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    Bluetooth

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    mritunjay
    Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances. It allows for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections, with one master device connecting to up to seven active slave devices to form a piconet. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz band using frequency hopping spread spectrum to combat interference. It has a nominal range of 10 meters and can transfer data at rates up to 1 Mbps. Bluetooth hardware consists of a radio transceiver and control logic, while software manages logical connections and data flow between devices.

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    Bluetooth

    Uploaded by

    mritunjay
    35 views7 pages
    Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances. It allows for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections, with one master device connecting to up to seven active slave devices to form a piconet. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz band using frequency hopping spread spectrum to combat interference. It has a nominal range of 10 meters and can transfer data at rates up to 1 Mbps. Bluetooth hardware consists of a radio transceiver and control logic, while software manages logical connections and data flow between devices.

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    Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances. It allows for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections, with one master device connecting to up to seven active slave devices to form a piconet. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz band using frequency hopping spread spectrum to combat interference. It has a nominal range of 10 meters and can transfer data at rates up to 1 Mbps. Bluetooth hardware consists of a radio transceiver and control logic, while software manages logical connections and data flow between devices.

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    35 views7 pages

    Bluetooth

    Uploaded by

    mritunjay
    Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances. It allows for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections, with one master device connecting to up to seven active slave devices to form a piconet. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz band using frequency hopping spread spectrum to combat interference. It has a nominal range of 10 meters and can transfer data at rates up to 1 Mbps. Bluetooth hardware consists of a radio transceiver and control logic, while software manages logical connections and data flow between devices.

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    of 7

    BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY IN

    WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

    NETWORK TOPOLOGY

    The Bluetooth system supports both point to point and point to multipoint connections.

    PICONETS: Bluetooth radios connect to each other in piconets, which are formed by a

    master radio simultaneously connecting up to seven active slave radios [3 bit address]

    in an Ad-hoc manner. There can be up to 256-parked slaves [8 bit address], which like

    the active members are synchronized to the master clock. Each piconet has a unique

    hopping sequence.. In forming a piconet, the master radio shares its Global ID with the

    other radios, which then become slaves and provide all the radios with the correct

    hopping pattern.

    WORKING OF BLUETOOTH:
    Basically, Bluetooth is the term used to describe the protocol of a short

    range (10 meter) frequency-hopping radio link between devices. These devices

    implementing the Bluetooth technology are termed Bluetooth - enabled. Documentation

    on Bluetooth is divided into two sections, the Bluetooth Specification and Bluetooth

    Profiles.

     The Specification describes how the technology works (i.e. the Bluetooth

    protocol architecture),

     The Profiles describe how the technology is used (i.e. how different parts of the

    specification can be used to fulfill a desired function for a Bluetooth device).

    ARCHITECTURE:

    Operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial-Scientific-Medical) band available all over the

    world, Bluetooth is a short-range radio communications protocol with a nominal

    operating range of 10 meters at transmitting power of 0 dBm (1 mW). Bluetooth is

    designed to be fully functional in a noisy environment where it must combat interference

    from microwave ovens, baby monitors, cordless phones, or wireless LANs also operating

    in the same frequency band. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) scheme is

    used to achieve this.

    . Bluetooth hardware consists of an analog radio transceiver and digital control

    logic while the Bluetooth software layers sits on top of this to manage the logical linkage

    and flow of data (Fig. 4).The Link Controller (LC) performs baseband processing and

    physical layer protocol enforcementthat governs frequency hopping, transmitting and

    receiving of different packet types,error correction, and inquiry/paging modes. The LC

    manages the various states of connection and the lowestlevel of services for applications
    to build upon, collectively known as Profiles. The LinkManagement (LM) layer is

    responsible for most of the connection management. Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) is

    a tool that informs upper layer applications of available services and their characteristics.

    RFCOMM is a Bluetooth-specific implementation for serial port emulation. RFCOMM

    emulates the RS-232 data and control signals over Bluetooth to provide a virtual COM

    port for applications that require a serial port infrastructure.

    TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

    SPECIFICATIONS

    Frequency band 2.4 GHz ISM band

    Modulation Gaussian shaped BFSK


    Range 10 -100 m

    Physical layer FHSS

    Coverage Omni-directional. Non line of sight transmission

    Data rate 1 Mbps/723 Kbps

    Hopping rate 1600 hops/sec at 1 hop/packet

    Channels 79/23 channels

    Channel length 625 microseconds long

    Data packet Up to 2,745 bits in length

    Reliable and secure Good. Link layer authentication and encryption

    Cost $ 20 aims at $5 endpoint

    Power 0.1 W (Active)

    Acceptance SIG have about 2500 member companies

    Data / Voice support One asynchronous data channel (732.2 kbps and

    reverse 57.6 kbps) OR Three simultaneous

    synchronous voice channels (64 kbps) OR

    Simultaneous asynchronous and synchronous

    channels.
    Piconet 1 master and 7 slaves

    Scatternet Up to 10 piconets in a scatternet

    Links SCO and ACL links

    ADVANTAGES

     Low Power Consumption • Works in noisy environments


     No line of sight restriction • Reliable and secure

     The 2.45 GHz ensures universal compatibility. Also complies with airline

    regulations

     The qualification and logo program ensure higher quality

     Very Robust as the radio hops faster and uses shorter packets

    DISADVANTAGES

     Too many unfeasible applications so do we really need it ?

     No handoff / handover capability

     Initial stages so it needs to prove its worth

     Few analog or FH cordless phones have designed to operate at the 2.4GHz band.

    Certainly interference exists in between, but more serious effects would be

    exerted on analog 2.4GHz cordless phone

    APPLICATIONS

    Bluetooth has a varied number of applications. Each application has a corresponding

    profile. Some of them are named as follows

    • Mobile phones • Laptops, desktops, pda’s

    • Digital cameras • Printers

    • Home networking • Data access points

    • Music • Office equipment


    • Medical • Senior assisted living

    BLUETOOTH vs. WORLD

    IrDA, Home RF, and IEEE 802.11 all compete in the same short-range wireless space.

    Fortunately, none of the technologies can match Bluetooth’s balanced offer of high

    performance and low cost. Also operating in the 2.4 GHz space as IEEE 802.11 and

    Bluetooth, however HomeRF has not received the same industry backings, and there are

    regulatory obstacles preventing its upgradability to future higher capacity services.

    CONCLUSION
    Bluetooth technology is a short-range wireless specification aimed at simplifying

    communications among Internet devices and between devices and the Internet. In

    conclusion it can be said that Bluetooth refers not only to a technology but also to a

    standard and a specification. The take off that Bluetooth has taken is remarkable,

    capturing the attention and money of major corporations throughout the world. If it can

    live up to its expectations and satiate the needs of a global market in an easy and

    inexpensive way , it promises to become a uniting force in the wireless world and endow

    us with the freedom of mobility like never before.

    REFERENCES

     www.palowireless.com

     www.nokia.com

     BLUETOOTH – Jennifer Bray and Charles F Sturman

     www.bluetooth.com

     www.erricson.com

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