06 Sillitoe Maricunga SEG
06 Sillitoe Maricunga SEG
06 Sillitoe Maricunga SEG
Abstract
0361-0128/91/1267/1238-2353.00 1238
Au PORPHYRY,MARICUNGA BELT, CHILE 1239
I I
in 1986 of the Chimberossilverorebody.Chimberos
is a highlysilicified,structurallylocalizedhydrother-
Arequipa
__•• • • i.•__•ticaca
0 km 300" mal brecciacontaining4.3 million metric tonsaver-
aging340 g/metricton (9.9 oz/metricton) Ag in ox-
idized (silverhalide) ore.
• BOLIVIA By this time, a reasonableunderstandingof gold-
bearingsystemsin the Maricungabelt had been de-
veloped,with muchvaluableinformationbeing de-
rived from the Aldebaranprospect(Fig. 3) where a
1,000-m verticalprofile from subvolcanic to shallow
epithermallevelsis recognized.It wasnowclearthat
20ø - the mostimportantgold mineralizationin the south-
ern part of the belt is not of epithermalvein type but
Zu.
I Quebrada
fl•--. of low-gradeporphyrytype. A new metallogenicsub-
I•. / B_•nca
-"•'
-'.. •, N
Chuquicamata
n __" Z
provincehadbeendiscoveredin a regionknownbe-
fore 1980 only for its nativesulfurpotential.
With this new explorationapproach,deeper re-
verse-circulation anddiamonddrillingplusmoretun-
IAntofagasta
..?• • • nelingwere carriedout during 1986-1987 at Marte,
24ø- leading to delineationof 46 million metric tons av-
eraging1.43 g/metricton Au (Vila et al., 1991). The
orebodyenteredproductionin late 1989 asan open-
pit, heap leach operation.Encouragedby these re-
sults,a diamonddrilling campaignat the similarly
ElSalvador
= ElHueso: • •
Pare•losl,• •M•RI,(UNGA mineralizedLoboprospectnearby(Fig. 3) wascom-
pleted in 1988-1989. Geologicreservesare calcu-
/ • • --•BELT• latedas80 millionmetrictonsaveraging1.6 g/metric
tonAu. AngloAmerican'sinitialdrillingat the Refugio
prospectwascontinuedby the BemaGold Corpora-
tion, which announcedrecently 200 million metric
• z
tonsof 0.96 g/metricton Au in the Verde sector.
• (ElIndio La Coipa gold-silverand La Pepa gold prospects
(Fig. 3) were not exploredby the AngloAmerican-
Comincojoint venture. La Coipa, near the site of a
•
70•
I 6•0
Z long-abandonedvein silver mine, was discoveredin
1981 by Amaxde Chile (R. H. Sillitoeand]. Cabello,
Miocene to Recent volcanic rocks unpub.repts.)andwasexploredsubsequently by Ex-
Mioceneignimbrites
interbedded
withgravels ploracionesy MineralesSierraMorena(Rivera,1988;
Saltlake(Salar) 1-1 Porphyry
Cumine Oviedoet al., 1991).The deposit,comprising a total
Miocenevolcano ß Au-Ag-(Cu)mine of 90 millionmetrictons averaging 1.2 g/metric ton
Au and133 g/metrictonAg, cameon streamin 1989
with Cia. Minera Mantosde Oro (PlacerDome-TVX
I•G. 1. Locationof the Maricungabelt with respectto late
Cenozoic volcanism in northern Chile. Volcanic rocks taken from Gold)asoperators.La Pepawasdiscovered in 1983
Gardeweg et al. (1984). and exploredby Exploraciones y MineralesSierra
Morena,whichproved440,000metrictonsaveraging
23.7 g/metricton Au plus3.2 millionmetrictonsav-
eraging1.3 g/metrictonAu.Thehigh-grade zonehas
complishedfrom mid-1981 throughmid-1982with beenexploitedon a smallscale,currentlyby Minera
geologicmapping,rock-chipsampling,andgrid soil HorusLtda.(a BridgerMiningCo. subsidiary), which
geochemistry over the Esperanza(Ag-Au), Marte alsois engagedin further exploration.
