En1011 7
En1011 7
En1011 7
1011-7:2004
Welding —
Recommendations for
welding of metallic
materials —
Part 7: Electron beam welding
ICS 25.160.10
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BS EN 1011-7:2004
National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of
EN 1011-7:2004.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
WEE/-/1, Briefing committee for welding, which has the responsibility to:
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
pages 2 to 41 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.
ICS 25.160.10
English version
Soudage - Recommandations pour le soudage des Schweißen - Empfehlungen zum Schweißen metallischer
matériaux métalliques - Partie 7 : Soudage par faisceau Werkstoffe - Teil 7: Elektronenstrahlschweißen
d'électrons
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
© 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1011-7:2004: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Contents
page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................5
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................6
1 Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................7
2 Normative references ....................................................................................................................................7
3 Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................................................7
4 Quality requirements ...................................................................................................................................12
5 Storage and handling of parent metals and consumables .....................................................................12
6 Welding facilities..........................................................................................................................................12
7 Qualification of the welding personnel......................................................................................................13
8 Welding procedure specification ...............................................................................................................13
9 Welding procedure test ...............................................................................................................................14
10 Joint preparation..........................................................................................................................................14
10.1 Machining .....................................................................................................................................................14
10.2 Demagnetisation ..........................................................................................................................................14
10.3 Cleaning........................................................................................................................................................14
10.4 Assembly ......................................................................................................................................................15
11 Joint design..................................................................................................................................................15
11.1 Longitudinal seams .....................................................................................................................................15
11.2 Circular seams .............................................................................................................................................16
12 Evacuation holes .........................................................................................................................................17
13 Tack welds, cosmetic passes.....................................................................................................................17
14 Thermal pre- and post heat treatment .......................................................................................................18
15 Documentation.............................................................................................................................................18
Annex A (informative) Information about weldability of metallic materials .......................................................19
A.1 General..........................................................................................................................................................19
A.2 Steels and iron alloys ..................................................................................................................................19
A.3 Nickel and nickel alloys ..............................................................................................................................20
A.4 Aluminium and magnesium alloys.............................................................................................................20
A.5 Copper and copper alloys...........................................................................................................................20
A.6 Refractory and reactive metals ..................................................................................................................21
A.7 Dissimilar metals .........................................................................................................................................21
A.8 Non-metals ...................................................................................................................................................21
Annex B (informative) Information about causes of weld imperfections and prevention ................................23
Annex C (informative) Summary of electron beam weldability of metals with reference to
CR ISO 15608:2000 groups .........................................................................................................................26
C.1 Grouping system for steels ........................................................................................................................26
C.2 Grouping system for aluminium and aluminium alloys...........................................................................30
C.3 Grouping system for copper and copper alloys.......................................................................................31
C.4 Grouping system for nickel and nickel alloys ..........................................................................................31
C.5 Grouping system for titanium and titanium alloys...................................................................................32
C.6 Grouping system for zirconium and zirconium alloys.............................................................................32
C.7 Grouping system for cast iron ...................................................................................................................33
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Figures
Figure 10 — Work piece with run-on and run-off plate for separating the weld start and weld end ...............16
Figure D.2 — Work piece with radial joint, centred using a welding jig .............................................................35
Figure D.3 — Work pieces with unsuitable and better positions for radial weld...............................................35
Figure D.5 — Example of an axial weld with a depth of fusion zone adapted to suit the strength requirement
(not welded through the full thickness of the joint).......................................................................................36
Figure D.6 — Improved joint detail for axial welds with reduced stress concentration ...................................37
Figure D.7 — Deterioration of joint fit-up that occurs when welding axial joints assembled with a clearance
fit .........................................................................................................................................................................37
Figure D.8 — Effect of the method of manufacture on the dimensions of gear wheels ...................................38
Figure D.9 — Example of a gear wheel with an unsuitable located axial joint. The joint is too close to the
central bore. .......................................................................................................................................................38
Figure D.10 — Better positioned axial joint compared with figure D.9. The joint is further from the central
bore and the wall thickness has been adapted to suit the required weld strength ...................................39
Figure D.11 — Better positioned axial joint compared with figure D.9. The slot has been included to
accommodate radial shrinkage........................................................................................................................39
Figure D.13 — Relative tendency of axial and radial welds to cause deformation............................................40
Tables
Table C.3 — Grouping system for copper and copper alloys ..............................................................................31
Table C.5 — Grouping system for titanium and titanium alloys ..........................................................................32
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 1011-7:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 121 “Welding”, the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
by endorsement, at the latest by January 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest
by January 2005.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European
Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Introduction
This document contains special recommendations for the electron beam welding of metallic materials and should
be observed in connection with the general recommendations for welding according to EN 1011-1. It includes
details on quality requirements, production welding facilities as well as the weldability of some materials and
informs about welding procedures.
