Thermo-Mechanical Axial-Torsion Testing To Assess Workability - Modeling Using Finite Element Method and Experimental Validation
Thermo-Mechanical Axial-Torsion Testing To Assess Workability - Modeling Using Finite Element Method and Experimental Validation
Thermo-Mechanical Axial-Torsion Testing To Assess Workability - Modeling Using Finite Element Method and Experimental Validation
DOI: 10.5923/j.ijmee.20130202.13
M etallurgy & M aterials Group, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, 603102, India
Abstract Owing to the inevitable mu ltiaxial state of deformation kinematics and stresses in bulk metal forming processes,
evaluation of workability calls for materials testing using combined axial and torsion tests. A high temperature comb ined
axial and torsion testing system (ATTS) was developed in IGCAR for assessing workability of various materials under
mu lti-axial state of stress and deformation conditions up to 1300 °C. In this paper, results from fin ite element modeling of
axial torsion tests and seamless tube ext rusion are presented. Co mbined torsion -co mpression tests would represent the state
of stress and extent of deformation in tube extrusion more closely than axial torsion with tension or pure torsion tests.
Keywords A xial-To rsion Testing, Finite Element Method, Tube Extrusion, Workability, Stress Triaxiality, Torsional
Ductility
Figure 2. Pure Torsion – FE Mesh, Equivalent Plastic Strain and von-Mises Stress distribution
International Journal of M etallurgical Engineering 2013, 2(2): 214-220 217
Figure 3. Torsion with Compression – Equivalent Plastic Strain and von-Mises Stress distribution
Figure 4. Torsion with Tension – Equivalent Plastic Strain and von-Mises Stress distribution
218 Utpal Borah et al.: Thermo-M echanical Axial-Torsion Testing to Assess Workability – M odeling
Using Finite Element M ethod and Experimental Validation
Figure 7. Evolution of Stress Triaxiality in Seamless T ube Extrusion and Axial Torsion T esting
International Journal of M etallurgical Engineering 2013, 2(2): 214-220 219
4.2. Stress Triaxi ality which is maximu m at the axis and propagates to the surface.
Stress triaxiality d istribution during seamless tube In axial torsion with tension similar trend of tensile stress
extrusion for a ram stroke of 500 mm is shown in Fig. 1. triaxility exists. The distribution of the stress triaxiality in the
Stress triaxiality was defined as the ratio of hydrostatic stress gauge section can be made uniform by suitably selecting the
to von-Mises effective stress. To evaluate the history of axial strain rate to be applied along with the torsion stroke.
stress state of a material po int in the billet throughout the Thus, axial torsion tests would represent the state of stress
tube extrusion process, stress triaxiality at a typical point and extent of deformation in tube ext rusion more closely
near to the die entry side of the billet were ext racted and than pure torsion or axial tests.
plotted against the extrusion stroke. Stress triaxiality was 4.3. Effecti ve Strai n Rate and Equi valent Plastic Strain
also calculated for the axial torsion tests on the axis and in Axial Torsion
surface along the centerline of the gauge section. The
evolution of stress triaxiality in tube ext rusion and axial Evolution of effective strain rate and equivalent p lastic
torsion are shown in Fig. 7. In the ext rusion, stress triaxiality strain in the gauge section during axial torsion tests are
is comp ressive in the die zone (identified by the dotted box) shown in Figs. 8 and 9 respectively. In pure torsion, there is
and transforms into tensile as the tube exits the die. This nil equivalent plastic strain at the axis and it increases
quantitatively confirms existence of triaxial state of stress in linearly with rad ius with the maximu m occurring at the
tube extrusion. surface. Effective strain rate is also negligible at the axis and
In pure torsion, stress triaxiality is neglig ible in the gauge maximu m at the surface. Thus a large gradient of kinemat ic
section as the predominant deformat ion mode is shear. parameters of deformat ion exists along with that of the
However, in axial torsion with compression, there exists a stresses. This would lead to inhomogeneous distribution of
state of compressive stress triaxility in the gauge section various dynamic microstructural parameters.