Chapter 2 (Pre-Final)
Chapter 2 (Pre-Final)
Chapter 2 (Pre-Final)
This chapter presents related literatures and studies. It includes local and
sources. Similarities and differences of the studies conducted and how these
Related Literature
I. International
Environmental Impact of Sand Mining in Tamiraparani River, South
Tamilnadu
By Bindhusri, A. and M. Arunachalam
This study is based on the direction from the High Court of Madras
to the junior author. Tamiraparani River is a minor basin with a length of 120
water sharing. Moreover, it is the life line for drinking, power generation,
agriculture and industrial use for more than three districts in south Tamil
Nadu. Sand and gravel have been mined commercially from active channel.
Mining of sand includes the processes of skimming, dry and wet pool
ground water depletion. The assessment from five sand quarries from the
floodplain and terrace mining heavily damaged the ecosystem structure and
function thereby affecting the cleansing capacity of river, lowering of ground
water level, damage to infrastructure and removal of riparian zone and the
mining for five years by the three men committee including the second
author and the court banned sand mining in Tamiraparani River for five
II. NATIONAL
provinces of Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, La Union, and Pangasinan; and solicited
Four types of quarrying were found in Ilocos Sur, namely: clay extraction at
Bulala, Vigan City; gravel quarrying at Banaoang, Bantay, and at Bio Tagudin;
mountain quarrying at Nalvo, Sta. Maria. The quarry sites mentioned were
extraction at Sta. Monica, San Nicolas; sand quarrying at Paoay; and gravel
the original course of the San Cristobal, Sarrat River has been confirmed
by the residents. They attributed the rerouted course of the river to the
San Jacinto.
leading to sand dune collapse and air pollution during windy and stormy
widened downstream flow and diverted water course, c) for earth extraction:
season, and worst, the cause of flooding for neighboring barangays; and d)
for mountain quarrying: triggered land slide and thinning water reserve.
The mitigations were concentrated mostly on more extensive regulatory
schemes: for the DENR to regulate the quarrying operations, more strict
environmental interventions.
By Roberto E. Coronel
ripe pili fruit was found to weigh from 15.7 to 45.7 g (Coronel and Zuño
1980b). The pili pulp, which makes up about 64.5% of the fruit by weight,
contains 73% moisture. On a dry weight basis (per 100 g), it contains: 8%
protein, 33.6% fats, 3.4% crude fibre, 9.2% ash, 45.8% carbohydrates and
2.2 kJ (Marañon et al. 1954). The pulp oil, which is clear and greenish yellow
energy was reported to be 2.7 kJ/100 g, with the following mineral and
vitamin contents (per 100 g): 119 mg calcium, 508 mg phosphorus, 2.6 mg
riboflavin, 0.4 mg niacin and traces of vitamin C (Intengan et al. 1968). Other
authors have reported on the chemical composition of the pili kernel (Brill
tropical nut than the pili, is edible. The kernel contains 7.6-16.0% moisture,
(Coronel 1983; Verheij and Coronel 1991). The pili kernel therefore contains
more oil and less protein and carbohydrates than the cashew kernel.
(59.6%) and palmitic (38.2%) acids. The oil is light yellow, has an agreeable
odour and taste, is suitable for culinary purposes and keeps perfectly for as
The pili shell has 3.2% moisture content, 11.9% volatile combustible
Related Studies
I. International
Developing Concrete using Sea Shell as a Fine Aggregate
and cement). From the environment point of view, the huge extraction of the
sea shell. Sea shell is the dead remain of the marine organism. We have
replaced the sea shell after grinding it to the maximum size of 4.75 mm. The IS
10262-2009 was followed for the mix design of M20 grade concrete after that
to the zone II as per IS 383-1970. Then cubes were casted for the 5 parts of
partial replacement as 20%, 40%, 60 %, 80%, and 100 %. All the specimens
are used for 7 & 28 days and tested for compressive, flexural and split tensile
and quality aggregates, the aggregate produced from industrial wastes and
agricultural wastes being viable new source for building material. This study
production not only solves the problem of disposing this solid waste but also
lightweight concrete.
II. Local
commercial hollow blocks and contribute in the construction world near in the
stronger hollow block and the potential of Sea Mollusks’ Shell as an additive in
Hollow Blocks mixture. Known its calcium carbonate content, Sea Mollusks’
Shell is a good soil stabilizer which is same as lime and cement. Using different
ratios of mixtures, they intend to show the effectiveness of the hollow blocks
added with pulverized Sea Mollusks’ shells and how it will affect the weight,
density and strength and other structural data of hollow blocks. It is also shows
the ability of the product to compete in the market and the possibility of having
This part of the study summarized the review in the previous part of this
chapter, and discusses the differences and similarities between the other related
sea shell increases strength in all replacement. This increase in strength clearly
shows us the sea shell starts to react with the others ingredients of concrete which
there by increase in the heat of hydration in concrete as far seen from basics of
concrete technology.
indicates that these aggregates have good absorbance to shock. The good
absorbance to shock of the material is based on the maximum grain size, median
grain size, uniformity coefficient, fines content, grain shape and moisture content.
Finally, Karen E. Azul and Juan Paulo M. Sera Jose clearly state in as study
that the calcium carbonate content of an additive could increase the compressive
strength of hollow blocks. Their study entitled, “Hollow Blocks with Sea Mollusks’
In relation to study, the researchers also aim to test the Canarium Ovatum
shells for fabrication of concrete that were mainly used in building construction. To
create a new material through Canarium Ovatum shells like the study made to sea
shell, coconut shell, etc. as fine aggregate for concrete that can pass to ASTM
design is the goal of the study. The related studies show that it is possible to use
studies which is to recycle waste material that was only known to our locality, the
Pili Nut shells. Our main priority is to decrease the large amount of Pili Nut shell
civil engineering field. Furthermore, by this study we can help to settle the
problems in our community especially waste problem, set a good example for
GAPS TO BE BRIDGED
concrete samples. Given the limitations of this present study as stated in chapter
1, the proponents will conduct two test methods. The concrete samples will go
Concrete Specimens (ASTM C39). The test will determine if there’s an increased
in the compressive strength of the concrete. The pulverized pili nut shells will also
go through ASTM C136, ASTM D7428 – 15, ASTM C128 and ASTM C29.
The present study focused on the concrete mixture design for columns. For
the previous study, further investigations are required before it can be used as