The special properties of electron beam welding derive from the high power and power density possible in the
beam spot, the resulting "deep welding effect" and the unique controllability of the process.
Electron beam welding is recommended for welding metallic materials which require low heat input, low shrinkage,
low distortion, and for welding dissimilar or reactive metals. It allows high welding speeds and flexibility of design by
joining simple components. The electron beam is able to join very thin and very thick sections and the combination
of both. It is also suited to automation and quality control.
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
1 Scope
This document may be used for the electron beam welding (process no. 51 according to EN ISO 4063) of weldable
metallic materials according to CR ISO 15608. It does not contain data on permissible stresses on weld seams or
on the testing and evaluation of weld seams. Such data can either be seen from the relevant application standards
or should be separately agreed between the contracting parties.
A requirement for the application of this document is that the recommendations should be used by appropriately
trained and experienced personnel.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references,
only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
EN 1011-1, Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 1: General guidance for arc
welding
EN ISO 13919-1:1996, Welding — Electron and laser beam welded joints — Guidance on quality levels for
imperfections — Part 1: Steel (ISO 13919-1:1996)
EN ISO 13919-2:2001, Welding — Electron and laser beam welded joints — Guidance on quality levels for
imperfections — Part 2: Aluminium and its weldable alloys (ISO 13919-2:2001)
EN ISO 14744-1:2000, Welding — Acceptance inspection of electron beam welding machines — Part 1: Principles
and acceptance conditions (ISO 14744-1:2000)
EN ISO 14744-2, Welding — Acceptance inspection of electron beam welding machines — Part 2: Measurement of
accelerating voltage characteristics (ISO 14744-2:2000)
EN ISO 14744-3, Welding — Acceptance inspection of electron beam welding machines — Part 3: Measurement of
beam current characteristics (ISO 14744-3:2000)
EN ISO 14744-4, Welding — Acceptance inspection of electron beam welding machines — Part 4: Measurement of
welding speed (ISO 14744-4:2000)
EN ISO 14744-5, Welding — Acceptance inspection of electron beam welding machines — Part 5: Measurement of
run-out accuracy (ISO 14744-5:2000)
EN ISO 14744-6, Welding — Acceptance inspection of electron beam welding machines — Part 6: Measurement of
stability of spot position (ISO 14744-6:2000)
EN ISO 15614-11:2002, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure test — Part 11: Electron and laser beam welding (ISO 15614-11:2002)
EN ISO 15609-3:2004, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure specification — Part 3: Electron beam welding (ISO 15609-3:2004)
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
3.1
accelerating voltage
electric potential difference UA between cathode and anode
3.2
beam current
value of the electric current in the beam IB
3.3
beam oscillation
periodic deflection of the electron beam from the initial position defined in terms of pattern, dimensions and
frequency
Key
1 Oscillation width
2 Initial position of the beam
3 Oscillation length
3.4
cosmetic pass
superficial remelting of the weld in order to enhance its appearance
3.5
defocusing
deviation from the normal focus position (e. g. focus on work piece surface)
3.6
focusing distance
distance between the focusing lens plane and beam focus position
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Key
3.7
working distance
distance between the surface of the work piece and a standard reference point on the equipment which is traceable
to the true focusing lens plane
3.8
lens current
current IL which flows through the electromagnetic focusing lens
3.9
slope down
controlled decrease of the beam power at the end of welding. The slope down region is the region on the work
piece in which the effects of slope down occur
NOTE See Figure 3. The slope down region can consist of one or two areas, depending on the selected welding mode:
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
3.10
slope-up
controlled increase of the beam power at the beginning of welding
3.11
spiking
locally variation of fusion zone depths as a consequence of instabilities in the beam penetration mechanism
3.12
evacuation hole
hole for evacuating cavities in work pieces
3.13
working pressure
pressure measured in the welding enclosure in the vicinity of the work piece
3.14
interlayer material
alloy addition introduced by means of pre-placed foil at the joint interface to modify the weld fusion zone
composition to improve weldability or weld performance
Key
1 Parent material A
2 Interlayer material
3 Parent material A or B
4 Fusion zone
3.15
transition material
buffer material insert employed to allow welding of metallurgically incompatible materials
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Key
1 Parent material A
2 Transition material
3 Parent material B
4 Fusion zone
4 Quality requirements
The quality requirements should be given in the design specification prior to the beginning of welding work. They
should be based on EN 729-1 and EN 729-2 or EN 729-3 or EN 729-4 and EN ISO 13919-1 or EN ISO 13919-2,
unless relevant application standards are available.
