COMPUTER NETWORKS AND

INTERNET PROTOCOLS
Introduction
SOUMYA K GHOSH SANDIP CHAKRABORTY
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
IIT KHARAGPUR IIT KHARAGPUR

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 Objectives of the Course
• Understand how two computers in the Internet talk to each other
• Go through the basic functionalities of the computer networks
• Learn how to program the network
• Learn the future of the computer network – Do we need any further
changes in the design?

Network
Functionalities Protocols
Architecture
 So, What is Network Architecture?

• A way to visualize how two remote computers talk to each other

Network Protocol Stack

What is Network Architecture? (contd…)
 What is Network Architecture? (contd…)

Requirement: Convert digital data to analog

signal and vice versa
Physical
What is Network Architecture? (contd…)
 What is Network Architecture? (contd…)

L2 Switch

Data Link
Requirement: Ensure proper scheduling in Physical
media access
What is Network Architecture? (contd…)
What is Network Architecture? (contd…)

L3 Switch or Routers

Network
Data Link
Physical
Requirement: Find out a suitable path to forward data
What is Network Architecture? (contd…)
What is Network Architecture? (contd…)

Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Requirement: End to end traffic control in the network
 What is Network Architecture? (contd…)

Application
Transport
Network Protocol Network
Stack
Data Link
Physical
 Data Transfer between Two Remote Machines

Source

Destination
 Data Transfer between Two Remote Machines

Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network Network
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical
 Protocols at Different Layers

Application HTTP, FTP, SMTP

Transport TCP, UDP, RTP

Network IPv4, IPv6, MPLS

Data Link Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth, UMTS, LTE

Physical
Network Management and Control – Cross Layer Protocols

Application HTTP, FTP, SMTP

DNS
Transport TCP, UDP, RTP
SNMP
Network IPv4, IPv6, MPLS
ARP, DHCP
Data Link Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth, UMTS, LTE

Physical
 Two Ways to Learn Computer Networks

Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical
 History of Computer Networks
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hIQjrMHTv4

https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/history-internet
 History of Internet
Year Event
1836 Telegraph by Cooke and Wheatstone
Revolutionized human (tele)communications.
Morse Code a series of dots and dashes used to communicate between humans. This is similar to how
computers communicate via (binary 0/1)

1858-1866 Transatlantic cable. Allowed direct instantaneous communication across the Atlantic. Today, cables connect
all continents and are still a main hub of telecommunications.
1876 Telephone. Alexander Graham Bell Exhibits.
Telephones exchanges provide the backbone of Internet connections today.
Modems provide Digital to Audio conversions to allow computers to connect over the telephone network.

1957 The US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DoD) to
build US skills in computer technology. U.S.S.R. launches Sputnik.
1962 ARPA's contracts from the private sector to universities and laid the foundations for what would become the
ARPANET.
 History of Internet
Year Event
1962-1968 Packet-switching (PS) networks developed
The Internet relies on packets to transfer data.
Data is split into tiny packets that may take different routes to a destination.
1969 ARPANET commissioned by DoD for research into networking.
Four (4) nodes: (i) Univ of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); (ii) Stanford Research Institute
(SRI); (iii) Univ of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB); (iv) Univ of Utah
1971 Ray Tomlinson of invents Email program to send messages across a distributed network.
15 nodes (23 hosts) on ARPANET
1973 Global Networking becomes a reality.
First international connections to the ARPANET: University College of London (England) and
Royal Radar Establishment (Norway)
1974 Packets become mode of transfer
Transmission Control Program (TCP) specified. Packet network Intercommunication -- the
basis of Internet Communication.
Telenet, a commercial version of ARPANET, opened -- the first public packet data service.
 History of Internet
Year Event
1977 E-mail becomes a reality
Hosts: 100+
1979 News Groups formed.
USENET established using UUCP - A collection of discussions groups, news groups.
1982 establishes the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly
known as TCP/IP, for ARPANET.
TCP/IP defines future network communication.
1983 Name server developed.
1984 Domain Name Server (DNS) introduced.
Hosts: 1,000+
NSFNET created - NSF establishes 5 super-computing centers to provide high-computing power for all -- This allows
an explosion of connections, especially from universities.

1987 Commercialization of Internet. UUNET is founded with Usenix funds to provide commercial UUCP and Usenet
access.
Hosts: ~30,000.
 History of Internet
Year Event
1989 First relays between a commercial electronic mail carrier and the Internet
Hosts: 100,000+
WWW concept by Tim Berners-Lee

1990 First search-engine (Archie)

300,000 Hosts. 1,000 News groups
ARPANET ceases to exist.
First browser/editor program.

1991 User Friendly Interface to Internet established

Gopher released by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from the U of Minnesota.
Text based, menu-driven interface to access internet resources.

1992 Multimedia changes the face of the Internet

Hosts: 1+ Million. News groups 4,000
The term "Surfing the Internet" is coined by Jean Armour Polly.

1993 The WWW Revolution truly begins

Hosts: 2 Million. 600 WWW sites.
The Mosaic Web browser is released on the Net
 Web exploded…

• 1994 – 3,2 million hosts and 3,000 websites

• 1995 – 6,4 million hosts and 25,000 websites
• 1997 – 19,5 million hosts and 1,2 million websites
• January 2001 – 110 million hosts and 30 million websites
• Expansion continues….
 Some Facts
• 1994 – Hotmail starts web based email
• 1994 – World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded
• 1995 – JAVA source code was released
• 1996 – Mirabilis (Israel) starts ICQ
• 1998 – Google is founded
 Books / Resources to Follow …

Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
 Books / Resources to Follow …

Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
 Books / Resources to Follow … (online)

Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/gg243376.html
http://www.tcpipguide.com/
Internet Resources
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