(Au),Lobo(Au),Valy(Au),andEscondido (Au)pros-
pects. Explorationcontinuedduring late 1982 and GeologicSetting
1983 and includedundergroundexplorationat Es-
peranzaand Marte and shallow(80 m), reverse-cir- The regionalgeologicsettingof the Maricungabelt
culationdrillingat MarteandLobo.The exploration is definedby the progressively moredetailedstudies
effortwasfocused ontheEsperanza silver-gold pros- of Segerstrom(1968), Zentilli (1974), Mereado
pect during1984-1985, with diamonddrillingand (1982), and Davidsonand Mpodozis(1991); only a
underground development leadingto the definition summaryis includedhere.
AuPORPHYRY,
MARICUNGA
BELT,CHILE 1241
The late Cenozoic Andes of northern and central blackshalewhich,in part, act ashostrocksfor the
Chile comprisetwo fundamentalsegments: the vol- La CoipaandEsperanza deposits(Fig. 3). Stratified
canicallyactiveCentralVolcaniczoneand,southof Jurassic and Cretaceous volcanicand sedimentary
about latitude 28 ø S, a nonvolcaniczone (Fig. 1). A rocksoverlie unconformably the Late Triassicse-
gradualdecreasein dip of the subducted Nazcaplate, quence.A complete cycleof marinetransgression and
from 30ø to 10ø, takesplaceaslatitude28ø S is ap- regression duringthe EarlyandMiddleJurassic, rep-
proached(BarazangiandIsacks,1976; BevisandIs- resentedby limestoneandcalcareous sandstone, gave
acks,1984), and the extremelyshallowangleis be- way transitionallyto a Late Jurassic to Early Creta-
lieved to causethe absenceof volcanism(Jordanet ceous lacustrine-continental environment character-
al., 1983). On the basisof trace element signatures izedby deposition of redsandstoneandconglomerate.
of volcanicrocks,Kayet al. (1988, in press)proposed The Cenozoic in the Andean Cordillera of northern
thatthe process of slabflatteningbeganabout18 Ma Chilewasdominatedby earlyMioceneto Pleistocene
andacceleratedbetween11 and7 Ma. The Maricunga volcanism,which was characterizedby two tempo-
preciousmetalbelt islocatedat the southwestern ex- rallyandspatiallyoverlapping groupsof rocks:com-
tremityof the CentralVolcaniczone(Fig. 1) andwas poundstratovolcanoes of andesiticto daciticcom-
generatedbothimmediatelybeforeandafterinitiation position, associated
locallywithstocks anddomes; and
of flattening(seebelow). rhyoliticto daciticignimbritesheets(e.g., Lahsen,
Neogenevolcanicsequencesaccumulatedover, 1982).Earlyto middleMiocenevolcanic rocksof an-
and largelyconceal,foldedand faultedigneousand desiticto daciticcomposition, especiallybreccias,
sedimentaryrocksof Paleozoicand Mesozoicages. tuffs,andlavas,aremostwidespread in the Maricunga
However, reverse faults of mid- to Late Cretaceous belt although
felsicignimbrites
wereeruptedlocally
and mid-Mioceneagesbound north-northeast-elon- duringcalderacollapse of mid-Miocene stratovolcan-
gated strips of pre-Andean(late Paleozoic-Early oes(e.g.,VolcftnCopiap6;Walkeret al., 1985).