6 Welding facilities
Welding facilities include the electron beam-welding machine, workshop, tools, clamping devices, demagnetisation
devices, and cleaning facilities. In the following, only those facilities, which are of particular significance for electron
beam welding, will be described in more detail.
The electron beam welding machine should be installed so that environmental conditions, such as mechanical
vibrations, noise and dirt from neighbouring machines, electric and magnetic fields do not influence the quality of
welds. Moreover, noise control regulations pursuant to the equipment safety act should be observed for the
vacuum pumps. In larger workshops, the machine operators' and machine setters' workplace should be shielded
against disturbances from manufacturing operations (e.g. by means of partition walls). The exhaust gases
generated during evacuation of the working chamber shall only be released into the environment in accordance
with the relevant emission regulations. Where particularly high demands are placed, on weld quality it is
recommended that filtered air or inert gas be used to vent the working chamber.
The supply voltage for the electron beam welding machine shall not vary by more than ± 10 % and care should be
taken to ensure that the welding machine has a satisfactory earth connection.
The electron beam welding machine shall be subjected to an acceptance inspection according to EN ISO 14744-1
to EN ISO 14744-6 as part of an internal quality management upon commissioning or in the case of displacement,
modifications and repairs of major welding machine components. In this acceptance inspection the short and
long-term consistency as well as the reproducibility of the most important welding parameters and compliance with
particular characteristic data deviations will be measured and verified according to given deviation limits.
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
It is possible using special equipment that electron beam welding can be carried out at atmospheric pressure. In
this case, attention is drawn to the need for providing appropriate fume extraction.
Electron beam welding machines are operated at different accelerating voltages: up to 150 kV for vacuum
equipment and up to 200 kV for non-vacuum equipment. The accelerating voltage dictates the design of the X-ray
shielding.
All measures to fulfil the applicable radiation protection rules are to be implemented, complied with and supervised
by a radiological inspection officer.
Normally, the electron beam generator is fixed to the working chamber. Alternatively the electron beam generator
can be arranged to move with respect to the work piece mounted either external to the work chamber or internally.
Consequently, the relative motion between electron beam and work piece can be performed by work piece or
generator motion, by beam deflection or by simultaneous motion of both.
material specification;
joint design;
joint preparation;
thermal pre-treatment;
clamping device;
working distance;
welding data;
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
10 Joint preparation
10.1 Machining
It is recommended that all joint preparations be produced by machining or high precision cutting. The objective is to
prepare clean metal surfaces with a minimum gap when assembled.
Where components have surface layers produced by carburising, anodising, cadmium plating, nitriding,
phosphating, galvanising etc. these are to be removed preferentially by machining in and adjacent to the weld joint
region as shown in Figure 6.
Key
10.2 Demagnetisation
Components containing ferromagnetic materials should be checked for residual magnetism and demagnetised if
necessary.
10.3 Cleaning
The quality of electron beam welding relies on accuracy and cleanliness of the joint preparation.
1) EN ISO 13919-1 and EN ISO 13919-2 are covered steel and aluminium. For other materials these standards can be used, if
possible.
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Attention should be paid to the resulting surface condition and compatibility of any coolant used.
Cleaning of weld joint surfaces should be carried out to remove all contaminants such as oxides, oil, grease,
coolant and paint.
The specific cleaning method used will be dependent on the material type, component size and the quality
requirements as well as the operational circumstances. The following treatments can be used:
10.4 Assembly
Following cleaning the components to be welded should be assembled taking care to avoid recontamination and
magnetisation.
