Lecture 1 - Introduction To Networking
Lecture 1 - Introduction To Networking
Lecture 1 - Introduction To Networking
Topics
Introduction to Networking
Networking Standards and the OSI Model
Network Protocols
Transmission basics and Networking Media
Network Topologies
WAN Topologies
WAN and Remote Connectivity
DSL
Networking Operating Systems
Windows 2008 Server Hardware
Networking with TCP/IP and Internet
Network Applications
Integrity and Availability
Network Management and Security
Assessments
Assignment 1 (20%)
Introduction
Types of Networks
Elements common to all server-based network
How networks are used
Network hardware
Reference models
Introduction
Network
Resources include
A file
A folder
A printer
Data Sharing
Hardware Sharing
Internet Access
Entertainment
Disadvantages (Cost) of Networking
Undesirable Sharing
WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users
and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in
other locations
Fundamental network classifications
(Cont.)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
o A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with
computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by
even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a
wide area network (WAN). The term is applied to the interconnection of
networks in a city into a single larger network (which may then also offer
efficient connection to a wide area network). It is also used to mean the
interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them with
backbone lines. The latter usage is also sometimes referred to as a campus
network.
Types of Local Area Networks
Two types of LANs are Server-Based and Peer-to-Peer Network:
Peer-to-Peer Network – One of two basic types of LANs wherein each computer
user acts as a server. Each computer stores password and sharing information for
its own resources. Usually has fewer than 10 computers.
Types of Local Area Networks
Server-Based Network
Network – Figure # 1
Types of Local Area Networks
Peer-to Peer Network
Network – Figure # 2
Hardware and Network Peripherals
(device)
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Repeater
Hub
Bridge
Routers
Switch
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Network Interface Card (NIC)
It prepares data, sends data, and controls the flow of data. It can also receive and
translate data into bytes for the CPU to understand.
The following factors should be taken into consideration when choosing a NIC:
1. - Preparing data
3. - Configuration
4. - Drivers
5. - Compatibility
6. - Performance
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Preparing Data
It is the NIC’s job to translate the data from the computer into signals
that can flow easily along the cable.
It does this by translating digital signals into electrical signals (and in the
case of fiber-optic NICs, to optical signals).
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Sending and Controlling Data
For two computers to send and receive data, the cards must agree on several things.
These include the following:
In order to successfully send data on the network, you need to make sure the network
cards are of the same type and they are connected to the same piece of cable.
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Configuration
For the computer to use the network interface card, it is very important to
install the proper device drivers.
These drivers communicate directly with the network redirector and adapter.
They operate in the Media Access Control sub-layer of the Data Link layer of
the OSI model.
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Compatibility
When choosing a NIC, use one that fits the bus type of your PC. If you have
more than one type of bus in your PC (for example, a combination ISA/PCI),
use an NIC that fits into the fastest type (the PCI, in this case).
This is especially important in servers, as the NIC can very quickly become a
bottleneck if this guideline isn’t followed.
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Performance
The most important goal of the network adapter card is to optimize network
performance and minimize the amount of time needed to transfer data
packets across the network.
There are several ways of doing this, including assigning a DMA channel, use
of a shared memory adapter, and deciding to allow bus mastering.
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Repeaters
Repeaters are very simple devices. They allow a cabling system to extend beyond its
maximum allowed length by amplifying the network voltages so they travel farther.
Repeaters are nothing more than amplifiers and, as such, are very inexpensive.
Repeaters can only be used to regenerate signals between similar network segments.
For example, we can extend an Ethernet 10Base2 network to 400 meters with a
repeater. But can’t connect an Ethernet and Token Ring network together with one.
The main disadvantage to repeaters is that they just amplify signals. These signals not
only include the network signals, but any noise on the wire as well.
Eventually, if you use enough repeaters, you could possibly drown out the signal with
the amplified noise. For this reason, repeaters are used only as a temporary fix.
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Repeaters
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Hubs
Hubs are devices used to link several computers together.
They repeat any signal that comes in on one port and copy it to the other
ports (a process that is also called broadcasting).
Passive hubs simply connect all ports together electrically and are usually not
powered.
Active hubs use electronics to amplify and clean up the signal before it is
broadcast to the other ports.
In the category of active hubs, there is also a class called “intelligent” hubs,
which are hubs that can be remotely managed on the network.
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Hubs
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Bridges
They join similar topologies and are used to divide network segments.
For example, with 200 people on one Ethernet segment, the performance will be mediocre,
because of the design of Ethernet and the number of workstations that are fighting to
transmit. If you divide the segment into two segments of 100 workstations each, the traffic
will be much lower on either side and performance will increase.
If it is aware of the destination address, it is able to forward packets; otherwise a bridge will
forward the packets to all segments. They are more intelligent than repeaters but are unable
to move data across multiple networks simultaneously.
The main disadvantage to bridges is that they can’t connect dissimilar network types or
perform intelligent path selection. For that function, you would need a router.
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Bridges
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Routers
Routers are highly intelligent devices that connect multiple network types and
determine the best path for sending data.
The advantage of using a router over a bridge is that routers can determine the best
path that data can take to get to its destination.
Like bridges, they can segment large networks and can filter out noise.
However, they are slower than bridges because they are more intelligent devices; as
such, they analyze every packet, causing packet-forwarding delays. Because of this
intelligence, they are also more expensive.
Typically, when a WAN is set up, there will be at least two routers used.
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Routers
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Switch
A network switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments.
Low-end network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch contains more
"intelligence" (and a slightly higher price tag) than a network hub.
Network switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received, determining the source and
destination device of that packet, and forwarding it appropriately.
By delivering each message only to the connected device it was intended for, a network switch conserves
network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a hub.
A vital difference between a hub and a switch is that all the nodes connected to a hub share the
bandwidth among themselves, while a device connected to a switch port has the full bandwidth all to
itself.
For example, if 10 nodes are communicating using a hub on a 10-Mbps network, then each node may only
get a portion of the 10 Mbps if other nodes on the hub want to communicate as well. .
But with a switch, each node could possibly communicate at the full 10 Mbps.
Hardware and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Switch
Layers of OSI Model
ISO – International
Standards
Organization
2.35
Summary of OSI Model
2.36
OSI and TCP/IP Model
2.37