of
parental neglect. Using a quantitative research, this study will differentiate the two variables using a
comparative study to know the levels of negligence a career mother and non-career mother. The
significance of this study is to discover who among the career mother and non-career mother really shows
neglect on five sub-scales namely: Positive Parenting Practices, Parental Involvement, Poor parental
monitoring and supervision, Inconsistent Discipline and Corporal Punishment to their child.
1.1 Definition of Terms
Career Mother – A mother having a job or profession while also raising kids.
Corporal Punishment – It is a punishment given to someone with the use of objects.
Inconsistent Discipline – It is a manner of not being incompatible in giving moral to someone.
Neglect – Failing to take care or to give attention to someone or something. (Merriam Webster’s
Dictionary, 2017)
Non-Career Mother – A mother who stays at home to focus on her children and do the household
chores.
Parental Negligence – It is when a parent is more focused on their chosen field than raising their
children.
Parental Involvement – It is parents’ responsibility to involve themselves to their children.
Poor Parental Monitoring and Supervision – It is when parent lacks attention to monitor and supervise
their children.

Positive Parenting Practices – Parents who successfully do their role as a parent and practice a good
parenting.
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Theoretical Framework
2.1.1 Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory
The parental acceptance-rejection theory focuses primarily on parental love. Evidence has shown
that when this need is not met, children worldwide regardless of variations in culture, gender, age, or
ethnicity tends to self-report a specific form of psychological maladjustment. Additionally, individuals
who perceive themselves to be rejected appear to be more disposed than accepted persons to develop
behavior problems, depression or depressed affect, substance abuse, and other mental health-related
issues, (Rohner, 2005). This theory supports the researchers’ study about the parental neglect of Career
mother and Non-Career mother. When mother rejects her child, and failed to monitor him, it may cause a
bad effect to their relationship. This theory can be related to five subscales when the mothers’ affection to
their child is enough the neglection will deplete also having a close bond of their relationship can result to
decorum. However, when the mother fails to do their responsibility it tends to show mental health issues
and because of this mother might punish nor threaten their child using some things.
2.2 Variable Discussion
2.2.1 Career Mother
According to American Academy of Pediatrics (1999), the growth from 30% of mothers in the
1970’s to over 50% presently, the debate continues to present questions as to what is best for the child.
Researchers argue about everything from emotional to academic impact on children of career mothers and
non-career mothers.
Cavel (2001) stated that mothers who work full time during their child’s pre-school years the
child is less active and get a lower score in examination. In addition, these children also found themselves
unemployed 9% more of the time as well as suffering from psychological stress 28% more of the time
compared to that of children with non-career mothers.
The result produced by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth shows that the more hours a
mother works the lower child’s development and academic achievement thus as more the time the mother
is working and not at home, the more possible the neglect level will arise, (Associated Press, 1999).

Current studies show the positive outcomes of career mothers. Some of it shows that the lack of
the mother’s presence can impact negatively to the child however the impact is not severe as what occurs
if the mother does not work. Such factors include parental education, poverty and quality childcare
(Booth, 2002). In some cases, families without the income of the mother find themselves living at a
poverty level, while mother with double income household finds it more able to support the needs of their
families when it comes to nutrition and education (Essortment, 2002).
Another positive aspect of child’s success is the parental education, it has been shown that
children of a non-career mother “fail to see the point of getting an education” (Figes, 2001) Other
research studies found out that children of a career mother get higher grades in school, despite of it they
feel pressure about doing it (Essortment, 2001).
Children who had to go to childcare also show positive outcomes, there were positive effects on
the social and cognitive development if the child was placed in a good quality childcare situation (Figes,
2001). There was a research study that found that a trained nursery worker could stimulate a child with a
wide variety of educational toys and games compared to a stay at home mother (Figes,2001).
Children of non-career mothers are more prone to suffer from anxiety, antisocial behavior, or
stress-related problems unlike the children of career mothers, they are more physically, mentally healthier
than children of non-career mothers.
According to Gershaw (1998), children of career mothers are more responsible in terms of setting
their goals and they found out that they feel they had control over their environment. The studies also
found that these children get higher scores on intelligence tests.
2.2.2 Non-Career Mothers
A career mother develops their personality as an individual while the non-career mother is at
times isolated their immediate surroundings. These women experience of breaking down of their
supportive family and social network. This can lead to depression while the non-career mother is staying
at home to better her child academically and emotionally (Gershaw, 1988).
According to Periodic Survey of Fellows: American Academy of Pediatrics Division of Child

Health Research (1985) most of the pediatricians surveyed established that mother should not work
outside the home from their child’s infancy to early pre-school age.