11 Joint design
If the components to be joined can be clamped, a simple square butt joint is preferred (see Figure 7). For accuracy
a spigot preparation can be used for location of the components (see Figure 8). Tack welding is always
recommended for large components.
Electron beam welding with root backing can be employed if spatter and undercut are to be avoided (see Figures 8
and 9).
If the component cannot be machined in the weld start and finish regions to remove the end crater, run-on or run-
off plates should be used (see Figure 10). These run-on/ run-off plates also suppress heat accumulation at the
workpiece ends. The run-on/run-off plates should be attached to the work piece by clamping or welding to achieve
good thermal contact and will be subsequently removed.
Key
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Key
Key
Key
1 Run-on plate
2 Work piece
3 Run-off plate
4 Start of weld
5 End of weld
Figure 10 — Work piece with run-on and run-off plate for separating the weld start and weld end
For welding circular components a spigot preparation, which facilitates alignment positioning of the components,
can be used.
Rotation-angle- or time-dependent control of the beam power and possibly other parameters (e.g. lens current) is
required. Particular difficulties can be encountered due to occurrence of spiking in the weld slope-down. Depending
on the type of materials and welding speed, spiking can be prevented in many cases by the control of beam focus
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
and beam oscillation parameters (shape, direction, frequency and dimensions) during slope-down. When possible,
circular welds should be designed to be located in regions of low applied stress or else special consideration
should be given to the permissible level of imperfections in the slope down region. For axial circular welds on
components with narrow dimensional tolerances, a press fit (e.g. H7/r6 to H7/n6) is recommended. For circular
welds with a clearance fit, tacking is essential.
Examples of typical joint preparations for electron beam welding are given in Annex D.
12 Evacuation holes
Component design or machining details can lead to the presence of trapped volumes or cavities in the assembled
joint, which are closed and cannot be evacuated to the working pressure. These can lead to anomalies during
welding and therefore should be kept to a minimum volume (see Figure 11), or else should be vented by means of
an evacuating hole (see Figure 12).
Unsuitable Better
Key
1 Cavity
Figure 11 — Machining-related cavities
Key
1 Electron beam
2 Evacuation hole
3 Cavity
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Weld bead appearance can be improved by means of a cosmetic pass. In this case, it should be checked whether
renewed fusion of the weld seam impairs the weld properties.
15 Documentation
In electron beam welding most of the machine and parameters are of an electrical nature. Therefore it is possible to
monitor and record all welding data with which a component has been manufactured. Within the framework of
quality assurance, this information can be complemented by monitoring the welding machine condition as well as
the dimensional tolerances of the work piece.
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Annex A
(informative)
A.1 General
All metallic materials can be melted using a focussed electron beam and, in consequence, most pure metals and
alloys can be successfully welded. In its most simple form, electron beam welding is carried out by translating the
beam, with respect to a close fitting joint, and locally melting the material. No filler metal or consumable is usually
necessary and welding is achieved in a single pass almost irrespective of the material thickness. Even weld depth
of > 100 mm can be performed without the need for a grove preparation. Consequently the weld quality and
properties achievable are controlled by the composition of the material alone. When considering weldability metallic
materials are divided into discrete groups based on the elements present in most abundance as follows.
Most steels and iron alloys that are weldable by conventional fusion welding processes can be successfully joined
using the electron beam process. Also, because of the narrow electron beam weld profile and the absence of
hydrogen; many steels, which are otherwise considered difficult or impossible to fusion weld, can be joined using
electron beam welding. Special consumables or preheating are not normally necessary. It is important, however,
for electron beam welding, that steels are specified with low levels of impurities such as sulphur and phosphorus to
prevent solidification cracking and that materials are sufficiently well de-oxidised, i.e. degassed or aluminium
treated, to minimise the risk of weld porosity.
C-Mn and structural steels can be joined in a single pass in thicknesses ranging from less than 1 mm to in excess
of 200 mm and provided that certain composition controls are recognised, good weld quality can be consistently
achieved.
The rapid thermal cycle associated with the electron beam process invariably results in welds in steels with
overmatched tensile strength and hardness. Thus, it is sometimes necessary to add material to modify the weld
metal composition or perform a post weld heat treatment operation if high levels of fracture toughness or low
hardness are required.
Ideally, for C-Mn steels the carbon content should be ≤ 0,2% to minimise the risk of high hardness levels. Electron
beam welding is not recommended for the group of free machining steels.
