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    Father of Modern Chemistry: Antoine L. Lavoisier

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    Antoine Lavoisier was an influential French chemist who established two important laws of chemical combination: the law of conservation of mass and the law of constant proportions. John Dalton expanded on Lavoisier's work and developed atomic theory, proposing that all matter is composed of atoms that cannot be created, destroyed, or divided. Dalton's atomic theory laid the foundation for modern chemistry and molecular-level understanding of reactions and compounds.

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    Father of Modern Chemistry: Antoine L. Lavoisier

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    saranpc
    147 views20 pages
    Antoine Lavoisier was an influential French chemist who established two important laws of chemical combination: the law of conservation of mass and the law of constant proportions. John Dalton expanded on Lavoisier's work and developed atomic theory, proposing that all matter is composed of atoms that cannot be created, destroyed, or divided. Dalton's atomic theory laid the foundation for modern chemistry and molecular-level understanding of reactions and compounds.

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    Intro to Chemistry

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    Intro to Chemistry

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    Antoine Lavoisier was an influential French chemist who established two important laws of chemical combination: the law of conservation of mass and the law of constant proportions. John Dalton expanded on Lavoisier's work and developed atomic theory, proposing that all matter is composed of atoms that cannot be created, destroyed, or divided. Dalton's atomic theory laid the foundation for modern chemistry and molecular-level understanding of reactions and compounds.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as odp, pdf, or txt
    147 views20 pages

    Father of Modern Chemistry: Antoine L. Lavoisier

    Uploaded by

    saranpc
    Antoine Lavoisier was an influential French chemist who established two important laws of chemical combination: the law of conservation of mass and the law of constant proportions. John Dalton expanded on Lavoisier's work and developed atomic theory, proposing that all matter is composed of atoms that cannot be created, destroyed, or divided. Dalton's atomic theory laid the foundation for modern chemistry and molecular-level understanding of reactions and compounds.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 20

    Father of Modern Chemistry: Antoine L.

    Lavoisier
    Antoine-Laurent de
    Lavoisier (26 August 1743 – 8
    May1794)was a French
    nobleman and chemist central
    to the 18th-century Chemical
    Revolution and a large
    influence on both
    the histories of chemistry
    and biology. Antoine L.
    Lavoisier laid the foundation
    of chemical sciences by
    establishing two important
    laws of chemical combination.
    Laws of Chemical Combinations

    There are two laws of chemical


    combination.
    Law of Conservation of Mass.
    Law of Constant Proportions.
    Law of Conservation of Mass

    Antoine L. Lavoisier, a French scientist,


    established the theory of Law of
    Conservation of Mass.
    The law of conservation of mass states,
    “Mass can neither be created nor
    destroyed in a chemical reaction”.
    03/10/18
    John Dalton

    John Dalton  (6 September


    1766 – 27 July 1844) was an
    English chemist, meteorologist a
    nd physicist. He is best known
    for his pioneering work in the
    development of modern atomic
    theory, and his research
    into colour blindness. 
    Main points of Dalton's
    atomic theory.
    Elements are made of extremely small particles called
    atoms.
    Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and
    other properties;
    Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and
    other properties.
    Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
    Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-
    number ratios to form chemical compounds.
    In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or
    rearranged.
    What is an Atom?

    Atom can be defined as the smallest


    particle of matter that takes part in a
    chemical reaction.
    How big are Atoms?
    Atoms are very small, they are
    smaller than anything that we can
    imagine or compare with.
    Characters of atoms:

    A tom is the smallest particle of matter.


    All elements are made of tiny particles called atom.
    Atoms are very small in size and cannot be seen through
    naked eyes.
    Atom does not exist in free-state in nature. But atom takes
    part in a chemical reaction.
    The properties of a matter depend upon the characteristics
    of atoms.
    Atoms are the building block of an element similar to a brick
    which combine together to make a building.
    The size of atoms is indicated by its radius.
    In ancient time atoms was considered indivisible.
    Symbols of Atoms of Different
    Elements
    Symbols of some elements are formed
    from the first letter of the name and a letter,
    appearing later in the name.
    E.g.: (i) chlorine: Cl, (ii) zinc: Zn etc
    Some have been taken from the
    names of elements in Latin, German or Greek.
    E.g.: s Iron is Fe from ferrum,
    Sodium is Na from natrium,
    Potassium is K from kalium
    Atomic Mass

    Mass of atom is called atomic mass. Since, atoms are


    very small consequently actual mass of an atom is very
    small. For example the actual mass of one atom of
    hydrogen is equal to 1.673 x 10-24 g. This is equal to
    0.000000000000000000000001673 gram. To deal with such small number is
    very difficult. Thus for convenience relative atomic mass is used.
    Molecule

    A
     molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded
    together, that is, tightly held together by attractive forces.
    03/10/18
    Tetra-atomic:- When molecule is formed by the combination
    of four atoms it is called tetra-atomic molecule. For example:
    Phosphorous molecule (P4)
    Polyatomic:- When molecule is formed by the combination of more than two atoms, it is
    called polyatomic molecule. For example: Sulphur molecule (S8)

    All metals are mono-atomic.

    All gases are di-atomic.


    Molecules of different
    Elements
    The
     molecules of an element are constituted by the same
    type of atoms.
    e.g.: O + O→ O2 (Oxygen Gas) ‘di-atomic’
    O + O + O→ O3 (Ozone) ‘tri-atomic’
    4P→ P4 (Phosphorous) ‘tetra-atomic’
    8S→ S8 (Sulphur) ‘poly-atomic’
    Ions

    Particles carrying positive or negative charges are called


    ions.
    Types of ions:
    1.Cations: Positively charged ions E.g.: Al3+, Ca2+
    2.Anions: Negatively charged ions E.g.: Cl−, Br−

    All metals form cations by loosing electrons.

    All non-metals form anions by gaining electrons.


    Chemical Formulae

    The chemical formula of a compound


    is a symbolic representation of its
    composition.
    e.g.: H20 (Water), CaO (Calcium
    Oxide), NH3 (Ammonia) , K2SO4
    (Potassium sulphate) etc.
    Concept of writing chemical
    formulae
    • The valencies or charges on the ion must balance.
    • When a compound consists of a metal and a non-
    metal, the name or symbol of the metal is written
    first. For example: calcium oxide (CaO), sodium
    chloride (NaCl), iron sulphide (FeS), copper oxide
    (CuO) etc., where oxygen, chlorine, sulphur are non-
    metals and are written on the right, whereas
    calcium, sodium, iron and copper are metals, and
    are written on the left.
    • In compounds formed with polyatomic ions, the ion
    is enclosed in a bracket before writing the number
    to indicate the ratio.
    Mole Concept

    One
     mole of any species (atoms, molecules, ions or
    particles) is that quantity in number having a mass equal to
    its atomic or molecular mass in grams.
    1
     mole (of anything) = 6.022×1023
    23 in
    in number
    number

    Mass
    Mass of
    of 1
    1 mole
    mole of
    of a
    a particular
    particular substance
    substance is
    is always
    always fixed.
    fixed.
    Avogadro’s Number

    It
     was named after the Italian scientist named Amedeo
    Avogadro.
    It
     is denoted by.
    Its
     value is 6.022×1023
    23

    AAoo is
     is equal
    equal to
    to 1
    1 mole.
    mole.
    03/10/18

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