The children with their mothers at young age will allow a close bond. This will make a better
relationship between a mother and a child especially during the middle school and high years. This will
make the children a good one to a positive direction as they get older (Essortment, 2002).
The career mother is only bare of leaving with the children to work but the stress that they can
have in full time jobs. Being career mother, they always have a work at the day time that need to leave her
family and all time its look like she is playing catch-up and never finish. In the other side while the
mother’s work the father needs to take a responsibility in the home. (2001, September)
Gershaw (1988) stated that some of house are shared equally, but it is not seemed in survey that
they conducted in The Wall Street Journal. There is 52% of women found that they complete laundry
duties compared to 7% of the men. Same with 47% of women planned her shopping for meals compared
to 8% of the men and always the same in the shopping for children’s clothing and stay at home with their
children who came down sick.
2.2.3 Parental Negligence
This style of parenting is characterized by the parents’ failure to responsibly look after their
children. This style of parenting has negative impacts on the roles of parent in satisfying their dependents
specific needs of adequate standard of living, health and safety and security. As these types of parent
don’t take care of their dependent, their 5-year-old dependent may not even have proper food, clothing or
bedding equipment. They may not be feed on time as limited or no love or affection is shown to the child.
The parent might not shower the dependent regularly and hence impacts the health of the dependent as he
may get infections due to hygiene issues. The dependent may not feel safe and secure due to the lack of
support given by the parents to help them overcome nightmares or bad experiences at school.
Additionally, due to no love or affection shown to the dependent, it has negative impact on the
role of the parent in building a positive relationship with the dependent. No morals or values are taught to
the dependent which results in dependent engaging in risky behaviors such as bullying other dependents
at school due to inappropriate behavior modelled by the parents, (Cherry, 2017).
2.3 Statement of the problem
The problems that the researchers wanted to answer are as follow:
1. What are the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the ages of their children

2. What are the levels of Career mothers and Non-Career mothers in terms of the different areas
of Parental neglect namely:
 Positive Parenting Practices

 Parental Involvement
 Poor Parental Management and Supervision
 Inconsistent Discipline
 Corporal Punishment
3. Is there a significant difference between Career Mothers and Non-Career Mothers in terms of
Positive Parenting Practices?
Parental Involvement?
Poor Parental Monitoring and Supervision?
Inconsistent Discipline?
Corporal Punishment?
2.4 Hypothesis of the study
The researchers’ hypotheses of the study are as follow:
1. The researchers predict the acceptance of null hypothesis (Ho1) which shows that there is no
difference between the Career mother and Non-Career mother in their Parental neglect in Positive
Parenting Practices.
difference between the Career mother and Non-Career mother in their Parental neglect in Parental
Involvement.
difference between the Career mother and Non-Career mother in their Parental neglect in Poor Parental
Monitoring and Supervision.

difference between the Career mother and Non-Career mother in their Parental neglect in Inconsistent
Discipline.
difference between the Career mother and Non-Career mother in their Parental neglect in Corporal
Punishment.
2.5 Conceptual Framework
Career Mother Non-Career Mother
Parental neglect
Positive Parental Poor Parental Inconsistent Corporal

Parenting Involvement Monitoring Discipline Punishment
Figure 1. Career mother vs. Non-Career mother in their

five sub-scales of parental neglect
The figure 1 shows the comparison between Career mother and Non-Career mother in their
parental neglect with five subscales namely: Positive Parenting, Parental Involvement, Poor Parental
Monitoring, Inconsistent Discipline and Corporal Punishment