In many applications including aero-engine and automobile transmission parts, components are electron beam
welded in high strength alloy steels and are frequently used in the as-welded condition. NiCrMo steels, for example,
and high alloy creep resistant steels can be welded in substantial thicknesses, without preheat. Again low impurity
levels are beneficial particularly if toughness properties are important. The tendency for cold cracking is increased
with thickness and C-content. Alloy steels containing nickel are more sensitive to hot cracking.
Most common types of stainless steel are readily weldable using the electron beam process including austenitic
grades, ferritic, duplex and precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steels. The duplex and some austenitic
materials are commonly alloyed with nitrogen and thus welding procedures should be developed which minimise
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
the risk of porosity formation due to nitrogen outgassing and which compensate for the detrimental effect of
nitrogen loss on phase balance and stability. For the majority of austenitic-ferritic steels (duplex stainless steels) a
low welding speed is recommended and a post-weld solution heat treatment is necessary to guarantee
development of sufficient austenite in the weldment. For thick materials, e.g. >25 mm, the use of nickel alloy
addition is recommended. This is best achieved by means of an interlayer.
The precipitation hardening grades show a slight degradation in tensile strength when electron beam welded which
can be restored, if required, by a post-weld ageing operation.
Cast irons are not generally considered to be readily electron beam weldable predominantly for metallurgical
reasons. With the exception perhaps of ductile and spheroidal graphite irons electron beam welding is not
recommended as a joining process for cast irons.
Soft iron and silicon iron, used in transformer and electric motor manufacture, are electron beam welded
successfully in a variety of industrial applications.
The majority of copper alloys, with the marked exception of the brasses (Cu-Zn alloys), can be welded but again,
cast materials can be problematic if the parent material quality is poor and residual gas content is high. Some high
strength materials, e.g. those alloyed with zirconium, can suffer from cracking problems.
20
EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Tungsten, molybdenum and their alloys can be joined, but consideration should be given to joint details to take
account of the poor ductility of the resulting welds.
Where the combination of materials gives rise to embrittlement it is often possible to introduce a mutually
compatible transition material or to employ an electron beam brazing/diffusion bonding approach with an
appropriate interlayer (see Figures 4 and 5).
A.8 Non-metals
Whilst welding of non-metals using the electron beam process is generally not possible, drilling, cutting and
engraving can sometimes be performed.
21
EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Key
22
EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Annex B
(informative)
The choice of preventions as well as the way and scope of eliminating undue weld imperfections should be in
conformity with the application standards or specifically agreed between the contracting parties.
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
24
EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
25
EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Annex C
(informative)
The following grouping of weldability classes (WCL) is used in Table C.1 to Table C.7:
I Weldable:
Welds with good quality can be produced reliably without difficulty. Mechanical properties achievable will
depend on precise welding procedures and material composition details.
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Weldability
Group Sub-group Type of steel class
Steels with a specified minimum yield strength ReH ≤ 460 N/mm² a and
with analysis in %:
C ≤ 0,25
Si ≤ 0,60
Mn ≤ 1,70
Mo ≤ 0,70 b
S ≤ 0,045
1 I
P ≤ 0,045
Cu ≤ 0,40 b
Ni ≤ 0,5 b
Cr ≤ 0,3 (0,4 for castings) b
Nb ≤ 0,05
V ≤ 0,12 b
Ti ≤ 0,05
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Weldability
Group Sub-group Type of steel
class
Thermo mechanically treated fine grain steels and cast steels with a
2.2 specified minimum yield strength ReH > 460 N/mm² I
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Weldability
Group Sub-group Type of steel
class
29
EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Weldability
Group Sub-group Type of aluminium and aluminium alloys
class
30
EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Weldability
Group Sub-group Type of copper and copper alloys
class
31 Pure copper II
Copper-zinc alloys
32 32.1 Copper-zinc alloys, binary III
32.2 Copper-zinc alloys, complex III
33 Copper-tin alloys I
34 Copper-nickel alloys I
35 Copper-aluminium alloys I
36 Copper-nickel-zinc alloys III
Copper alloys, low alloyed (less than 5 % other elements) not covered by