Triassic)and Late Triassicto Cretaceousrocks,es- Volcaniclasticsedimentaryrocksof latest Oligo-
peciallyalongthe westernborder of the Maricunga ceneto earlyMioceneagearedistalfaciesof the
belt (Fig. 3). Reversefaults have documenteddis- desiticvolcanicsequencesincludedin the early Mio-
placementsof as much as 700 m (Bruce, 1988). Al- cenevolcanicunit shownin Figure 3 (C. Mpodozis,
though the reverse fault systemand the north to pers.commun.,1990) andcropout in the southeast-
north-northeast orientation of rock units in the Mar- ern part of the Maricungabelt wherethey abutthe
icungabelt (Figs. 2 and 3) parallel the overall struc- CasaleHill sectorof the Aldebaranprospect.
turalgrainof the AndeanCordillerain northernChile, Late Mioceneto Pleistocenecompoundvolcanoes,
a subordinate but distinctive northwest structural domecomplexes,
cones,andexplosion
craters,with
componentispresentin all the alterationzoneswhere products rangingfrombasalticandesite throughrhy-
it is reflected by the orientationsof faults, veins, olite,areexposed eastoftheMaricunga beltandcon-
stockworks,breccia dikes, and/or soil geochemical stitutethe highestpeaksin this part of the Andean
anomalies. Intersections of these two main structural Cordillera(e.g., Ojosdel Salado--6,887 m and Ne-
trendsappearto controlmanyof the alteration-min- vadoTres Cruces--6,330 m, Fig. 3; Gonzfdez-Ferrb, n
eralization loci. et al., 1985; Baker et al., 1987).
The oldestrockscroppingout in the Maricunga
belt are Devonian to Carboniferous(?)clasticsedi- Metallogenic Setting
mentarysequences intrudedby late Carboniferous to
Permiangranitoids,which constitutethe core of the Hydrothermalore depositsin Chile andArgentina
AndeanCordilleraat thislatitude.The youngestlate between latitudes26 ø and 28 ø S are dominatedby
Paleozoic granitoidsand comagmaticrhyolitic vol- iron, copper,gold,andsilverandare relatedto epi-
canicsequences are productsof crustalmeltingin a zonal, includingsubvolcanic, intrusionsand coeval
pre-Andean extensionalsetting (Kay et al., 1989). volcanics generatedduringeastwardsubduction. In-
Suchrhyolitesconstitutethe wall rocksat Amalia,are trusions, volcanics,andore deposits are productsof
cut in depthby auriferousveinsat La Pepa,andcrop a seriesof discretemagmatic-metallogenic epochs
out west of Refugio(Fig. 4). A crustalthicknessof duringthe Early Jurassic to late Mioceneinterval,
about50 km at this latitude (James,1971) suggests eachof whichgaveriseto an elongate,north-north-
that a pre-Devonian,andevenPrecambrian, basement east-trending, trench-parallelsubprovince. Fromthe
ispresent,althoughmuchof the crustalthickness and EarlyJurassic to the late Miocene,the locusof mag-
Andeanuplift isundoubtedlyattributableto the mid- matismmigratedsystematically eastward(Farrar et
to Late Cretaceousand mid-Miocenecompressional al., 1970) and was accompanied by a concomitant
eventsresponsiblefor the reversefaulting. changein the characterof the associated metallogeny
The bestexposedMesozoicrocksare represented (e.g., Zentilli, 1974).
by thick Late Triassiccontinentalsequencescom- Followingan interval of relative volcanicquies-
prisingandesiticlava,sandstone, conglomerate, and cencein the Oligocene(Coira et al., 1982), K-rich
1242 T. VILA AND R. H. SILLITOE
,270",ß
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HILL'-
A
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•A A A
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500 A A
, A A A
A
meters 69
ø191 A A A
QUATERNARY[
•-'] Alluvium [• Quartz stockwork
(intense
K-silicate
alterationdotted)
MIDDLE
MIOCENE•-•-•
Andesitic-dadtic
volcanics
C• >0.1
ppm
Au
insoil
EARLY
MIOCENE-
'• Dadte
porphyry
plug • Reverse
fault,
teeth
on
upthrown
side
• Andesitic
volcanics/
hydrothermally
brecciated
• Normal
fault,showing
downthrown
side
LATE
JURASSIC Non-marinesedimentary
rocks
E.
CRETACEOUS
:'•:•-I-andesitic
volcanics
•,.MDip
and
strike
ofbeds
PERMIAN-
L• Rhyolitic
EARLYTRIASSIC ignimbrite
FIG.4. Geologic sketch
of theRefugioporphyry system andenvirons,
Maricunga
belt,northern
Chile.Scalelimitations
precludedelimitation
of quartzdioriteporphyry
stocks
andapophysesin the
quartzstockworkareas.