3.0 Methodology
3.1 Research Design
In natural sciences, quantitative research is the systematic empirical investigation of observable

phenomena using statistical techniques. A comparative study essentially compares two groups to identify
and analyses similarities and differences between groups and these studies are most often comparing two
separate people groups. This study was chosen by the researchers to show the comparison of career
mothers and non-career mothers in their level of parental negligence. (Burns & Grove, 2005)
The survey was conducted to encompass any measurement procedures that involve asking
questions to the researcher’s respondents using a questionnaire. It is often used to know the general view
or description of someone through giving a set of questions about the said topic.
3.2 Research Locale
The researcher got their respondents from Barangay General Tiburcio De Leon. The said
Barangay was selected for it is in proximity to the researchers. This barangay known as one of the most
populated area in Valenzuela City according to the Philippine Statistics Authority in 2015.
3.3 Population and Sampling
The researchers set a criterion for their participants the career mother and non-career mother
respondents. The age of the child’s respondents is ranging 6 to 18 years old as given by the research tool
criterion. The researcher has 45 participants of both career mother and non-career mother for the total of
90 respondents using a quota sampling and purposive sampling. The researchers used quota sampling
because they set an exact number of respondents and purposive sampling for they chose their respondents
based on characteristics and objective of the study.
3.4 Research Instrument
3.4.1 Demographic Profile
The demographic profile sheet contains the information about the age bracket of the child that the
career mothers and non-career mothers have ranging 6 to 18 years old.
3.4.2 Alabama Parenting Questionnaire
The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) was developed by Frick, P.J. in 1991 as a tool that
will measures parenting practices that are considered to consistently related to disruptive child behaviors

(Frick, 1991). The APQ have 42 items and 35 of it are scored in five domains: Positive Parenting
Practices, Parental Involvement, Poor Parental Monitoring Supervision, Inconsistent Discipline and
Corporal Punishment. The other seven remaining items measure other discipline. Items are scored from 1
(Never), 2 (Almost Never), 3 (Sometimes), 4 (Often) and 5 as (Always). The domains have its own
coverage in 42 items questionnaire, Positive Parenting Practices (2,5,13,16,18,27), Parental Involvement
(1,4,7,9,11,14,15,20,23,26), Poor Parental Monitoring/Supervision (6,10,17,19,21,24,28,29,30,32),
Inconsistent Discipline (3,8,12,22,25,31), Corporal Punishment (33,35,38) and Other Discipline
(34,36,37,39,40,41,42). The subscales also have a problem cutoff, Positive Parenting Practices (≤ 21),
Parental Involvement (≤ 35), Poor Parental Monitoring/Supervision (≥ 18), Inconsistent Discipline (≥ 18),
Corporal Punishment (≥ 7) and Other Discipline (n/a).
The APQ has good psychometric properties including criterion validity in differentiating clinical
and nonclinical groups (Dadds, Maujean, & Fraser, 2003; Frick, Christian, &Wooton, 1999; Shelton et
al., 1996). Frick et al. (1999) reported a mean r2 across its five scales of 0.24 for predicting child
symptoms of ODD and Parental Neglect. Independent investigations have also shown the APQ to be an
informative assessment tool.
3.5 Research Ethics
The researchers respected the privacy and discussed the limits of confidentiality. They gave
participants information about how their data will be used, what will be done with case materials and
secure their consent. The researchers also gave the autonomy or the right of the respondents to determine
what activities they will or will not participate in. Implicitly, full autonomy requires that an individual can
understand what they are being asked to do, make a reasoned judgment about the effect participation will
have on them, and make a choice to participate free from to coercive influence. The researchers took all
the responsibility and obligated to maximize benefits for the individual participant and/or society, while
minimizing risk of harm to individual and maximizing the potential benefits.
3.6 Data Collection
This study used primary data collection procedure. Primary data was collected through survey
with the ninety (90) chosen participants. The researchers looked for a standardized questionnaire fitted in
the study and answered by the informants about their profile. The survey was gathered in Barangay
General Tiburcio De Leon, Valenzuela City. The questionnaires were distributed to the specific
respondents who met the criteria for them to know and prove who among the Career mother and Non-
Career mother exhibits parental neglect.