37 II
groups 31 to 36
Other copper alloys (5 % or more other elements) not covered by groups
38 II
31 to 36
Weldability
Group Type of nickel and nickel alloys
class
41 Pure nickel I
42 Nickel-copper alloys (Ni/Cu) Ni ≥ 45 %, Cu ≥ 10 % I
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Weldability
Group Sub-group Type of titanium and titanium alloys
class
Pure titanium II
51.1 Titanium with O2 < 0,20 % I
51 51.2 Titanium with O2 < = 0,20 % I
51.3 Titanium with 0,25 % < O2 ≤ 0,35 % I
51.4 Titanium with 0,35 % < O2 ≤ 0,40 % I
52 Alpha alloysa II
53 Alpha-beta alloysb II
Weldability
Group Type of zirconium and zirconium alloys
class
61 Pure zirconium I
62 Zirconium with 2,5 % Nb I
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Weldability
Group Sub-group Type of cast iron
class
71 Grey cast irons with specified tensile strength or Brinell hardness III
Spheroidal graphite cast irons with specified mechanical properties
Spheroidal graphite cast irons with specified tensile strength, 0,2 % proof
72.1 II
72 stress and elongation or specified Brinell hardness
Spheroidal graphite cast irons (like 72.1) with specified impact resistance
72.2 II
values
Malleable cast irons
73.1 Whiteheart malleable (decarburized) cast irons most suitable for welding I
73
73.2 Whiteheart malleable (decarburized) cast irons II
73.3 Blackheart malleable (non-decarburized) cast irons III
74 Austempered ductile cast irons N
Austenitic cast irons
75.1 Austenitic spheroidal graphite cast irons with specified element content II
75
75.2 Austenitic spheroidal graphite cast irons II
75.3 Austenitic grey cast irons N
Cast irons excepting 71 to 75
76
76.1 Abrasion resistant cast irons III
N insufficiency experience
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EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Annex D
(informative)
For better clarity in all figures the various items are not always reproduced to scale.
electron beam
Figure D.2 — Work piece with radial joint, centred using a welding jig
Unsuitable Better
Figure D.3 — Work pieces with unsuitable and better positions for radial weld
35
EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Figure D.5 — Example of an axial weld with a depth of fusion zone adapted to suit the strength requirement
(not welded through the full thickness of the joint)
36
EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Figure D.6 — Improved joint detail for axial welds with reduced stress concentration
Key
1 Gap
Figure D.7 — Deterioration of joint fit-up that occurs when welding axial joints assembled with a clearance
fit
37
EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Figure D.8 — Effect of the method of manufacture on the dimensions of gear wheels
Figure D.9 — Example of a gear wheel with an unsuitable located axial joint. The joint is too close to the
central bore
38
EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Figure D.10 — Better positioned axial joint compared with Figure D.9. The joint is further from the central
bore and the wall thickness has been adapted to suit the required weld strength
Figure D.11 — Better positioned axial joint compared with Figure D.9. The slot has been included to
accommodate radial shrinkage
39
EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Key
Figure D.13 — Relative tendency of axial and radial welds to cause deformation
40
EN 1011-7:2004 (E)
Bibliography
[1] EN 573-1, Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Chemical composition and form of wrought products —
Part 1: Numerical designation system
[2] EN 729-1, Quality requirements for welding — Fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 1: Guidelines for
selection and use
[3] EN 729-2, Quality requirements for welding — Fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 2:
Comprehensive quality requirements
[4] EN 729-3, Quality requirements for welding — Fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 3: Standard
quality requirements
[5] EN 729-4, Quality requirements for welding — Fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 4: Elementary
quality requirements
[6] EN 1011-1, Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 1: General guidance for
arc welding
[7] EN 1173, Copper and copper alloys — Material condition or temper designation
[8] EN 1418, Welding personnel — Approval testing of welding operators for fusion welding and resistance
weld setters for fully mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials
[9] EN ISO 4063, Welding and allied processes — Nomenclature of processes and reference numbers
(ISO 4063:1998)
[10] EN ISO 6520-1, Welding and allied processes — Classification of geometric imperfections in metallic
materials — Part 1: Fusion welding (ISO 6520-1:1998.
[11] ISO 1190-1, Copper and copper alloys — Code of designation — Part 1: Designation of materials
[12] CR ISO 15608:2000, Welding — Guidelines for a metallic materials grouping system (ISO/TR 15608:2000)
41
BS EN
1011-7:2004
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