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z o Z
Z Z Z •
e.,
<
Au PORPHYRY,
MARICUNGABELT,CHILE 1247
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv ..._ I
69 ø 02' --• 0 meters 500
WCERRO
VILLALOBOS•
W
VVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVV
VVVVVVV
VVVVVVV
VVVV
A
A
A A
A A
A A
A
A 27 ø
A A
A
Alluvium - colluvium
Hydrothermal
breccia{advanced
argillic
alteration}
Intrusion
breccia,
microdiorite
matrix ....
• Quartz
stockwork
Diorite
porphyries :...• Supergene
argillization
Villalobos
dacitelava •_ Fault,
inferred
inpart
Dacite
breccia
-t-tuff •- "• Line
ofsection
Andesire
lava •---=-',• Creeks
4250-
presentat SantaCecilia,where it overprintedinter-
mediateargillic-altereddiorite porphyry.
Hydrothermalbreccias
Hydrothermalbrecciationis a commonbut volu-
metricallyunimportantfeatureof porphyrysystems
in the Maricungabelt. Brecciasare all intra- to late
mineralizationin age and commonlyappearto have
beenlocalizedby preexistingfaultsor fault intersec-
tions(e.g., Figs. 5 and 6).
,•) Late-mineralization
hydrothermal
breccia Intramineralizationbrecciasconstituterelatively
(• Intrusion
breccia,
microdiorite
matrix smallbodies,up to tensof meterslong,atMarte,Lobo,
• Diorite
porphyries Refugio,and CasaleHill, where they are character-
Fault zone
izedby tightlypackedfragments of stockworked por-
I•t?'Approx.
outer
limit
of
stockwork phyry cementedby smallvolumesof hydrothermal
HYDROTHERMAL 4250- minerals.Fragmentsunderwentrotationbut probably
not a great deal of displacement.Specularhematite,
:-.•.. ALTERATION whichpostdatedthat in quartzveinletstockworks, is
('.•'."':':
:t:
:. a prominentbrecciacement,especiallyat Refugioand
•.•...:'. •. o.
CasaleHill, whereasquartzandpyrite are alsoabun-
dant in brecciasat Marte andLobo. Oxidizedcopper
,.
• '14"'.;¾.
4250- pyritized, and carry smallamountsof native sulfur,
and at Lobo, hypogenecovellite,and are considered
as the telescopedrootsto the overlyingepithermal
environment(seebelow).
I- •'••,•' t •.'-'
Supergene alteration
r i
The principalsupergeneeffectsin the porphyry-
4•-
type stockworksof the Maricungabelt are the con-
• •idized-leached
zones
Sulfides,
mainlypyrite(1-3vol•/,)
'•,• asdiss•inaflons
&veinle• FIG. 6. Schematiccrosssections(alongA-A' in Fig. 5) showing
!ithology,hydrothermalalteration,gold distribution,and sulfide
0I • metersl(approf.
) fro distribution
at theLoboporphyrydeposit,Marieungabelt,north-
ern Chile.
1250 T. VILA AND R. H. SILLITOE
Cathedral Peak,
VeinZone
• Casale Hill'
.•.,
A CATHEDRAL
PEAK
J
meters a.s.I.
ADVANCED
ARGILLIC
ALTERATION
I Hg,As,[Au) -• VEINZONE
$000 . ,,, A CASALEHILL
w•••vvv NEVADO
RIVER
4000 ....• \ •vvvvvvv•
Hypotheticalstock
-•i----------•--•--•-•••-
-•••_...••.