3.7 Data Analysis
The researchers used two different types of tool which are Statistics Package for Social Science
(SPSS) and Independent T-Test to analyze and interpret the data gathered by the researchers. The
statistics that the researchers used is SPSS version 19.
A tool used to explain the significance between the said variables when a command was input in
the system it automatically compute the data that had been gathered from the mean, the standard deviation
and the correlation of the variables.
The researchers used an analyzing tool which is the Independent T-test method to present the
comparison of Career Mother and Non-Career Mother in terms of Parental Negligence to their children.
The T-Tests is a tool that compare the means of two groups and determines whether there is no significant
difference between the two means. Upon finishing this method, the researchers are already capable of
interpreting the results if there is no significant difference at all.
4.0 Result
4.1 Demographic Profile
Table 1. Respondents’ Demographic Profile (N=90)
Demographic Frequency Percentage
Age of Child of Career Mother

6-8 7 15.56
9-11 10 22.21
12-14 12 26.67
15-18 16 35.56
Age of Child of Non-Career Mother
6-8 9 20
9-11 5 11.11
12-14 15 33.33
15-18 16 35.56
As an indicated in table 1, the respondents’ demographic profile has 90 participants, Career

mothers (50%) and Non-Career mothers (50%). The age of child of Career mothers ranging 6-8 (15.66%),

9-11 (22.21%), 12-14 (26.67%) and 15-18 (35.36). Most of the Career mothers have a child aging from
15 to 18 years of old. The Age of child of Non-Career Mother ranging 6-8 (20%), 9-11 (11.11%), 12-14
(33.33) and 15-18 (35.56). Most of the Non-career mothers have a child aging from 15 to 18 years of old.
4.2 Conjoint Scores
Table 2. Conjoint Analysis Results for Career mothers and Non-Career mothers
Mean Standard Deviation Interpretation
Positive Parenting Practices

Working 38.18 7.918 HIGH
Non-working 40.18 6.447 HIGH
Parental Involvement
Working 25.2667 3.36695 LOW
Non-working 24.3556 3.39890 LOW
Poor Parental Monitoring Supervision

Working 28.7333 7.92120 HIGH
Non-working 26.4889 8.20372 HIGH
Inconsistent Discipline
Working 18.1556 4.45153 HIGH
Corporal Punishment
Working 6.4667 3.07187 LOW
The Table 2 illustrates the conjoint scores obtained from career mothers and non-career mothers.
It shows the results of the different subscales of Alabama Parenting Questionnaire that will depict the
Parental neglect of the aforesaid variables using the IBM SPSS Statistics.

The first subscale Positive Parenting Practices, when the parent is letting their child too know that
he/she is doing good job, rewarding the child when he/she behave well, complimenting him/her, hugging
and kissing the child, and when the parent is letting her child that she likes it when the child helps around
the house. This subscale has a problem cut off ≤21 as the research instrument of the researchers stated in
methodology, the mean of the data obtained by the researchers shows that both variables, Career mother
(38.18%) and Non-Career mother (40.18%) have high Positive Parenting Practices to their child.
In terms of Parental Involvement, it is when the parent is having a friendly talk with the child,
volunteering to help her child in his/her special activities, playing or doing fun things with her child,
asking her child about his/her day at school, helping the child in his/her homework, driving his/her child
to its special activity, talking with her child about its friends, when the child helps to plan family activities
and when the parent attend meetings or conferences in his/her child’s school. Parental Involvement that
has a cut off ≤35, the mean of the data gathered by the researchers clearly shows that Career mother
(25.2667%) and Non-Career mother (24.3556%) have low Parental Involvement with their child.
It is subscale Poor Parental Monitoring Supervision, if the child fails to leave a note when he/she
is leaving, when the child stays out in the evening past the time he/she is supposed to be home, child
going out with his/her friends without the parent’s consent, child going out without a set time to be home,
child is out after dark without an adult, when the parent forget where her child is and what he/she doing,
the parent is not checking when her child comes home at the time he/she is supposed to, when the parent
don’t tell her child where she is going, the child comes home from school more than an hour the parent
expect, and when the child is at home without adult supervision. This subscale has a cut off ≥18, in table
2 the mean of the data collected by the researchers shows Career mother (28.7333%) and Non-Career
mother (26.4889%) that means they both have a high Poor Parental Monitoring to their child.
When it comes to Inconsistent Discipline subscale, it is when the parent threatens to punish the
child and do not actually punish the child, if the child talks out the parent of punishing him/her after
he/she has done something wrong, when the parent feel that getting his/her child to obey her is more than
trouble, parent letting her child out of a punishment early, child is not punished when he/she has done
something wrong and when the punishment given by the parent depends on her mood. Inconsistent
Discipline has a cut off ≥18, the data gathered by the researchers shows that Career Mother (18.1556%)
and Non-Career Mother (17.7556%) although the Career Mother met the problem cut off, their mean
scores don’t have a big difference.
Lastly, the Corporal Punishment subscale, when the parent spanks her child if it has done
something wrong, slapping her child and hitting the child with a belt, switch or other objects. Corporal

Punishment has a cut off ≥7, the data collected by the researchers clearly displays that Career Mother
(6.4667%) and Non-Career Mother (6.3778%) have a low Corporal Punishment to their child.
4.3 Independent Sample of T-Test
The data of the respondents measured using the T-test which is used to compare two means and
will tell the researchers if it’s different from each other. It also tells the researcher how significant the
differences are. By looking at the Sig.2 (2-tailed) column the researchers know when to accept or reject
the null hypothesis (Ho). If the number is less than 0.05 the researcher will reject the null hypothesis(Ho)
and will accept Alternative Hypothesis(Ha) which means that there is a significant difference between the
two variables but if not, the acceptance of null hypothesis(Ho) will happen.
Table 3. Independent sample of T-Test for Positive Parenting Practices
t Df Sig.2(2- Decision Interpretation

tailed)
Positive Parenting Practices
Equal variances assumed -1.314 88 .192 Retain Ho1 There is no
significant difference
The table 3 concerns about the Positive Parenting part in the table above got .192 in Sig.2 (2-
tailed) which indicates an acceptance of Ho and there is no significant difference between Career mother
and Non-Career mother.
Table 4. Independent sample of T-Test for Parental Involvement

tailed)
Parental Involvement
Equal variances assumed 1.278 88 .205 Retain Ho2 There is no
Table 4 explains that Parental Involvement has .205 which also entails that there is no difference
between that variables and that null hypothesis will be accepted.
Table 5. Independent sample of T-Test for Poor Parental Monitoring
T Df Sig.2(2- Decision Interpretation

tailed)

Poor Parental Monitoring

Equal variances assumed 1.320 88 .190 Retain Ho3 There is no
Table 5 displays that in parental monitoring, it has .190 which is higher than 0.05 which means
that null hypothesis will be accepted and there is no significant difference between the two.
Table 6. Independent sample of T-Test for Inconsistent Discipline

tailed)
Inconsistent Discipline
Equal variances assumed .488 88 .627 Retain Ho4 There is no
Inn table 6 above, Inconsistent Discipline will also accept the null hypothesis because it has .627
and there is no difference between them.
Table 7. Independent sample of T-Test for Corporal Punishment

tailed)
Corporal Punishment
Equal variances assumed .147 88 .883 Retain Ho5 There is no
In table 7, Corporal punishment has .883 higher than .05 which prove that there is no significant
difference between Career mother and Non-career mother and the null hypothesis will be accepted.
5.0 Discussion
The study was conducted to compare the Career mother and Non-career mother in terms of
parental neglect in the structure of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire across two distinct family
structures. The study shows that there is no difference between the said variables as they have been
computed by the Statistical Package for Social Science application. The result of this research differs
from the past study which Green (2009) states that career mothers are more irresponsible when it comes
to parenting than the stay-at-home mothers. Evidence have shown that both Career mothers and Non-
career mothers demonstrates neglect to their child using five sub-scales of the research tool namely;
Positive Parenting Practices, Parental Involvement, Poor Parental Monitoring, Inconsistent discipline, and
Corporal management. Although one of the variable exert lesser time at home because of her career, their