_•..•_.•_...•.. •,• . ••
V V V •;•/•
w • E
/-.-.,\
/ \
..-.... / )
! \ /
i i
I
• 27ø14
• / • /
I / .•. /
• / / I
o
I .I 200
i • • • / /
mete• •
FIG. 9. Selectedsoilandrockchip geochemical
dataover the Loboporphyrydeposit,Maricunga
belt, northern Chile.
gillicalteration
ispresentonlyasanoverprintin veins The interpreted deeper level of erosionat Lobo
andpipesof hydrothermal breccia.Deeperlevelsof than at Marte gainsadditionalsupportfrom the po-
stocks areinferredto be exposedatAmalia,Refugio, sition and size of the late mineralization microdiorite
and Casale Hill, where K silicate alteration was not and associated intrusive breccia which are found as
1254 T. VILA AND R. H. SILLITOE
/• :•;•. C• As>•100ppm
•• ß ..•"•
• •
......
•-•....:..•:/'•'•:•.• ?• C•_•
'•
rI
• ___JSb>•6ppm
• • I t rx CASALE
HILL
0 meters 1000
l I '1
--27* 48'
I
•1 Ag>•3ppm
•Pb •200ppm
•.... '• Zn>•300ppm
,•,•,.ii;•.,!•: /i•;;
--'::.•::---,:::::::.;;::•.
'-,•::::,l,l•;.,
iii•iii{•ii:•i!!iiiiii•i•ii!:.•ii?Ji!ii•iiiiiiiii
.....II lip,: •CASALE HILL
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: dl 4430m
...... :................... •i!!!•i{{•,;i'.i. ':;:.
--27 ø 4•'
690
I 18' "3/",,
•CATHEDRAL
PEAK
:•
':'
5080m
"::.. Au>•O.
• .•7
lppm
• Cu>•100ppm
'll Mo>•9ppm
69 ø 18'
I
Cathedral
Peak 5,080-4,700 Hg Au,Sb,Zn,Ag 125 (4.2%) 0.3 61 1.2 X 0.9
5,000-4,600 As Ag 473 (16%) 100 6,000 1.5 X 0.7
Vein zone 4,700-4,125 Ag Pb, Zn, Au, Hg, As 314 (11%) 3 176 2.3 X 0.4
Cu, Sb
CasaleHill 4,450-4,050 Au Cu, Mo Ag, Pb, (Sb) 330 (11.2%) 0.1 10.4 1.6 X 1.0
..
SOLEDAD
.:.:-:-:-:-5-?
";."."•
'*'*"*"*" ...... • LAPEPA
';'o'-'-"-
ß . , . . o. . . --.?.-.--o .
.........
• ' ' ß ' ..... :'-'; ::'. . '.. ' Z • • CECILIAMARTE,VALY
• Original
Ksilicate
f;on,
.' ' '
.. ..........
. I :o
•
....
.•
T
......
ß. . ß . . .
.ß . ..[•.-....
. ß ß .•3•'b'o
ß ' . '. ' ß '. •t•.*.•';•'?,*;
.%* .0o.• '
5•. ' ' .' ' ' :1 I
I i eoo,oo
REFU•O
• ' ' ' ß ' ß' - '
• * * * * * x ß• •x • :::::::::::::::::::::::::::
O •, : •A•[ ..............
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
....... ++. ....• +"
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: / • I ALTERATION
..................
+" • Acid-I•ched
•te• 1• Chalcedony
• • QuaHz•lunite
• Multiple
dio•te/qua•dio•te
•hy• stock Se•citic
LITHOLOGY
[[• Postmineralization
dacite
•'1-•Latemineralization
porphyry
hydrothermal
breccia
• Volcaniclasfic
sediments
Tuff/ignimb•te
A•esite-dacite
qua•
volcani•
wi•
{ Propylitic
stoc•ork Inte•ediate
K argillic
silicate
.:• Latemineralization
microdiorite • Subvolcanic
'•sement'
central Andes, were all emplaced at a continental 1975), exceptperhapsinsofaras upper crustallith-
margin characterizedby thick (40-50 km) crust, ologiesmayinfluencethe redoxstateof parentmag-
whereasthe Philippinedepositsall occurin anassem- mas(e.g., Sillitoe,1990).
blage of island arcsbuilt directly on oceaniclitho-
sphere.Clearly, the enrichmentof porphyrycopper Volcanicsetting
depositsin either goldor molybdenum cannotbe at- The gold-richporphyrydeposits in the Maricunga
tributed to the characterof the upper crust (of. Sil- belt, the Faral16nNegrodistrict(Sillitoe,1973), and
litoe, 1979; Perell6 and Cabello, 1989), contraryto the Philippines(SillitoeandGappe,1984) were gen-
viewsexpressed by someinvestigators (e.g.,Hollister, eratedwithincomposite stratovolcanoes of andesitic-
AuPORPHYRY,
MARICUNGA
BELT,CHILE 1257
TABLE3. Comparison
of PorphyryDepositsin NorthernChile andthe Philippines
An-rich porphyrydeposits,
Maricungabelt, An-richporphyrydeposits, PorphyryCu-Mo
northernChile Philippines deposits,northernChile
Quartz stockworking Abundant in ore zones Abundant in ore zones Abundant in ore zones
HypogeneFe oxides Abundant in ore zones Abundant in ore zones Present (but minor) in
some ore zones
Hypogene metal content An, Au-Cu Au-Cu, Cu-Au, Cu-Au-Mo Cu-Mo, Cu-Mo-(Au)
Deposit size Small: ca. 50-100 million Medium size: ca. 50-250 Large: 500 million
metric tons million metric tones metric tons
Supergeneenrichment Absent Absent Well developed
Cu
ctedAu-richporphyry
depositß
Au-richporphyry
deposit,
x.•7
Maricungabelt/•
Porphyry
Cu-Modeposit,
O
Northern Chile
.2#
/Cu-Mo/
Cu-Au-M
•i•l.••
x 10
Cu•-
A•
•G. 12. Copper-gold-molybdenum
14
Au x10000
triangul• graphfor gold-richporphyrydepositsin the M•icunga
belt of northernChile andelsewhere,andporphyrycopper-molybdenum depositsof northernChile.
All coppergradesusedare hypogene.Multiplicationfactors•e thoseemployedby Kesler(1973) and
subsequentinvestigators. The fieldsoccupiedby porphyryCu-Mo, Cu-Au-Mo, and Cu-Au • defined
by Cox and Singer(1988) •e alsodepicted.Data sources:Au-rich porphyrydeposits,Sillitoe (lg90);
Maricungabelt, thisstudy;porphyryCu-Mo deposits,Hunt et al. (1983) andCODELCO-Chile (unpub.
data). Deposits:I = Panguna,PapuaNew Guinea, 2 = Ok Tedi, PapuaNew Guinea, 3 = Mamut,
Malaysia,4 = Dizon, Philippines,5 = SantoTomasII, Philippines,6 = GaloreCreek,BritishColumbia,
7 = Morrison,BritishColumbia,8 • Bell Copper,BritishColumbia,9 = MountPolley,BritishColumbia,
10 = •ish Lake, BritishColumbia,11 = Afton, BritishColumbia,12 = Bingham,Utah, 13 = Bajo de
La Alumbrera,Argentina,14 = Matte, 15 • Lobo, 16 = QuebradaBlanca,17 = Chuquicamata,
18 = E1 Salvador, 19 = Potrerillos.
ofepithermalgolddeposits,Chile: ECON.GEOL.,v. 86, p. 1174- Mpodozis, C., and Ramos,V. A., 1990, The Andesof Chile and
1186. Argentina:Earth Sci.Ser., Circum-PacificCouncilEnergyMin-
Dostal, J., Zentilli, M., Caelles, J. C., and Clark, A. H., 1977, eral Resources,v. 11, p. 59-90.
Geochemistryand origin of volcanicrocksof the Andes(26 ø- Mulja, T., 1986, Hydrothermalalteration,golddistributionand
28 ø S): Contr. MineralogyPetrology,v. 63, p. 113-128. geochronology of epithermalgoldmineralization
in theCopiap6
Farrar, E., Clark, A. H., Haynes,S. J., Quirt, G. S., Conn, H., and volcaniccomplex,Chile: Unpub.B.Sc.thesis,DalhousieUniv.,
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