positive parenting practices are still both acceptable in the society. The researchers found out one of the
reason why there is a low parental involvement in both variables by analyzing the demographic profile of
the respondents which displays that both have a child facing adolescence stage where they explore, go
outside their comfort zone, and distant their selves to their parent. When the parental involvement is low,
it will also affect the parental monitoring of the mother and will also be low because for the mother to
monitor her child, she needs to involve herself to him. Filipino culture in family is oriented and they are
connected to each other, furthermore, it is alarming that mothers today have poor monitoring to their child
whether they are stay-at-home mother or not, it can be a proof that as women’s role in our country have
dramatically changed, culture goes too. Researchers found out that the career mothers and non-career
mothers have a difference in terms of discipline. They discovered that career mothers have a higher
inconsistency in guiding and giving moral to their child but it does not mean that the children of career
mothers have no proper discipline. Cavel (2001) stated that in the past century, mothers punished their
children using violence but now as what the researchers found out, the corporal punishment is not that
present anymore.
In general, in today’s generation, the traditional role of women changed and improve together
with their responsibilities of being a mother. Even many people say that a mother must only stay at home
and focus on their motherhood, researchers discover that even a mother has career or not, their parental
negligence are the same and in our society today, it can be one of the reason why behind those rebellious
children.
6.0 Conclusion
The purpose of this study is to differentiate the two variables namely Career Mother and Non-
Career Mother. The data that the researchers have gathered displays that there is no difference between
the two. The results highlighted that there are five subscales in measuring Parental Negligence of Career
Mother and Non-Career Mother to their children which are: Positive Parenting Practices, Parental
Involvement, Poor Parental Monitoring Supervision, Inconsistent Discipline and Corporal Punishment.
These sub-scales support the study to know who among the said variables shows parental neglect to their
child. Although there is no significant difference between Career mother and Non-Career mother in terms
of their parental neglect, there are many things that the researcher discovered and it may benefit a lot to
the society especially to the mothers who unconsciously being neglectful to their children.

7.0 Recommendation
Future researchers may benefit and improve the study in various ways. The future researchers might
use a higher number of respondents for the data that will be gather may become more valid and reliable.
They may also fill the gap of this study for better output.
Students may also benefit from this study. First, the students may be able to identify if their
parents are being neglectful.
Teachers, as being in the career path may also gain important information about this study. Some
of them is also a mother who needs to work and leave their responsibilities as mother at home.
Most especially for the society the research may give them an idea that whether the mother stays
at home or not, it is not significant reason to say who among them has shown parental neglect to their
child.

Acknowledgement
The researchers owe their deepest gratitude to Mr. Norman Paul Deg-aoan, their research adviser,
ever since they conducted this research you never let them down, for giving a good advice,
recommendations for the research and for not giving up on guiding them.
This research would not be possible without the respondents who participated in the study,
researchers solemnly thank them for letting them to be in your home for a while.
Researchers would also like to thank their parents for understanding and supporting every one of
them in physical and mental state also in financial expenses.
To Our Lady of Fatima University, it gave researchers a great pleasure for giving them the
consent to conduct the research.
Most importantly, researchers thank the almighty God for letting them finish the research paper,
for giving them energy to fulfill the paper and for giving them strength not to give up.

References
Ronald P. Rohner (2011). Journal of cross-cultural psychology.

Journal.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022022111406120
William Bauer (2006). Working mothers VS Stay at home mothers: The impact on children.
file:///c:user/crimlib/dowloads/marietta1144855683%20(2).pdf
Kathryn C. Hilyard (2007). Child neglect: Development issues and outcomes.

www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/501452134020034111
Elizabeth R. Pare (2005). "Staying at home" versus "Woking": A call for broader conceptualizations of
parenthood and paid work. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mfi/4919087.0010.105/staying-at-
home-versus-working-a-call-for-broader?rgn=mainview=fulltext.
Dr. Abdul sattar Almani (2012). Study of effects of working mothers on the development of children in
pakistan. www.ijhssnet.com/journals/vol-2no-11-june2012/18.pdf
Jocelyn Brown (1998). A longitudinal analysis of risk factors for child maltreatment: Findings of a 17-
year prospective study of officially recorded and self-reported child abuse and neglect.
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/50145213498000878
Lois Wladis Hoffman, PhD. (1998) The effect of the mother’s employment on the family and the child.
Parenthood.library.wise.edu./Hoffman.html
Carinn Jade (2013). 7Non-Negotiatable truths in the working mom Vs. SAHM Wars.
www.mommyish.com/working-mom-versus-stay-at-home-moms/

Chita Reddy (2016). Top 20 advantages and disadvantages of working mothers.

https://content.wisestep.com/tap-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-working-mothers/
Suzanne M. Bianchi (2000). Maternal employment and time with children: Dramatic change or surprising
continuity?.https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org./F624/Da546912e4421b26d5dac32a04939600bc98.p
df.
Matthew J. Millers (2003). Neglectful parenting: The impact on children.

cccrd.publishpath.com/websites/ccrd/image/Nparenting.pdf
Jayita Poduval (2009). Working mothers: How much working, how much mothers and what is the
womenhood? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article/pmc3151456/
Kyle Spencer (2017). Moms: Woking VS Staying home. www.parenting.com/article/working-vs-staying

home.

Appendix A
INFORMED CONSENT
“My name is Karen Padilla a Senior High School Student under Humanities and Social Science
at Our Lady of Fatima University (Valenzuela). I, together with my co-researchers, am inviting you to
participate in a research study. Involvement in the study is voluntary, so you may choose to participate or
not. I am going to explain the study to you. Please feel free to ask any questions that you may have about
the research; I will be happy to explain anything in greater detail.
The researchers are interested in learning more about the difference between the level of Parental
Negligence of Career Mothers and Non-Career Mothers. You will be asked to answer our questionnaire
which contains questions. This will take approximately (15) minutes of your time. All information will be
kept Anonymous. This means that your name will not appear anywhere and no one except the researchers
will know about your specific answers in any articles we write or any presentations that we make, we will
use a made-up name for you, and we will not change any personal data.
“The benefit of this research is that you will be helping us to understand who among the Career
mother and Non-Career mother really shows parental neglect on their child. If you do not wish to
continue, you have the right to withdraw from the study, without penalty, at any time.”
All my questions and concerns about this study have been addressed. I choose, voluntarily, to
participate in this research project.
__________________________
Print name of participant
__________________________ _________________________
Signature of participant date
__________________________
Print name of investigator
__________________________ _________________________
Signature of investigator date

Appendix B
ALABAMA PARENTING QUESTIONNAIRE (PARENTS OF CHILDREN 6-18)
Directions: The following are several statements about your family. Please rate each item as to how
often it typically occurs in your home. The possible answers are Never (1), Almost never (2), Sometimes
(3), Often (4), Always (5). Put ( ) for your corresponding answer.
1 2 3 4 5
# Item Never Almost Sometimes Often Always
Never
1. You have a friendly talk with your
child.
2. You let your child know when
he/she is doing a good job with
something.
3. You threaten to punish your child
and then do not actually punish
him/her.
4. You volunteer to help with special
activities that your child is
involved in (such as sports,
boy/girl scouts, church youth
groups).
5. You reward or give something
extra to your child for obeying
you or behaving well.
6. Your child fails to leave a note or
to let you know where he/she is
going.
7. You play games or do other fun
things with your child.
8. Your child talks you out of being
punished after he/she has done
something wrong.
9. You ask your child about his/her
day in school.
10. Your child stays out in the
evening past the time he/she is
supposed to be home.
11. You help your child with his/her
homework.
12. You feel that getting your child to
obey you is more trouble than it’s
worth.
13. You compliment your child when
he/she does something well.

14. You ask your child what his/her

plans are for the coming day.
15. You drive your child to a special

activity.
16. You praise your child if he/she
behaves well.
17. Your child is out with friends you

don’t know.
18. You hug or kiss your child when
he/she does something well.
19. Your child goes out without a set
time to be home.
20. You talk to your child about his/her
friends.
21. Your child is out after dark without
an adult with him/her.
22. You let your child out of a
punishment early (like lift
restrictions earlier than you
originally said).
23. Your child helps plan family
activities.
24. You get so busy that you forgot
where your child is and what
he/she is doing.
25. Your child is not punished when
he/she has done something wrong.
26. You attend PTA meetings,
parent/teacher conferences, or other
meetings at your child’s school.
27. You tell your child that you like it
when he/she helps around the
house.
28. You don’t check that your child
comes home at the time she/he was
supposed to.
29. You don’t tell your child where
you are going.
30. Your child comes home from
school more than an hour past the
time you expect him/her.

31. The punishment you give your

child depends on your mood.
32. Your child is at home without adult

supervision
33. You spank your child with your
hand when he/she has done
something wrong.
34. You ignore your child when he/she
is misbehaving.
35. You slap your child when he/she
has done something wrong.
36. You take away privileges or money
from your child as a punishment.
37. You send your child to his/her
room as a punishment.
38. You hit your child with a belt,
switch, or other object when he/she
has done something wrong.
39. You yell or scream at your child

when he/she has done something
wrong.
You calmly explain to your child
40. why his/her behavior was wrong
when he/she misbehaves.
41. You use time out (make him/her sit
or stand in a corner) as a
punishment.
42. You give your child extra chores as
a punishment.

Scoring and Interpretation
Scale
1. – Never
2. – Almost Never
3. – Sometimes
4. – Often
5. – Always
The 42 Items questionnaire is categorized in five subscales and has a problem cutoff as follows.
Involvement: 1, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15,20,23,26
Problem Cutoff: ≤35
Positive Parenting: 2, 5, 13, 16, 18, 27
Problem Cutoff: ≤21
Poor Monitoring/ Supervision: 6, 10, 17, 19, 21, 24, 28, 29, 30, 32
Problem Cutoff: ≥18
Inconsistent Discipline: 3, 8, 12, 22, 25, 31
Corporal Punishment: 33, 35, 39

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Career Mother vs.

Non-Career Mother in Terms of their Parental Neglect …

A Comparative Study of Career Mother vs. Non-Career

Baguio, Janica Joyce

Labay, Jannah Cristina

Robles, Warther Execquiel

HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAREER MOTHER VS. NON-CAREER MOTHER IN TERMS

Humanities and Social Sciences

HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..................... 1-2

2.0 Literature review………………………………………………………………………………............... 3

2.1 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………………………………… 3

2.1.1 Parental Rejection Theory………………………………………………….………... 3

2.2 Variable discussion………………………………………………………………………………....... 3

2.1.1 Career Mother…………………………………………………………………………....... 3-4

2.2.2 Non-Career Mother……………………………………………………………………….. 4-5

2.2.3 Parental Negligence ………………………………………………………………………. 5

2.3 Statement of the problem………………………………………………………………………….. 5-6

2.4 Hypothesis of the study………………………………………………………………………………… 6

3.0 Methodology ………………………………………………………………………………..................... 8

3.1 Research Design………………………………………………………………………………............... 8

3.2 Research Locale………………………………………………………………………………................ 8

3.3 Population and Sampling……………………………………………………………………………….. 8

3.4 Research instrument………………………………………………………………………………......... 8

3.4.1 Demographic profile………………………………………………………………………… 8

3.4.2 Alabama Parenting Questionnaire……………………………………………………. 8-9

3.5 Research ethics ………………………………………………………………………………................ 9

HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

3.6 Data Collection ………………………………………………………………………………................ 9

3.7 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………..................... 10

4.0 Result ………………………………………………………………………………................................ 10

4.1 Demographic profile……………………………………………………………………………….......... 10-11

4.2 Conjoint Score ……………………………………………………………………………….................... 11-13

4.3 Independent Sample T-test……………………………………………………………………………

5.0 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………........................... 14-15

Scoring and interpretation

HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Mr. Norman Paul Deg-aoan

Name of panel chair

Name of panel member Name of panel member

HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Name of principal researcher with signature

Baguio, Janica Joyce

Labay, Jannah Cristina

Robles, Warther Execquiel

Mr. Norman Paul Deg-aoan

HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

1.1 Definition of Terms

Corporal Punishment – It is a punishment given to someone with the use of objects.

Inconsistent Discipline – It is a manner of not being incompatible in giving moral to someone.

Parental Involvement – It is parents’ responsibility to involve themselves to their children.

HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Theoretical Framework

2.1.1 Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory