Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey 2017 - New
Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey 2017 - New
Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey 2017 - New
National Demographic
and Health Survey 2017
Philippines
National Demographic and
Health Survey
2017
October 2018
The 2017 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS 2017) was carried out by the
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). Funding for the NDHS 2017 was provided by the Government of the
Philippines. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided technical
assistance and equipment through ICF under The DHS Program, which assists countries in the collection
of data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programs. Since 1993, an NDHS has been
implemented in the country approximately every five years under The DHS Program.
Additional information about the NDHS 2017 may be obtained from the Philippine Statistics Authority,
PSA Complex, East Ave., Diliman, Quezon City; telephone: +63 (02)-462-6600; email: [email protected];
Internet: psa.gov.ph.
Information about The DHS Program may be obtained from ICF, 530 Gaither Road, Suite 500, Rockville,
MD 20850, USA; telephone: +1-301-407-6500; fax: +1-301-407-6501; email: [email protected];
Internet: www.DHSprogram.com.
Recommended citation:
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) and ICF. 2018. Philippines National Demographic and Health
Survey 2017. Quezon City, Philippines, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: PSA and ICF.
CONTENTS
Contents • iii
5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................... 57
5.1 Current Fertility ................................................................................................................. 57
5.2 Children Ever Born and Living ......................................................................................... 58
5.3 Birth Intervals .................................................................................................................... 59
5.4 Insusceptibility to Pregnancy............................................................................................. 59
5.5 Age at First Birth ............................................................................................................... 60
5.6 Childbearing among Teenagers and Youth ....................................................................... 61
6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES..................................................................................................... 71
6.1 Desire for Another Child ................................................................................................... 71
6.2 Ideal Family Size ............................................................................................................... 72
6.3 Fertility Planning Status .................................................................................................... 73
6.4 Wanted Fertility Rates ....................................................................................................... 74
6.5 Couples’ Consensus on Family Size.................................................................................. 74
iv • Contents
10.5.1 Prevalence of Diarrhea and Treatment-seeking Behavior.................................. 142
10.5.2 Feeding Practices ............................................................................................... 142
10.5.3 Oral Rehydration Therapy and Other Treatments .............................................. 143
10.6 Treatment of Childhood Illness: Summary...................................................................... 144
10.7 Disposal of Children’s Stools .......................................................................................... 144
Contents • v
15.3.1 Prevalence of Sexual Violence .......................................................................... 221
15.3.2 Perpetrators of Sexual Violence ......................................................................... 222
15.4 Experience of Different Forms of Violence .................................................................... 222
15.5 Marital Control by Husband/Partner ............................................................................... 222
15.6 Forms of Spousal Violence.............................................................................................. 223
15.6.1 Prevalence of Spousal Violence ......................................................................... 223
15.7 Injuries to Women due to Spousal Violence ................................................................... 225
15.8 Violence Initiated by Women against Husbands ............................................................. 225
15.9 Help Seeking among Women Who Have Experienced Violence .................................... 226
15.9.1 Sources for Help ................................................................................................ 226
vi • Contents
TABLES AND FIGURES
5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................... 57
Table 5.1 Current fertility .................................................................................................... 63
Table 5.2 Fertility by background characteristics ................................................................ 63
Table 5.3.1 Trends in age-specific fertility rates..................................................................... 64
Table 5.3.2 Trends in age-specific and total fertility rates ...................................................... 64
Table 5.4 Children ever born and living .............................................................................. 64
Table 5.5 Birth intervals ...................................................................................................... 65
Table 5.6 Postpartum amenorrhea, abstinence, and insusceptibility .................................... 66
Table 5.7 Median duration of amenorrhea, postpartum abstinence, and postpartum
insusceptibility ..................................................................................................... 67
Table 5.8 Menopause ........................................................................................................... 67
Table 5.9 Age at first birth ................................................................................................... 68
Table 5.10 Median age at first birth ....................................................................................... 68
Table 5.11 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood ................................................................... 69
Table 5.12 Sexual and reproductive health behaviors before age 15 ..................................... 69
Table 5.13 Early pregnancy and motherhood ........................................................................ 70
6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES..................................................................................................... 71
Table 6.1 Fertility preferences by number of living children .............................................. 75
Table 6.2 Fertility preferences according to age .................................................................. 76
Table 6.3 Desire to limit childbearing ................................................................................. 76
Table 6.4 Ideal number of children by number of living children ....................................... 77
Table 6.5 Ideal number of children by background characteristics ..................................... 77
Table 6.6 Fertility planning status........................................................................................ 78
Table 6.7 Wanted fertility rates............................................................................................ 78
Table 6.8 Couples’ consensus on family size ...................................................................... 79
Figure 12.1 Knowledge of HIV prevention among women by region .................................. 174
Figure 12.2 Knowledge of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) ....................................... 175
Figure 12.3 Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV by household
wealth ................................................................................................................. 176
Figure 12.4 Knowledge of where to obtain an HIV test by region ....................................... 177
Figure 12.5 Knowledge of where to obtain an HIV test by household wealth ...................... 177
T
he Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) is presents the final report on the 2017 Philippines
National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). The survey provides information on fertility,
fertility preferences, family planning practices, childhood mortality, maternal and child health,
knowledge and attitudes regarding HIV/AIDS, and violence against women. These indicators are crucial in
policy-making, program planning, and monitoring and evaluation of population and health programs,
including those anchored on the attainment of related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The NDHS 2017 is the sixth DHS survey to be conducted in the Philippines in collaboration with the
worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program and the 11th national DHS overall.
Fieldwork for the survey was carried out from August 14 to October 27, 2017, covering a national sample
of over 31,000 households and more than 25,000 women age 15-49.
The NDHS 2017 was funded by the Government of the Philippines. The United States Agency for
International Development (USAID) provided technical assistance and equipment through ICF under The
DHS Program.
The PSA would like to express its deepest gratitude to the Department of Health and the University of the
Philippines Population Institute for their invaluable contributions during the preparatory phase of the
survey.
Great appreciation is also extended to the survey team of the PSA for their hard work and dedication: the
staff of the Social Sector Statistics Service, Demographic and Health Statistics Division (DHSD), who
worked tirelessly throughout all stages of the survey; selected staff of the National Censuses Service and
the Information Technology and Dissemination Service for their support during the training process; the
Finance and Administrative Service for its assistance in managing the logistics for support operations; the
staff of the Regional Statistical Services Offices and Provincial Statistical Offices for overseeing the data
collection activities; and the 90 interviewing teams composed of team supervisors and interviewers. The
PSA is equally grateful to the survey respondents who patiently shared their time and information during
the interviews.
October 2018
Preface • xv
ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations • xvii
IUD intrauterine contraceptive device
IYCF infant and young child feeding
kg kilogram
KMC kangaroo mother care
LAM lactational amenorrhea method
LGU local government unit
LPG liquefied petroleum gas
MCP Maternity Care Package
MCW Magna Carta of Women
MMR measles-mumps-rubella
MNTE Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination
MSF Master Sample Frame
MTCT mother-to-child transmission
NAR net attendance ratio
NCR National Capital Region
NCRFW National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women
NDS National Demographic Survey
NDHS National Demographic and Health Survey
NGO nongovernmental organization
NHIP National Health Insurance Program
NHTS-PR National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction
OPV oral polio vaccine
ORS oral rehydration salts
ORT oral rehydration therapy
PNP Philippine National Police
PSA Philippine Statistics Authority
PSU primary sampling unit
RA Republic Act
RHF recommended homemade fluids
RHU rural health unit
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
SDM standard days method
SE standard error
SSS Social Security System
SSU secondary sampling unit
STI sexually transmitted infection
TFR total fertility rate
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
USAID United States Agency for International Development
VAD vitamin A deficiency
VAW violence against women
VIP ventilated improved pit latrine
WHO World Health Organization
xviii • Abbreviations
READING AND UNDERSTANDING TABLES FROM
THE PHILIPPINES NATIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC AND
HEALTH SURVEY 2017 (NDHS)
T
he NDHS 2017 final report is based on
approximately 175 tables of data. They are Patterns by background characteristics Figure 7.2 Trends in contraceptive use
located for quick reference through links in the ■ Modern contraceptive use is highest among
currently married women with 3-4 living
Percentage of currently married women
age 15-49 currently using a contraceptive
method
figures that clearly highlight trends, subnational patterns, highest among women in Cagayan Valley
(57%), largely as a result of the high percentage
15
1993
20
1998
16
2003
17
2008
18
2013
14
2017
of pill users (36%). Half (51%) of women in NDS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS
and background characteristics. Colorful maps display SOCCSKSARGEN also use modern
contraceptive methods Figure
( 7.3). Figure 7.3 Modern contraceptive use
by region
breakdowns by regions. The text highlights key points in ■ The median age at sterilization among women is Percentage of currently married women age 15-49
32.1 years. Women were most likely to be
sterilized at age 30-34 (36%)Table
( 7.5).
bullets and clearly identifies indicator definitions in Knowledge of the Fertile Period
While the text and figures featured in each chapter that they do not know when the fertile period is.
Among women who use cycle-related methods such
as rhythm, only 38% have correct knowledge of the
highlight some of the most important findings from the fertile period during the ovulatory cycleTable
(
Women age 35-39 are most likely to have correct
knowledge of the fertile period (30%)Table
(
7.6).
7.7).
The following pages provide an introduction to the The place where the modern meth od currently being used was obta ined the
last time it was acquired
Sample: Women age 15-49 currently using a modern contraceptive method
2
Background least once a television at least radio at least least once a media at least Number of
characteristic week once a week once a week week once a week women
Age
15-19 16.8 78.6 36.9 9.9 14.8 4,897
20-24 15.3 76.9 38.1 10.0 15.6 4,175
25-29 13.8 76.8 35.4 8.9 16.4 3,717
30-34 13.6 76.7 35.1 7.0 14.8 3,243
35-39 15.3 75.8 36.1 8.2 15.6 3,360
40-44 14.3 76.7 35.2 8.6 16.5 2,837
45-49 13.3 77.8 36.0 8.1 14.5 2,845
Residence
Urban 18.9 78.6 37.0 10.8 12.8 12,252
Rural 11.0 75.7 35.5 6.9 18.0 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 25.1 73.6 38.4 13.0 11.5 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 21.5 66.1 30.2 14.9 27.5 440
I - Ilocos Region 16.2 90.3 51.0 11.0 5.7 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 13.3 72.6 26.0 8.4 24.2 802
III - Central Luzon 15.1 87.8 24.0 10.5 9.4 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 6.5 85.0 24.8 2.8 12.4 4,016
MIMAROPA Region 9.9 69.8 22.4 5.5 26.3 621
V - Bicol 5.1 79.8 35.6 3.1 13.6 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 15.2 80.4 54.7 10.6 9.4 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 30.3 75.2 56.2 19.6 14.2 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 7.9 79.0 38.0 4.5 12.9 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 9.5 76.7 41.4 6.8 15.3 764
X - Northern Mindanao 7.0 65.7 36.1 3.7 27.9 998
XI - Davao 16.1 64.9 34.1 7.6 24.0 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 16.9 81.8 54.6 13.7 13.0 1,038
XIII - Caraga 14.6 70.0 38.9 9.7 21.1 648
ARMM 5.0 40.5 17.3 2.0 54.3 780
Education
No education 3.8 34.3 23.9 3.3 56.9 200
Grades 1-6 4.8 63.0 32.4 3.0 27.5 3,245
Grades 7-10 11.5 78.5 36.0 7.1 14.5 11,558
Grade 11 20.8 83.3 36.3 12.4 11.1 934
Post-secondary 10.9 80.4 35.9 7.1 15.1 1,144
College 23.9 80.6 38.5 13.7 5 11.4 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 6.6 51.9 34.3 4.1 36.1 4,209
Second 9.5 77.1 36.5 5.5 16.6 4,629
Middle 13.8 83.9 36.4 8.9 10.7 4,918
Fourth 16.9 84.1 35.5 9.7 9.2 5,527
Highest 24.1 83.0 37.9 14.0 9.6 5,791
Total
4 14.8 77.1 36.2 8.8 15.5 25,074
Step 1: Read the title and subtitle—highlighted in orange in Example 1. They tell you the topic and
specific population group being described. In this case, the table is about women age 15-49 and the
frequency of their exposure to different types of media. All eligible female respondents age 15-49 were
asked these questions.
Step 2: Scan the column headings—highlighted in green in Example 1. They describe how the information
is categorized. In this table, the first three columns of data show different types of media that women
access at least once a week. The fourth column shows women who access all three types of media, while
the fifth column shows women who do not access any of the three types of media at least once a week. The
last column lists the number of women age 15-49 interviewed in the survey.
Step 3: Scan the row headings—the first vertical column highlighted in blue in Example 1. These show the
different ways the data are divided into categories based on population characteristics. In this case, the
table presents women’s exposure to media by age, urban-rural residence, region, educational level, and
wealth quintile. Most of the tables in the NDHS report will be divided into these same categories.
Step 5: To find out what percentage of women age 15-49 with college education access all three media at
least once a week, draw two imaginary lines, as shown on the table. This shows that 13.7% of women age
15-49 with college education access all three types of media at least once a week.
Step 6: By looking at patterns by background characteristics, we can see how exposure to mass media
varies across the Philippines. Mass media are often used to communicate health messages. Knowing how
mass media exposure varies among different groups can help program planners and policy makers
determine how to most effectively reach their target populations.
*For the purpose of this document data are presented exactly as they appear in the table including decimal places. However,
the text in the remainder of this report rounds data to the nearest whole percentage point.
a) What percentage of women in the Philippines do not access any of the three media at least once a week?
b) Which age group of women are most likely to listen to the radio at least once a week?
c) Compare women in urban areas to women in rural areas – which group is more likely to read a newspaper at
least once a week?
d) What are the lowest and highest percentages (range) of women who do not access any of the three media types at
least once a week by region?
e) Is there a clear pattern in exposure to radio at least once a week by education level?
f) Is there a clear pattern in exposure to newspapers at least once a week by wealth quintile?
newspaper on a weekly basis compared with 24.1% of women in the highest wealth quintile.
f) Yes. Exposure to newspapers increases as household wealth increases; 6.6% of women in the lowest wealth quintile read a
the radio on a weekly basis compared with 38.5% of women with college education.
e) Yes. Exposure to radio generally increases as a woman’s level of education increases; 23.9% of women with no education listen to
d) Women with no exposure to media at least once a week ranges from a low of 5.7% in Ilocos Region to a high of 54.3% in ARMM.
c) Women in urban areas, 18.9% read a newspaper at least once a week, compared with 11.0% of women in rural areas
b) Women age 20-24: 38.1% of women in this age group listen to the radio weekly
a) 15.5%
Answers:
2
Percentage with
Percentage for
whom advice or
Percentage for
whom advice or
treatment was
Background symptoms of Number of treatment was sought same or Number of
characteristic ARI1 children sought2 next day children
Age in months
<6 0.4 886 * * 4
6-11 1.5 985 * * 15
12-23 2.0 1,933 (72.2) (13.9) 38
24-35 1.7 1,835 (50.9) (18.3) 31
36-47 1.5 1,975 (67.6) (32.3) 29
48-59 1.6 2,056 (66.6) (19.6) 34
Sex
Male 2.0 5,070 70.8 16.9 102
Female 1.0 4,600 60.0 33.5 48
Mother's smoking status
Smokes cigarettes/tobacco 2.2 468 * * 10
Does not smoke 1.5 9,202 67.6 22.2 140
Cooking fuel
Electricity or gas 1.2 4,159 (83.1) (22.2) 48
Kerosene (0.0) 73 nc nc 0
Coal/lignite * 7 nc nc 0
Charcoal 1.7 1,048 * * 18
Wood/straw3 1.9 4,382 58.7 16.8 84
No food cooked in household * 2 nc nc 0
Residence
Urban 1.3 4,282 (79.8) (25.3) 57
Rural
Region
1.7 5,389 59.6
4 20.2 93
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than
25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
nc = No cases
1
Symptoms of ARI include short, rapid breathing which was chest-related and/or difficult breathing which was chest-related.
2
Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public sector, private medical sector, and shop/store. Excludes
advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner/hilot or friends/relatives
3
Includes grass, shrubs, crop residues
Step 2: Identify the two panels. First, identify the columns that refer to all children under age 5 (a), and
then isolate the columns that refer only to those children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks
before the survey (b).
Step 3: Look at the first panel. What percentage of children under age 5 have symptoms of ARI in the 2
weeks before the survey? It’s 1.5%. Now look at the second panel. How many children under age 5 are
there who had symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks before the survey? It’s 150 children or 1.5% of the 9,670
children under age 5 (with rounding). The second panel is a subset of the first panel.
Step 4: Only 1.5% of children under age 5 had symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks before the survey. Once
these children are further divided into the background characteristic categories, there may be too few cases
for the percentages to be reliable.
• What percentage of children under age 5 who had symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks before the
survey in urban areas had advice or treatment sought? 79.8%. This percentage is in parentheses
because there are between 25 and 49 children (unweighted) in this category. Readers should use
this number with caution—it may not be reliable. (For more information on weighted and
unweighted numbers, see Example 3.)
• What percentage of children under age 5 who had symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks before the
survey in the National Capital Region had advice or treatment sought? There is no number in
this cell—only an asterisk. This is because there are fewer than 25 children (unweighted) in this
group. Results for this group are not reported. The subgroup is too small, and therefore the data
are not reliable.
Note: When parentheses or asterisks are used in a table, the explanation will be noted under the table. If
there are no parentheses or asterisks in a table, you can proceed with confidence that enough cases were
included in all categories that the data are reliable.
A sample is a group of people who have been selected for a survey. In the NDHS, the sample is designed
to represent the national population age 15-49. In addition to national data, most countries want to collect
and report data on smaller geographical or administrative areas. However, doing so requires a minimum
sample size per area. For the Philippines NDHS 2017, the survey sample is representative at the national
and regional levels, and for urban and rural areas.
A sampling statistician determines how many women should be interviewed in each region in order to get
reliable statistics. The blue column (1) at the right in the table above shows the actual number of women
interviewed in each region. Within the regions, the number of women interviewed ranges from 866 in
Zamboanga Peninsula to 2,574 in National Capital Region. The number of interviews is sufficient to get
reliable results in each region.
With this distribution of interviews, some regions are overrepresented and some regions are
underrepresented. For example, the population in National Capital Region is about 18% of the population
in the Philippines, while MIMAROPA Region’s population contributes only 3% of the population in the
Philippines. But as the blue column shows, the number of women interviewed in National Capital Region
accounts for only about 10% of the total sample of women interviewed (2,574/25,074) and the number of
women interviewed in MIMAROPA Region accounts for 5% of the total sample of women interviewed
(1,257/25,074). This unweighted distribution of women does not accurately represent the population.
In order to get statistics that are representative of the Philippines, the distribution of the women in the
sample needs to be weighted (or mathematically adjusted) such that it resembles the true distribution in the
country. Women from a small region, like MIMAROPA Region, should only contribute a small amount to
the national total. Women from a large region, like National Capital Region, should contribute much more.
Therefore, DHS statisticians mathematically calculate a “weight” which is used to adjust the number of
women from each region so that each region’s contribution to the total is proportional to the actual
population of the region. The numbers in the purple column (2) represent the “weighted” values. The
weighted values can be smaller or larger than the unweighted values at region level. The total national
How do statisticians weight each category? They take into account the probability that a woman was
selected in the sample. If you were to compare the green column (3) to the actual population distribution
of the Philippines, you would see that women in each region are contributing to the total sample with the
same weight that they contribute to the population of the country. The weighted number of women in the
survey now accurately represents the proportion of women who live in National Capital Region and the
proportion of women who live in MIMAROPA Region.
With sampling and weighting, it is possible to interview enough women to provide reliable statistics at
national and regional levels. In general, only the weighted numbers are shown in each of the NDHS tables,
so don’t be surprised if these numbers seem low: they may actually represent a larger number of women
interviewed.
na = Not applicable
1
Expressed in terms of deaths per 1,000 live births for the 5-year period preceding the survey
2
Equivalent to the age-specific fertility rate for girls age 10-14 for the 3-year period preceding the survey, expressed in terms of births per 1,000 girls age
10-14
3
Equivalent to the age-specific fertility rate for women age 15-19 for the 3-year period preceding the survey, expressed in terms of births per 1,000
women age 15-19
4
Data are not age-standardized and are available for women age 15-49 only
5
The percentage of children age 12-23 months who received 3 doses of DPT-containing vaccine
6
The percentage of children age 24-35 months who received 2 doses of measles and/or MMR vaccine
7
Data are available for women age 15-49 who have ever been in union only
8
In the DHS, psychological violence is termed emotional violence
9
Data are available for currently married women who are not pregnant only
10
Data are available for women age 15-49 only
11
Measured as the percentage of the population using clean fuel for cooking
12
Data are available for women age 15-49 who have and use an account at bank or other financial institution; information on use of a mobile-money-
service provider is not available
13
Data are available for women age 15-49 who have used the internet in the past 12 months
The information collected through the NDHS 2017 is intended to assist policymakers and program
managers in the Department of Health (DOH) and other organizations in designing and evaluating
programs and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.
The sampling scheme provides data representative of the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas
separately, and for each of the country’s administrative regions. The sample selection methodology for the
NDHS 2017 is based on a two-stage stratified sample design using the Master Sample Frame (MSF),
designed and compiled by the PSA. The MSF is constructed based on the results of the 2010 Census of
Population and Housing and updated based on the 2015 Census of Population. The first stage involved a
systematic selection of 1,250 primary sampling units (PSUs) distributed by province or HUC. A PSU can
be a barangay, a portion of a large barangay, or two or more adjacent small barangays.
In the second stage, an equal take of either 20 or 26 sample housing units were selected from each sampled
PSU using systematic random sampling. In situations where a housing unit contained one to three
households, all households were interviewed. In the rare situation where a housing unit contained more
than three households, no more than three households were interviewed. The survey interviewers were
instructed to interview only the pre-selected housing units. No replacements and no changes of the pre-
All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who
stayed in the households the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Among women
eligible for an individual interview, one woman per household was selected for a module on domestic
violence.
1.3 QUESTIONNAIRES
Two questionnaires were used for the NDHS 2017: the Household Questionnaire and the Woman’s
Questionnaire. Both questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s standard Demographic and Health
Survey (DHS-7) questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to the
Philippines. Input was solicited from various stakeholders representing government agencies, universities,
and international agencies.
After all questionnaires were finalized in English, they were translated into six major languages: Tagalog,
Cebuano, Ilocano, Bikol, Hiligaynon, and Waray. The Household and Woman’s Questionnaires were
programmed into tablet computers to allow for computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) for data
collection purposes, with the capability to choose any of the languages for each questionnaire. In addition,
information about the fieldworkers for the survey was collected through a self-administered Fieldworker
Questionnaire.
The Household Questionnaire was used to list all members of and visitors to the selected households. Basic
demographic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including his or her
age, sex, marital status, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The data on age and sex
of household members obtained in the Household Questionnaire were used to identify women who were
eligible for individual interviews. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on health
insurance coverage for each household member; characteristics of the household’s housing unit, such as
source of drinking water, type of toilet facility, and materials used for the floor of the housing unit; and
ownership of various durable goods. In addition, a Philippines-specific section was included that collected
information on utilization of health facilities by household members.
The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women
were asked questions on the following topics:
Background characteristics (including age, marital status, education, religion, and ethnic group)
Pregnancy history and child mortality
Knowledge, use, and source of family planning methods
Fertility preferences (including desire for more children and ideal number of children)
Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care
Vaccinations and childhood illnesses
Women’s work and husbands’ background characteristics
Knowledge, awareness, and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS
Other health issues
Domestic violence (including measures of physical, sexual, and emotional violence)
The purpose of the Fieldworker Questionnaire was to collect basic background information on the people
who were collecting data in the field (the team supervisors and field interviewers).
Tablet computers were used for data collection by the enumerators. The tablet computers were equipped
with Bluetooth® technology to enable remote electronic transfer of files, such as assignments from the
team supervisor to the interviewers, individual questionnaires to survey team members, and completed
The survey protocol was reviewed and approved by the ICF Institutional Review Board.
1.4 PRETEST
A pretest was conducted on April 21, 2017, in a barangay in Quezon City, prior to finalizing the design of
the survey materials. It was aimed at checking the flow and clarity of the questions and the sustainability of
respondents’ attitudes and motivation in answering the questions. A briefing for the pretest was held from
April 17-19, 2017, at the PSA central office in Eton Centris Cyberpod 3 in Quezon City. The briefing
focused on the concepts used in the survey, field enumeration and supervision procedures, and specific
instructions for completing the questionnaires. To further prepare the briefing participants for the pretest
interviews, participants engaged in practice interviews following the discussion of the questionnaires. For
the pretest itself, a team approach was adopted so that interviewers could easily communicate and resolve
any problems encountered during data gathering. Each interviewer was required to interview two
households and at least three eligible respondents as follows: one woman age 15-49 with one or more
children age 5 or below, one woman age 15-49 who was a current user of a family planning method, and
one woman age 15-49 who had never been married. A debriefing was held on April 24, 2017, to discuss
experiences in the administration of the questionnaires, including problems encountered and
recommendations for their resolution.
The second stage of training, referred to as the second level training, took place from July 10-29, 2017, in
18 training centers spread through the regions. Second-level instructors were members of the Task Force
who had completed the first stage of training. A total of 216 field interviewers, 90 team supervisors, 19
regional supervisors, and 18 regional IT specialists took part in the second‐level training.
On August 8-9, 2017, a workshop was held in Quezon City with the regional supervisors and IT
specialists, staff from the PSA central office, and ICF staff. During the workshop, issues that came up
during the second level training were addressed and final corrections to the programming and translations
were made. The supervisors and IT specialists were also trained on the collection of GPS points.
1.6 FIELDWORK
Survey data collection was carried out from August 14 to October 27, 2017, by the 90 field teams. Each
team consisted of a team supervisor and two to three field interviewers, all of whom were female.
Fieldwork monitoring was an integral part of the NDHS 2017. Regional and team supervisors were
engaged to supervise their teams on a full-time basis. Field check tables based on data from completed
questionnaires were generated weekly by the central office and used to monitor progress and provide
regular feedback to the field teams.
Throughout this report, numbers in the tables reflect weighted numbers. Percentages based on fewer than
25 unweighted cases are suppressed and replaced with an asterisk; percentages based on 25 to 49
unweighted cases are shown in parentheses to caution readers when interpreting data that a percentage
based on fewer than 50 cases may not be statistically reliable.
The household response rate is slightly lower in urban areas than in rural areas (98% and 99%,
respectively); however, there is no difference by urban-rural residence in response rates among women
(98% for each).
1
Households interviewed/households occupied
2
Respondents interviewed/eligible respondents
I
nformation on the socioeconomic characteristics of the household population in the NDHS 2017
provides a context to interpret demographic and health indicators and can furnish an approximate
indication of the representativeness of the survey. In addition, this information sheds light on the living
conditions of the population.
This chapter presents information on source of drinking water, sanitation, exposure to smoke inside the
home, wealth, handwashing, household population composition, birth registration, educational attainment,
and school attendance.
The most common source of Figure 2.1 Household drinking water by residence
drinking water among both urban Percent distribution of households by source
and rural households is bottled of drinking water
water or a refilling station, followed
by water piped into their 5 2 7 Unimproved source
dwelling/yard/plot or piped to a
neighbor (Figure 2.1). Among Bottled water/refilling
urban households, 58% use bottled 31 station, improved source
44 for cooking/handwashing
water or a refilling station, 28% use 58
Rainwater
water piped into their 1
dwelling/yard/plot, and 3% use 14
<1
water piped to a neighbor. Thirty- 9 Protected well or spring
Overall, 80% of Filipino households have water on the premises, including 91% of urban households and
71% of rural households. Three percent of households travel 30 minutes or longer to fetch water. Most
households (79%) report that they do not treat their water prior to drinking. Boiling is the most common
water treatment method, used by 12% of all households. Overall, 15% of households use an appropriate
method to treat their drinking water.
Table 2.3 presents information on the availability of water in the last 2 weeks among households using
piped water or water from a tube well or borehole. Ten percent of such households reported having a water
interruption of at least a single day in the last 2 weeks.
2.2 SANITATION
Among households using a toilet that flushes to a septic tank or pit latrine and among households using a
pit latrine or a composting toilet, 7% reported that their septic tank, pit latrine, or composting toilet has
ever been full. Among households with a full septic tank, pit latrine, or composting toilet, 40% reported
that their septic tank, latrine, or composting toilet was closed or covered and a new latrine or tank was
constructed; 31% of households reported that their septic waste was removed to a treatment plant by a
service provider (Table 2.6).
Exposure to tobacco smoke is common in the Philippines. In 28% of households, someone smokes inside
the house on a daily basis, and in 8% of households someone smokes inside on a weekly basis.
The survey collected data on access to electricity, flooring materials, and number of rooms used for
sleeping. Overall, 93% of households in the Philippines have electricity. The most common flooring
materials are cement (52% of households) and ceramic tiles (21%). Forty-three percent of households use
one room for sleeping.
Half of households (52%) own both the house and lot in which they live, and 19% of households own the
house but rent the lot for free or with the consent of the owner. An additional 14% rent the house or room
including the lot, and 11% rent the house and lot for free with the consent of the owner (Table 2.8).
The survey collected information about household effects, means of transportation, ownership of
agricultural land and farm animals, and whether any household member was a beneficiary of the Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps). As shown in Table 2.9, 89% of households have a mobile phone, 77%
have a television, 67% have a watch, 51% have a radio, 43% have a refrigerator, and 22% have a
computer. More than one-third (36%) of households have a motorcycle/scooter, 19% have a bicycle, and
10% have an automobile.
Overall, 15% of households own agricultural land and 32% own farm animals. Rural households are more
likely than urban households to own agricultural land (22% versus 7%) or farm animals (47% versus 14%).
Sixteen percent of households are beneficiaries of 4Ps, including 8% of urban households and 23% of rural
households.
Wealth Index
Wealth index
Households are given scores based on the number and kinds of consumer
goods they own, ranging from a television to a bicycle or car, and housing
characteristics such as source of drinking water, toilet facilities, and flooring
materials. These scores are derived using principal component analysis.
National wealth quintiles are compiled by assigning the household score to
each usual (de jure) household member, ranking each person in the
household population by her or his score, and then dividing the distribution into
five equal categories, each comprising 20% of the population.
Sample: Households
Table 2.10 shows the distribution of the de jure Figure 2.3 Household wealth by
household population by wealth quintile according residence
to residence and region. Urban households are more Percent distribution of de jure population
likely than rural households to fall into the higher by wealth quintiles
wealth quintiles, while rural households are more
likely to fall into the lower wealth quintiles. Fifty- 13
29
five percent of the urban population is in the two 15
highest wealth quintiles. By contrast, 53% of the Wealthiest
19
non-urban population falls in the two lowest wealth 27 Fourth
quintiles (Figure 2.3). Wealth varies widely by 25 Middle
region. Forty-two percent of the population in NCR 21 Second
is in the highest wealth quintile, as compared with 14 Poorest
29
only 1% of the population in ARMM. Conversely,
9
70% of the population in ARMM is in the lowest
Urban Rural
wealth quintile, compared with only 1% in NCR.
Note: Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding.
Households in ARMM (13%) are most likely to have no water, soap, or other cleansing agent,
followed by households in SOCCSKSARGEN (9%) and Eastern Visayas (5%).
Availability of soap and water increases with increasing wealth. Almost all households (98%) in the
highest wealth quintile have soap and water for handwashing, while 75% of households in the lowest
quintile have soap and water.
Household
A person or group of related or unrelated persons who live together in the
same housing unit(s), who acknowledge one adult male or female as the head
of the household, who share the same housekeeping arrangements, and who
are considered a single unit.
De facto population
All persons who stayed in the selected households the night before the
interview (whether usual residents or visitors).
De jure population
All persons who are usual residents of the selected households, whether or
not they stayed in the household the night before the interview.
Trends: The percentage of male-headed households decreased from 86% in 1993 to 79% in 2017. Over
the same time period, mean household size declined from 5.3 members to 4.2 members, a decrease of 1.1
persons.
Registered birth
Child has a birth certificate or child does not have a birth certificate, but his/her
birth is registered with the civil authorities.
Sample: De jure children under age 5
Table 2.14 presents information on the percentage of children under age 5 who have a birth certificate and
the percentage who do not have a birth certificate but whose birth has been registered with the civil
authorities. Overall, 92% of children under age 5 had their births registered with the civil authorities; this
includes 68% with a birth certificate and 24% whose birth was registered but who do not have a birth
certificate.
Tables 2.15.1 and 2.15.2 present information on educational attainment among the household population
age 6 and over. Overall, 4% of women and girls age 6 and over have never been to school, 22% have
attended some primary school, 12% have completed primary but advanced no further, 18% have attended
some secondary school, 18% have completed secondary school but advanced no further, and 26% have
attained some education after secondary school. Women and girls age 6 and over have completed a median
of 9.1 years of schooling.
Educational attainment among men and boys is similar to that among women and girls. Five percent of
men and boys age 6 and over have never attended school, 26% have attended some primary school, 11%
Trends: Median years of schooling among females increased from 5.7 years in 1993 to 9.1 years in 2017;
over the same period, median years of schooling increased from 5.6 years to 8.1 years among males.
The median number of years of schooling is higher in urban areas than rural areas among both females
(10.2 years versus 7.8 years) and males (10.1 years versus 6.8 years).
Among both females and males, median number of years of schooling is highest in NCR (10.7 years
and 10.6 years, respectively) and lowest in ARMM (5.4 years and 4.2 years, respectively). Two
percent of females and 3% of males in NCR have no education; by contrast, 15% of females and 13%
of males in ARMM have no education.
Educational attainment increases with increasing household wealth. Females in the lowest wealth
quintile have completed a median of 5.6 years of schooling, as compared with a median of 12.2 years
among females in the highest wealth quintile. Median number of years of schooling increases from 4.5
years among males in the lowest wealth quintile to 11.5 among those in the highest quintile.
School attendance ratios are shown in Table 2.16. Ninety-four percent of girls age 6-11 attend primary
school, as compared with 93% of boys. The net attendance ratio (NAR) drops in secondary school: 83% of
girls and 74% of boys age 12-17 attend secondary school.
The gross attendance ratio (GAR) for primary school is 104 for girls and 107 for boys; the GAR for
secondary school is 92 for girls and 85 for boys. These figures indicate that a number of children outside
the official school-age population for that level are attending primary school but not secondary school.
The gender parity index (GPI) for the GAR at the Figure 2.6 Secondary school attendance
primary school level is 0.97, indicating that in by household wealth
primary school there are slightly more male than Net attendance ratio for secondary school
female students. However, at the secondary school among children age 12-17
level, the GPI for the GAR is 1.08, indicating that Girls Boys
there are more girls than boys attending secondary 92 88
school. 85 87 84
81 79
69 72
Patterns by background characteristics
53
At the primary school level, the NAR ranges
from 89% in ARMM to 95% in CAR, Western
Visayas, Eastern Visayas, and Zamboanga
Peninsula. At the secondary school level, the
NAR ranges from 50% in ARMM to 85% in Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest
Ilocos Region. Poorest Wealthiest
At the secondary school level, NARs rise with increasing wealth, from 60% in the lowest wealth
quintile to 90% in the highest quintile. In each quintile, the NARs for girls are higher than those for
boys, although the difference between boys and girls generally decreases with increasing wealth
(Figure 2.6).
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on household population and housing characteristics, see the following tables:
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by source of drinking water and by time to obtain drinking water,
percentage of households and de jure population using various methods to treat drinking water, and percentage using an
appropriate treatment method, according to residence, Philippines NDHS 2017
Households Population
Characteristic Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Source of drinking water
Improved source 97.6 92.8 95.0 97.3 92.6 94.7
Piped into dwelling/yard/plot 28.2 19.4 23.5 26.4 19.6 22.6
Piped to neighbor 3.1 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.4
Public tap/standpipe 1.3 4.8 3.2 1.4 5.0 3.4
Tube well/borehole 3.9 19.7 12.4 4.6 19.8 13.0
Protected dug well 1.2 5.5 3.5 1.4 5.4 3.6
Protected spring 1.6 8.1 5.1 1.6 8.2 5.2
Rainwater 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.4
Bottled water/refilling station, improved
source for cooking/handwashing1 58.2 31.2 43.6 58.3 30.6 43.0
Unimproved source 2.4 7.2 5.0 2.7 7.4 5.3
Unprotected dug well 0.8 2.4 1.6 1.0 2.5 1.8
Unprotected spring 0.5 2.7 1.7 0.6 2.8 1.8
Tanker truck/cart with small tank 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6
Surface water 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.2
Bottled water/refilling station, unimproved
source for cooking/handwashing1 0.6 1.3 0.9 0.6 1.2 0.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Time to obtain drinking water (round trip)
Water on premises2 90.6 71.3 80.2 89.5 70.8 79.2
Less than 30 minutes 7.7 23.7 16.3 8.4 24.0 17.0
30 minutes or longer 1.7 4.9 3.4 2.0 5.1 3.7
Don’t know 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Water treatment prior to drinking3
Boiled 7.5 15.5 11.8 8.7 17.3 13.4
Bleach/chlorine added 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.5
Strained through cloth 2.7 8.9 6.0 3.1 9.6 6.6
Ceramic, sand, or other filter 4.6 1.8 3.1 4.9 1.8 3.2
Solar disinfection 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Let stand and settle 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.3
Other 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.4
No treatment 84.7 73.6 78.7 83.0 71.4 76.6
Percentage using an appropriate treatment
method4 12.1 17.9 15.2 13.5 19.7 16.9
Number of households/population 12,703 14,793 27,496 52,058 64,147 116,205
Note: Total includes 3 households for which source of drinking water was classified as other.
1
Households using bottled water for drinking are classified as using an improved or unimproved source according to their
water source for cooking and handwashing
2
Includes water piped to a neighbor
3
Respondents may report multiple treatment methods, so the sum of treatment may exceed 100%
4
Appropriate water treatment methods include boiling, bleaching, filtering, and solar disinfecting
Note: Total includes 3 cases for which source of drinking water was classified as other.
Percent distribution of households and de jure population using piped water or water from a tube well or borehole, by availability of
water in the last 2 weeks, according to residence, Philippines NDHS 2017
Households Population
Availability of water in last 2 weeks Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Not available for at least 1 day 8.0 11.3 9.6 8.5 11.3 9.9
Available with no interruption of at least 1 day 91.3 88.2 89.8 90.8 88.2 89.5
Don’t know/missing 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6
1
Includes households/population reporting piped water or water from a tube well or borehole as their main source of drinking water
and households/population reporting bottled water as their main source of drinking water if their main source of water for cooking
and handwashing is piped water or water from a tube well or borehole
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by type of toilet/latrine facilities and percent distribution of
households and de jure population with a toilet/latrine facility by location of the facility, according to residence, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Households Population
Type and location of toilet/latrine facility Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Improved sanitation 75.6 75.8 75.7 79.0 76.3 77.5
Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system 5.9 3.5 4.6 6.0 3.3 4.5
Flush/pour flush to septic tank 67.1 62.0 64.4 70.4 62.2 65.9
Flush/pour flush to pit latrine 2.3 7.5 5.1 2.4 7.9 5.4
Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.3
Pit latrine with slab 0.2 2.2 1.3 0.2 2.3 1.4
Composting toilet 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Unimproved sanitation 24.4 24.2 24.3 21.0 23.7 22.5
Shared facility1 19.6 14.9 17.1 16.2 14.1 15.0
Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system 1.1 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.4 0.7
Flush/pour flush to septic tank 17.5 11.1 14.1 14.1 10.3 12.0
Flush/pour flush to pit latrine 0.7 2.4 1.6 0.8 2.3 1.6
Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Pit latrine with slab 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3
Composting toilet 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Public toilet 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3
Unimproved facility 1.9 3.5 2.7 2.0 3.8 3.0
Flush/pour flush not to sewer/septic
tank/pit latrine 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.6
Pit latrine without slab/open pit 0.5 1.9 1.3 0.6 2.0 1.4
Bucket 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Hanging toilet/hanging latrine 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.3 1.1 0.8
Other 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1
Open defecation (no facility/bush/
field) 3.0 5.8 4.5 2.9 5.8 4.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of households/population 12,703 14,793 27,496 52,058 64,147 116,205
Location of toilet facility
In own dwelling 78.6 54.9 66.1 77.9 54.4 65.1
In own yard/plot 19.0 39.3 29.8 19.6 39.8 30.6
Elsewhere 2.4 5.7 4.1 2.6 5.7 4.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of households/population with a
toilet/latrine facility 12,313 13,873 26,186 50,492 60,127 110,619
Note: Total includes 5 cases for which information on location of toilet facility is missing.
1
Facilities that would be considered improved if they were not shared by two or more households
Percent distribution of de jure population by type of sanitation facility, according to region and wealth quintile,
Philippines NDHS 2017
1
Facilities that would be considered improved if they were not shared by two or more households
Among households using a toilet that flushes to a septic tank or pit latrine, any form of pit latrine, or a composting toilet, percentage that have ever had a full septic tank, pit
latrine, or composting toilet, and among households that have ever had a full septic tank, pit latrine, or composting toilet, percent distribution by what was done when it was
full, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Among households that have had a full septic tank, pit latrine, or composting toilet, percent distribution
Percentage by what was done when it was full
of Emptied by Number of
households household households
that have Number of to Closed/ that have
ever had a households Removed uncovered covered ever had a
full septic with a flush Removed by a service Removed Emptied by pit, open and full septic
tank, pit toilet, pit by a service provider by a service household ground, constructed tank, pit
latrine, or latrine, or provider to and buried provider to and buried water body, a new latrine, or
Background composting composting a treatment in a unknown in a or latrine/ Other/ composting
characteristic toilet toilet plant covered pit location covered pit elsewhere septic tank don’t know Total toilet
Residence
Urban 9.2 11,625 48.0 3.0 22.4 1.7 3.0 18.1 3.9 100.0 1,073
Rural 5.8 13,900 7.1 2.5 11.0 6.5 2.6 68.7 1.6 100.0 807
Region
National Capital
Region 13.9 3,572 75.9 0.7 21.1 0.1 0.3 0.9 1.0 100.0 495
Cordillera Admin.
Region 6.5 515 0.7 13.1 19.2 10.3 1.7 55.0 0.0 100.0 33
I - Ilocos Region 9.0 1,268 19.0 4.0 3.0 18.3 1.6 53.4 0.7 100.0 115
II - Cagayan Valley 6.3 990 2.8 1.8 3.1 1.9 0.0 90.5 0.0 100.0 63
III - Central Luzon 4.7 2,106 41.6 2.3 0.9 6.1 12.1 30.7 6.3 100.0 100
IVA - CALABARZON 4.4 4,081 7.7 2.2 43.7 0.0 3.3 24.8 18.3 100.0 178
MIMAROPA Region 4.1 694 0.6 6.3 13.4 2.7 2.1 73.8 1.1 100.0 29
V - Bicol 6.4 1,576 8.1 0.7 12.4 5.0 2.9 66.9 4.1 100.0 101
VI - Western Visayas 9.1 1,792 1.8 0.9 5.6 5.5 7.8 77.8 0.5 100.0 164
VII - Central Visayas 9.6 1,674 32.3 6.7 33.1 3.1 2.6 22.2 0.0 100.0 161
VIII - Eastern Visayas 8.0 1,125 7.8 1.3 24.5 6.3 1.5 58.0 0.6 100.0 90
IX - Zamboanga
Peninsula 10.0 866 14.0 4.4 6.5 2.7 3.4 66.9 2.2 100.0 87
X - Northern Mindanao 4.1 1,084 15.7 3.9 14.5 6.1 5.3 53.9 0.7 100.0 45
XI - Davao 5.1 1,836 27.4 5.6 8.0 3.1 0.6 55.2 0.0 100.0 93
XII -
SOCCSKSARGEN 7.1 1,127 2.2 1.5 10.9 0.9 0.0 84.4 0.0 100.0 81
XIII - Caraga 6.8 677 1.8 11.4 11.1 7.4 6.1 58.8 3.4 100.0 46
ARMM 0.1 540 * * * * * * * 100.0 1
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.6 5,102 0.4 1.3 2.2 5.7 2.3 87.3 0.9 100.0 283
Second 6.0 5,338 6.5 1.6 10.0 7.1 4.0 67.0 3.8 100.0 321
Middle 6.8 5,271 29.3 2.8 13.5 3.9 5.5 42.6 2.4 100.0 359
Fourth 7.8 5,097 40.1 4.0 26.8 3.1 1.8 20.5 3.8 100.0 399
Highest 11.0 4,717 55.0 3.4 26.1 0.9 1.4 10.0 3.1 100.0 517
Total 7.4 25,525 30.5 2.8 17.5 3.7 2.8 39.8 2.9 100.0 1,880
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by housing characteristics, percentage using solid fuel for
cooking, percentage using clean fuel for cooking, and percent distribution by frequency of smoking in the home,
according to residence, Philippines NDHS 2017
Households Population
Housing
characteristic Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Electricity
Yes 96.3 89.6 92.7 96.4 90.3 93.0
No 3.7 10.4 7.3 3.6 9.7 7.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Flooring material
Earth, sand 3.8 10.6 7.5 4.2 10.4 7.6
Wood/planks 8.0 8.8 8.4 7.5 9.1 8.4
Palm/bamboo 3.7 11.4 7.9 4.0 11.1 7.9
Parquet or polished wood 1.1 1.3 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.1
Vinyl or asphalt strips 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9
Ceramic tiles 28.3 15.4 21.4 27.9 15.1 20.8
Cement 53.0 51.1 52.0 53.4 51.7 52.5
Carpet 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4
Marble 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.5
Total1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Rooms used for sleeping
One 45.6 39.9 42.5 35.6 31.7 33.5
Two 35.9 40.9 38.6 39.1 43.1 41.3
Three or more 18.6 19.2 18.9 25.3 25.1 25.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Place for cooking
In the house 82.9 71.7 76.9 83.1 71.1 76.5
In a separate building 4.8 11.1 8.1 5.1 11.6 8.7
Outdoors 10.2 17.0 13.8 11.2 17.2 14.5
No food cooked in household 2.1 0.3 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.3
Total2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Cooking fuel
Electricity 6.2 1.0 3.4 3.8 0.9 2.2
LPG/natural gas/biogas 65.4 31.5 47.1 66.5 30.6 46.7
Kerosene 1.3 0.1 0.7 1.4 0.1 0.7
Coal/lignite 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Charcoal 8.4 9.7 9.1 9.2 9.8 9.6
Wood 16.5 56.9 38.2 18.1 58.0 40.1
Straw/shrubs/grass 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Agricultural crop 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2
No food cooked in household 2.1 0.3 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Percentage using solid fuel for cooking3 25.1 67.1 47.7 27.6 68.3 50.1
Percentage using clean fuel for cooking4 71.5 32.5 50.5 70.3 31.5 48.9
Frequency of smoking in the home
Daily 27.3 28.0 27.7 31.1 30.2 30.6
Weekly 7.0 8.9 8.0 7.2 9.0 8.2
Monthly 0.8 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.3
Less than once a month 1.7 3.1 2.5 1.8 3.3 2.6
Never 63.1 58.5 60.6 58.9 55.9 57.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of households/population 12,703 14,793 27,496 52,058 64,147 116,205
Percent distribution of households by tenure status of the housing unit and lot occupied, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Own Own
house, house, Rent Rent-free Rent-free
rent-free lot rent-free lot house/ house and house and
Own with without room lot with lot without
Background Own house house, rent consent of consent of including consent of consent of Not Number of
characteristic and lot lot owner owner lot owner owner applicable Total households
Residence
Urban 45.7 1.4 12.7 2.9 24.6 12.1 0.6 0.0 100.0 12,703
Rural 57.6 2.0 24.6 2.0 4.1 9.5 0.2 0.1 100.0 14,793
Region
National Capital Region 44.2 1.0 3.2 2.7 35.9 11.7 1.3 0.0 100.0 4,091
Cordillera Admin. Region 61.6 0.2 5.3 0.4 19.9 11.5 0.6 0.5 100.0 545
I - Ilocos Region 71.7 0.5 13.1 2.2 3.4 9.0 0.1 0.0 100.0 1,366
II - Cagayan Valley 80.5 0.3 10.9 1.1 2.3 4.7 0.0 0.3 100.0 1,009
III - Central Luzon 67.5 0.6 12.5 3.6 6.0 9.7 0.0 0.1 100.0 2,628
IVA - CALABARZON 56.1 0.5 12.1 2.5 20.4 8.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 4,145
MIMAROPA Region 52.3 1.1 18.2 2.6 7.9 17.6 0.0 0.3 100.0 731
V - Bicol 40.7 2.5 38.9 1.5 4.3 11.9 0.2 0.0 100.0 1,615
VI - Western Visayas 44.7 3.4 41.2 3.7 1.4 5.4 0.2 0.0 100.0 1,879
VII - Central Visayas 51.9 2.0 24.8 3.4 6.5 10.2 1.1 0.0 100.0 1,765
VIII - Eastern Visayas 47.2 6.2 33.8 0.7 1.9 10.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 1,150
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 38.4 3.1 36.3 1.9 5.1 15.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 912
X - Northern Mindanao 56.8 3.5 17.2 2.0 7.2 13.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 1,142
XI - Davao 37.8 1.9 14.0 0.9 30.2 15.1 0.1 0.0 100.0 1,899
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 53.2 1.0 23.7 3.3 5.0 13.5 0.2 0.0 100.0 1,236
XIII - Caraga 46.9 5.8 29.6 1.7 3.8 11.6 0.6 0.1 100.0 709
ARMM 37.0 0.7 47.8 2.2 0.7 11.3 0.3 0.0 100.0 673
Wealth quintile
Lowest 33.5 2.3 45.2 4.1 1.9 12.6 0.4 0.1 100.0 5,434
Second 42.8 2.5 24.9 2.7 12.9 14.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 5,659
Middle 48.4 1.6 14.5 2.8 18.8 13.3 0.4 0.1 100.0 5,599
Fourth 58.4 1.3 8.3 1.9 20.9 8.5 0.7 0.0 100.0 5,542
Highest 78.7 0.7 2.3 0.4 13.3 4.5 0.1 0.0 100.0 5,262
Total 52.1 1.7 19.1 2.4 13.6 10.7 0.4 0.0 100.0 27,496
1
Carabao, cattle, horses, pigs/swine, goats, sheep, chickens, or other
poultry
2
Refers to whether the household or any member of the household is a
beneficiary of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
Percent distribution of the de jure population by wealth quintiles, and the Gini coefficient, according to residence and region,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Wealth quintile Number of Gini
Residence/region Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total persons coefficient
Residence
Urban 9.4 14.2 21.3 26.6 28.5 100.0 52,058 0.15
Rural 28.6 24.7 18.9 14.7 13.1 100.0 64,147 0.24
Region
National Capital Region 0.6 5.9 19.7 32.0 41.8 100.0 16,594 0.12
Cordillera Admin. Region 15.5 18.6 24.5 25.1 16.3 100.0 2,131 0.22
I - Ilocos Region 10.4 24.0 24.8 21.6 19.3 100.0 6,156 0.23
II - Cagayan Valley 18.4 33.4 20.0 15.1 13.1 100.0 4,208 0.24
III - Central Luzon 6.7 11.6 21.9 33.9 25.9 100.0 11,196 0.16
IVA - CALABARZON 5.9 14.0 21.7 28.3 30.1 100.0 17,753 0.16
MIMAROPA Region 30.9 26.0 17.7 14.8 10.5 100.0 3,004 0.28
V - Bicol 33.2 24.1 20.6 13.0 9.1 100.0 7,359 0.25
VI - Western Visayas 31.6 28.3 19.4 10.4 10.3 100.0 7,874 0.23
VII - Central Visayas 20.4 24.9 24.0 14.9 15.7 100.0 7,383 0.22
VIII - Eastern Visayas 25.1 29.1 20.8 13.1 11.9 100.0 5,084 0.23
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 45.4 21.0 14.6 8.9 10.1 100.0 3,959 0.32
X - Northern Mindanao 32.7 27.6 17.1 10.3 12.3 100.0 4,849 0.24
XI - Davao 29.6 30.0 19.7 11.3 9.4 100.0 6,264 0.19
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 38.1 25.4 17.8 10.6 8.1 100.0 5,469 0.28
XIII - Caraga 32.6 27.7 16.0 12.8 10.8 100.0 3,243 0.28
ARMM 70.2 20.4 6.7 2.1 0.7 100.0 3,679 0.25
Total 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 100.0 116,205 0.22
Percentage of households in which the place most often used for washing hands was observed by whether the location was fixed or mobile and total percentage of
households in which the place for handwashing was observed, and among households in which the place for handwashing was observed, percent distribution by
availability of water, soap, and other cleansing agents, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage of households in Number of
which place for washing hands Among households in which place for handwashing was observed, percentage house-
was observed: with: holds in
And place which a
for hand- And place Water and No water, place for
washing for hand- cleansing Cleansing no soap, hand-
was a washing Number of agent agent no other washing
Background fixed was house- Soap and other than Water Soap but other than cleansing was
characteristic place mobile Total holds water1 soap only2 only no water3 soap only2 agent Total observed
Residence
Urban 86.2 8.1 94.3 12,703 91.9 0.0 4.3 1.7 0.0 2.0 100.0 11,979
Rural 74.2 16.9 91.1 14,793 86.4 0.1 6.7 2.9 0.0 3.8 100.0 13,481
Region
National Capital Region 92.9 1.4 94.3 4,091 95.2 0.0 3.7 0.4 0.0 0.7 100.0 3,857
Cordillera Admin.
Region 74.2 17.5 91.7 545 83.6 0.3 11.5 2.0 0.0 2.5 100.0 500
I - Ilocos Region 80.0 18.3 98.3 1,366 90.8 0.0 5.5 0.6 0.0 3.2 100.0 1,343
II - Cagayan Valley 64.3 30.0 94.2 1,009 84.7 0.7 10.9 0.2 0.0 3.4 100.0 950
III - Central Luzon 83.9 4.0 87.9 2,628 93.3 0.0 2.5 2.0 0.0 2.1 100.0 2,309
IVA - CALABARZON 72.5 11.0 83.5 4,145 89.2 0.0 5.2 2.1 0.1 3.4 100.0 3,462
MIMAROPA Region 85.9 10.8 96.7 731 90.3 0.0 5.2 3.2 0.0 1.4 100.0 707
V - Bicol 79.1 18.2 97.3 1,615 82.1 0.0 10.2 4.5 0.0 3.3 100.0 1,572
VI - Western Visayas 85.2 5.0 90.2 1,879 96.9 0.0 1.3 0.9 0.0 0.8 100.0 1,696
VII - Central Visayas 63.4 32.5 95.9 1,765 94.1 0.2 1.9 2.2 0.0 1.5 100.0 1,692
VIII - Eastern Visayas 75.9 23.6 99.5 1,150 85.2 0.0 6.4 3.7 0.0 4.8 100.0 1,144
IX - Zamboanga
Peninsula 88.2 9.9 98.0 912 88.0 0.0 9.3 1.2 0.0 1.6 100.0 894
X - Northern Mindanao 81.7 17.2 99.0 1,142 87.2 0.2 6.5 2.8 0.0 3.3 100.0 1,130
XI - Davao 83.6 12.7 96.3 1,899 84.0 0.0 6.5 5.8 0.0 3.6 100.0 1,829
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 74.1 17.0 91.1 1,236 79.7 0.0 9.1 1.9 0.0 9.4 100.0 1,126
XIII - Caraga 92.7 2.2 94.9 709 87.2 0.0 3.1 6.0 0.0 3.7 100.0 673
ARMM 55.0 30.4 85.5 673 65.6 0.5 12.8 8.1 0.0 12.9 100.0 575
Wealth quintile
Lowest 60.0 30.0 90.0 5,434 75.3 0.1 11.0 4.9 0.0 8.7 100.0 4,890
Second 74.5 19.8 94.3 5,659 85.3 0.1 7.8 3.2 0.1 3.6 100.0 5,334
Middle 85.8 10.1 95.8 5,599 91.4 0.1 4.6 1.9 0.0 2.0 100.0 5,365
Fourth 90.5 3.0 93.4 5,542 95.5 0.0 2.7 1.2 0.0 0.7 100.0 5,179
Highest 88.1 1.1 89.1 5,262 97.7 0.1 1.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 4,691
Total 79.7 12.9 92.6 27,496 89.0 0.1 5.5 2.4 0.0 3.0 100.0 25,460
1
Soap includes soap or detergent in bar, liquid, powder, or paste form. This column includes households with soap and water only as well as those that had soap and
water and another cleansing agent.
2
Cleansing agents other than soap include locally available materials such as ash, mud, or sand
3
Includes households with soap only as well as those with soap and another cleansing agent
Percent distribution of the de facto household population by various age groups, and percentage of the de facto household population age
10-19, according to sex and residence, Philippines NDHS 2017
Urban Rural Total
Age Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
<5 9.7 8.7 9.2 10.2 10.1 10.2 10.0 9.4 9.7
5-9 10.7 9.8 10.3 13.1 12.1 12.6 12.1 11.1 11.6
10-14 10.2 10.0 10.1 12.8 12.0 12.4 11.6 11.1 11.4
15-19 10.3 9.7 10.0 10.6 9.1 9.9 10.4 9.4 9.9
20-24 10.2 9.0 9.6 7.3 7.0 7.2 8.6 7.9 8.3
25-29 8.4 8.0 8.2 6.4 6.3 6.3 7.3 7.1 7.2
30-34 7.2 6.5 6.8 6.1 5.9 6.0 6.6 6.2 6.4
35-39 6.5 6.9 6.7 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.2 6.5 6.3
40-44 5.6 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.5
45-49 5.3 5.8 5.6 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.2
50-54 4.5 5.4 5.0 4.5 5.4 4.9 4.5 5.4 4.9
55-59 3.8 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.1
60-64 2.9 3.6 3.2 2.9 3.5 3.2 2.9 3.6 3.2
65-69 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.8 2.5
70-74 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.3 2.2 1.7 1.2 2.0 1.6
75-79 0.7 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.1
80+ 0.6 1.3 0.9 0.8 1.5 1.1 0.7 1.4 1.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Dependency age
groups
0-14 30.6 28.5 29.6 36.2 34.1 35.2 33.7 31.6 32.7
15-64 64.5 64.8 64.7 58.4 57.9 58.2 61.1 61.0 61.1
65+ 4.8 6.7 5.7 5.4 8.0 6.6 5.1 7.4 6.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Child and adult
populations
0-17 36.8 34.3 35.6 43.1 40.2 41.7 40.3 37.5 39.0
18+ 63.2 65.6 64.4 56.8 59.8 58.3 59.7 62.5 61.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Adolescents 10-19 20.5 19.7 20.1 23.4 21.1 22.3 22.1 20.5 21.3
Number of persons 25,340 24,861 50,202 31,630 29,812 61,441 56,970 54,673 111,643
Percentage of de jure children under age 5 whose births are registered with the civil
authorities, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage of children Total
whose births are registered percentage of
and who: children
Did not have whose births
Background Had a birth a birth are Number of
characteristic certificate certificate registered children
Age
<2 65.7 24.9 90.6 4,110
2-4 69.9 22.7 92.5 6,815
Sex
Male 68.5 23.8 92.3 5,721
Female 68.0 23.2 91.2 5,204
Residence
Urban 66.1 27.6 93.7 4,646
Rural 70.0 20.5 90.4 6,279
Region
National Capital Region 49.0 48.3 97.3 1,230
Cordillera Admin. Region 65.0 33.8 98.8 180
I - Ilocos Region 89.6 6.9 96.5 513
II - Cagayan Valley 70.0 26.4 96.4 410
III - Central Luzon 72.5 19.1 91.6 1,016
IVA - CALABARZON 71.9 22.8 94.6 1,699
MIMAROPA Region 69.5 19.5 89.0 293
V - Bicol 91.3 5.4 96.6 750
VI - Western Visayas 55.2 34.4 89.6 712
VII - Central Visayas 75.7 22.0 97.7 668
VIII - Eastern Visayas 83.0 8.5 91.6 512
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 57.0 32.0 89.0 461
X - Northern Mindanao 72.2 22.0 94.2 520
XI - Davao 58.1 30.8 88.9 578
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 76.0 7.0 83.0 632
XIII - Caraga 69.9 15.8 85.7 362
ARMM 30.4 29.4 59.8 388
Wealth quintile
Lowest 62.7 20.4 83.1 3,041
Second 69.9 22.3 92.2 2,455
Middle 71.8 23.2 95.0 2,156
Fourth 72.0 25.4 97.4 1,846
Highest 67.4 30.3 97.7 1,427
Total 68.3 23.5 91.8 10,925
Percent distribution of the de facto female household population age 6 and over by highest level of schooling attended or completed and median years
completed, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Median
Background No Some Completed Some Completed More than Number of years
characteristic education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary Don’t know Total women completed
Age
6-9 26.0 73.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 4,888 1.0
10-14 0.5 49.2 22.3 28.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 6,062 5.0
15-19 0.5 3.2 3.5 69.0 7.3 16.4 0.0 100.0 5,128 9.5
20-24 0.8 4.0 4.1 11.3 26.1 53.7 0.0 100.0 4,342 11.6
25-29 0.9 6.0 5.5 11.6 35.0 41.0 0.0 100.0 3,873 10.7
30-34 1.2 6.5 6.2 12.1 34.6 39.3 0.1 100.0 3,382 10.7
35-39 1.1 6.8 8.4 10.7 29.8 43.1 0.1 100.0 3,540 10.8
40-44 1.8 9.2 11.3 12.6 30.3 34.9 0.0 100.0 2,974 10.5
45-49 1.9 10.4 14.5 13.2 28.5 31.5 0.0 100.0 2,913 10.4
50-54 2.4 12.0 14.3 13.4 24.8 33.0 0.0 100.0 2,955 10.3
55-59 2.1 17.5 20.6 10.9 21.8 27.1 0.1 100.0 2,307 9.7
60-64 2.8 21.4 22.4 11.2 17.4 24.5 0.2 100.0 1,949 8.2
65+ 4.9 27.8 28.7 7.3 10.2 20.8 0.4 100.0 4,027 6.6
Don’t know * * * * * * * 100.0 13 *
Residence
Urban 3.3 17.7 9.1 16.8 20.4 32.6 0.1 100.0 22,224 10.2
Rural 4.7 25.2 13.9 19.7 16.4 20.1 0.1 100.0 26,128 7.8
Region
National Capital Region 2.4 12.1 6.9 13.3 22.3 42.9 0.0 100.0 7,500 10.7
Cordillera Admin. Region 4.3 20.7 7.9 15.6 15.0 36.4 0.2 100.0 863 10.2
I - Ilocos Region 3.3 19.3 11.6 20.3 21.4 24.1 0.1 100.0 2,488 9.6
II - Cagayan Valley 3.3 26.0 12.1 20.5 17.1 20.9 0.1 100.0 1,651 8.2
III - Central Luzon 3.7 20.1 13.4 18.7 21.5 22.6 0.0 100.0 4,734 9.2
IVA - CALABARZON 2.4 19.8 11.7 15.8 21.7 28.7 0.0 100.0 7,495 10.1
MIMAROPA Region 5.5 24.0 14.2 19.1 15.4 21.6 0.1 100.0 1,236 7.8
V - Bicol 4.1 22.1 17.2 23.0 15.3 18.2 0.0 100.0 3,121 7.8
VI - Western Visayas 3.4 27.0 12.2 18.5 16.8 22.0 0.1 100.0 3,230 8.1
VII - Central Visayas 3.8 25.5 11.7 21.1 15.8 21.9 0.2 100.0 3,182 8.0
VIII - Eastern Visayas 3.7 26.2 13.9 21.6 12.5 22.0 0.1 100.0 2,069 7.7
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 6.9 29.1 12.3 20.4 10.8 20.1 0.4 100.0 1,607 6.9
X - Northern Mindanao 4.7 22.9 11.7 20.5 18.0 22.1 0.2 100.0 1,954 8.6
XI - Davao 4.4 24.3 14.7 21.1 14.3 21.2 0.0 100.0 2,343 7.7
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 8.3 26.4 10.6 19.8 16.6 18.2 0.1 100.0 2,093 7.3
XIII - Caraga 3.7 24.9 11.6 22.9 17.0 19.6 0.1 100.0 1,312 8.1
ARMM 14.6 34.6 12.0 15.4 10.0 13.3 0.1 100.0 1,475 5.4
Wealth quintile
Lowest 10.0 38.2 15.7 20.5 11.3 4.2 0.1 100.0 8,819 5.6
Second 4.5 27.0 15.4 22.9 18.8 11.3 0.1 100.0 9,168 7.0
Middle 2.9 20.8 12.5 19.7 24.7 19.3 0.1 100.0 9,499 9.3
Fourth 1.9 14.8 9.5 17.2 23.9 32.7 0.0 100.0 10,047 10.3
Highest 1.9 11.2 6.8 12.7 12.4 55.0 0.1 100.0 10,819 12.2
Total 4.1 21.7 11.7 18.4 18.2 25.8 0.1 100.0 48,352 9.1
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Completed grade 6 at the primary level
2
Completed grade 10 of high school under the old educational system or completed grade 12 under the current K-12 educational system
Percent distribution of the de facto male household population age 6 and over by highest level of schooling attended or completed and median years
completed, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Median
Background No Some Completed Some Completed More than Number of years
characteristic education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary Don’t know Total men completed
Age
6-9 30.1 69.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 5,543 0.8
10-14 1.1 54.1 21.8 22.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 100.0 6,636 4.8
15-19 1.2 8.6 6.5 65.2 5.8 12.8 0.0 100.0 5,947 8.8
20-24 1.3 9.9 6.2 14.6 23.4 44.6 0.0 100.0 4,905 10.8
25-29 1.2 10.8 8.1 13.2 28.7 37.9 0.1 100.0 4,142 10.6
30-34 1.6 13.3 8.6 14.1 28.1 34.3 0.1 100.0 3,747 10.4
35-39 1.5 12.5 10.4 13.3 29.2 33.1 0.0 100.0 3,546 10.4
40-44 1.2 16.3 10.8 11.2 27.9 32.5 0.1 100.0 3,125 10.4
45-49 1.5 18.6 13.0 13.2 25.7 27.8 0.1 100.0 2,919 10.1
50-54 1.7 16.7 14.8 11.7 25.2 29.8 0.1 100.0 2,568 10.2
55-59 2.5 19.9 18.9 10.2 23.7 24.9 0.0 100.0 2,280 9.5
60-64 2.6 23.0 18.9 11.3 21.5 22.5 0.2 100.0 1,656 8.5
65+ 4.3 29.3 22.6 8.9 14.2 20.4 0.2 100.0 2,918 6.7
Don’t know * * * * * * * 100.0 12 *
Residence
Urban 3.8 20.6 8.8 17.2 19.2 30.3 0.1 100.0 22,325 10.1
Rural 5.6 30.5 13.4 20.0 14.7 15.7 0.1 100.0 27,617 6.8
Region
National Capital Region 2.9 14.5 5.4 15.3 22.0 39.9 0.1 100.0 7,256 10.6
Cordillera Admin. Region 4.4 22.6 10.0 18.2 18.4 26.3 0.1 100.0 964 9.1
I - Ilocos Region 4.1 21.5 11.2 19.1 23.1 20.9 0.1 100.0 2,557 9.0
II - Cagayan Valley 4.0 30.4 10.7 21.9 14.9 18.0 0.1 100.0 1,836 7.3
III - Central Luzon 4.5 22.0 13.2 19.3 20.1 20.8 0.0 100.0 4,694 8.5
IVA - CALABARZON 4.7 21.1 12.1 18.2 20.6 23.4 0.0 100.0 7,294 9.1
MIMAROPA Region 6.3 30.1 12.5 20.1 13.6 17.4 0.0 100.0 1,324 6.8
V - Bicol 3.9 27.5 17.0 23.2 13.2 15.0 0.0 100.0 3,069 6.9
VI - Western Visayas 4.5 31.9 10.9 19.8 15.1 17.7 0.1 100.0 3,433 6.9
VII - Central Visayas 4.3 31.8 13.0 18.2 14.2 18.2 0.3 100.0 3,100 6.8
VIII - Eastern Visayas 6.3 32.1 13.8 21.8 10.1 15.9 0.1 100.0 2,214 6.6
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 7.0 36.0 11.0 19.4 9.6 16.9 0.2 100.0 1,674 6.4
X - Northern Mindanao 4.5 28.8 13.8 19.4 15.3 17.9 0.3 100.0 2,143 7.0
XI - Davao 4.1 26.8 11.4 18.0 14.6 25.1 0.0 100.0 2,976 8.2
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 7.1 33.4 10.8 20.3 12.5 15.9 0.0 100.0 2,377 6.6
XIII - Caraga 5.1 33.0 11.9 20.6 12.8 16.5 0.1 100.0 1,388 6.7
ARMM 12.9 46.2 10.5 13.6 6.4 10.5 0.0 100.0 1,641 4.2
Wealth quintile
Lowest 9.8 46.1 15.2 17.0 8.8 2.9 0.1 100.0 10,059 4.5
Second 5.0 31.1 14.4 22.1 17.0 10.3 0.1 100.0 10,264 6.7
Middle 3.7 22.5 11.8 21.4 22.4 18.1 0.1 100.0 10,164 8.6
Fourth 3.1 17.5 9.2 17.9 22.0 30.1 0.1 100.0 9,948 10.2
Highest 2.4 12.1 5.6 15.0 13.2 51.5 0.0 100.0 9,507 11.5
Total 4.8 26.1 11.3 18.8 16.7 22.2 0.1 100.0 49,942 8.1
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Completed grade 6 at the primary level
2
Completed grade 10 of high school under the old educational system or completed grade 12 under the current K-12 educational system
Net attendance ratios (NAR) and gross attendance ratios (GAR) for the de facto household population by sex and level of schooling, and the
gender parity index (GPI), according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Net attendance ratio1 Gross attendance ratio2
Background Gender Gender
characteristic Male Female Total parity index3 Male Female Total parity index3
PRIMARY SCHOOL
Residence
Urban 91.7 93.5 92.6 1.02 104.3 104.7 104.5 1.00
Rural 93.6 93.5 93.5 1.00 108.7 103.7 106.4 0.95
Region
National Capital Region 93.0 92.8 92.9 1.00 103.4 104.8 104.1 1.01
Cordillera Admin. Region 95.5 94.6 95.1 0.99 107.9 103.9 106.0 0.96
I - Ilocos Region 94.6 93.5 94.1 0.99 102.2 102.0 102.1 1.00
II - Cagayan Valley 93.3 94.1 93.7 1.01 103.8 103.6 103.7 1.00
III - Central Luzon 89.8 91.0 90.4 1.01 100.7 98.4 99.6 0.98
IVA - CALABARZON 91.8 95.8 93.8 1.04 104.0 102.4 103.2 0.98
MIMAROPA Region 95.1 92.4 93.8 0.97 112.5 104.0 108.4 0.92
V - Bicol 93.3 93.7 93.5 1.00 107.7 102.2 105.0 0.95
VI - Western Visayas 95.8 93.4 94.7 0.98 109.8 108.3 109.1 0.99
VII - Central Visayas 92.3 94.5 93.3 1.02 106.1 106.3 106.2 1.00
VIII - Eastern Visayas 96.7 92.4 94.7 0.95 108.3 100.7 104.7 0.93
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 94.7 94.6 94.6 1.00 117.7 107.8 112.9 0.92
X - Northern Mindanao 92.3 94.1 93.1 1.02 109.0 104.9 107.0 0.96
XI - Davao 91.8 95.0 93.2 1.03 107.6 108.8 108.1 1.01
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 91.4 93.6 92.5 1.02 112.4 106.5 109.5 0.95
XIII - Caraga 92.8 91.6 92.2 0.99 108.8 102.9 106.1 0.95
ARMM 89.7 88.5 89.2 0.99 118.4 111.1 115.2 0.94
Wealth quintile
Lowest 91.3 92.4 91.8 1.01 112.4 108.2 110.4 0.96
Second 92.3 93.7 93.0 1.01 105.8 104.8 105.3 0.99
Middle 93.8 94.2 94.0 1.00 104.6 103.8 104.2 0.99
Fourth 94.3 94.0 94.2 1.00 105.3 100.2 103.0 0.95
Highest 93.3 93.6 93.4 1.00 104.0 100.9 102.4 0.97
Total 92.8 93.5 93.1 1.01 107.0 104.1 105.6 0.97
SECONDARY SCHOOL
Residence
Urban 76.0 81.8 78.8 1.08 86.5 89.4 87.9 1.03
Rural 73.4 83.1 77.8 1.13 83.4 93.3 87.8 1.12
Region
National Capital Region 79.9 81.2 80.6 1.02 91.3 88.2 89.7 0.97
Cordillera Admin. Region 77.5 83.2 80.1 1.07 85.4 91.2 88.1 1.07
I - Ilocos Region 82.3 87.1 84.7 1.06 92.1 92.0 92.0 1.00
II - Cagayan Valley 72.9 87.3 79.5 1.20 81.1 94.1 87.0 1.16
III - Central Luzon 81.9 83.8 82.8 1.02 88.0 93.3 90.6 1.06
IVA - CALABARZON 81.3 86.0 83.3 1.06 89.6 96.4 92.4 1.08
MIMAROPA Region 73.9 80.5 77.1 1.09 80.5 88.1 84.1 1.09
V - Bicol 76.6 85.7 80.9 1.12 89.2 97.0 92.9 1.09
VI - Western Visayas 71.2 80.4 75.6 1.13 83.0 88.2 85.5 1.06
VII - Central Visayas 74.5 83.3 79.2 1.12 88.0 93.4 90.9 1.06
VIII - Eastern Visayas 75.8 86.1 80.6 1.14 91.8 98.2 94.8 1.07
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 61.9 81.2 70.8 1.31 70.9 92.4 80.8 1.30
X - Northern Mindanao 71.3 81.1 75.4 1.14 82.3 90.0 85.5 1.09
XI - Davao 70.3 81.8 75.7 1.16 79.0 88.5 83.5 1.12
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 61.8 78.9 69.0 1.28 73.3 88.9 79.9 1.21
XIII - Caraga 70.9 84.9 77.6 1.20 84.0 99.8 91.6 1.19
ARMM 42.7 59.3 50.3 1.39 51.5 67.0 58.6 1.30
Wealth quintile
Lowest 52.9 69.0 60.3 1.30 61.6 77.9 69.0 1.26
Second 71.7 81.4 76.3 1.13 82.8 89.0 85.8 1.08
Middle 79.3 85.0 82.0 1.07 90.4 94.7 92.4 1.05
Fourth 83.9 87.1 85.4 1.04 94.1 98.5 96.2 1.05
Highest 88.1 92.0 89.9 1.04 98.5 99.8 99.1 1.01
Total 74.4 82.5 78.2 1.11 84.6 91.6 87.9 1.08
1
The NAR for primary school is the percentage of the primary school-age (6-11 years) population that is attending primary school. The NAR for
secondary school is the percentage of the secondary school-age (12-17 years) population that is attending secondary school. By definition, the
NAR cannot exceed 100%.
2
The GAR for primary school is the total number of primary school students, expressed as a percentage of the official primary school-age
population. The GAR for secondary school is the total number of secondary school students, expressed as a percentage of the official secondary
school-age population. If there are significant numbers of overage and underage students at a given level of schooling, the GAR can exceed 100%.
3
The gender parity index for primary school is the ratio of the primary school NAR (GAR) for females to the NAR (GAR) for males. The gender
parity index for secondary school is the ratio of the secondary school NAR (GAR) for females to the NAR (GAR) for males.
T
his chapter presents information on the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the
survey respondents such as age, education, place of residence, marital status, employment, and
wealth status. This information is useful for understanding the factors that affect use of
reproductive health services, contraceptive use, and other health behaviors.
More than one-third of women (36%) have never been married. A majority (60%) are currently married or
living together with a partner as if married, with a small percentage divorced or separated (3%) or
widowed (1%). By residence, respondents are almost evenly split between urban and rural areas (49% and
51%, respectively). Eighteen percent of women live in the National Capital Region (NCR), 16% reside in
CALABARZON, and 10% live in Central Luzon.
Characteristics of Respondents • 27
At birth, over half of respondents (53%) resided in a barrio or rural area, 27% lived in a city, and 20%
lived in a town or poblacion (Table 3.2). Thirty-nine percent of respondents have been living continuously
since birth in the location where they were interviewed, and 27% have lived 10 or more years in the
location where they were interviewed.
3.2 EDUCATION
At the national level, 6% of women age 15-49 have Figure 3.1 Education by residence
some primary education, 7% have completed Percent distribution of women age 15-49
primary school but gone no further, 23% have some by highest level of schooling attended or
secondary education, 26% have completed secondary completed
and gone no further, and 36% have more than a
secondary education.1 One percent of women have
36 31 More than secondary
no formal education (Figure 3.1). The median 43
number of years of schooling is 10.6 years (Table Completed secondary
3.3). 25 Some secondary
26
Trends: Median years of schooling among women 28 Completed primary
age 15-49 has increased steadily since 1993, from 8.8 27 Some primary
23
years to 10.6 years (Figure 3.2). 20 No education
7 9
5 8
Patterns by background characteristics 6 1 4 <1 1
Note: Figure does not sum
Total Urban Rural to 100% due to rounding.
As expected, the percentage of women who have
completed secondary school or higher is greater Figure 3.2 Trends in education
in urban areas than rural areas (71% and 55%, Median years of schooling among women
respectively) (Table 3.3). age 15-49
10.6
8.8 9.1 9.2 9.4 9.5
1
The educational system in the Philippines changed in 2011-12, and the changes affect the way the education
background characteristic is presented in the NDHS 2017 relative to previous DHS surveys. Prior to 2012, the
educational system consisted of 6 years of elementary school (primary school) followed by 4 years of high school
(secondary school). In the current K-12 system, grades 1-6 correspond to primary school, and grades 7-12 correspond
to secondary school. However, secondary school is subdivided into junior high school (grades 7-10) and senior high
school (grades 11-12). Thus, the K-12 system includes 2 more years of high school relative to the old system. The first
class to graduate from the K-12 system was the 2018 class, and this occurred several months after NDHS 2017
fieldwork was completed.
28 • Characteristics of Respondents
By region, the percentage of women who have Figure 3.3 Complete secondary
completed secondary school or more is highest in education complete or higher by region
NCR (80%), Cordillera Administrative Region Percentage of women age 15-49 with secondary
(CAR) (74%), and CALABARZON (73%). education complete or higher
Women in the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM) (37%) and Zamboanga
Peninsula (48%) are least likely to have
completed secondary school or higher (Figure
3.3).
Data on women’s exposure to mass media are essential in the development of educational programs and
the dissemination of all types of information, particularly information about family planning and other
important health topics.
The NDHS 2017 results indicate that television is still the most popular form of mass media among women
(with 77% watching television at least once a week). Thirty-six percent of women listen to the radio at
least once a week, and 15% read a newspaper at least once a week. Nine percent of women are exposed to
all three types of media weekly. Sixteen percent of women are not regularly exposed to any of the three
forms of media (Table 3.4).
The Internet is also a critical tool through which information is shared. Internet use includes accessing web
pages, email, and social media. Seven in 10 women have ever used the Internet, and nearly all of the
women who have used the Internet used it in the past 12 months (Table 3.5). Among those using the
Internet in the past 12 months, more than half (53%) accessed it almost every day, and 31% used it at least
once a week.
Characteristics of Respondents • 29
Trends: Women’s exposure to all three types of media (newspaper, television, and radio) on a weekly
basis declined from 37% in 2003 to 9% in 2017. Over this time period, the percentage of women who
watch television at least once a week remained fairly consistent (ranging from 77% to 85%), but the
percentage who read a newspaper weekly or listen to a radio declined dramatically; 44% of women read a
newspaper at least once a week in 2003, as compared with 15% in 2017, and 78% of women listened to the
radio at least once a week in 2003, compared with 36% in 2017. In accordance with these findings, the
percentage of women who access none of the three media types rose from 8% in 2003 to 16% in 2017.
By region, women in ARMM are most likely to report no regular exposure to any of the three types of
media (54%) (Table 3.4) and are least likely to have used the Internet in the past 12 months (21%)
(Table 3.5).
Internet usage increases with increasing wealth; 29% of women in the lowest wealth quintile accessed
the Internet in the past 12 months, as compared with 95% in the highest quintile (Table 3.5).
3.4 EMPLOYMENT
Currently employed
Respondents who were employed in the 7 days before the survey
Sample: Women age 15-49
Nearly half of women (46%) are currently employed. The vast majority of women who are not currently
employed were not employed at any time in the 12 months preceding the survey (Table 3.6).
Trends: Since 1998, the percentage of women who were employed at the time of the survey has been
remarkably consistent, fluctuating between 46% and 48%.
A greater percentage of women in urban than rural areas are currently employed (49% versus 43%).
By region, the percentage of women currently employed ranges from 26% in ARMM to 58% in
Central Visayas.
30 • Characteristics of Respondents
The percentage of women currently employed increases steadily with increasing household wealth.
Only 37% of women in the lowest wealth quintile are currently employed, as compared with 56% in
the highest quintile.
3.5 OCCUPATION
Occupation
Categorized as professional/technical/managerial, clerical, sales and services,
skilled manual, unskilled manual, domestic service, agriculture, and armed
forces
Sample: Women age 15-49 who were currently employed or had worked in
the 12 months before the survey
Among women who were employed in the 12 months before the survey, 27% work in professional,
technical, or managerial positions, and 27% are engaged in sales and services. One in 10 women are
engaged in each of the following occupations: unskilled manual, agriculture, and clerical. Seven percent of
women work in the domestic services sector, and 0.3% are in the armed forces (Table 3.7).
Eight in 10 women (79%) who worked in the 12 months preceding the survey reported being paid in cash
(without in-kind payments); nearly 2 in 10 women (18%) are not paid for their work. Three percent of
women are paid in both cash and in-kind, and 1% receive only in-kind payments (Table 3.8).
The majority of women who were employed in the past 12 months (64%) were employed by a non-family
member. Twenty-six percent were self-employed, and 10% were employed by a family member. Most
women (70%) were employed year-round.
Trends: Among women employed in the past 12 Figure 3.5 Occupation by residence
months, there has been little change in the Percentage of women age 15-49
distribution of occupations relative to 2013. The employed in the 12 months before the
exceptions are that the percentage of women in sales survey by occupation
and services increased from 18% in 2013 to 27% in Professional/ 27
2017, while the percentage in domestic services technical/ 28
managerial 27
declined from 14% to 7% and the percentage in
agriculture declined from 13% to 10%. 10
Clerical 14
6
Patterns by background characteristics 27
Sales and services 28
26 Total
The distribution of women by occupation is
6 Urban
similar in urban and rural areas except in the Skilled manual 6
clerical and agriculture sectors; as expected, a 5 Rural
higher percentage of urban than rural women 12
Unskilled manual 12
work in the clerical sector (14% versus 6%) and 11
a higher percentage of rural than urban women 7
work in the agricultural sector (17% versus 3%) Domestic service 8
7
(Figure 3.5).
10
Agricultural 3
The most common occupational sector among 17
women in the lowest wealth quintile is <1
Armed forces 1
agriculture. The most common sector among <1
women in the second and middle wealth
quintiles is sales and services, and the most
common sector among women in the fourth and
highest quintiles is professional/technical/managerial.
Characteristics of Respondents • 31
The proportion of women working in professional, technical, and managerial occupations increases
with increasing household wealth, from 8% among those in the lowest wealth quintile to 45% among
those in the highest quintile. The proportion of women employed in agriculture decreases sharply with
increasing wealth, from 38% in the lowest wealth quintile to 1%-16% in the other wealth quintiles.
In total, 65% of women age 15-49 have some type of Figure 3.6 Health insurance coverage by
PhilHealth coverage; 32% have PhilHealth coverage residence
through the formal economy, 19% have coverage Percentage of women age 15-49
through the National Household Targeting System
Any PhilHealth insurance Any other health insurance
for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR), and 10% have
coverage through the informal economy (Table 3.9).
The percentage of women with any form of Figure 3.7 Health insurance coverage by
PhilHealth coverage is nearly identical in urban household wealth
and rural areas (65% and 64%, respectively). Percentage of women age 15-49
However, 41% of urban women and only 19%
of rural women have a form of health insurance Any PhilHealth insurance Any other health insurance
other than PhilHealth (Figure 3.6).
75
67
Insurance coverage varies widely by region. For 59 60 60 57
example, 49% of women in ARMM have some
form of PhilHealth coverage, as compared with 38
73% in Davao; only 3% of women in ARMM 24
have a form of health insurance other than 12
4
PhilHealth, compared with 55% in NCR.
Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest
Insurance coverage generally increases with
Poorest Wealthiest
increasing household wealth. The percentage of
women with PhilHealth coverage is 59%-60% among those in the three lowest wealth quintiles and
rises to 67% and 75%, respectively, among those in the fourth and highest wealth quintiles. More
strikingly, only 4% of women in the lowest wealth quintile have any other form of health insurance, as
compared with 57% of women in the highest quintile (Figure 3.7).
32 • Characteristics of Respondents
3.7 TOBACCO USE AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
3.7.1 Tobacco Use
Smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and other forms of cancer, and it
contributes to the severity of pneumonia, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis symptoms. Use of tobacco in
the household adversely affects the health status of all household members.
Overall, 5% of women age 15-49 smoke a tobacco product; 5% smoke cigarettes and 2% smoke another
form of tobacco such as a pipe or cigar (Table 3.10). This result is consistent with the findings from the
2015 Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), which measured the prevalence of women who smoke
tobacco at 5% (GATS 2017).
Among women who smoke cigarettes, 41% smoke fewer than 5 cigarettes a day, 23% smoke 5-9 cigarettes
a day, 24% smoke 10-14 cigarettes a day, and 12% smoke 15 or more cigarettes a day (data not shown).
Use of smokeless tobacco is rare among women in the Philippines. Only 0.3% of women report using any
form of smokeless tobacco (Table 3.11).
Trends: Since 2003, the prevalence of cigarette smoking among women age 15-49 has remained low,
declining slightly from 7% to 5%.
Urban women (6%) are slightly more likely to smoke tobacco than rural women (4%) (Table 3.10).
Tobacco smoking prevalence ranges from 2% in ARMM and MIMAROPA Region to 8% in NCR.
Surprisingly, tobacco smoking varies little by wealth (5%-6% among all wealth quintiles).
Alcohol intake in large amounts is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism, malnutrition, chronic
pancreatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and cancer. Maternal alcohol use in the prenatal period is also of
concern as it may cause miscarriage and stillbirth and contribute to a range of lifelong physical, behavioral,
and intellectual disabilities. These disabilities are known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)
(CDC 2018).
The NDHS 2017 included questions on alcohol consumption for the first time. In total, 0.3% of women
report drinking alcohol on a daily basis, 26% drink alcohol on some days, and 74% do not drink alcohol.
Among women who drink alcohol every day, the average number of drinks consumed is 2.3 (Table 3.12).
Urban women are more likely than rural women to drink alcohol every day or on some days (30%
versus 22%).
The percentage of women who drink alcohol ranges from a low of 1% in ARMM to a high of 60% in
Eastern Visayas.
The percentage of women who drink alcohol rises with increasing household wealth, from 19% among
those in the lowest wealth quintile to 30% among those in the fourth and highest wealth quintiles.
Characteristics of Respondents • 33
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on the characteristics of survey respondents, see the following tables:
34 • Characteristics of Respondents
Table 3.1 Background characteristics of respondents
Note: Education categories refer to the highest level of education in which at least one grade has
been completed. No education includes respondents who completed nursery, kindergarten, or
preschool only.
Characteristics of Respondents • 35
Table 3.2 Residence characteristics of respondents
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by type of residence at birth and time living continuously
in current location, Philippines NDHS 2017
Background Weighted Weighted Unweighted
characteristic percent number number
Type of residence at birth
City 26.6 6,674 5,323
Town proper/poblacion 19.6 4,915 4,853
Barrio/rural area 53.3 13,355 14,698
Abroad 0.2 45 47
Don’t know 0.3 83 153
Time living continuously in current
location
<6 months 3.4 856 751
6-11 months 2.1 518 399
12-23 months 2.4 597 556
2-4 years 12.2 3,064 2,709
5-9 years 14.5 3,634 3,210
10+ years 26.6 6,660 6,730
Always/since birth 38.7 9,703 10,654
Visitor 0.2 43 65
Total 100.0 25,074 25,074
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by highest level of schooling attended or completed, and median years completed, according to background
characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Highest level of schooling Median
Background No Some Completed Some Completed More than years Number of
characteristic education1 primary primary2 secondary secondary3 secondary Total completed women
Age
15-24 0.3 3.5 3.5 43.2 16.1 33.4 100.0 10.4 9,072
15-19 0.1 3.2 3.0 70.3 7.2 16.1 100.0 9.6 4,897
20-24 0.5 3.8 4.0 11.5 26.6 53.7 100.0 11.6 4,175
25-29 0.7 5.7 5.3 11.8 35.9 40.6 100.0 10.7 3,717
30-34 1.0 6.4 6.2 12.3 34.8 39.3 100.0 10.7 3,243
35-39 0.9 6.8 8.2 10.8 30.6 42.7 100.0 10.8 3,360
40-44 1.2 9.4 11.2 12.8 30.6 34.8 100.0 10.5 2,837
45-49 1.7 10.4 14.6 13.2 28.4 31.8 100.0 10.4 2,845
Residence
Urban 0.4 4.2 4.9 19.8 28.1 42.6 100.0 10.8 12,252
Rural 1.2 7.9 8.8 26.8 24.8 30.6 100.0 10.3 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 0.2 1.7 3.1 15.3 27.7 52.0 100.0 11.5 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 0.4 3.4 3.8 18.7 20.2 53.5 100.0 11.7 440
I - Ilocos Region 0.4 3.4 5.2 26.0 30.6 34.4 100.0 10.5 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 0.8 8.8 7.5 25.7 23.7 33.4 100.0 10.4 802
III - Central Luzon 0.8 4.2 7.6 23.4 30.6 33.4 100.0 10.5 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 0.1 2.9 6.3 18.3 32.4 40.1 100.0 10.7 4,016
MIMAROPA Region 2.2 9.1 10.0 25.1 20.9 32.6 100.0 10.3 621
V - Bicol 0.3 5.5 10.9 31.8 23.9 27.5 100.0 10.2 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 0.4 8.5 5.6 28.8 25.2 31.6 100.0 10.4 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 0.6 8.3 7.1 28.0 25.4 30.7 100.0 10.4 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 0.7 9.0 7.8 29.7 18.9 34.0 100.0 10.3 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 2.0 12.5 9.8 28.1 17.9 29.7 100.0 10.0 764
X - Northern Mindanao 0.2 7.7 9.1 25.3 27.0 30.6 100.0 10.4 998
XI - Davao 0.7 9.3 9.3 27.2 22.0 31.5 100.0 10.3 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 3.6 11.0 6.9 26.0 25.1 27.3 100.0 10.2 1,038
XIII - Caraga 0.5 8.7 6.8 29.2 25.2 29.5 100.0 10.3 648
ARMM 5.8 20.6 12.8 23.6 16.1 21.1 100.0 8.5 780
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.3 20.5 16.0 32.6 20.3 7.3 100.0 8.1 4,209
Second 0.4 8.1 11.0 30.8 30.2 19.5 100.0 10.1 4,629
Middle 0.3 3.5 5.5 23.5 36.8 30.3 100.0 10.5 4,918
Fourth 0.1 1.4 3.0 19.3 31.2 44.9 100.0 10.9 5,527
Highest 0.3 0.7 1.6 14.5 14.5 68.3 100.0 13.3 5,791
Total 0.8 6.1 6.9 23.4 26.4 36.4 100.0 10.6 25,074
1
No education includes respondents who completed nursery, kindergarten, or preschool only
2
Completed grade 6 at the primary level
3
Completed grade 10 of high school under the old educational system or completed grade 12 under the current K-12 educational system
36 • Characteristics of Respondents
Table 3.4 Exposure to mass media
Percentage of women age 15-49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Reads a Accesses all Accesses none
newspaper at Watches Listens to the three media at of the three
Background least once a television at least radio at least least once a media at least Number of
characteristic week once a week once a week week once a week women
Age
15-19 16.8 78.6 36.9 9.9 14.8 4,897
20-24 15.3 76.9 38.1 10.0 15.6 4,175
25-29 13.8 76.8 35.4 8.9 16.4 3,717
30-34 13.6 76.7 35.1 7.0 14.8 3,243
35-39 15.3 75.8 36.1 8.2 15.6 3,360
40-44 14.3 76.7 35.2 8.6 16.5 2,837
45-49 13.3 77.8 36.0 8.1 14.5 2,845
Residence
Urban 18.9 78.6 37.0 10.8 12.8 12,252
Rural 11.0 75.7 35.5 6.9 18.0 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 25.1 73.6 38.4 13.0 11.5 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 21.5 66.1 30.2 14.9 27.5 440
I - Ilocos Region 16.2 90.3 51.0 11.0 5.7 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 13.3 72.6 26.0 8.4 24.2 802
III - Central Luzon 15.1 87.8 24.0 10.5 9.4 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 6.5 85.0 24.8 2.8 12.4 4,016
MIMAROPA Region 9.9 69.8 22.4 5.5 26.3 621
V - Bicol 5.1 79.8 35.6 3.1 13.6 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 15.2 80.4 54.7 10.6 9.4 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 30.3 75.2 56.2 19.6 14.2 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 7.9 79.0 38.0 4.5 12.9 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 9.5 76.7 41.4 6.8 15.3 764
X - Northern Mindanao 7.0 65.7 36.1 3.7 27.9 998
XI - Davao 16.1 64.9 34.1 7.6 24.0 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 16.9 81.8 54.6 13.7 13.0 1,038
XIII - Caraga 14.6 70.0 38.9 9.7 21.1 648
ARMM 5.0 40.5 17.3 2.0 54.3 780
Education
No education 3.8 34.3 23.9 3.3 56.9 200
Grades 1-6 4.8 63.0 32.4 3.0 27.5 3,245
Grades 7-10 11.5 78.5 36.0 7.1 14.5 11,558
Grade 11 20.8 83.3 36.3 12.4 11.1 934
Post-secondary 10.9 80.4 35.9 7.1 15.1 1,144
College 23.9 80.6 38.5 13.7 11.4 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 6.6 51.9 34.3 4.1 36.1 4,209
Second 9.5 77.1 36.5 5.5 16.6 4,629
Middle 13.8 83.9 36.4 8.9 10.7 4,918
Fourth 16.9 84.1 35.5 9.7 9.2 5,527
Highest 24.1 83.0 37.9 14.0 9.6 5,791
Total 14.8 77.1 36.2 8.8 15.5 25,074
Characteristics of Respondents • 37
Table 3.5 Internet usage
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever used the Internet and percentage who have used the Internet in the past 12 months, and among women who have
used the Internet in the past 12 months, percent distribution by frequency of Internet use in the past month, according to background characteristics, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Used the Among respondents who have used the Internet in the past 12 months, percentage
Internet in who, in the past month, used the Internet:
Background Ever used the past 12 Number of Almost every At least once Less than Number of
characteristic the Internet months women day a week once a week Not at all Total women
Age
15-19 88.9 87.7 4,897 55.3 31.6 12.2 0.8 100.0 4,292
20-24 86.1 83.6 4,175 59.3 25.9 13.8 1.1 100.0 3,492
25-29 76.1 73.8 3,717 50.8 31.6 16.6 1.0 100.0 2,745
30-34 67.3 65.4 3,243 50.0 29.4 19.5 1.1 100.0 2,120
35-39 60.4 58.0 3,360 53.1 32.3 13.4 1.2 100.0 1,948
40-44 48.5 46.6 2,837 43.5 37.1 18.6 0.9 100.0 1,321
45-49 40.6 38.4 2,845 46.3 31.3 21.6 0.8 100.0 1,094
Residence
Urban 80.8 79.2 12,252 61.1 26.4 12.2 0.3 100.0 9,699
Rural 59.4 57.0 12,822 42.2 36.3 19.6 1.9 100.0 7,313
Region
National Capital Region 90.3 88.9 4,400 69.9 20.6 9.5 0.0 100.0 3,913
Cordillera Admin. Region 69.5 68.1 440 43.5 38.6 17.3 0.6 100.0 299
I - Ilocos Region 62.5 59.9 1,258 53.1 31.7 13.2 2.1 100.0 754
II - Cagayan Valley 57.9 57.5 802 42.4 41.4 14.8 1.4 100.0 461
III - Central Luzon 75.5 73.6 2,453 55.3 24.9 19.5 0.4 100.0 1,805
IVA - CALABARZON 75.5 75.2 4,016 56.1 33.0 10.7 0.2 100.0 3,021
MIMAROPA Region 57.8 55.0 621 35.1 38.7 25.1 1.1 100.0 342
V - Bicol 62.5 58.5 1,551 34.7 35.0 26.7 3.6 100.0 908
VI - Western Visayas 61.2 59.1 1,498 41.8 40.3 17.0 0.9 100.0 885
VII - Central Visayas 74.1 71.3 1,607 55.2 29.2 14.3 1.3 100.0 1,146
VIII - Eastern Visayas 66.5 63.6 997 41.7 35.5 18.4 4.5 100.0 634
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 56.9 50.7 764 43.7 36.0 16.9 3.4 100.0 388
X - Northern Mindanao 63.9 61.4 998 40.8 29.7 27.0 2.4 100.0 613
XI - Davao 63.6 61.0 1,203 44.8 35.2 19.1 0.9 100.0 734
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 54.3 51.7 1,038 36.1 45.0 17.8 1.0 100.0 537
XIII - Caraga 65.3 63.2 648 44.1 34.5 20.2 1.2 100.0 410
ARMM 23.2 21.0 780 21.8 51.3 26.6 0.3 100.0 164
Education
No education 10.9 10.2 200 * * * * 100.0 20
Grades 1-6 21.2 18.9 3,245 25.3 40.1 32.3 2.4 100.0 614
Grades 7-10 65.4 62.8 11,558 42.0 34.7 21.9 1.4 100.0 7,260
Grade 11 95.5 94.8 934 60.6 29.6 9.5 0.3 100.0 885
Post-secondary 84.2 80.9 1,144 51.9 32.9 14.2 1.0 100.0 926
College 92.5 91.4 7,994 65.4 25.6 8.4 0.6 100.0 7,307
Wealth quintile
Lowest 32.3 29.0 4,209 18.3 40.5 36.7 4.5 100.0 1,222
Second 54.6 51.1 4,629 31.6 41.5 24.9 2.0 100.0 2,364
Middle 70.9 69.0 4,918 42.0 36.9 19.9 1.2 100.0 3,395
Fourth 83.9 82.4 5,527 56.2 30.5 12.9 0.4 100.0 4,553
Highest 95.1 94.6 5,791 74.1 20.0 5.7 0.1 100.0 5,478
Total 69.9 67.8 25,074 53.0 30.6 15.4 1.0 100.0 17,012
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
38 • Characteristics of Respondents
Table 3.6 Employment status
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by employment status, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS
2017
Employed in the 12 months Not employed
preceding the survey in the 12
months
Background Currently Not currently preceding the Number of
characteristic employed1 employed survey Total women
Age
15-19 11.3 5.7 82.9 100.0 4,897
20-24 43.4 10.5 46.1 100.0 4,175
25-29 48.7 9.2 42.0 100.0 3,717
30-34 51.7 8.6 39.7 100.0 3,243
35-39 61.9 6.6 31.6 100.0 3,360
40-44 63.3 8.6 28.1 100.0 2,837
45-49 65.1 4.7 30.2 100.0 2,845
Marital status
Never married 37.1 6.8 56.1 100.0 8,971
Married or living together 50.0 8.2 41.8 100.0 15,016
Divorced/separated/widowed 69.5 8.4 22.0 100.0 1,086
Number of living children
0 37.9 7.8 54.2 100.0 9,640
1-2 49.7 7.7 42.5 100.0 8,287
3-4 52.0 7.4 40.6 100.0 4,937
5+ 56.0 7.9 36.1 100.0 2,210
Residence
Urban 49.3 6.5 44.2 100.0 12,252
Rural 43.2 8.9 47.9 100.0 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 49.8 3.9 46.3 100.0 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 51.7 10.7 37.6 100.0 440
I - Ilocos Region 40.0 12.2 47.9 100.0 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 45.4 7.3 47.2 100.0 802
III - Central Luzon 40.2 7.6 52.3 100.0 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 47.3 8.3 44.4 100.0 4,016
MIMAROPA REGION 43.9 10.8 45.4 100.0 621
V - Bicol 47.4 9.8 42.8 100.0 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 46.9 10.1 43.0 100.0 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 57.8 8.7 33.5 100.0 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 42.9 8.2 48.9 100.0 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 42.3 7.1 50.5 100.0 764
X - Northern Mindanao 45.3 6.6 48.1 100.0 998
XI - Davao 47.1 4.8 48.1 100.0 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 46.3 8.6 45.1 100.0 1,038
XIII - Caraga 49.3 13.9 36.9 100.0 648
ARMM 26.1 4.4 69.5 100.0 780
Education
No education 46.3 6.4 47.3 100.0 200
Grades 1-6 46.7 8.6 44.8 100.0 3,245
Grades 7-10 39.4 8.4 52.2 100.0 11,558
Grade 11 6.0 4.3 89.7 100.0 934
Post-secondary 58.8 8.4 32.8 100.0 1,144
College 58.7 6.7 34.6 100.0 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 36.9 9.6 53.5 100.0 4,209
Second 41.1 10.1 48.8 100.0 4,629
Middle 44.9 9.0 46.1 100.0 4,918
Fourth 48.0 6.1 45.9 100.0 5,527
Highest 56.4 5.0 38.6 100.0 5,791
Total 46.2 7.7 46.1 100.0 25,074
1
“Currently employed” is defined as having done work in the past 7 days. Includes persons who did not work in the past 7
days but who are regularly employed and were absent from work for leave, illness, vacation, or any other such reason.
Characteristics of Respondents • 39
Table 3.7 Occupation
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by occupation, according to background characteristics, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Profes-
sional/
technical/
Background mana- Sales and Skilled Unskilled Domestic Agri- Armed Number
characteristic gerial Clerical services manual manual service cultural forces Missing Total of women
Age
15-19 4.1 4.4 40.3 4.5 13.6 19.6 12.4 0.6 0.4 100.0 836
20-24 23.6 16.1 30.6 5.1 11.8 6.0 5.1 1.0 0.6 100.0 2,251
25-29 27.3 14.1 28.8 6.2 10.0 5.6 7.4 0.0 0.7 100.0 2,155
30-34 30.3 10.8 27.3 4.1 11.5 6.0 9.7 0.0 0.2 100.0 1,954
35-39 31.7 10.9 23.8 5.9 11.4 4.7 11.2 0.0 0.5 100.0 2,300
40-44 29.9 5.6 22.3 5.7 13.3 8.7 14.1 0.1 0.3 100.0 2,040
45-49 31.2 3.9 24.5 6.7 11.2 7.6 14.1 0.7 0.1 100.0 1,987
Marital status
Never married 26.1 14.3 27.0 6.7 10.5 9.4 4.4 0.8 0.8 100.0 3,937
Married or living together 28.4 8.1 27.0 5.2 12.2 5.6 13.2 0.1 0.2 100.0 8,737
Divorced/separated/widowed 23.6 9.6 29.2 4.4 11.8 13.9 7.2 0.3 0.0 100.0 847
Number of living children
0 27.6 14.8 26.5 6.4 9.6 8.9 4.7 0.6 0.8 100.0 4,412
1-2 30.6 10.9 28.8 4.7 10.8 5.3 8.6 0.1 0.2 100.0 4,762
3-4 26.9 4.9 27.6 5.3 13.8 7.4 13.9 0.1 0.1 100.0 2,934
5+ 17.0 3.1 22.3 6.2 16.6 7.8 25.8 0.7 0.3 100.0 1,413
Residence
Urban 28.0 13.8 28.0 6.0 12.1 7.8 3.3 0.6 0.5 100.0 6,842
Rural 26.8 6.2 26.3 5.1 11.2 6.6 17.4 0.1 0.3 100.0 6,680
Region
National Capital Region 32.0 19.7 20.8 7.1 7.5 10.4 0.4 1.3 0.9 100.0 2,365
Cordillera Admin. Region 27.2 6.5 22.5 1.1 10.9 3.1 27.5 0.2 0.9 100.0 275
I - Ilocos Region 21.9 4.3 32.3 4.8 12.8 11.9 11.2 0.0 0.7 100.0 656
II - Cagayan Valley 24.8 4.8 26.2 1.2 12.9 6.4 23.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 423
III - Central Luzon 28.2 11.4 31.7 7.3 10.0 5.4 5.7 0.1 0.3 100.0 1,171
IVA - CALABARZON 28.0 12.8 23.9 8.8 18.0 5.9 2.3 0.0 0.3 100.0 2,235
MIMAROPA Region 24.5 4.3 31.2 3.9 10.6 7.4 17.8 0.2 0.0 100.0 339
V - Bicol 23.3 4.8 32.8 5.1 14.5 7.9 11.3 0.2 0.0 100.0 887
VI - Western Visayas 25.8 5.1 27.4 3.3 11.1 9.0 18.0 0.3 0.1 100.0 854
VII - Central Visayas 23.9 9.4 30.9 4.6 13.3 5.5 11.9 0.2 0.3 100.0 1,070
VIII - Eastern Visayas 29.8 6.9 34.7 4.2 10.4 6.8 6.6 0.0 0.5 100.0 509
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 30.1 3.8 25.5 5.5 10.6 5.7 17.6 0.0 1.2 100.0 378
X - Northern Mindanao 25.8 6.6 29.8 2.6 12.5 5.7 16.6 0.2 0.2 100.0 518
XI - Davao 29.4 9.4 30.8 3.6 6.4 6.6 13.1 0.5 0.0 100.0 624
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 24.9 5.9 27.6 5.1 7.9 4.8 23.7 0.1 0.0 100.0 571
XIII - Caraga 27.3 6.6 26.2 3.5 12.3 5.5 18.0 0.0 0.6 100.0 409
ARMM 28.9 0.6 16.6 2.1 7.4 4.5 39.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 238
Education
No education 13.4 1.0 10.1 5.0 9.0 5.0 55.5 0.0 0.9 100.0 105
Grades 1-6 10.5 0.3 20.9 7.1 16.8 11.9 31.6 0.5 0.3 100.0 1,793
Grades 7-10 15.0 2.8 35.5 6.9 17.1 11.2 11.4 0.1 0.0 100.0 5,528
Grade 11 4.1 3.5 33.0 6.0 14.1 22.9 16.2 0.0 0.1 100.0 96
Post-secondary 29.4 14.7 30.2 8.0 11.2 3.6 2.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 769
College 46.7 20.6 20.2 3.2 4.3 1.7 1.9 0.6 0.9 100.0 5,231
Wealth quintile
Lowest 7.9 0.5 22.4 4.4 16.8 9.1 38.4 0.4 0.1 100.0 1,958
Second 16.0 3.6 33.7 6.1 16.2 8.2 15.9 0.2 0.1 100.0 2,371
Middle 23.1 6.1 35.7 6.5 16.3 5.7 6.0 0.1 0.5 100.0 2,650
Fourth 32.1 14.9 29.9 7.1 9.2 4.6 2.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 2,988
Highest 45.1 18.4 16.6 3.8 4.4 8.8 1.2 0.8 0.9 100.0 3,553
Total 27.4 10.0 27.1 5.6 11.7 7.2 10.3 0.3 0.4 100.0 13,521
40 • Characteristics of Respondents
Table 3.8 Type of employment
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by type of
earnings, type of employer, and continuity of employment, according to agricultural or nonagricultural
occupation, Philippines NDHS 2017
Employment
characteristic Agricultural work Nonagricultural work Total
Type of earnings
Cash only 45.1 82.4 78.6
Cash and in-kind 4.8 2.8 3.0
In-kind only 4.8 0.3 0.8
Not paid 45.3 14.5 17.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Type of employer
Employed by family member 27.3 8.4 10.3
Employed by non-family member 41.8 65.8 63.5
Self-employed 30.9 25.8 26.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Continuity of employment
All year 46.0 72.2 69.6
Seasonal 44.7 23.2 25.3
Occasional 9.3 4.6 5.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women employed in the
12 months preceding the survey 1,390 12,078 13,521
Note: Total includes 54 women with missing information on type of employment who are not shown
separately.
Characteristics of Respondents • 41
Table 3.9 Health insurance coverage
Percentage of women age 15-49 with specific types of health insurance coverage, percentage with any PhilHealth insurance, and percentage with any other health insurance, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
PhilHealth insurance by type of coverage:
Overseas Any Any other
Background Formal Informal Indigent/ Lifetime Senior Filipino PhilHealth health Number of
1
characteristic economy economy NHTS-PR Sponsored members citizen member GSIS SSS Private Other None Don’t know insurance insurance women
Age
15-19 24.6 7.0 23.8 3.7 0.1 0.5 1.0 1.2 12.5 1.4 0.0 37.4 0.4 60.2 14.3 4,897
20-24 33.8 7.8 6.8 1.9 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.9 29.2 1.9 0.0 46.7 0.2 50.7 30.8 4,175
25-29 36.5 9.0 15.3 3.6 0.1 0.1 0.6 2.8 31.7 3.5 0.0 32.4 0.2 64.7 34.3 3,717
30-34 34.0 11.1 18.6 4.2 0.2 0.0 1.2 3.7 29.0 2.9 0.0 27.9 0.1 68.6 32.6 3,243
42 • Characteristics of Respondents
35-39 35.5 12.5 19.6 4.2 0.2 0.1 1.2 5.4 32.3 5.4 0.0 24.3 0.1 72.7 36.9 3,360
40-44 31.4 11.2 24.5 4.0 0.0 0.2 1.5 4.7 26.9 4.1 0.1 23.9 0.1 72.3 32.3 2,837
45-49 29.7 12.3 23.9 4.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 6.0 24.6 4.4 0.0 25.3 0.1 70.3 30.0 2,845
Residence
Urban 43.7 9.3 9.1 2.2 0.1 0.2 0.7 3.1 37.3 4.6 0.0 31.1 0.2 65.0 40.5 12,252
Rural 20.7 10.2 27.6 4.9 0.1 0.2 1.0 3.6 14.9 1.8 0.0 33.5 0.1 64.1 18.5 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 60.8 4.4 3.0 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 2.8 52.2 6.1 0.0 25.4 0.1 70.0 55.1 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 17.9 21.1 19.9 6.7 0.0 0.1 0.8 6.8 19.1 1.2 0.0 30.5 0.8 66.5 23.4 440
I - Ilocos Region 18.3 16.7 25.3 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.6 4.7 18.7 0.4 0.0 34.9 0.0 61.1 22.1 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 16.9 24.8 21.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 4.0 7.0 1.2 0.0 34.8 0.7 63.6 10.2 802
III - Central Luzon 38.1 16.4 5.4 5.0 0.2 0.0 1.1 3.7 30.6 2.7 0.0 31.4 0.0 66.1 34.1 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 40.3 9.8 8.4 2.0 0.0 0.1 2.2 2.4 28.4 5.1 0.0 35.3 0.1 62.4 32.0 4,016
MIMAROPA Region 20.1 10.7 22.6 12.6 0.2 0.1 0.6 4.3 15.0 1.2 0.0 30.8 0.7 66.6 18.2 621
V - Bicol 15.8 5.8 28.4 10.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 3.9 10.5 0.5 0.0 38.9 0.0 59.8 14.4 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 21.0 6.6 30.1 2.7 0.1 0.8 0.5 4.0 20.0 1.7 0.0 34.6 0.3 61.2 23.6 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 32.4 2.4 18.2 2.2 0.0 1.0 0.6 3.3 29.6 5.8 0.0 37.2 0.5 56.5 33.2 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 18.3 6.8 34.9 4.4 1.1 0.0 0.5 5.1 8.2 2.2 0.0 32.0 0.1 65.5 13.2 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 10.9 9.9 43.6 3.1 0.0 0.4 0.4 2.7 12.0 1.0 0.0 26.9 0.4 67.7 15.2 764
X - Northern Mindanao 23.4 8.1 20.8 12.9 0.3 0.0 0.5 3.3 20.6 0.7 0.0 33.4 0.0 64.2 23.1 998
XI - Davao 23.8 16.9 31.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 2.7 22.8 3.1 0.0 25.3 0.0 73.1 26.6 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 16.0 14.4 35.9 3.4 0.1 0.2 0.6 3.3 9.7 2.0 0.0 28.5 0.3 70.2 13.0 1,038
XIII - Caraga 19.3 11.5 32.7 5.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 4.7 20.1 1.2 0.0 28.7 1.0 68.6 22.5 648
ARMM 6.3 2.3 39.2 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.3 1.9 1.1 0.1 0.0 50.9 0.0 48.9 2.8 780
Education
No education 9.1 0.6 46.6 5.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 38.0 0.0 62.0 3.2 200
Grades 1-6 7.6 5.3 36.8 6.2 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 5.6 0.5 0.0 42.5 0.1 55.7 6.1 3,245
Grades 7-10 22.4 9.6 22.7 4.5 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.4 17.9 1.0 0.0 37.5 0.2 59.7 18.7 11,558
Grade 11 27.1 10.7 20.6 3.2 0.1 1.3 1.0 1.7 12.0 2.8 0.0 33.1 0.1 63.5 15.3 934
Post-secondary 46.8 15.4 8.0 1.9 0.2 0.1 1.3 2.1 44.0 4.1 0.0 22.9 0.4 73.3 46.3 1,144
College 54.5 11.1 5.8 1.4 0.2 0.1 1.4 9.5 45.2 7.3 0.0 21.9 0.2 74.1 53.8 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.9 3.6 43.7 6.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 3.2 0.3 0.0 40.6 0.1 58.6 3.6 4,209
Second 14.1 7.8 32.8 5.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.7 11.2 0.7 0.0 38.4 0.3 59.5 12.2 4,629
Middle 27.9 9.0 18.4 4.0 0.3 0.1 0.4 1.7 22.1 1.8 0.0 37.5 0.2 59.5 24.1 4,918
Fourth 44.1 12.8 5.8 3.0 0.2 0.2 0.9 3.9 35.0 2.3 0.0 29.5 0.2 66.8 38.4 5,527
Highest 57.4 13.6 1.3 0.8 0.1 0.1 2.2 8.9 48.5 9.1 0.0 19.9 0.2 75.2 57.1 5,791
Total 31.9 9.8 18.6 3.6 0.1 0.2 0.8 3.4 25.9 3.2 0.0 32.3 0.2 64.6 29.2 25,074
Note: Results refer to women interviewed with the Woman’s Questionnaire, although data are taken from the Household Questionnaire; thus, answers may not be provided by the woman herself but rather by the respondent to the Household
Questionnaire. Percentages do not sum to 100% because respondents may report more than one type of insurance.
GSIS = Government Service Insurance System
SSS = Social Security System
NHTS-PR = National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction
1
Includes private insurance company, health maintenance organization, and pre-need insurance plan company
42 • Characteristics of Respondents
Table 3.10 Tobacco smoking
Percentage of women age 15-49 who smoke various tobacco products, according to background characteristics,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage who smoke:1
Background Other type of Any type of Number of
characteristic Cigarettes2 tobacco3 tobacco women
Age
15-19 2.4 0.6 2.4 4,897
20-24 5.2 1.2 5.3 4,175
25-29 5.9 1.9 6.0 3,717
30-34 6.5 2.3 6.6 3,243
35-39 5.2 2.0 5.4 3,360
40-44 5.7 2.0 5.9 2,837
45-49 5.1 2.3 5.2 2,845
Maternity status
Pregnant 2.3 0.8 2.3 1,028
Breastfeeding 3.9 1.6 4.0 3,466
Neither pregnant nor breastfeeding 5.3 1.7 5.4 20,580
Residence
Urban 5.8 2.1 5.9 12,252
Rural 4.2 1.2 4.3 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 7.9 3.4 7.9 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 2.7 1.0 3.0 440
I - Ilocos Region 2.9 1.0 2.9 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 4.5 2.5 4.6 802
III - Central Luzon 5.8 2.7 5.9 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 6.1 0.6 6.1 4,016
MIMAROPA Region 1.9 0.6 2.0 621
V - Bicol 4.2 0.3 4.2 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 3.9 1.7 3.9 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 4.1 1.1 4.5 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 3.6 1.4 3.7 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 3.3 0.9 3.4 764
X - Northern Mindanao 3.1 0.4 3.1 998
XI - Davao 4.5 2.5 4.5 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 4.2 1.4 4.4 1,038
XIII - Caraga 4.4 1.9 5.9 648
ARMM 1.6 0.9 1.7 780
Education
No education 4.3 1.8 5.1 200
Grades 1-6 5.9 1.8 6.1 3,245
Grades 7-10 5.9 2.1 5.9 11,558
Grade 11 1.2 0.2 1.3 934
Post-secondary 5.3 1.6 5.4 1,144
College 3.8 1.1 3.9 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.8 1.6 4.9 4,209
Second 4.7 2.0 4.9 4,629
Middle 5.1 1.6 5.2 4,918
Fourth 5.7 1.6 5.9 5,527
Highest 4.6 1.5 4.6 5,791
Total 5.0 1.7 5.1 25,074
1
Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) use
2
Cigarettes include kreteks
3
Includes pipes full of tobacco, cigars, cheroots, cigarillos, and water pipes
Characteristics of Respondents • 43
Table 3.11 Smokeless tobacco use and any tobacco use
44 • Characteristics of Respondents
Table 3.12 Alcohol consumption
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by frequency of alcohol consumption, and among women who drink alcohol every day, average
number of alcoholic drinks they consume each day, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Among women who drink
alcohol every day:
Average
number of
alcoholic
Percentage who drink alcohol:
Background Number of drinks Number of
characteristic Every day Some days Not at all Total women consumed women
Age
15-19 0.1 16.0 83.9 100.0 4,897 * 2
20-24 0.3 30.8 68.9 100.0 4,175 * 13
25-29 0.3 31.9 67.8 100.0 3,717 * 10
30-34 0.3 28.1 71.6 100.0 3,243 * 9
35-39 0.1 28.5 71.4 100.0 3,360 * 5
40-44 0.4 24.2 75.4 100.0 2,837 * 11
45-49 0.5 23.1 76.4 100.0 2,845 * 14
Maternity status
Pregnant 0.1 16.8 83.1 100.0 1,028 * 1
Breastfeeding 0.3 22.6 77.2 100.0 3,466 * 10
Neither pregnant nor breastfeeding 0.3 26.8 72.9 100.0 20,580 2.2 54
Residence
Urban 0.3 30.1 69.6 100.0 12,252 (2.9) 32
Rural 0.3 21.7 78.1 100.0 12,822 (1.7) 33
Region
National Capital Region 0.1 36.9 63.0 100.0 4,400 * 5
Cordillera Admin. Region 0.2 27.0 72.7 100.0 440 * 1
I - Ilocos Region 0.2 14.3 85.4 100.0 1,258 * 3
II - Cagayan Valley 0.7 10.9 88.4 100.0 802 * 6
III - Central Luzon 0.7 18.8 80.6 100.0 2,453 * 17
IVA - CALABARZON 0.2 22.9 76.9 100.0 4,016 * 8
MIMAROPA Region 0.5 26.3 73.3 100.0 621 * 3
V - Bicol 0.2 34.5 65.3 100.0 1,551 * 3
VI - Western Visayas 0.3 14.7 85.0 100.0 1,498 * 4
VII - Central Visayas 0.3 32.1 67.6 100.0 1,607 * 5
VIII - Eastern Visayas 0.3 59.8 40.0 100.0 997 * 2
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 0.2 20.8 79.0 100.0 764 * 2
X - Northern Mindanao 0.1 15.2 84.7 100.0 998 * 1
XI - Davao 0.2 21.7 78.0 100.0 1,203 * 3
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 0.3 14.9 84.8 100.0 1,038 * 3
XIII - Caraga 0.0 48.0 51.9 100.0 648 nc 0
ARMM 0.0 1.1 98.9 100.0 780 nc 0
Education
No education 0.2 12.9 87.0 100.0 200 nc 0
Grades 1-6 0.3 21.6 78.1 100.0 3,245 * 11
Grades 7-10 0.4 23.7 75.9 100.0 11,558 (2.3) 41
Grade 11 0.0 13.2 86.8 100.0 934 nc 0
Post-secondary 0.1 30.4 69.5 100.0 1,144 * 2
College 0.1 31.6 68.2 100.0 7,994 * 11
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.3 18.5 81.2 100.0 4,209 * 12
Second 0.3 22.1 77.6 100.0 4,629 * 13
Middle 0.4 26.5 73.2 100.0 4,918 * 18
Fourth 0.3 29.7 70.0 100.0 5,527 * 17
Highest 0.1 29.7 70.2 100.0 5,791 * 5
Total 0.3 25.8 73.9 100.0 25,074 2.3 65
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25
unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
nc = No cases
Characteristics of Respondents • 45
MARRIAGE AND EXPOSURE TO THE RISK
OF PREGNANCY 4
Key Findings
M
arriage and sexual activity help determine the extent to which women are exposed to the risk of
pregnancy. Thus, they are important determinants of fertility levels. However, the timing and
circumstances of marriage and sexual activity also have other profound consequences for
women’s lives.
Currently married
Women who report being married or living together with a partner as though
married at the time of the survey
Sample: Women age 15-49
Sixty percent of women age 15-49 are currently married (also referred to as currently in a union); that is,
they are either married (42%) or are living together in consensual unions (18%). Thirty-six percent of
women age 15-49 have never been married. Three percent of women are divorced, have had their marriage
annulled, or are separated; 1% are widowed (Figure 4.1).
As expected, the percentage of women who have never been married decreases as age increases
(Table 4.1), dropping from 91% among those age 15-19 to 8% among those age 45-49. Among young
women who are in union, greater percentages are living together with a partner than are formally married,
especially among those age 20-24: 26% of women in this age group are living together as if married and
15% are formally married. By age 25-29, the pattern is reversed (28% are living together with a partner
and 43% are formally married). Taken together, these findings suggest that living together with a partner is
a temporary marital arrangement, one that may lead to a formal marriage or separation.
Never Widowed
married 1%
36%
The median age at first marriage among women age Figure 4.2 Trends in early sexual
25-49 is 22.5 years (Table 4.2). In the Philippines, intercourse and marriage
the legal age of marriage is 18 years, although
Percentage of women age 25-49 who had
marriage before this age is permitted among the first sexual intercourse and were first
indigenous peoples and among Muslims. Only 2% of married by age 18
women age 25-49 report that they were first married
by age 15, and 15% were first married by age 18. By
age 20, 31% of women were married, and by age 25,
65% were married. First sex
20 18 18 19 18 18
Trends: The percentage of women age 25-49 who 19 17 17 16 15 15
had their first marriage by age 18 decreased slightly
First marriage
from 19% in 1993 to 15% in 2013 and remained at
15% in 2017 (Figure 4.2). 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2017
NDS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS
Patterns by background characteristics
Median age at first marriage increases with increasing education Total Urban Rural
and wealth.
Age at first sexual intercourse is another important indicator of the Figure 4.4 Median age at
beginning of a woman’s exposure to the risk of childbearing and is first sex and first marriage
thus a staple in demographic surveys. In the NDHS 2017, women Median age in years among
were asked how old they were when they had sexual intercourse for women age 25-49
the first time. The median age at first sexual intercourse among
women age 25-49 is 21.2 years. Eighteen percent of women age 25- 21.2 22.5
49 engaged in sexual intercourse before age 18 and 56% by age 22.
By age 25, 73% of women have had sexual intercourse (Table 4.5).
Trends: The percentage of women age 25-49 who had sexual intercourse by age 18 decreased slightly
from 20% in 1993 to 18% in 2013 and 2017. Juxtaposing age at first sexual intercourse and age at first
marriage reveals a widening gap between the percentage of women who had sexual intercourse by age 18
and the percentage married by age 18 (Figure 4.2).
In general, the median age at first sexual intercourse is higher among older cohorts of women than
among younger cohorts. For example, the median age at first sexual intercourse among women age 40-
44 is 21.8 years, as compared with 20.4 years among women age 25-29 (Table 4.6).
Women age 25-49 in rural areas begin having sex about a year earlier than women in urban areas. The
median age at first sex is 20.8 years among rural women and 21.6 years among urban women.
By region, the median age at first sexual intercourse among women age 25-49 varies from a low of
20.2 years in Davao to a high of 22.4 years in both NCR and Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR).
Median age at first sex increases by 6 years with increasing educational attainment, rising from 18.1
years among women age 25-49 with no education to 23.9 years among women with a college
education. The largest difference (2.6 years) in median age is between those who have reached grades
7-10 and those with a post-secondary education (20.3 years versus 22.9 years).
Three quarters (73%) of currently married women had sexual intercourse within the 4 weeks before
the survey. In contrast, 77% of women who are divorced, separated, or widowed did not have sexual
intercourse within the year before the survey.
With the exception of women with a marital duration of less than 5 years, the percentage of currently
married women reporting sexual activity within the past 4 weeks declines with marital duration, from
78% among those married 5-9 years to 63% among those married 25 or more years.
The percentage of women who had sexual intercourse in the 4 weeks before the survey is higher
among those in rural areas than those in urban areas (48% versus 41%).
More than half of women in Davao, SOCCSKSARGEN, Northern Mindanao, and Cagayan Valley
reported that their last sexual intercourse occurred within the 4 weeks before the survey. In contrast,
only 36% of women in NCR and 37% of women in CAR reported recent sexual intercourse.
Overall, one out of five (20%) currently married women have ever lived separately from their husband or
partner. Among currently married women who have lived separately from their partner, 44% have lived
separately for a period of 1-11 months in the past 2 years, 13% for a period of 12-23 months, and 9% for
longer than 23 months. Overall, 6% of currently married women report having lived separately from their
husband or partner in the past 2 years because one of them lived abroad (Table 4.8).
The percentage of currently women who have ever lived separately from their husband peaks among
those age 30-39 (22%).
The percentage of currently married women who report having ever lived separately from their
husband is highest in Bicol (35%), followed by Caraga (33%) and Eastern Visayas (31%). Only 8% of
women from ARMM report having ever lived separately from their husband.
Surprisingly, the regions where the highest percentages of currently married women reported that they
had ever lived separately from their husbands do not overlap with the regions where the highest
percentages of women lived separately from their husbands in the past 2 years because one of them
lived overseas. The regions with the highest prevalence of one of the spouses having lived overseas are
The percentage of currently married women who have ever lived separately from their husband
increases with increasing household wealth. Strikingly, only 1% of women in the lowest wealth
quintile report having lived separately from their husband in the past 2 years because one of them lived
overseas, as compared with 15% of women in the highest quintile. Similar patterns are observed with
increasing educational attainment.
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on marriage and the risk of pregnancy, see the following tables:
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by current marital status, according to age, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage of women age 15-49 who were first married by specific exact ages and median age at first marriage, according to current
age, Philippines NDHS 2017
Note: The age at first marriage is defined as the age at which the respondent began living with her first spouse/partner.
na = Not applicable due to censoring
a = Omitted because less than 50% of the women began living with their spouse or partner for the first time before reaching the
beginning of the age group
Median age at first marriage among women by 5-year age groups and median age at first
marriage among women age 25-49, according to background characteristics, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Background Age
characteristic 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 25-49
Residence
Urban 23.2 22.6 23.8 23.6 23.3 23.3
Rural 20.8 21.7 22.2 22.3 22.1 21.8
Region
National Capital Region a 23.8 24.5 23.8 23.6 24.2
Cordillera Admin. Region a 23.0 23.0 22.9 25.7 23.7
I - Ilocos Region 21.9 21.5 21.4 22.9 22.0 22.1
II - Cagayan Valley 20.6 22.9 22.8 22.0 20.6 21.7
III - Central Luzon 21.8 22.5 22.6 22.7 23.2 22.6
IVA - CALABARZON 22.6 22.2 22.7 24.4 22.2 22.6
MIMAROPA Region 20.5 21.3 21.3 22.1 21.7 21.3
V - Bicol 21.9 21.4 22.3 21.8 22.6 21.9
VI - Western Visayas 21.3 21.3 24.1 22.9 22.7 22.0
VII - Central Visayas 22.6 22.7 23.5 22.8 23.7 23.0
VIII - Eastern Visayas 20.3 21.4 21.6 21.4 22.0 21.4
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 20.6 21.1 22.2 22.4 22.0 21.4
X - Northern Mindanao 21.4 21.8 22.5 22.7 23.3 22.1
XI - Davao 20.9 21.0 23.5 22.7 23.1 22.2
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 19.9 21.4 21.8 22.3 21.0 21.0
XIII - Caraga 21.2 22.4 22.1 22.8 22.5 22.0
ARMM 21.1 21.5 20.6 19.3 21.9 20.8
Education
No education (17.0) (20.3) 17.4 19.9 18.1 18.5
Grades 1-6 19.0 19.4 19.5 20.0 20.2 19.6
Grades 7-10 20.3 21.2 21.5 22.0 22.1 21.3
Grade 11 * * nc nc nc nc
Post-secondary 24.0 23.6 23.0 24.6 25.0 23.9
College a 24.6 25.4 26.0 26.1 a
Wealth quintile
Lowest 19.3 20.3 20.2 20.3 20.5 19.9
Second 20.4 20.9 21.4 21.4 20.9 21.0
Middle 21.9 22.1 22.8 22.4 22.6 22.3
Fourth 22.9 23.3 23.4 24.0 23.3 23.4
Highest a 24.5 24.9 25.2 25.0 a
Total 21.9 22.1 22.9 22.9 22.7 22.5
Notes: The age at first marriage is defined as the age at which the respondent began living
with her first spouse/partner. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
nc = No cases
a = Omitted because less than 50% of the women began living with their spouse or partner
for the first time before reaching the beginning of the age group
Percentage of women age 15-49 who had first menstruation (menarche) by specific exact ages and mean age at menarche,
according to current age, Philippines NDHS 2017
Never Number Mean age
Age at menarche men- Don’t of at
Age ≤10 11 12 13 14 ≥15 struated know Total women menarche
15-19 3.9 10.6 29.6 28.4 17.7 9.2 0.4 0.0 100.0 4,897 12.8
20-24 4.2 9.6 26.0 28.1 18.0 13.9 0.1 0.1 100.0 4,175 13.0
25-29 2.9 9.7 27.3 24.4 18.7 16.7 0.2 0.1 100.0 3,717 13.1
30-34 3.6 8.4 26.9 25.8 17.8 16.9 0.1 0.6 100.0 3,243 13.2
35-39 2.7 10.2 28.0 22.8 20.0 16.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 3,360 13.1
40-44 2.1 9.7 22.8 21.3 18.6 25.3 0.1 0.2 100.0 2,837 13.4
45-49 2.3 7.5 21.5 24.1 19.2 25.1 0.2 0.2 100.0 2,845 13.5
Total 3.2 9.5 26.4 25.4 18.5 16.6 0.2 0.2 100.0 25,074 13.1
Percentage of women age 15-49 who had first sexual intercourse by specific exact ages, percentage who never had sexual intercourse, and
median age at first sexual intercourse, according to current age, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage
who never Median age
Percentage who had first sexual intercourse by exact age: had Number of at first
Current age 15 18 20 22 25 intercourse women intercourse
15-19 1.6 na na na na 87.8 4,897 a
20-24 2.4 20.7 40.1 na na 46.6 4,175 a
25-29 2.1 19.8 45.8 61.9 76.3 17.2 3,717 20.4
30-34 2.1 15.8 41.0 59.9 77.4 8.2 3,243 20.8
35-39 2.1 16.8 36.0 53.0 71.9 6.4 3,360 21.6
40-44 2.2 16.5 34.0 51.2 69.7 3.9 2,837 21.8
45-49 2.5 18.8 36.6 54.3 70.8 5.2 2,845 21.5
20-49 2.2 18.2 39.3 na na 16.5 20,177 a
25-49 2.2 17.6 39.1 56.4 73.4 8.6 16,002 21.2
15-24 2.0 na na na na 68.8 9,072 a
Median age at first sexual intercourse among women by 5-year age groups and median
age at first sexual intercourse among women age 25-49, according to background
characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Background Age
characteristic 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 25-49
Residence
Urban 21.0 21.1 21.9 22.3 21.9 21.6
Rural 19.9 20.6 21.4 21.5 21.1 20.8
Region
National Capital Region 22.2 21.9 23.4 21.8 22.4 22.4
Cordillera Admin. Region 22.5 21.8 22.8 23.4 21.9 22.4
I - Ilocos Region 20.5 20.8 20.7 22.3 21.3 21.0
II - Cagayan Valley 19.6 21.4 21.3 21.7 20.5 20.8
III - Central Luzon 20.5 21.1 21.3 21.9 22.4 21.4
IVA - CALABARZON 20.6 20.9 22.0 23.9 21.0 21.5
MIMAROPA Region 19.7 20.6 20.6 21.2 21.0 20.6
V - Bicol 20.8 20.8 21.6 21.3 21.8 21.2
VI - Western Visayas 20.0 20.8 23.4 22.0 22.4 21.4
VII - Central Visayas 20.3 20.7 21.8 21.2 20.6 21.0
VIII - Eastern Visayas 19.8 19.9 21.0 20.3 21.6 20.4
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 19.7 20.7 20.8 22.0 20.7 20.5
X - Northern Mindanao 19.8 20.1 20.2 20.7 21.7 20.3
XI - Davao 19.4 20.0 20.7 21.6 20.2 20.2
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 19.2 20.5 20.8 21.3 20.3 20.3
XIII - Caraga 19.9 20.4 20.6 21.4 20.8 20.5
ARMM 20.7 21.2 20.7 18.9 22.1 20.6
Education
No education (18.1) (19.5) 17.9 19.9 17.5 18.1
Grades 1-6 18.4 18.9 18.9 19.4 19.3 19.0
Grades 7-10 19.5 20.2 20.6 20.8 20.9 20.3
Grade 11 * * nc nc nc *
Post-secondary 22.2 21.8 22.6 23.9 24.0 22.9
College 23.9 22.8 23.8 24.6 24.6 23.9
Wealth quintile
Lowest 18.9 19.6 19.8 20.0 19.5 19.4
Second 19.4 20.1 20.5 20.5 19.9 20.0
Middle 20.6 21.1 21.5 21.6 21.3 21.1
Fourth 21.0 22.0 22.4 22.8 22.0 22.0
Highest 24.8 21.6 23.5 24.0 22.9 23.4
Total 20.4 20.8 21.6 21.8 21.5 21.2
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates
that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
nc = No cases
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by timing of last sexual intercourse, according to background characteristics,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Timing of last sexual intercourse
Within the Never had
Background past 4 Within 1 One or more sexual Number of
characteristic weeks year1 years intercourse Total women
Age
15-19 7.0 3.7 1.6 87.8 100.0 4,897
20-24 32.7 13.7 7.0 46.6 100.0 4,175
25-29 54.8 17.8 10.1 17.2 100.0 3,717
30-34 63.9 17.5 10.4 8.2 100.0 3,243
35-39 63.5 17.5 12.6 6.4 100.0 3,360
40-44 61.5 20.7 13.9 3.9 100.0 2,837
45-49 53.8 23.8 17.1 5.2 100.0 2,845
Marital status
Never married 2.2 4.3 8.5 85.0 100.0 8,971
Married or living together 73.0 21.8 5.2 0.0 100.0 15,016
Divorced/separated/widowed 7.1 16.1 76.7 0.1 100.0 1,086
Marital duration2
0-4 years 70.9 25.5 3.6 0.0 100.0 2,592
5-9 years 78.4 17.3 4.2 0.0 100.0 3,025
10-14 years 74.6 19.1 6.3 0.0 100.0 2,710
15-19 years 72.9 21.1 6.0 0.0 100.0 2,111
20-24 years 71.0 23.4 5.6 0.0 100.0 1,584
25+ years 63.0 28.2 8.9 0.0 100.0 1,380
Married more than once 73.7 22.7 3.6 0.0 100.0 1,614
Residence
Urban 41.2 15.3 10.9 32.6 100.0 12,252
Rural 48.2 15.3 8.2 28.3 100.0 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 36.0 13.4 12.1 38.5 100.0 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 36.5 12.8 11.5 39.1 100.0 440
I - Ilocos Region 39.9 16.4 9.9 33.8 100.0 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 51.2 17.5 7.0 24.4 100.0 802
III - Central Luzon 43.8 15.5 10.3 30.4 100.0 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 44.8 17.2 10.1 27.9 100.0 4,016
MIMAROPA Region 44.1 17.2 9.8 28.9 100.0 621
V - Bicol 43.3 18.1 7.1 31.5 100.0 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 47.0 15.0 9.6 28.5 100.0 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 45.8 15.8 8.4 30.0 100.0 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 48.3 13.3 8.2 30.3 100.0 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 49.6 16.7 8.2 25.6 100.0 764
X - Northern Mindanao 52.7 12.0 10.6 24.7 100.0 998
XI - Davao 55.2 16.6 7.6 20.6 100.0 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 54.1 14.2 7.6 24.0 100.0 1,038
XIII - Caraga 49.8 17.3 7.6 25.3 100.0 648
ARMM 48.4 8.4 5.9 37.3 100.0 780
Education
No education 59.0 14.7 9.9 16.3 100.0 200
Grades 1-6 61.7 16.9 10.4 10.9 100.0 3,245
Grades 7-10 47.8 15.4 8.4 28.4 100.0 11,558
Grade 11 1.7 2.5 0.3 95.5 100.0 934
Post-secondary 46.1 18.6 15.8 19.5 100.0 1,144
College 38.0 15.6 10.9 35.5 100.0 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 56.0 15.2 7.3 21.6 100.0 4,209
Second 50.9 14.9 8.3 25.9 100.0 4,629
Middle 46.0 16.8 9.5 27.7 100.0 4,918
Fourth 41.3 14.1 11.0 33.7 100.0 5,527
Highest 34.0 15.5 10.8 39.6 100.0 5,791
Total 44.8 15.3 9.5 30.4 100.0 25,074
1
Excludes women who had sexual intercourse within the past 4 weeks
2
Excludes women who are not currently married
Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 who have ever lived separately from their husband/partner and percentage who have lived separately from
their husband/partner in the past 2 years because one of them lived overseas, and among currently married women who have ever lived separately from their
husband/partner, percent distribution of the number of months they have lived separately in the past 2 years, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percent-
age of
currently
married
women
who have
Percent- lived
age of separately Number of
currently from their currently
married husband/ Among women who have ever lived separately from their married
women partner in husband/partner, percent distribution of the number of months they women
who have the past 2 have lived separately in the past 2 years who have
ever lived years ever lived
separately because Number of No separately
from their one of currently separation from their
Background husband/ them lived married 1-11 12-23 >23 in past 2 Don’t husband/
characteristic partner overseas women <1 month months months months years know Total partner
Age
15-19 12.0 1.0 419 48.3 45.3 0.4 0.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 50
20-24 17.7 2.6 1,718 22.1 55.4 8.9 4.9 8.7 0.0 100.0 305
25-29 20.0 5.7 2,628 18.7 48.8 15.8 6.7 9.3 0.9 100.0 525
30-34 21.7 7.2 2,663 17.2 45.6 13.5 9.0 14.2 0.5 100.0 578
35-39 21.9 7.1 2,775 22.9 38.8 13.8 8.7 15.8 0.0 100.0 607
40-44 21.0 6.2 2,443 12.2 44.4 10.9 12.7 19.7 0.0 100.0 513
45-49 17.6 4.8 2,372 14.1 31.6 14.8 11.5 27.7 0.3 100.0 418
Region
National Capital Region 15.5 6.5 2,133 20.2 57.7 13.1 5.5 3.5 0.0 100.0 332
Cordillera Admin.
Region 19.8 6.3 222 21.0 39.7 10.0 18.1 11.1 0.0 100.0 44
I - Ilocos Region 12.6 3.8 721 23.0 52.3 8.6 9.2 3.1 3.8 100.0 91
II - Cagayan Valley 16.8 5.6 559 16.0 49.6 7.8 9.5 17.0 0.0 100.0 94
III - Central Luzon 16.4 6.4 1,509 29.2 32.2 15.3 12.0 10.8 0.4 100.0 248
IVA - CALABARZON 18.7 9.3 2,489 16.7 44.3 20.0 10.8 7.8 0.4 100.0 466
MIMAROPA Region 21.7 3.7 398 17.3 45.7 8.1 11.6 17.1 0.2 100.0 87
V - Bicol 35.1 3.5 944 7.3 50.1 16.2 6.6 19.8 0.0 100.0 331
VI - Western Visayas 20.5 5.4 924 11.8 42.1 11.2 8.7 26.2 0.0 100.0 190
VII - Central Visayas 26.1 7.6 939 19.2 44.6 11.6 7.7 17.0 0.0 100.0 245
VIII - Eastern Visayas 30.6 3.8 611 10.0 34.1 11.3 6.2 38.4 0.0 100.0 187
IX - Zamboanga
Peninsula 23.8 4.5 513 18.5 39.7 12.0 6.7 23.1 0.0 100.0 122
X - Northern Mindanao 14.3 3.5 634 15.8 47.3 10.2 12.7 14.1 0.0 100.0 91
XI - Davao 17.9 3.2 822 17.7 29.4 8.5 11.8 32.7 0.0 100.0 147
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 20.0 3.6 719 32.2 32.8 8.7 10.5 14.7 1.1 100.0 144
XIII - Caraga 33.0 3.8 425 29.0 46.2 8.5 5.6 10.4 0.2 100.0 140
ARMM 8.2 1.8 453 26.7 33.3 8.0 11.8 19.6 0.6 100.0 37
Education
No education 11.8 0.2 156 (29.6) (39.6) (1.5) (12.7) (16.6) (0.0) 100.0 18
Grades 1-6 13.6 1.0 2,633 19.8 37.9 4.9 9.5 27.8 0.1 100.0 357
Grades 7-10 18.7 3.9 7,277 19.7 43.9 11.8 7.7 16.4 0.5 100.0 1,361
Grade 11 (14.2) (0.0) 24 * * * * * * 100.0 3
Post-secondary 25.0 9.7 742 12.7 41.7 15.9 12.7 16.8 0.1 100.0 185
College 25.6 11.2 4,185 16.8 45.6 17.0 9.6 11.0 0.2 100.0 1,071
Wealth quintile
Lowest 16.3 0.9 3,038 22.2 44.4 6.5 6.3 20.5 0.0 100.0 496
Second 18.4 2.1 3,034 21.2 41.8 8.7 7.6 20.7 0.1 100.0 557
Middle 18.6 4.0 3,028 17.9 47.3 8.8 9.1 15.7 1.3 100.0 563
Fourth 18.8 6.9 3,089 17.2 36.4 19.2 10.2 16.9 0.2 100.0 580
Highest 28.3 15.1 2,828 15.1 47.0 18.5 10.5 8.8 0.0 100.0 801
Total 20.0 5.7 15,016 18.3 43.6 13.0 8.9 15.8 0.3 100.0 2,996
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
T
he number of children that a woman bears depends on many factors, including the age she begins
childbearing, how long she waits between births, and her fecundity. Postponing first births and
extending the interval between births have played a role in reducing fertility levels in many
countries. These factors also have positive health consequences. In contrast, short birth intervals (of less
than 24 months) can lead to harmful outcomes for both newborns and their mothers, such as preterm birth,
low birth weight, and death. Childbearing at a very young age is associated with an increased risk of
complications during pregnancy and childbirth and higher rates of neonatal mortality.
This chapter describes the current level of fertility in the Philippines and some of its proximate
determinants. It presents information on the total fertility rate, birth intervals, insusceptibility to pregnancy
(due to postpartum amenorrhea, postpartum abstinence, or menopause), age at first birth, and teenage
childbearing.
The total fertility rate (TFR) is 2.7 children per woman for the 3-year period preceding the survey. Fertility
is higher in rural areas (2.9 children per woman) than in urban areas (2.4 children per woman) (Table 5.1).
Age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) peak at age 25-29 and fall sharply after age 35-39. Four percent of
women reported that they were pregnant at the time of the survey (Table 5.2).
Fertility • 57
Trends: As shown in Figure 5.1, the TFR declined Figure 5.1 Trends in fertility by
steadily from 4.1 children per woman in 1993 to 2.7 residence
in 2017. The TFR among women in rural areas TFR for the 3 years before each survey
dropped from 4.8 in 1993 to 2.9 in 2017. Among
women in urban areas, the TFR decreased from 3.5
Rural
to 2.4 over the same period. As a result of these 4.8 4.7
trends, urban-rural differences in fertility are now 4.3
Total
smaller in both absolute and relative terms. 4.1 3.8
3.7 3.5 3.5
3.3 2.9
With the exception of women age 15-19, fertility has 3.5 3.0
Urban 3.0 3.0 2.7
generally been declining in all age groups. For 2.8 2.6 2.4
example, the ASFR for women age 25-29 declined
from 189 births per 1,000 women in the 15-19 years
preceding the survey to 143 births per 1,000 women
in the 0-4 year period before the survey (Table 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2017
5.3.1). Information on trends in age-specific and NDS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS
total fertility rates across six NDHS surveys is
presented in Table 5.3.2.
4.3
3.2
2.6
2.1
1.7 5.2 CHILDREN EVER BORN AND LIVING
By collecting complete live-birth histories, the NDHS
2017 allows an estimation of the number of children
Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest
ever born to women of reproductive age and the
number of children living at the time of the survey.
Poorest Wealthiest
58 • Fertility
Overall, women age 15-49 have an average of 1.8 children, nearly all of whom are still alive (Table 5.4).
Currently married women age 15-49 have an average of 2.7 children.
Among women overall, the average number of children ever born increases from 0.1 among those age 15-
19 to 3.6 among those age 45-49. Among currently married women in the corresponding age groups, the
average number of children rises from 0.8 to 3.9.
Research has shown that children born too soon after a previous birth (within 24 months) are at greater risk
of illness and death than those born after a longer interval. In the Philippines, the median interval between
births is 36.8 months (Table 5.5). One in four non-first births (25%) occurred less than 24 months after the
preceding birth.
Trends: The median birth interval has steadily increased since the early 1990s, from 28.1 months in 1993
to 33.2 months in 2008 and 36.8 months in 2017.
Median birth intervals increase with age, from 30.0 months among women in their 20s to 43.4 months
among women in their 30s and 50.7 months among women in their 40s.
Birth intervals are on average 10 months shorter if the child from the previous birth is no longer alive
than if the child is still alive at the time of the survey. Note that survival status in Table 5.5 refers to
the status at the time of the survey as opposed to the time the index child was born.
Median birth intervals decrease with increasing birth order, from 38.3 months for second- and third-
order births to 31.9 months for seventh- and higher-order births.
By region, the median birth interval ranges from a low of 28.5 months in the Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) to a high of 44.2 months in Cagayan Valley.
Women in the lowest wealth quintile have the shortest median birth interval, 31.2 months, while
women in the highest quintile have a much longer median birth interval of 52.6 months.
Postpartum amenorrhea
The period of time after the birth of a child and before the resumption of
menstruation.
Postpartum abstinence
The period of time after the birth of a child and before the resumption of sexual
intercourse.
Postpartum insusceptibility
The period of time during which a woman is considered not at risk of
pregnancy because she is postpartum amenorrheic and/or abstaining from
sexual intercourse postpartum.
Fertility • 59
Median duration of postpartum amenorrhea
Calculated as the number of months after childbirth by which time half of
women have begun menstruating.
Sample: Women who gave birth in the 3 years before the survey
Overall, 29% of women who gave birth in the 3 years preceding the survey are insusceptible to pregnancy
because they are amenorrheic (18%) and/or because they are abstaining (19%) (Table 5.6). Women are
amenorrheic for a median of 3.9 months and abstain from sexual intercourse for a median of 3.2 months;
the median period of insusceptibility is 6.1 months.
Trends: The median duration of postpartum amenorrhea fell from 5.5 months in 1993 to 3.9 months in
2017, while the median duration of abstinence increased over this same time period from 2.3 months to 3.2
months. The median duration of postpartum insusceptibility declined from 6.4 months in 1993 to 5.5
months in 2008 before climbing to 5.7 months in 2013 and 6.1 months in 2017.
The median duration of postpartum insusceptibility is longer among women age 15-29 than women
age 30-49 (6.4 months versus 5.0 months) (Table 5.7).
The duration of insusceptibility is longest among women in the lowest wealth quintile (6.9 months)
and shortest among women in the highest wealth quintile (4.0 months).
Menopause
Women are considered to have reached menopause if they are neither
pregnant nor postpartum amenorrheic and have not had a menstrual period in
the 6 months before the survey, if they report being menopausal or having had
a hysterectomy, or if they have never menstruated.
Sample: Women age 30-49
After age 30, women’s susceptibility to pregnancy declines as increasing percentages of women become
infecund. Although the onset of infecundity is difficult to determine, one indicator of infecundity is
menopause. Seven percent of women age 30-49 are considered to be menopausal (Table 5.8). The
percentage of women who are menopausal increases with age, from 2% among those age 30-34 to 29%
among those age 48-49.
The median age at first birth among women age 25-49 is 23.5 years (Table 5.9). This value is identical to
that obtained in the 2013.
60 • Fertility
Patterns by background characteristics Figure 5.4 Median age at first birth by
residence
On average, women in urban areas have their
Median age in years among women
first birth 1.5 years later than their rural age 25-49
counterparts (24.3 years versus 22.8 years)
(Figure 5.4). 24.3
23.5 22.8
Median age at first birth rises with increasing
education and wealth (Table 5.10).
Early childbearing
Percentage of women age 15-19 and age 15-24 who have given birth or are
pregnant with their first child
Sample: Women age 15-19 and women age 15-24
In the Philippines, 9% of teenage women age 15-19 Figure 5.5 Teenage pregnancy and
have begun childbearing; 7% have had a live birth, motherhood by region
and 2% are pregnant with their first child (Table Percentage of women age 15-19 who have begun
5.11). Two percent of teenage women had sexual childbearing
intercourse before age 15 (Table 5.12).
Fertility • 61
Childbearing among women age 15-19 and age Figure 5.6 Teenage and youth
15-24 generally declines with increasing wealth pregnancy and motherhood by
(Figure 5.6). household wealth
Percentage of women age 15-19 and age
15-24 who have begun childbearing
39
29 29
20
15 11 12
10
5 3
For more information on fertility levels and some of the determinants of fertility, see the following tables:
62 • Fertility
Table 5.1 Current fertility
Age-specific and total fertility rates, general fertility rate,
and crude birth rate for the 3 years preceding the
survey, by residence, Philippines NDHS 2017
Residence
Age group Urban Rural Total
10-14 [0] [0] [0]
15-19 40 53 47
20-24 114 149 131
25-29 121 149 135
30-34 108 119 114
35-39 71 79 75
40-44 23 34 29
45-49 [3] [2] [2]
TFR (15-49) 2.4 2.9 2.7
GFR 81 97 89
CBR 18.4 18.7 18.6
Note: Total fertility rates are for the period 1-36 months preceding the interview.
nc = No cases
Fertility • 63
Table 5.3.1 Trends in age-specific fertility rates
Age-specific fertility rates for 5-year periods preceding the survey, according to
age group, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of years preceding survey
Age group 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19
10-14 [1] 1 1 1
15-19 53 68 54 48
20-24 138 175 171 167
25-29 143 165 183 189
30-34 114 128 139 [167]
35-39 77 88 [101]
40-44 29 [45]
45-49 [3]
Notes: Age-specific fertility rates are per 1,000 women. Estimates in brackets are
truncated. Rates exclude the month of interview. For the 0-4 year period, rates
for the 10-14 age group are based on retrospective data from women age 15-19.
Age-specific and total fertility rates (TFR) for the 3-year period preceding several
surveys, according to mother’s age at the time of the birth, Philippines NDHS 2017
NDS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS
Mother’s age at birth 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2017
15-19 50 46 53 54 57 47
20-24 190 177 178 163 148 131
25-29 217 210 191 172 146 135
30-34 181 155 142 136 127 114
35-39 120 111 95 84 84 75
40-44 51 40 43 38 37 29
45-49 [8] [7] [5] [6] [7] [2]
TFR (15-49) 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.0 2.7
Notes: Age-specific fertility rates are per 1,000 women. Rates for the 45-49 age group
may be slightly biased due to truncation and are therefore displayed in brackets.
Percent distribution of all women and currently married women age 15-49 by number of children ever born, mean number of children ever born,
and mean number of living children, according to age group, Philippines NDHS 2017
Mean
number
of Mean
Number children number
Number of children ever born of ever of living
Age group 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+ Total women born children
ALL WOMEN
15-19 93.0 5.9 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 4,897 0.08 0.08
20-24 59.4 23.8 12.6 3.2 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 4,175 0.63 0.61
25-29 29.6 25.4 24.7 13.6 4.7 1.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 3,717 1.45 1.41
30-34 15.2 18.4 27.7 19.5 10.8 4.6 2.5 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.0 100.0 3,243 2.23 2.16
35-39 12.6 13.0 25.5 20.1 12.1 7.5 4.0 2.4 1.5 0.7 0.5 100.0 3,360 2.74 2.67
40-44 8.9 10.3 19.2 23.8 13.7 10.5 5.8 3.4 1.9 1.3 1.3 100.0 2,837 3.27 3.15
45-49 9.8 8.9 17.3 19.9 14.5 10.6 7.0 4.9 2.6 2.2 2.4 100.0 2,845 3.57 3.43
Total 38.2 15.2 17.1 12.7 7.0 4.2 2.4 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.5 100.0 25,074 1.77 1.71
CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN
15-19 32.9 55.1 10.4 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 419 0.81 0.79
20-24 14.9 47.1 28.2 7.4 2.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1,718 1.35 1.32
25-29 10.0 30.4 32.2 18.2 6.6 1.8 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 2,628 1.90 1.84
30-34 6.3 18.2 30.9 22.2 12.5 5.5 2.9 1.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 100.0 2,663 2.53 2.45
35-39 4.8 12.0 28.3 22.3 13.8 8.5 4.7 2.8 1.5 0.8 0.6 100.0 2,775 3.06 2.97
40-44 4.2 9.6 20.4 25.4 14.5 11.4 5.7 3.7 2.2 1.5 1.4 100.0 2,443 3.48 3.36
45-49 4.2 8.6 18.1 21.2 15.8 10.8 7.7 5.4 3.0 2.4 2.7 100.0 2,372 3.86 3.71
Total 7.7 20.6 26.0 19.6 11.0 6.5 3.6 2.2 1.2 0.8 0.8 100.0 15,016 2.70 2.61
64 • Fertility
Table 5.5 Birth intervals
Percent distribution of non-first births in the 5 years preceding the survey by number of months since preceding birth, and median number of
months since preceding birth, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Median
number of
months
Number of since
Background Months since preceding birth non-first preceding
characteristic 7-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 60+ Total births birth
Mother’s age
15-19 29.9 28.9 27.0 11.8 2.4 0.0 100.0 52 22.7
20-29 15.0 19.0 28.7 15.7 9.6 12.0 100.0 2,652 30.0
30-39 8.4 10.8 22.3 13.5 10.8 34.2 100.0 3,225 43.4
40-49 5.6 8.0 19.5 12.9 10.1 44.0 100.0 894 50.7
Sex of preceding birth
Male 10.6 13.6 23.5 14.4 10.3 27.6 100.0 3,628 37.4
Female 10.9 13.9 25.5 14.1 10.0 25.6 100.0 3,195 35.8
Survival of preceding birth
Living 10.3 13.6 24.5 14.3 10.2 27.1 100.0 6,629 37.2
Dead 26.3 18.3 22.0 13.6 8.3 11.6 100.0 194 27.1
Birth order
2-3 11.4 14.1 21.6 13.9 10.6 28.4 100.0 4,413 38.3
4-6 8.9 12.6 29.3 15.0 9.0 25.2 100.0 1,910 35.5
7+ 12.2 15.0 31.1 14.8 10.7 16.1 100.0 501 31.9
Residence
Urban 11.7 13.0 23.2 13.9 10.5 27.7 100.0 2,906 37.4
Rural 10.1 14.3 25.4 14.5 9.9 25.8 100.0 3,917 36.2
Region
National Capital Region 10.8 10.8 22.7 12.6 12.3 30.8 100.0 788 42.5
Cordillera Admin. Region 8.4 14.7 27.4 13.9 8.8 26.8 100.0 104 35.4
I - Ilocos Region 9.5 18.9 14.1 12.8 12.4 32.2 100.0 297 43.0
II - Cagayan Valley 8.0 11.1 19.2 17.2 13.3 31.1 100.0 249 44.2
III - Central Luzon 12.0 13.5 18.4 15.1 9.6 31.4 100.0 588 40.0
IVA - CALABARZON 10.2 9.1 24.5 12.3 11.5 32.4 100.0 1,062 41.9
MIMAROPA Region 6.1 15.0 25.4 15.7 12.9 25.0 100.0 191 38.8
V - Bicol 11.4 14.8 27.2 15.2 9.0 22.4 100.0 493 33.9
VI - Western Visayas 9.9 12.2 30.8 13.6 7.6 25.9 100.0 476 33.5
VII - Central Visayas 8.9 14.8 24.2 17.5 10.1 24.5 100.0 375 37.6
VIII - Eastern Visayas 10.2 15.1 25.2 15.9 9.9 23.7 100.0 347 35.7
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 13.7 18.8 25.0 15.5 9.5 17.5 100.0 302 33.0
X - Northern Mindanao 12.2 15.3 28.7 14.6 7.6 21.5 100.0 328 32.5
XI - Davao 10.0 14.8 26.5 11.6 9.4 27.7 100.0 330 35.3
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 10.9 16.7 27.4 14.0 8.5 22.5 100.0 386 33.1
XIII - Caraga 11.6 15.9 24.3 14.5 10.7 23.0 100.0 234 35.1
ARMM 16.4 19.9 28.1 17.2 6.6 11.8 100.0 272 28.5
Mother’s education
No education 19.3 12.6 31.5 8.0 11.7 16.9 100.0 102 30.5
Grades 1-6 12.4 15.7 29.6 14.3 8.4 19.6 100.0 1,464 31.7
Grades 7-10 10.9 13.4 25.5 14.1 11.0 25.1 100.0 3,482 36.1
Grade 11 * * * * * * 100.0 1 *
Post-secondary 6.1 20.4 17.5 12.9 12.5 30.6 100.0 274 41.4
College 8.9 11.7 17.8 15.3 9.4 37.0 100.0 1,499 43.9
Wealth quintile
Lowest 12.4 17.9 29.6 15.1 9.0 16.0 100.0 2,172 31.2
Second 9.0 13.5 26.4 13.9 10.7 26.4 100.0 1,594 36.9
Middle 14.0 11.7 22.7 13.0 11.0 27.6 100.0 1,220 37.3
Fourth 8.6 12.2 18.6 14.5 11.4 34.7 100.0 1,020 44.7
Highest 7.6 8.2 16.8 14.4 9.4 43.6 100.0 816 52.6
Total 10.7 13.8 24.5 14.3 10.2 26.6 100.0 6,823 36.8
Notes: First-order births are excluded. The interval for multiple births is the number of months since the preceding pregnancy that ended in a live
birth. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Fertility • 65
Table 5.6 Postpartum amenorrhea, abstinence, and insusceptibility
Percentage of births in the 3 years preceding the survey for which mothers are postpartum
amenorrheic, abstaining, and insusceptible, by number of months since birth, and median
and mean durations, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage of births for which the mother is: Number of
Months since birth Amenorrheic Abstaining Insusceptible1 births
<2 84.0 86.6 96.9 299
2-3 51.2 43.2 69.5 314
4-5 37.3 26.0 51.9 283
6-7 33.9 19.7 46.4 288
8-9 21.4 21.9 35.8 322
10-11 25.8 19.7 39.0 390
12-13 12.1 16.2 26.4 317
14-15 10.0 15.7 22.4 350
16-17 5.6 9.9 12.5 306
18-19 6.8 19.7 22.9 289
20-21 9.8 13.6 19.0 349
22-23 6.8 8.7 13.0 337
24-25 2.6 11.6 12.6 317
26-27 4.4 7.5 9.2 322
28-29 2.4 9.7 10.5 273
30-31 3.2 6.5 8.1 271
32-33 3.2 5.1 7.2 327
34-35 7.5 11.9 16.0 357
Total 18.0 19.4 28.6 5,711
Median 3.9 3.2 6.1 na
Mean 7.6 8.1 11.4 na
66 • Fertility
Table 5.7 Median duration of amenorrhea, postpartum abstinence, and
postpartum insusceptibility
Median number of months of postpartum amenorrhea, postpartum abstinence, and
postpartum insusceptibility following births in the 3 years preceding the survey,
according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Background Postpartum Postpartum Postpartum
characteristic amenorrhea abstinence insusceptibility1
Mother’s age
15-29 4.2 3.4 6.4
30-49 3.7 2.9 5.0
Residence
Urban 3.5 3.1 5.9
Rural 4.3 3.3 6.2
Region
National Capital Region * 3.7 6.6
Cordillera Admin. Region 6.3 7.3 10.0
I - Ilocos Region (3.5) (4.2) (5.6)
II - Cagayan Valley (4.9) (4.3) (6.6)
III - Central Luzon 3.6 3.8 6.0
IVA - CALABARZON * * 3.4
MIMAROPA Region * (5.4) (6.1)
V - Bicol 5.0 4.9 10.6
VI - Western Visayas 4.1 * 6.1
VII - Central Visayas (5.1) * (5.4)
VIII - Eastern Visayas 4.9 * 9.8
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula (5.6) * (6.0)
X - Northern Mindanao 5.0 * 6.3
XI - Davao 3.4 * 7.1
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 6.8 3.3 8.1
XIII - Caraga (5.1) (3.3) (6.8)
ARMM 4.6 3.1 6.2
Education
No education * (4.5) *
Grades 1-6 6.1 2.7 6.8
Grades 7-10 3.7 3.3 5.7
Grade 11 * * *
Post-secondary * (3.3) (4.2)
College 3.5 3.4 6.3
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.7 3.0 6.9
Second 4.3 2.9 6.7
Middle 3.7 3.3 6.2
Fourth (2.7) 4.2 6.1
Highest 3.1 (2.9) 4.0
Total 3.9 3.2 6.1
Notes: Medians are based on status at the time of the survey (current status).
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates
that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Includes births for which mothers are either still amenorrheic or still abstaining (or
both) following birth
1
Percentage of women (1) who are not pregnant, (2) who
have had a birth in the past 5 years and are not postpartum
amenorrheic, and (3) for whom one of the following
additional conditions applies: (a) their last menstrual period
occurred 6 or more months preceding the survey, (b) they
declared that they are in menopause or have had a
hysterectomy, or (c) they have never menstruated
Fertility • 67
Table 5.9 Age at first birth
Percentage of women age 15-49 who gave birth by exact ages, percentage who have never given birth, and median age at first birth,
according to current age, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage
who have
Percentage who gave birth by exact age never given Number of Median age
Current age 15 18 20 22 25 birth women at first birth
15-19 0.3 na na na na 93.0 4,897 a
20-24 0.4 10.5 23.8 na na 59.4 4,175 a
25-29 0.5 7.9 26.5 44.9 61.7 29.6 3,717 22.8
30-34 0.3 6.9 20.6 41.7 64.0 15.2 3,243 23.0
35-39 0.5 7.4 17.9 36.8 58.7 12.6 3,360 23.8
40-44 0.5 6.7 19.4 35.3 57.8 8.9 2,837 24.1
45-49 0.5 8.0 20.7 36.2 57.0 9.8 2,845 23.8
18-24 0.4 9.8 na na na 67.3 6,014 a
20-49 0.5 8.0 21.8 na na 24.9 20,177 a
25-49 0.5 7.4 21.2 39.3 60.0 15.9 16,002 23.5
Median age at first birth among women by 5-year age groups and median age at first birth
among women age 25-49, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Background Age
characteristic 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 25-49
Residence
Urban 24.1 23.7 24.5 24.7 24.4 24.3
Rural 21.7 22.5 23.3 23.3 23.3 22.8
Region
National Capital Region a 25.1 25.3 24.7 25.4 a
Cordillera Admin. Region a 23.1 23.9 24.4 24.6 24.1
I - Ilocos Region 22.5 22.9 22.6 24.3 23.3 23.1
II - Cagayan Valley 21.4 23.6 23.7 22.8 21.6 22.6
III - Central Luzon 22.6 24.0 23.2 24.0 24.5 23.7
IVA - CALABARZON 23.5 23.3 23.9 25.8 23.2 23.9
MIMAROPA Region 21.7 22.0 22.1 23.0 22.9 22.3
V - Bicol 22.6 22.4 23.3 23.1 23.4 22.9
VI - Western Visayas 21.8 22.3 25.3 23.8 24.0 23.3
VII - Central Visayas 22.9 23.1 24.1 23.0 23.2 23.2
VIII - Eastern Visayas 21.3 21.7 22.9 22.5 23.7 22.3
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 21.2 22.5 23.2 23.3 22.7 22.4
X - Northern Mindanao 22.0 22.9 23.0 23.4 24.3 22.8
XI - Davao 22.0 21.6 23.0 23.9 23.5 22.6
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 20.8 22.0 22.3 22.4 22.5 21.9
XIII - Caraga 22.2 22.7 23.4 23.3 23.6 22.9
ARMM 22.7 22.4 22.2 21.1 23.6 22.4
Education
No education (19.0) (21.1) 19.1 21.8 20.5 20.4
Grades 1-6 20.0 20.7 20.8 21.4 21.5 20.9
Grades 7-10 21.2 22.0 22.5 23.0 22.9 22.2
Grade 11 * * nc nc nc *
Post-secondary a 24.8 23.9 25.5 25.8 24.9
College a 25.7 26.6 27.4 27.0 a
Wealth quintile
Lowest 20.3 21.1 21.4 22.0 21.7 21.1
Second 21.3 21.7 22.3 22.3 22.0 21.9
Middle 22.9 23.3 23.7 23.9 23.7 23.4
Fourth 24.1 24.5 24.2 24.7 24.4 24.4
Highest a 25.6 25.8 26.4 26.0 a
Total 22.8 23.0 23.8 24.1 23.8 23.5
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates
that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
nc = No cases
a = Omitted because less than 50% of women had a birth before reaching the beginning of
the age group
68 • Fertility
Table 5.11 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood
Percentage of women age 15-19 who have had a live birth or who are pregnant with their first child, and percentage
who have begun childbearing, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage of women age 15-19 who: Percentage who
Background Are pregnant with have begun Number of
characteristic Have had a live birth first child childbearing women
Age
15-17 2.3 0.9 3.2 3,058
15 0.2 0.2 0.5 925
16 2.6 1.2 3.7 965
17 3.6 1.3 4.9 1,168
18 9.0 3.8 12.8 944
19 20.8 1.6 22.4 895
Residence
Urban 5.9 0.9 6.8 2,276
Rural 7.9 2.2 10.1 2,621
Region
National Capital Region 4.6 1.0 5.6 806
Cordillera Admin. Region 2.8 0.7 3.5 98
I - Ilocos Region 9.8 3.4 13.2 302
II - Cagayan Valley 5.4 2.3 7.8 160
III - Central Luzon 7.5 1.4 8.9 485
IVA - CALABARZON 7.1 2.1 9.2 576
MIMAROPA Region 7.8 2.4 10.3 131
V - Bicol 4.0 0.4 4.4 384
VI - Western Visayas 4.9 0.5 5.3 326
VII - Central Visayas 6.3 1.1 7.4 339
VIII - Eastern Visayas 5.1 1.8 6.9 227
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 6.8 0.6 7.5 143
X - Northern Mindanao 11.6 3.1 14.7 181
XI - Davao 15.9 2.1 17.9 233
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 11.8 2.7 14.5 198
XIII - Caraga 5.7 2.5 8.2 137
ARMM 6.8 1.7 8.5 174
Education
No education * * * 7
Grades 1-6 26.2 5.6 31.8 307
Grades 7-10 7.4 1.7 9.1 2,893
Grade 11 1.7 0.9 2.6 902
Post-secondary (4.8) (0.0) (4.8) 45
College 4.0 0.4 4.4 743
Wealth quintile
Lowest 12.0 2.8 14.8 870
Second 8.2 1.7 9.9 1,006
Middle 9.1 2.1 11.1 946
Fourth 3.6 1.3 5.0 1,082
Highest 2.9 0.3 3.2 993
Total 15-19 7.0 1.6 8.6 4,897
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on 25
unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Among women age 15-19, percentage who initiated sexual intercourse, were married, and had a live birth before age 15,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Had sexual
intercourse before Married before Had a live birth Number of
age 15 age 15 before age 15 women
Total 15-19 1.6 1.1 0.3 4,897
Fertility • 69
Table 5.13 Early pregnancy and motherhood
Percentage of women age 15-24 who have had a live birth or who are pregnant with their first child, and percentage who
have begun childbearing, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage of women age 15-24 who: Percentage who
Background Are pregnant with have begun Number of
characteristic Have had a live birth first child childbearing women
Age
15-19 7.0 1.6 8.6 4,897
15 0.2 0.2 0.5 925
16 2.6 1.2 3.7 965
17 3.6 1.3 4.9 1,168
18 9.0 3.8 12.8 944
19 20.8 1.6 22.4 895
20-24 40.6 3.1 43.6 4,175
20 24.8 4.4 29.2 887
21 29.7 2.9 32.6 817
22 43.5 1.8 45.3 868
23 51.3 3.1 54.4 750
24 55.1 3.1 58.1 852
Residence
Urban 19.7 2.1 21.8 4,446
Rural 25.0 2.5 27.5 4,626
Region
National Capital Region 14.7 2.1 16.8 1,646
Cordillera Admin. Region 14.3 2.4 16.6 186
I - Ilocos Region 21.6 3.2 24.8 496
II - Cagayan Valley 30.5 2.1 32.6 292
III - Central Luzon 25.3 1.9 27.2 874
IVA - CALABARZON 24.4 2.3 26.7 1,316
MIMAROPA Region 22.9 2.1 25.1 231
V - Bicol 21.3 2.0 23.3 623
VI - Western Visayas 19.5 1.9 21.4 530
VII - Central Visayas 20.3 1.7 22.0 577
VIII - Eastern Visayas 21.1 2.4 23.5 393
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 23.8 0.7 24.5 252
X - Northern Mindanao 30.6 4.0 34.6 348
XI - Davao 30.9 4.4 35.3 397
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 32.8 2.1 34.9 363
XIII - Caraga 26.7 2.3 29.0 232
ARMM 21.3 2.2 23.5 318
Education
No education 34.1 1.7 35.8 29
Grades 1-6 51.7 3.4 55.1 630
Grades 7-10 27.2 2.2 29.5 4,451
Grade 11 1.8 0.9 2.7 932
Post-secondary 34.9 0.9 35.8 252
College 13.8 2.7 16.5 2,778
Wealth quintile
Lowest 36.6 2.4 39.0 1,522
Second 26.1 2.7 28.8 1,673
Middle 25.6 3.3 28.9 1,801
Fourth 17.9 1.9 19.8 2,046
Highest 10.5 1.3 11.8 2,030
Total 15-24 22.4 2.3 24.7 9,072
70 • Fertility
FERTILITY PREFERENCES 6
Key Findings
I
nformation on fertility preferences can help family planning program planners assess the desire for
children, the extent of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies, and the demand for contraception to space
or limit births. This information may suggest the direction that fertility patterns will take in the future.
This chapter presents information on whether and when married women want more children, ideal family
size, whether the last birth was wanted, and the theoretical fertility rate if all unwanted births were
prevented.
Most currently married women age 15-49 (60%) want no more children (including women who are
sterilized or whose husbands are sterilized). Fifteen percent want to have another child soon (within the
next 2 years), and another 15% want to wait at least 2 years before having another child. In addition, 1% of
Fertility Preferences • 71
currently married women want another child but are undecided on the timing, and 6% are undecided about
having more children (Table 6.1).
Trends: The overall percentage of currently women Figure 6.1 Desire to limit childbearing by
who want no more children has declined slightly number of living children
over time, from 63% in 1993 to 60% in 2017. Percentage of currently married women
age 15-49 who want no more children
Patterns by background characteristics
86 90 91
81
The desire to limit childbearing increases as the
number of living children increases. The 60
percentage of currently married women who
want no more children rises from 22% among
those with one child to 91% among those with 22
six or more children (Figure 6.1). 5
The percentage of currently married women who want no more children is slightly higher among those
in rural areas (62%) than among those in urban areas (58%) (Table 6.3).
By region, the percentage of women who want no more children ranges from 28% in the Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) to 70% in MIMAROPA Region.
If women could choose their family size, they would prefer to have 2.7 children on average. Forty-two
percent of women consider two children as the ideal family size, 28% prefer three children, 14% prefer
four children, and 7% prefer five or more children (Table 6.4). Mean ideal family size is slightly higher
among currently married women (3.0 children).
Trends: The mean ideal number of children among women age 15-49 decreased from 3.2 in 1993 and
1998 to 2.7 in 2017.
As the number of living children increases, the mean ideal number of children also increases. For
example, women who have only one child consider 2.4 children to be ideal on average. In contrast,
women who have six or more children consider 4.2 children to be ideal (Figure 6.2).
The mean ideal number of children increases as women’s age increases, rising from 2.2 children
among women age 15-19 to 3.2 children among women age 45-49 (Table 6.5).
72 • Fertility Preferences
Mean ideal family size differs only slightly by Figure 6.2 Ideal family size by number of
residence (2.8 children among rural women and living children
2.6 children among urban women). Conversely, Mean ideal number of children among
ideal family size varies widely by region. women age 15-49
Women in ARMM want 4.2 children, while
women in Central Luzon and CALABARZON 4.2
want 2.5 children. 3.5 3.7
3.1
2.7
Women in the poorest households want more 2.3 2.4
children than those in wealthier households. The
mean ideal number of children is 3.2 among
women in the lowest wealth quintile, as
compared with 2.6 among women in the fourth
and highest quintiles. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+
Number of living children
6.3 FERTILITY PLANNING STATUS
According to mothers’ reports, 73% of births were Figure 6.3 Fertility planning status
wanted at the time of conception, while 16% were
Percent distribution of births to women
mistimed (that is, wanted at a later time). Eleven age 15-49 in the 5 years preceding the
percent were not wanted at all (Figure 6.3). survey (including current pregnancies) by
planning status of births
Trends: The percentage of births wanted at the time
of conception changed little between 1993 and 2003 Unwanted
11%
(54%-56%). However, the percentage rose from
63% in 2008 to 73% in 2017.
Wanted
Patterns by background characteristics then
Mistimed
16% 73%
Higher-order births are more likely to be
unwanted than lower-order births. Two percent
of first births were unwanted, as compared with
26% of fourth- and higher-order births
(Table 6.6).
Women below age 20 are most likely to have mistimed births (26%) and least likely to have unwanted
births (3%).
Fertility Preferences • 73
6.4 WANTED FERTILITY RATES
Unwanted birth
Any birth in excess of the number of children a woman reported as
her ideal number.
Wanted birth
Any birth fewer than or equal to the number of children a woman
reported as her ideal number.
Wanted fertility rate
The average number of children a woman would have by the end of
her childbearing years if she bore children at the current age-
specific fertility rates, excluding unwanted births.
Sample: Women age 15-49
Wanted fertility rates reflect the Figure 6.4 Trends in wanted and actual fertility
level of fertility that would result if
Wanted and actual number of children
all unwanted births were prevented. per woman
The wanted fertility rate in the
Philippines is 2.0 children, as 4.1
3.7 3.5
compared with the actual total 1.2 3.3
1.0 3.0 TFR
fertility rate of 2.7 children (Table 1.0 2.7
0.9
6.7). This implies that if all 0.8
0.7 Difference
unwanted births could be
2.9 2.7
eliminated, the TFR would drop to 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.0
Total
wanted
2.0 children per woman, slightly fertility
below the “replacement fertility”
level of 2.1 children. 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2017
NDS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS
Trends: The total wanted fertility rate declined from 2.9 children in 1993 to 2.0 children in 2017. Over the
same period, the gap between wanted and actual fertility decreased from 1.2 children to 0.7 children
(Figure 6.4).
The total wanted fertility rate is consistently lower than the actual total fertility rate, but the size of the
gap varies by women’s background characteristics (Table 6.7).
Wanted fertility in urban areas (1.8 children) is lower than replacement-level fertility, while wanted
fertility in rural areas (2.2 children) is just above replacement level.
By region, the gap between wanted fertility and actual fertility is smallest in the National Capital
Region (NCR) (0.3 children) and largest in Western Visayas and Eastern Visayas (1.0 child).
The gap between wanted and actual fertility rates generally narrows with increasing education and
wealth. For example, the gap narrows from 1.4 children among women in the lowest wealth quintile to
0.3 children among women in the highest quintile.
74 • Fertility Preferences
Patterns by background characteristics
Couples’ consensus on desired number of children varies widely by region. Nearly 8 in 10 (78%)
couples in Ilocos Region want the same number of children, as compared with only half in ARMM
(50%). Thirty-seven percent of women in ARMM report that their husband wants more children than
they do.
The percentage of women who report that they are in consensus with their husbands on desired
number of children increases with increasing household wealth.
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on fertility preferences, see the following tables:
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by desire for children, according to number of living children, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Number of living children1
Desire for children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total
Have another soon2 73.2 27.9 11.6 4.4 2.6 2.2 2.3 15.1
Have another later3 10.1 35.8 16.3 7.0 2.9 1.4 1.4 14.6
Have another, undecided when 0.8 3.6 1.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.0 1.4
Undecided 2.5 8.0 8.5 4.7 4.9 3.4 3.0 6.1
Want no more 5.0 21.9 55.4 67.7 72.3 75.3 78.7 52.6
Sterilized4 0.5 0.4 4.6 13.3 14.0 15.1 11.9 7.5
Declared infecund 8.0 2.4 2.0 2.2 2.9 2.1 2.5 2.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 936 3,193 4,057 3,051 1,663 964 1,151 15,016
1
The number of living children includes the current pregnancy
2
Wants next birth within 2 years
3
Wants to delay next birth for 2 or more years
4
Includes both female and male sterilization
Fertility Preferences • 75
Table 6.2 Fertility preferences according to age
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by desire for children, according to age group, Philippines NDHS 2017
Age
Desire for children 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total
Have another soon 1
16.4 15.7 19.9 19.5 16.6 11.0 6.8 15.1
Have another later2 37.3 43.1 28.8 15.2 4.0 0.8 0.2 14.6
Have another, undecided when 4.6 3.0 2.0 2.1 1.1 0.2 0.0 1.4
Undecided 13.7 11.8 9.0 7.3 4.7 2.3 1.8 6.1
Want no more 27.8 25.9 37.3 49.4 61.6 68.5 69.8 52.6
Sterilized3 0.0 0.2 1.8 5.5 9.9 14.0 13.0 7.5
Declared infecund 0.3 0.4 1.2 1.0 2.0 3.2 8.4 2.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 419 1,718 2,628 2,663 2,775 2,443 2,372 15,016
1
Wants next birth within 2 years
2
Wants to delay next birth for 2 or more years
3
Includes both female and male sterilization
Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 who want no more children, by number of living children, according to
background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of living children1
Background
characteristic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total
Residence
Urban 4.0 20.9 61.0 82.0 88.3 93.0 95.9 58.2
Rural 7.0 23.5 59.1 80.3 84.9 89.0 87.9 61.6
Region
National Capital Region 0.2 20.9 64.8 81.1 89.1 96.3 98.1 57.2
Cordillera Admin. Region (2.7) 12.4 51.0 77.0 76.9 92.1 91.9 54.6
I - Ilocos Region (3.9) 21.3 52.4 88.1 90.2 (93.0) (100.0) 57.6
II - Cagayan Valley (15.8) 27.3 58.8 84.9 93.6 (97.4) (92.5) 63.4
III - Central Luzon 13.0 21.8 60.9 84.2 88.3 95.5 95.6 60.7
IVA - CALABARZON 7.7 17.4 63.4 91.2 89.2 96.8 98.0 62.4
MIMAROPA Region (7.2) 29.3 63.0 87.0 94.5 96.8 95.3 69.6
V - Bicol 4.6 20.2 55.0 71.1 84.1 93.0 90.4 61.3
VI - Western Visayas 5.7 24.9 67.9 81.8 94.2 80.8 89.7 63.7
VII - Central Visayas 6.5 32.2 70.0 79.5 86.2 89.7 84.5 62.8
VIII - Eastern Visayas 8.0 28.2 54.7 78.3 84.5 88.3 96.6 62.6
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula (1.4) 16.1 52.0 74.0 83.5 (89.5) 93.7 59.5
X - Northern Mindanao 8.6 30.3 57.7 79.5 87.5 91.1 89.2 61.7
XI - Davao 2.8 29.5 63.4 88.7 82.3 (87.4) 96.2 64.5
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN (6.4) 19.1 56.3 69.6 88.6 89.6 85.2 56.3
XIII - Caraga 3.8 23.9 56.4 80.8 88.3 90.4 92.3 62.0
ARMM 0.0 5.5 12.6 23.0 43.7 43.5 57.2 28.0
Education
No education * * (54.5) (42.1) (57.7) (66.4) 68.3 55.1
Grades 1-6 6.1 28.0 58.2 74.1 82.4 88.0 89.7 69.7
Grades 7-10 7.0 22.7 56.3 81.9 87.3 90.9 94.5 60.7
Grade 11 * * * * * * * (39.2)
Post-secondary (2.6) 23.5 70.0 85.6 91.4 (99.3) * 59.3
College 4.3 19.8 64.7 84.3 88.6 96.5 90.2 53.4
Wealth quintile
Lowest 6.8 25.8 50.1 70.2 79.3 79.3 86.8 61.9
Second 4.2 22.7 58.0 80.5 85.6 92.5 94.5 64.2
Middle 5.8 21.4 56.1 78.1 89.8 95.0 92.9 57.0
Fourth 5.1 20.7 63.8 88.7 88.4 96.2 92.0 58.3
Highest 5.7 22.4 68.6 87.4 93.5 98.4 (93.4) 59.0
Total 5.4 22.3 60.1 81.0 86.3 90.4 90.6 60.1
Notes: Women who have been sterilized are considered to want no more children. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-
49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
1
The number of living children includes the current pregnancy
76 • Fertility Preferences
Table 6.4 Ideal number of children by number of living children
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by ideal number of children, and mean ideal number of children for all women and for currently
married women, according to number of living children, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of living children1
Ideal number of children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total
0 5.6 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.9 2.6
1 8.2 10.7 3.2 2.7 1.9 1.2 0.8 5.9
2 51.3 50.3 46.4 23.9 25.9 20.3 13.7 41.7
3 23.4 26.9 28.2 46.2 17.0 29.5 28.5 27.9
4 7.3 8.2 15.8 18.0 41.8 16.6 24.0 14.0
5 2.1 2.1 3.7 5.4 5.3 22.8 10.4 4.3
6+ 0.7 0.6 1.9 3.1 7.2 8.4 21.3 3.0
Non-numeric responses 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 9,316 3,955 4,440 3,303 1,793 1,041 1,226 25,074
Mean ideal number of children for:2
All women 2.3 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.2 2.7
Number of women 9,192 3,947 4,440 3,298 1,789 1,036 1,221 24,923
Currently married women 2.5 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.2 3.0
Number of currently married women 933 3,186 4,057 3,046 1,660 959 1,146 14,988
1
The number of living children includes the current pregnancy
2
Means are calculated excluding respondents who gave non-numeric responses
Mean ideal number of children for all women age 15-49, by current age group, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Age Number of
Ideal number of children 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total women1
Residence
Urban 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.6 12,175
Rural 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.4 2.8 12,748
Region
National Capital Region 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.6 4,372
Cordillera Admin. Region 2.6 2.6 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.5 2.9 434
I - Ilocos Region 2.1 2.5 2.6 2.4 3.1 3.1 3.3 2.6 1,256
II - Cagayan Valley 1.9 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.5 2.6 801
III - Central Luzon 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.5 2,432
IVA - CALABARZON 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.5 3,988
MIMAROPA Region 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.0 3.3 2.7 621
V - Bicol 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.4 2.8 1,549
VI - Western Visayas 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.9 2.8 3.1 3.3 2.7 1,492
VII - Central Visayas 1.9 2.3 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.4 2.7 1,576
VIII - Eastern Visayas 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.0 991
IX - Zamboanga
Peninsula 2.2 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.2 761
X - Northern Mindanao 2.2 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.2 3.4 3.6 2.9 995
XI - Davao 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.6 1,202
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 2.3 2.7 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.7 3.0 1,035
XIII - Caraga 2.2 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.0 647
ARMM 3.3 3.8 4.1 4.6 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.2 770
Education
No education 2.1 2.3 3.6 4.2 4.5 4.1 5.1 4.1 195
Grades 1-6 2.2 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.3 3,234
Grades 7-10 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.7 11,492
Grade 11 2.2 2.4 2.0 2.0 nc nc nc 2.2 916
Post-secondary 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.9 2.6 1,130
College 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.6 7,956
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.7 4.1 3.2 4,190
Second 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.9 3.4 3.4 2.8 4,604
Middle 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.2 2.7 4,890
Fourth 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.6 5,499
Highest 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.9 2.6 5,740
Total 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.2 2.7 24,923
nc = No cases
1
Number of women who gave a numeric response
Fertility Preferences • 77
Table 6.6 Fertility planning status
Percent distribution of births to women age 15-49 in the 5 years preceding the survey (including current
pregnancies), by planning status of the birth, according to birth order and mother’s age at birth,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Planning status of birth
Wanted Wanted Wanted no Number of
Birth order and mother’s age at birth then later more Total births
Birth order
1 78.0 19.6 2.4 100.0 3,400
2 76.3 18.4 5.3 100.0 2,934
3 69.1 14.8 16.1 100.0 1,963
4+ 65.8 8.6 25.6 100.0 2,639
Mother’s age at birth
<20 70.9 25.9 3.2 100.0 1,308
20-24 71.4 23.0 5.6 100.0 3,008
25-29 75.0 15.7 9.4 100.0 2,730
30-34 78.4 7.5 14.1 100.0 2,074
35-39 69.6 6.9 23.5 100.0 1,324
40-44 64.5 4.4 31.1 100.0 467
45-49 (58.5) (0.0) (41.5) 100.0 25
Total 73.0 15.8 11.2 100.0 10,936
Total wanted fertility rates and total fertility rates for the 3 years
preceding the survey, according to background characteristics,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Background Total wanted Total fertility
characteristic fertility rate rate
Residence
Urban 1.8 2.4
Rural 2.2 2.9
Region
National Capital Region 1.6 1.9
Cordillera Admin. Region 2.0 2.5
I - Ilocos Region 2.0 2.6
II - Cagayan Valley 2.5 3.1
III - Central Luzon 2.0 2.4
IVA - CALABARZON 1.8 2.6
MIMAROPA Region 2.0 2.9
V - Bicol 2.3 3.2
VI - Western Visayas 2.0 3.0
VII - Central Visayas 1.9 2.5
VIII - Eastern Visayas 2.1 3.1
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 2.9 3.6
X - Northern Mindanao 2.4 3.1
XI - Davao 2.0 2.7
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 2.7 3.4
XIII - Caraga 2.5 3.0
ARMM 2.3 3.1
Education
No education 3.1 4.6
Grades 1-6 3.0 4.1
Grades 7-10 2.2 3.0
Grade 11 0.0 0.0
Post-secondary 2.2 2.7
College 1.6 2.0
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.9 4.3
Second 2.3 3.2
Middle 2.1 2.6
Fourth 1.7 2.1
Highest 1.4 1.7
Total 2.0 2.7
78 • Fertility Preferences
Table 6.8 Couples’ consensus on family size
Percent distribution of currently married nonsterilized women by perceived consensus with husband regarding
the number of children desired, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Consensus on desired number of children1
Husband
and wife Husband Husband
Background want same wants more wants fewer Number of
characteristic number than wife than wife Don't know Total women
Residence
Urban 68.8 19.1 8.5 3.6 100.0 6,220
Rural 69.2 21.3 6.7 2.8 100.0 7,671
Region
National Capital Region 72.0 15.6 10.4 2.1 100.0 1,952
Cordillera Admin. Region 61.4 21.8 10.5 6.3 100.0 202
I - Ilocos Region 78.0 13.4 5.7 2.9 100.0 611
II - Cagayan Valley 76.2 16.0 5.7 2.1 100.0 510
III - Central Luzon 69.2 22.4 4.2 4.1 100.0 1,312
IVA - CALABARZON 72.4 18.0 5.5 4.1 100.0 2,298
MIMAROPA Region 76.4 15.1 6.8 1.6 100.0 378
V - Bicol 61.9 27.3 8.6 2.2 100.0 903
VI - Western Visayas 68.1 20.3 8.8 2.8 100.0 871
VII - Central Visayas 70.8 17.7 9.4 2.1 100.0 896
VIII - Eastern Visayas 63.3 24.7 10.7 1.4 100.0 569
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 66.0 22.3 6.5 5.1 100.0 494
X - Northern Mindanao 60.1 29.6 5.5 4.7 100.0 598
XI - Davao 68.9 20.8 7.6 2.8 100.0 768
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 65.9 20.7 9.7 3.8 100.0 680
XIII - Caraga 73.1 18.1 5.5 3.4 100.0 403
ARMM 50.4 37.4 7.9 4.3 100.0 447
Education
No education 52.2 34.1 9.0 4.8 100.0 150
Grades 1-6 65.8 24.5 6.3 3.3 100.0 2,432
Grades 7-10 67.5 21.1 7.8 3.6 100.0 6,725
Grade 11 (44.3) (55.1) (0.6) (0.0) 100.0 24
Post-secondary 72.8 16.5 7.6 3.0 100.0 695
College 73.6 16.4 7.6 2.4 100.0 3,865
Wealth quintile
Lowest 64.5 25.1 7.2 3.2 100.0 2,896
Second 66.4 23.5 6.7 3.4 100.0 2,811
Middle 69.4 20.0 7.2 3.4 100.0 2,806
Fourth 70.5 16.9 9.5 3.1 100.0 2,815
Highest 74.9 15.8 6.7 2.6 100.0 2,564
Total 69.0 20.3 7.5 3.2 100.0 13,891
Fertility Preferences • 79
FAMILY PLANNING 7
Key Findings
C
ouples can use contraceptive methods to limit or space the number of children they have. This
chapter presents information on the use and sources of contraceptive methods, informed choice of
methods, and rates of and reasons for discontinuing contraceptives. It also examines the potential
demand for family planning and how much contact nonusers have with family planning providers.
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10354), informally
known as the Reproductive Health Law, guarantees universal access to methods of contraception, fertility
control, sexual education, and maternal care in the Philippines (Congress of the Philippines 2012).
Components of the law include:
Hospital-based family planning: The law requires family planning services such as ligation, vasectomy,
and intrauterine device (IUD) placement to be available at all government hospitals.
Family Planning • 81
Reproductive health education: Reproductive health education will be provided by adequately trained
teachers in an age-appropriate manner.
Nearly 100% of currently married women know at least one method. Accordingly, knowledge of at least
one method is very high across all background characteristics (Table 7.2).
More than half (54%) of currently married women use a method of contraception, with 40% using a
modern method and 14% using a traditional method. Among sexually active unmarried women, 32% are
using a method of contraception, with 17% using a modern contraceptive method and 15% using a
traditional method (Table 7.3).
Modern methods
Include male and female sterilization, injectables, intrauterine devices (IUDs),
contraceptive pills, implants, the patch, female and male condoms, emergency
contraception, the standard days method (SDM), mucus/Billings/ovulation,
basal body temperature, symptothermal, and the lactational amenorrhea
method (LAM)
The pill (21%) is the most commonly used method Figure 7.1 Contraceptive use
among currently married women, followed by
Percentage of women age 15-49 currently
withdrawal (10%) and female sterilization (7%). using a contraceptive method
Among sexually active unmarried women,
Any method 54
withdrawal (14%) is the most common method, 32
followed by the pill (11%) (Figure 7.1). Any modern method 17
40
Female sterilization 7
Trends: Use of modern contraception among <1
Currently
IUD 4 married women
currently married women increased from 25% in 1
1993 to 40% in 2017. Although the percentage of Injectables 2
5
Sexually active
currently married women using a traditional method Implants 1 unmarried
0 women
is also substantial, there has been little change since 21
Pill 11
1993 (Figure 7.2). Trends in use of specific methods
Male condom 2
are shown in Table 7.4.1. 3
Standard days method <1
0
Lactational amenorrhea <1
0
Any traditional method 14
15
Rhythm 4
1
Withdrawal 10
14
82 • Family Planning
Patterns by background characteristics Figure 7.2 Trends in contraceptive use
Percentage of currently married women
Modern contraceptive use is highest among age 15-49 currently using a contraceptive
currently married women with 3-4 living method
children (50%) (Table 7.4.2).
Family Planning • 83
The public sector provides more than half (56%) of Figure 7.4 Source of modern
modern contraceptives in the Philippines (Figure contraceptive methods
7.4). Barangay health stations are the most common Percent distribution of current users of
public sector source for contraceptives; 25% of modern methods age 15-49 by most
modern method users obtained their method from recent source of method
this source. Pharmacies are the main private sector
provider of contraceptives, serving 30% of users Private
(Table 7.8). medical
sector
A large majority of female sterilization, IUD, 38%
injectable, and implant users obtained their method Public
from a public sector provider (77%, 89%, 93%, and sector Other
56% source
75%, respectively). Most sterilized women (70%) 7%
underwent the sterilization procedure at a
government hospital. Pill (53%) and male condom
(56%) users were most likely to obtain their method Note: Percentages do not sum to 100% due to rounding.
from private pharmacies.
Median costs were calculated based on reports of users who paid for their method. Overall, male condoms
are the least expensive contraceptive method (median cost of PhP 16), while female sterilization is the
most expensive (median cost of PhP 5,325). Contraception costs vary markedly between the public and
private sectors. For example, the median cost of an IUD is PhP 150 in the public sector and PhP 350 in the
private sector. A cycle of pills costs an average of PhP 40 in the public sector, as compared with PhP 45 in
the private sector.
Informed choice
Informed choice indicates that women were informed at the time they started
the current episode of method use about the method’s side effects, about what
to do if they experience side effects, and about other methods they could use.
Sample: Women age 15-49 who are currently using selected modern
contraceptive methods and who started the last episode of use within the 5
years before the survey
Seventy-three percent of women were informed about the potential side effects of the method they were
using, while 65% were informed about what to do if they experienced side effects. Seventy-five percent of
women were informed about alternative contraceptive methods. Overall, 60% of women currently using a
modern method of contraception received all three types of information (method information index).
Women who use implants (79%), injectables (71%), and IUDs (68%) were more likely to receive these
three types of contraceptive information than users of the pill (56%) or female sterilization (47%)
(Table 7.10).
Women who obtained their method from the private sector (48%) were less likely to receive all three types
of information than those who obtained their method from the public sector (67%).
84 • Family Planning
7.5 DEMAND FOR FAMILY PLANNING
Trends: Unmet need shows a steady decline from 30% in 1993 to 17% in 2017. The proportion of demand
satisfied by modern methods has increased from 35% to 57% over the same period.
Family Planning • 85
Patterns by background characteristics
Unmet need for contraception for purposes of spacing births Figure 7.6 Unmet need by
declines as women’s age increases, while unmet need for limiting residence
births generally increases with age (Table 7.11.1). Percentage of currently
married women age 15-49
Unmet need for family planning varies little between urban and with unmet need for family
rural areas (Figure 7.6). planning
Figure 7.7 Unmet need by region Decision Making about Family Planning
Percentage of currently married women age 15-49
with unmet need for family planning
Eighty-one percent of currently married women who
are using a method of family planning say that they
made the decision to use family planning jointly with
their husband. Thirteen percent say they made the
decision themselves, and 6% say their husband made
the decision (Table 7.12).
Table 7.14 shows that television is the most common media source for family planning messages. Sixty-
two percent of women report having seen a family planning message on television in the past few months.
86 • Family Planning
Thirty-seven percent of women saw a family planning message on the Internet, 34% heard a message on
the radio, 20% read a message in a newspaper or magazine, and 7% read a message on their mobile phone.
Twenty-nine percent of women have no exposure to family planning messages from any of the five
specified media sources. Women from the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) (62%),
women with no education (71%), and women from the lowest wealth quintile (44%) are more likely than
their counterparts to have no exposure to these messages.
Among women age 15-49 who are not using contraception, 8% were visited in their home by a health
fieldworker who discussed family planning with them in the 12 months preceding the survey (Table 7.15).
Fourteen percent of nonusers visited a health facility in the 12 months prior to the survey and discussed
family planning with a health care provider, while 20% visited a health facility and did not discuss family
planning with a health care provider. Overall, 83% of contraceptive nonusers did not discuss family
planning with a health care provider in the 12 months before the survey, either during a home visit or at a
health facility.
Sixty-seven percent of nonusers in Zamboanga Peninsula had no discussion of family planning with a
fieldworker or at a health facility, as compared with 91% of women in NCR.
The percentage of nonusers who did not discuss family planning either with a fieldworker or at a
health facility rises with increasing wealth, from 70% among women in the lowest wealth quintile to
91% among women in the highest wealth quintile.
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on family planning, see the following tables:
Family Planning • 87
Table 7.10 Informed choice
Table 7.11.1 Need and demand for family planning among currently married women
Table 7.11.2 Need and demand for family planning among all women and among sexually
active unmarried women
Table 7.12 Decision making about family planning
Table 7.13 Future use of contraception
Table 7.14 Exposure to family planning messages
Table 7.15 Contact of nonusers with family planning providers
Table 7.16 Attitude toward minors’ use of contraception
Percentage of all women, currently married women, and sexually active unmarried women age
15-49 who have heard of any contraceptive method, according to specific method, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Sexually active
Currently unmarried
Method All women married women women1
Any method 99.0 99.8 98.7
Any modern method 99.0 99.8 98.7
Female sterilization 89.5 95.7 90.1
Male sterilization 64.3 73.7 68.6
IUD 80.3 91.7 80.9
Injectables 86.9 96.5 88.4
Implants 51.1 60.4 56.0
Patch 14.0 15.6 16.7
Pill 98.0 99.3 98.7
Male condom 96.4 98.0 97.1
Female condom 20.2 20.4 25.6
Emergency contraception 14.8 14.9 15.1
Standard days method (SDM) 25.2 29.1 20.1
Mucus/Billings/ovulation 24.3 27.2 30.6
Basal body temperature 23.6 25.5 26.0
Symptothermal 13.1 14.9 15.4
Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) 46.1 55.9 43.8
Other modern method 0.1 0.1 0.0
Any traditional method 86.6 96.5 93.3
Calendar/rhythm/periodic abstinence 74.5 84.6 77.5
Withdrawal 82.7 95.1 90.5
Other traditional method 2.4 3.4 2.2
Mean number of methods known by
respondents 15-49 9.1 10.0 9.4
Number of women 25,074 15,016 276
1
Women who have had sexual intercourse within 30 days preceding the survey
88 • Family Planning
Table 7.2 Knowledge of contraceptive methods according to
background characteristics
Family Planning • 89
Table 7.3 Current use of contraception by age
Percent distribution of all women, currently married women, and sexually active unmarried women age 15-49 by contraceptive method currently used, according to age, Philippines NDHS 2017
Modern method Traditional method
90 • Family Planning
Any Female Male Any tradi- Not
Any modern sterili- sterili- Inject- Male tional With- currently Number of
Age method method zation zation IUD ables Implants Pill condom SDM LAM method Rhythm drawal Other using Total women
ALL WOMEN
15-19 3.6 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.2 1.4 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.0 96.4 100.0 4,897
20-24 24.5 18.7 0.1 0.0 1.4 3.1 1.1 11.6 0.4 0.0 0.9 5.8 1.0 4.7 0.0 75.5 100.0 4,175
25-29 41.3 31.2 1.3 0.0 3.4 5.1 1.2 18.5 1.2 0.0 0.6 10.1 1.7 8.4 0.0 58.7 100.0 3,717
30-34 52.1 39.6 4.7 0.0 3.1 4.4 1.3 23.3 2.2 0.0 0.4 12.5 2.0 10.4 0.1 47.9 100.0 3,243
35-39 50.3 37.5 8.5 0.0 2.9 5.0 0.7 18.3 1.9 0.1 0.0 12.7 3.4 9.3 0.0 49.7 100.0 3,360
40-44 49.2 35.7 13.1 0.1 2.8 2.9 0.4 14.8 1.4 0.0 0.1 13.6 4.3 9.1 0.1 50.8 100.0 2,837
45-49 32.4 21.4 11.7 0.1 2.1 0.8 0.1 5.5 0.9 0.2 0.0 11.0 4.3 6.6 0.1 67.6 100.0 2,845
Total 33.6 24.9 4.8 0.0 2.2 3.1 0.7 12.7 1.1 0.0 0.3 8.7 2.1 6.5 0.1 66.4 100.0 25,074
CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN
15-19 35.8 29.7 0.0 0.0 3.4 6.0 1.9 16.0 1.1 0.0 1.1 6.1 0.6 5.4 0.1 64.2 100.0 419
20-24 55.7 44.0 0.2 0.0 3.3 7.5 2.6 27.6 0.7 0.0 2.1 11.7 2.2 9.4 0.1 44.3 100.0 1,718
25-29 56.6 43.2 1.8 0.0 4.6 7.1 1.6 25.8 1.4 0.1 0.8 13.4 2.3 11.1 0.0 43.4 100.0 2,628
30-34 61.9 47.0 5.5 0.0 3.7 5.4 1.5 27.7 2.6 0.0 0.5 14.9 2.4 12.5 0.1 38.1 100.0 2,663
35-39 59.8 44.7 9.9 0.0 3.4 6.1 0.9 22.0 2.4 0.1 0.0 15.1 4.1 10.9 0.1 40.2 100.0 2,775
40-44 55.5 40.0 13.9 0.1 3.3 3.4 0.5 17.1 1.6 0.0 0.1 15.5 4.9 10.4 0.2 44.5 100.0 2,443
45-49 37.6 24.4 12.9 0.2 2.5 1.0 0.1 6.6 1.0 0.2 0.0 13.2 5.2 7.8 0.2 62.4 100.0 2,372
Total 54.3 40.4 7.4 0.0 3.5 5.0 1.1 20.9 1.7 0.1 0.5 13.9 3.5 10.3 0.1 45.7 100.0 15,016
SEXUALLY ACTIVE UNMARRIED WOMEN1
15-19 (31.4) (12.9) (0.0) (0.0) (3.8) (0.0) (0.0) (2.8) (6.3) (0.0) (0.0) (18.5) (0.0) (18.5) (0.0) (68.6) 100.0 38
20-24 41.8 15.2 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.1 0.0 10.1 1.5 0.0 0.0 26.6 4.3 22.3 0.0 58.2 100.0 74
25+ 28.2 19.5 0.7 0.0 0.7 1.8 0.0 12.8 3.5 0.0 0.0 8.8 0.3 8.5 0.0 71.8 100.0 164
Total 32.3 17.4 0.4 0.0 1.3 1.6 0.0 10.7 3.3 0.0 0.0 14.9 1.3 13.6 0.0 67.7 100.0 276
Notes: If more than one method is used, only the most effective method is considered in this tabulation. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
SDM = Standard days method
LAM = Lactational amenorrhea method
1
Women who have had sexual intercourse within 30 days preceding the survey
90 • Family Planning
Table 7.4.1 Trends in current use of contraception
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by contraceptive method currently used,
according to several surveys
1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2017
Method NDS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS
Any method 40.0 47.8 48.9 50.7 55.1 54.3
Any modern method 24.9 28.2 33.4 34.0 37.6 40.4
Female sterilization 11.9 10.3 10.5 9.2 8.5 7.4
Pill 8.5 9.9 13.2 15.7 19.1 20.9
IUD 3.0 3.7 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.5
Injectables 0.1 2.4 3.1 2.6 3.7 5.0
Male condom 1.0 1.6 1.9 2.3 1.9 1.7
Other modern method 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.9 1.7
Any traditional method 15.1 19.6 15.5 16.7 17.5 13.9
Rhythm 7.3 8.7 6.7 6.4 5.1 3.5
Withdrawal 7.4 8.9 8.2 9.8 12.1 10.3
Other/folk1 0.4 2.0 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1
Not currently using 60.0 52.2 51.1 49.3 44.9 45.7
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 8,961 8,336 8,671 8,418 9,729 15,016
1
In the 1998 NDHS only, folk methods included breastfeeding
Family Planning • 91
Table 7.4.2 Current use of contraception according to background characteristics
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by contraceptive method currently used, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Modern method Traditional method
92 • Family Planning
Any Female Male Any tradi- Not
Background Any modern sterili- sterili- Inject- Male tional With- currently Number
characteristic method method zation zation IUD ables Implants Pill condom SDM LAM method Rhythm drawal Other using Total of women
Number of living children
0 7.6 2.6 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 5.1 2.3 2.7 0.0 92.4 100.0 1,201
1-2 55.5 39.8 2.8 0.0 3.3 5.3 1.0 24.6 1.9 0.1 0.8 15.7 3.3 12.4 0.1 44.5 100.0 7,194
3-4 63.6 49.7 14.0 0.0 4.4 5.3 1.6 22.2 1.6 0.1 0.4 13.9 3.7 10.1 0.1 36.5 100.0 4,560
5+ 56.5 43.8 13.5 0.2 4.0 6.5 1.3 16.3 1.6 0.1 0.2 12.7 4.4 8.1 0.2 43.5 100.0 2,061
Residence
Urban 53.3 38.1 8.1 0.1 2.9 4.4 1.1 18.9 1.7 0.0 1.0 15.3 3.7 11.5 0.1 46.7 100.0 6,769
Rural 55.0 42.2 6.9 0.0 4.0 5.6 1.2 22.6 1.6 0.1 0.2 12.8 3.3 9.4 0.1 45.0 100.0 8,247
Region
National Capital Region 54.7 39.9 8.4 0.1 2.3 4.8 1.1 19.0 1.8 0.1 2.3 14.8 3.6 11.2 0.0 45.3 100.0 2,133
Cordillera Admin. Region 50.0 43.5 9.1 0.2 2.6 8.8 0.3 21.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 6.5 2.0 4.5 0.0 50.0 100.0 222
I - Ilocos Region 60.1 43.9 15.2 0.1 2.2 6.8 0.4 17.7 1.2 0.0 0.2 16.2 1.5 14.6 0.1 39.9 100.0 721
II - Cagayan Valley 62.6 57.0 8.7 0.0 3.9 6.6 0.6 36.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 5.6 0.2 5.3 0.0 37.4 100.0 559
III - Central Luzon 53.1 38.2 13.0 0.0 0.4 4.6 0.6 17.8 1.4 0.0 0.4 14.9 1.4 13.5 0.0 46.9 100.0 1,509
IVA - CALABARZON 54.0 36.4 7.5 0.1 2.6 3.9 0.7 19.4 2.0 0.0 0.1 17.5 3.3 14.3 0.0 46.0 100.0 2,489
MIMAROPA Region 50.8 43.6 5.1 0.0 2.3 8.6 1.7 24.6 0.6 0.0 0.5 7.2 2.5 4.5 0.1 49.2 100.0 398
V - Bicol 51.3 32.2 4.3 0.0 1.3 4.6 0.9 18.6 2.3 0.1 0.2 19.1 4.7 14.3 0.0 48.7 100.0 944
VI - Western Visayas 56.9 39.9 5.7 0.1 3.3 4.5 1.2 23.2 1.5 0.0 0.5 16.9 6.1 10.8 0.0 43.1 100.0 924
VII - Central Visayas 52.1 36.7 4.7 0.0 7.1 3.2 1.3 18.0 2.1 0.1 0.2 15.4 7.6 7.5 0.3 47.9 100.0 939
VIII - Eastern Visayas 58.8 40.9 6.7 0.0 5.4 6.1 2.0 18.6 1.7 0.2 0.1 17.9 3.8 14.0 0.1 41.2 100.0 611
IX - Zamboanga
Peninsula 49.5 42.0 3.6 0.1 5.5 5.6 2.3 21.9 1.9 0.4 0.7 7.4 3.6 3.1 0.7 50.5 100.0 513
X - Northern Mindanao 53.5 44.9 5.7 0.0 10.4 3.5 0.7 22.5 1.7 0.3 0.2 8.6 3.8 4.8 0.0 46.5 100.0 634
XI - Davao 62.2 48.9 6.5 0.0 5.9 4.2 2.1 28.1 1.9 0.0 0.1 13.2 4.3 9.0 0.0 37.8 100.0 822
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 58.9 50.8 5.5 0.0 4.0 8.4 3.4 27.6 1.4 0.0 0.4 8.0 3.4 4.4 0.2 41.1 100.0 719
XIII - Caraga 54.8 46.8 5.2 0.1 8.4 5.8 0.4 25.1 1.4 0.2 0.2 8.0 3.4 4.4 0.2 45.2 100.0 425
ARMM 26.3 18.7 1.5 0.0 1.2 5.6 0.6 9.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 7.6 0.5 6.3 0.8 73.7 100.0 453
Education
No education 26.7 19.1 3.9 0.0 1.9 3.6 2.1 7.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 1.4 4.9 1.3 73.3 100.0 156
Grades 1-6 53.3 41.4 7.5 0.1 4.3 5.6 1.3 21.1 1.1 0.1 0.4 11.9 2.3 9.4 0.2 46.7 100.0 2,633
Grades 7-10 57.7 44.0 7.6 0.0 4.1 5.6 1.4 23.4 1.3 0.1 0.4 13.7 3.0 10.6 0.1 42.3 100.0 7,277
Grade 11 (27.5) (20.6) (0.0) (0.0) (7.1) (0.0) (0.0) (13.5) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (7.0) (0.0) (7.0) (0.0) (72.5) 100.0 24
Post-secondary 53.8 37.1 6.3 0.0 2.4 5.0 0.9 19.7 2.4 0.1 0.2 16.8 4.1 12.6 0.0 46.2 100.0 742
College 50.1 34.9 7.6 0.0 2.2 3.8 0.6 17.2 2.5 0.0 0.9 15.2 4.9 10.2 0.1 49.9 100.0 4,185
Wealth quintile
Lowest 55.0 43.8 4.7 0.0 4.7 6.7 1.8 24.4 0.9 0.1 0.5 11.2 2.8 8.2 0.3 45.0 100.0 3,038
Second 59.6 46.2 7.2 0.1 5.0 6.8 1.6 23.4 1.6 0.1 0.3 13.4 3.6 9.8 0.1 40.4 100.0 3,034
Middle 55.8 41.1 7.3 0.0 3.6 5.0 1.1 21.6 1.7 0.1 0.5 14.8 3.2 11.5 0.1 44.2 100.0 3,028
Fourth 52.3 36.9 8.8 0.0 3.1 4.3 0.6 18.0 1.7 0.0 0.2 15.3 3.8 11.5 0.0 47.7 100.0 3,089
Highest 48.1 33.4 9.3 0.0 0.9 2.1 0.5 16.9 2.3 0.1 1.2 14.8 4.0 10.7 0.1 51.9 100.0 2,828
Total 54.3 40.4 7.4 0.0 3.5 5.0 1.1 20.9 1.7 0.1 0.5 13.9 3.5 10.3 0.1 45.7 100.0 15,016
Notes: If more than one method is used, only the most effective method is considered in this tabulation. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
SDM = Standard days method
LAM = Lactational amenorrhea method
92 • Family Planning
Table 7.5 Timing of sterilization
Percent distribution of sterilized women age 15-49 by age at the time of sterilization and median age at sterilization, according to the
number of years since the operation, Philippines NDHS 2017
Age at time of sterilization Number of Median
Years since operation <25 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Total women age1
<2 2.1 19.7 33.9 33.3 10.1 0.9 100.0 187 33.9
2-3 4.1 14.0 35.2 30.7 15.4 0.5 100.0 144 33.9
4-5 4.1 21.7 25.5 39.6 9.1 0.0 100.0 146 33.8
6-7 1.4 20.7 43.8 24.3 9.9 0.0 100.0 136 32.5
8-9 1.9 19.3 43.4 28.0 7.5 0.0 100.0 134 33.4
10+ 12.3 38.0 36.9 12.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 454 a
Total 6.4 26.3 36.3 24.4 6.5 0.2 100.0 1,200 32.1
1
Includes users of mucus/Billings/ovulation, basal body temperature, symptothermal,
standard days, and rhythm methods
Family Planning • 93
Table 7.8 Source of modern contraceptive methods
Percent distribution of modern contraceptive method users age 15-49 by most recent source of method, according to method, Philippines NDHS
2017
Female
Source sterilization IUD Injectables Implants Pill Male condom Total
Public sector 76.9 89.2 92.7 75.0 34.2 29.5 55.6
Government hospital 70.1 30.8 2.2 15.4 0.3 0.4 17.3
Rural health center/urban
health center 6.5 29.0 26.5 23.2 7.0 3.9 11.6
Barangay health station 0.0 28.5 60.2 33.4 24.1 24.1 24.5
Barangay supply/service point
officer/BHW 0.0 0.8 3.8 2.8 2.8 1.0 2.1
Other public sector 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1
Private medical sector 23.1 10.5 6.3 23.2 54.2 56.9 37.6
Private hospital/clinic 22.7 9.2 4.2 13.6 0.7 0.0 6.5
Private pharmacy 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.0 53.2 56.4 30.2
Private doctor 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3
Private nurse/midwife 0.0 0.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1
NGO 0.0 0.0 0.1 6.7 0.0 0.0 0.2
Private industry-based clinic 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.1
Other private medical sector 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1
Other source 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 11.6 13.6 6.7
Puericulture center 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Shop/store 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 11.5 11.3 6.5
Church 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Friend/relative 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.2
Other 0.0 0.2 0.1 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 1,200 540 765 175 3,188 279 6,156
Note: Total includes 7 users of male sterilization and 1 user of female condoms but excludes users of the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM),
the standard days method (SDM), and the mucus/Billings/ovulation, basal body temperature, and symptothermal methods
BHW = Barangay health worker
NGO = Nongovernmental organization
94 • Family Planning
Table 7.9 Cost of modern contraceptive methods
Percent distribution of modern contraceptive method users age 15-49 by source, knowledge of cost of method, and median cost of the
method, according to method, Philippines NDHS 2017
Female Male
Source sterilization IUD Injectables Implants Pill condom Total
Public sector
Method free 35.5 69.0 73.4 90.8 80.9 84.0 72.4
Know cost 20.6 29.1 26.6 9.2 18.9 15.6 22.2
Done with Caesarean section 41.7 na na na na na 4.7
Don’t know cost 2.2 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.7
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Median cost (pesos)1 4,947.7 149.5 99.9 99.2 39.8 19.3 na
Number of women 314 482 709 132 1,090 82 2,809
Private medical sector/other
Method free 7.8 19.0 9.2 76.8 1.9 2.5 4.0
Know cost 35.5 73.0 90.8 17.0 97.8 79.1 91.9
Done with Caesarean section 55.1 na na na na na 2.1
Don’t know cost 1.6 7.9 0.0 6.2 0.3 18.3 2.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Median cost (pesos)1 11,606.0 349.9 150.0 299.6 44.7 15.5 na
Number of women 95 58 56 44 2,098 197 2,548
Total
Method free 29.1 63.7 68.7 87.3 28.9 26.6 39.9
Know cost 24.1 33.8 31.3 11.2 70.8 60.4 55.4
Done with Caesarean section 44.8 na na na na na 3.4
Don’t know cost 2.1 2.5 0.0 1.6 0.3 13.0 1.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Median cost (pesos)1 5,325.0 199.3 119.1 199.0 44.6 15.6 na
Number of women 410 540 765 175 3,188 279 5,357
Note: Total excludes lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) and standard days method (SDM). Costs are based on the last time the
user obtained the method and include consultation costs. For condoms, costs are per package; for pills, costs are per cycle. For female
sterilization, data are for women who received the operation within the 5 years before the survey.
na = Not applicable
1
Median cost is based only on those women who reported a cost
Family Planning • 95
Table 7.10 Informed choice
Among current users of selected modern methods age 15-49 who started the last episode of use within the 5 years preceding the survey,
percentage who were informed about possible side effects or problems of that method, percentage who were informed about what to do if they
experienced side effects, percentage who were informed about other methods they could use, and percentage who were informed of all three,
according to method and initial source, Philippines NDHS 2017
Among women who started last episode of modern contraceptive method
within 5 years preceding the survey:
Percentage who
Percentage who Percentage who were informed by Percentage who
were informed were informed a health or family were informed of
about side effects about what to do if planning worker of all three Number
or problems of they experienced other methods that (method of
Method/source method used side effects could be used information index) women
Method
Female sterilization 69.4 55.0 64.6 46.9 410
IUD 81.4 74.4 80.1 67.6 324
Injectables 85.2 73.8 89.9 71.1 673
Implants 93.0 87.7 88.9 79.2 169
Pill 67.8 60.9 71.3 56.4 2,350
Initial source of method1
Public sector 80.9 71.8 83.3 67.4 2,333
Government hospital 71.4 58.5 68.9 51.5 480
Rural health center/urban health
center 82.7 76.2 85.4 72.7 509
Barangay health station 84.5 76.2 87.8 72.2 1,244
Barangay supply/service point
officer/BHW 74.0 58.1 86.3 57.9 99
Other public sector * * * * 2
Private medical sector 60.6 53.6 62.0 48.1 1,348
Private hospital/clinic 84.1 74.2 77.9 64.4 200
Private pharmacy 55.1 48.5 58.0 43.7 1,113
Private doctor * * * * 13
Private nurse/midwife * * * * 8
NGO * * * * 7
Private industry-based clinic * * * * 4
Other private medical sector * * * * 3
Other source 67.1 57.6 72.1 51.2 237
Total 73.1 64.8 75.3 59.8 3,926
Notes: Table includes users of only the methods listed individually. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted
cases and has been suppressed.
BHW = Barangay health worker
NGO = Nongovernmental organization
1
Source at start of current episode of use
96 • Family Planning
Table 7.11.1 Need and demand for family planning among currently married women
Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met need for family planning, total demand for
family planning, and percentage of the demand for family planning that is satisfied, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percent-
age of
demand
Unmet need for family Met need for family Total demand for family
Percent- satisfied
planning planning (currently using) planning1
Number age of by
Background For For For For For For of demand modern
characteristic spacing limiting Total spacing limiting Total spacing limiting Total women satisfied methods3
2
Age
15-19 22.6 5.3 27.9 23.0 12.9 35.8 45.5 18.2 63.8 419 56.2 46.6
20-24 14.1 4.3 18.4 40.0 15.7 55.7 54.1 20.0 74.1 1,718 75.1 59.3
25-29 9.8 6.0 15.8 30.7 25.9 56.6 40.5 31.9 72.4 2,628 78.2 59.6
30-34 5.5 7.8 13.2 21.4 40.5 61.9 26.9 48.3 75.1 2,663 82.4 62.5
35-39 3.0 13.3 16.4 9.4 50.4 59.8 12.4 63.7 76.1 2,775 78.5 58.7
40-44 1.2 16.8 18.0 2.4 53.1 55.5 3.6 69.9 73.5 2,443 75.5 54.4
45-49 0.5 16.8 17.3 0.7 36.8 37.6 1.2 53.7 54.9 2,372 68.4 44.5
Residence
Urban 5.8 10.6 16.4 16.6 36.8 53.3 22.3 47.4 69.7 6,769 76.5 54.6
Rural 5.8 11.2 16.9 16.7 38.4 55.0 22.4 49.5 71.9 8,247 76.5 58.7
Region
National Capital Region 4.2 8.1 12.3 16.8 37.9 54.7 21.1 46.0 67.1 2,133 81.6 59.5
Cordillera Admin.
Region 4.3 10.8 15.1 17.6 32.5 50.0 21.9 43.3 65.2 222 76.8 66.7
I - Ilocos Region 6.5 7.2 13.7 20.1 40.1 60.1 26.6 47.2 73.8 721 81.5 59.5
II - Cagayan Valley 4.0 10.4 14.4 19.9 42.7 62.6 23.8 53.1 77.0 559 81.3 74.1
III - Central Luzon 5.7 8.4 14.1 14.2 39.0 53.1 19.9 47.4 67.3 1,509 79.0 56.8
IVA - CALABARZON 6.7 13.4 20.1 15.8 38.2 54.0 22.5 51.6 74.0 2,489 72.9 49.2
MIMAROPA Region 5.5 14.3 19.8 12.6 38.1 50.8 18.1 52.5 70.6 398 71.9 61.7
V - Bicol 7.9 13.4 21.3 17.3 34.0 51.3 25.2 47.4 72.6 944 70.6 44.4
VI - Western Visayas 4.0 9.4 13.4 16.4 40.5 56.9 20.5 49.8 70.3 924 80.9 56.8
VII - Central Visayas 5.8 13.9 19.6 15.9 36.2 52.1 21.7 50.1 71.8 939 72.7 51.2
VIII - Eastern Visayas 6.9 9.1 16.0 18.0 40.9 58.8 24.9 50.0 74.9 611 78.6 54.6
IX - Zamboanga
Peninsula 8.4 16.2 24.6 16.0 33.4 49.5 24.4 49.7 74.1 513 66.8 56.8
X - Northern Mindanao 5.1 12.7 17.8 14.8 38.7 53.5 20.0 51.4 71.3 634 75.0 63.0
XI - Davao 2.7 10.8 13.5 17.1 45.1 62.2 19.8 55.9 75.7 822 82.1 64.7
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 6.8 10.7 17.5 20.8 38.0 58.9 27.6 48.7 76.3 719 77.1 66.6
XIII - Caraga 4.4 13.4 17.8 17.3 37.6 54.8 21.6 50.9 72.6 425 75.5 64.5
ARMM 10.7 7.1 17.8 15.7 10.5 26.3 26.4 17.6 44.0 453 59.6 42.5
Education
No education 9.1 15.2 24.3 4.8 21.8 26.7 13.9 37.0 50.9 156 52.4 37.4
Grades 1-6 4.7 13.2 17.9 10.6 42.7 53.3 15.3 55.9 71.2 2,633 74.8 58.1
Grades 7-10 6.3 9.8 16.2 18.3 39.4 57.7 24.6 49.2 73.9 7,277 78.1 59.5
Grade 11 (16.3) (16.3) (32.6) (7.7) (19.8) (27.5) (24.0) (36.2) (60.2) 24 (45.8) (34.2)
Post-secondary 5.2 12.7 17.9 17.9 35.9 53.8 23.1 48.6 71.7 742 75.1 51.7
College 5.4 10.8 16.3 17.7 32.4 50.1 23.1 43.3 66.4 4,185 75.5 52.6
Wealth quintile
Lowest 6.8 11.3 18.1 16.5 38.6 55.0 23.3 49.8 73.1 3,038 75.2 59.9
Second 5.3 11.2 16.4 16.9 42.7 59.6 22.1 53.9 76.0 3,034 78.4 60.7
Middle 6.6 9.2 15.9 19.0 36.9 55.8 25.6 46.1 71.7 3,028 77.9 57.3
Fourth 5.4 10.6 16.1 17.0 35.3 52.3 22.4 45.9 68.3 3,089 76.5 54.1
Highest 4.6 12.4 17.0 13.5 34.6 48.1 18.2 47.0 65.1 2,828 73.9 51.2
Total 5.8 10.9 16.7 16.6 37.6 54.3 22.4 48.6 70.9 15,016 76.5 56.9
Notes: Numbers in this table correspond to the revised definition of unmet need described in Bradley et al. 2012. Figures in parentheses are based on
25-49 unweighted cases.
1
Total demand is the sum of unmet need and met need
2
Percentage of demand satisfied is met need divided by total demand
3
Modern methods include female sterilization, male sterilization, IUD, injectables, implants, patch, pill, male condom, female condom, standard days
method (SDM), mucus/Billings/ovulation, basal body temperature, lactational amenorrhea method (LAM), and other modern methods
Family Planning • 97
Table 7.11.2 Need and demand for family planning among all women and among sexually active unmarried women
Percentage of all women and sexually active unmarried women age 15-49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met need for family
planning, total demand for family planning, and percentage of the demand for family planning that is satisfied, according to background characteristics,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Percent-
age of
demand
Unmet need for family Met need for family Total demand for family
Percent- satisfied
planning planning (currently using) planning1
Number age of by
Background For For For For For For of demand modern
characteristic spacing limiting Total spacing limiting Total spacing limiting Total women satisfied methods3
2
ALL WOMEN
Age
15-19 2.5 0.5 3.0 2.4 1.1 3.6 5.0 1.6 6.6 4,897 54.2 43.7
20-24 7.3 1.8 9.1 17.8 6.7 24.5 25.2 8.5 33.6 4,175 72.8 55.7
25-29 7.8 4.5 12.3 22.7 18.6 41.3 30.5 23.1 53.6 3,717 77.0 58.2
30-34 4.8 6.8 11.6 18.0 34.1 52.1 22.9 40.8 63.7 3,243 81.8 62.2
35-39 2.7 11.4 14.2 8.0 42.2 50.3 10.8 53.7 64.4 3,360 78.0 58.2
40-44 1.1 14.7 15.9 2.1 47.1 49.2 3.2 61.8 65.1 2,837 75.6 54.8
45-49 0.4 14.1 14.6 0.6 31.7 32.4 1.0 45.9 46.9 2,845 69.0 45.5
Residence
Urban 3.9 6.0 10.0 10.0 21.0 31.1 14.0 27.1 41.0 12,252 75.7 53.8
Rural 4.1 7.4 11.6 11.0 25.0 36.0 15.1 32.5 47.6 12,822 75.7 58.0
Region
National Capital Region 2.7 3.9 6.7 9.3 19.3 28.6 12.0 23.2 35.3 4,400 81.1 58.5
Cordillera Admin. Region 2.4 5.6 8.0 9.6 16.8 26.3 11.9 22.4 34.3 440 76.7 66.1
I - Ilocos Region 4.2 4.2 8.3 11.7 23.6 35.3 15.8 27.8 43.6 1,258 80.9 59.4
II - Cagayan Valley 3.5 7.4 10.9 14.1 30.2 44.3 17.6 37.7 55.3 802 80.2 72.9
III - Central Luzon 4.0 5.4 9.3 8.9 24.4 33.3 12.9 29.7 42.6 2,453 78.1 56.5
IVA - CALABARZON 4.5 8.8 13.4 10.0 24.2 34.2 14.5 33.0 47.5 4,016 71.9 48.4
MIMAROPA Region 3.5 9.2 12.7 8.5 25.0 33.5 12.0 34.2 46.2 621 72.5 62.3
V - Bicol 5.2 8.3 13.5 11.2 21.0 32.1 16.4 29.2 45.6 1,551 70.5 44.5
VI - Western Visayas 3.3 6.0 9.3 11.7 25.1 36.7 14.9 31.1 46.1 1,498 79.8 54.7
VII - Central Visayas 4.5 8.4 12.9 10.1 21.9 31.9 14.6 30.3 44.9 1,607 71.2 49.6
VIII - Eastern Visayas 4.8 5.7 10.5 11.6 25.5 37.1 16.4 31.3 47.6 997 77.9 53.8
IX - Zamboanga
Peninsula 6.1 10.9 17.0 10.9 23.1 33.9 17.0 33.9 50.9 764 66.7 56.9
X - Northern Mindanao 3.9 8.4 12.3 9.9 25.1 35.0 13.8 33.5 47.3 998 74.0 62.4
XI - Davao 3.6 7.6 11.1 12.1 31.5 43.6 15.7 39.1 54.8 1,203 79.7 62.6
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 5.1 7.4 12.5 14.6 26.8 41.4 19.7 34.2 53.9 1,038 76.8 66.5
XIII - Caraga 3.4 9.0 12.4 12.0 25.1 37.1 15.4 34.1 49.5 648 74.9 63.9
ARMM 6.2 4.2 10.4 9.2 6.2 15.3 15.4 10.3 25.7 780 59.6 42.3
Education
No education 7.3 11.8 19.2 3.8 17.1 20.8 11.1 28.9 40.0 200 52.1 37.2
Grades 1-6 4.0 11.0 15.0 8.7 35.2 43.9 12.7 46.2 58.9 3,245 74.5 58.1
Grades 7-10 4.4 6.5 10.9 11.9 25.4 37.3 16.3 31.9 48.2 11,558 77.4 59.0
Grade 11 0.8 0.4 1.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.9 2.0 934 38.5 29.7
Post-secondary 3.5 8.3 11.8 12.1 24.3 36.4 15.7 32.6 48.2 1,144 75.4 52.3
College 3.9 5.8 9.7 10.5 17.4 27.9 14.3 23.2 37.5 7,994 74.2 50.8
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.3 8.4 13.6 12.1 28.1 40.1 17.3 36.4 53.8 4,209 74.7 59.3
Second 4.1 7.5 11.6 11.5 28.6 40.1 15.6 36.1 51.7 4,629 77.5 60.1
Middle 4.7 5.8 10.6 12.3 23.2 35.5 17.0 29.0 46.1 4,918 77.1 56.5
Fourth 3.7 6.0 9.7 10.1 20.3 30.4 13.8 26.3 40.2 5,527 75.8 53.4
Highest 2.8 6.4 9.2 7.5 17.6 25.1 10.4 24.0 34.4 5,791 73.1 50.3
Total 4.0 6.7 10.8 10.5 23.1 33.6 14.6 29.8 44.4 25,074 75.7 56.1
SEXUALLY ACTIVE UNMARRIED WOMEN4
Age
15-19 (61.8) (0.0) (61.8) (31.4) (0.0) (31.4) (93.1) (0.0) (93.1) 38 (33.7) (13.8)
20-24 45.4 0.5 45.9 34.1 7.8 41.8 79.5 8.3 87.8 74 47.7 17.3
25+ 24.6 22.2 46.8 12.5 15.8 28.2 37.1 37.9 75.1 163.7 37.6 25.9
Residence
Urban 30.6 6.4 36.9 26.3 14.1 40.4 56.9 20.5 77.4 163 52.3 30.7
Rural 42.3 23.3 65.6 13.1 7.5 20.6 55.4 30.8 86.2 113 23.9 9.6
Wealth quintile
Lowest (59.0) (2.1) (61.1) (26.1) (3.0) (29.1) (85.1) (5.1) (90.2) 21 (32.3) (6.7)
Second (27.6) (23.2) (50.7) (19.2) (10.7) (29.9) (46.8) (33.9) (80.7) 35 (37.1) (15.9)
Middle 42.5 9.4 51.9 19.9 7.9 27.8 62.4 17.3 79.7 55 34.9 15.4
Fourth 39.6 5.6 45.3 22.5 11.1 33.6 62.1 16.8 78.9 71 42.6 19.8
Highest 25.7 20.1 45.8 19.8 15.8 35.6 45.5 35.9 81.4 94 43.7 31.9
Total 35.4 13.3 48.7 20.9 11.4 32.3 56.3 24.7 81.0 276 39.9 21.5
Notes: Numbers in this table correspond to the revised definition of unmet need described in Bradley et al. 2012. Figures in parentheses are based on
25-49 unweighted cases.
1
Total demand is the sum of unmet need and met need
2
Percentage of demand satisfied is met need divided by total demand
3
Modern methods include female sterilization, male sterilization, IUD, injectables, implants, patch, pill, male condom, female condom, standard days
method (SDM), mucus/Billings/ovulation, basal body temperature, lactational amenorrhea method (LAM), and other modern methods
4
Women who have had sexual intercourse within 30 days preceding the survey
98 • Family Planning
Table 7.12 Decision making about family planning
Among currently married women age 15-49 who are current users of family planning, percent distribution by who makes the decision to use family
planning, and among currently married women who are not currently using family planning, percent distribution by who makes the decision not to
use family planning, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Among currently married women who Among currently married women who
are current users of family planning are not currently using family planning
Wife Wife
and Number and Number
Background Mainly husband Mainly of Mainly husband Mainly of
characteristic wife jointly husband Other Total women wife jointly husband Other Total women
Age
15-19 14.2 74.6 11.2 0.0 100.0 150 22.9 68.8 8.3 0.0 100.0 176
20-24 14.2 78.7 4.5 2.6 100.0 957 20.3 73.1 6.3 0.2 100.0 528
25-29 11.9 82.4 5.4 0.3 100.0 1,487 19.7 75.4 4.9 0.1 100.0 877
30-34 12.2 82.4 5.2 0.2 100.0 1,648 18.2 76.1 5.4 0.3 100.0 849
35-39 15.6 78.2 5.9 0.3 100.0 1,658 17.5 76.7 5.7 0.1 100.0 961
40-44 13.4 80.2 5.6 0.8 100.0 1,356 17.2 75.2 7.2 0.3 100.0 1,060
45-49 13.0 81.0 5.1 0.9 100.0 891 23.0 69.6 7.0 0.4 100.0 1,479
Number of living children
0 13.1 80.0 6.4 0.5 100.0 92 10.7 83.9 5.1 0.3 100.0 845
1-2 12.0 81.6 5.5 1.0 100.0 3,993 20.2 72.9 6.7 0.3 100.0 2,720
3-4 13.7 80.8 5.1 0.4 100.0 2,897 21.3 72.3 6.1 0.3 100.0 1,524
5+ 17.4 76.0 6.2 0.4 100.0 1,165 24.0 69.6 6.2 0.2 100.0 841
Residence
Urban 13.7 79.5 5.8 1.0 100.0 3,610 19.1 74.5 6.2 0.2 100.0 2,720
Rural 13.1 81.2 5.2 0.5 100.0 4,537 20.1 73.3 6.3 0.3 100.0 3,210
Region
National Capital Region 13.6 80.3 4.1 2.0 100.0 1,168 14.1 80.0 5.9 0.0 100.0 838
Cordillera Admin. Region 8.7 83.6 7.7 0.0 100.0 111 11.8 77.5 10.2 0.5 100.0 101
I - Ilocos Region 7.9 89.6 1.9 0.6 100.0 433 10.5 85.4 4.2 0.0 100.0 239
II - Cagayan Valley 15.7 81.3 3.0 0.0 100.0 350 33.6 61.3 5.1 0.0 100.0 186
III - Central Luzon 12.8 82.5 4.1 0.7 100.0 802 20.7 71.0 8.3 0.0 100.0 618
IVA - CALABARZON 12.6 84.6 2.8 0.0 100.0 1,343 21.7 77.1 1.2 0.0 100.0 977
MIMAROPA Region 8.9 90.3 0.8 0.1 100.0 202 18.2 77.8 3.9 0.1 100.0 173
V - Bicol 12.3 83.4 3.8 0.5 100.0 484 12.0 84.3 3.7 0.0 100.0 402
VI - Western Visayas 17.8 75.6 6.6 0.0 100.0 525 21.1 71.7 6.2 1.1 100.0 350
VII - Central Visayas 7.9 88.1 3.9 0.1 100.0 490 15.6 80.0 3.4 1.0 100.0 403
VIII - Eastern Visayas 14.0 77.1 8.6 0.3 100.0 359 20.3 74.1 5.6 0.0 100.0 215
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 14.2 68.4 17.5 0.0 100.0 254 17.9 67.8 13.9 0.4 100.0 234
X - Northern Mindanao 20.5 62.2 14.9 2.3 100.0 339 33.4 46.4 19.9 0.3 100.0 251
XI - Davao 11.9 74.8 11.0 2.3 100.0 511 23.0 65.2 11.0 0.8 100.0 250
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 20.2 73.9 5.7 0.2 100.0 423 36.7 53.7 9.1 0.5 100.0 246
XIII - Caraga 16.1 78.9 4.4 0.6 100.0 233 24.5 71.9 2.7 0.9 100.0 161
ARMM 10.5 82.5 6.9 0.0 100.0 119 11.9 79.5 8.4 0.1 100.0 285
Education
No education 12.1 85.0 1.8 1.1 100.0 42 27.1 65.5 6.1 1.3 100.0 105
Grades 1-6 14.0 78.2 7.4 0.4 100.0 1,403 20.9 73.0 5.9 0.2 100.0 1,089
Grades 7-10 12.8 81.5 5.3 0.4 100.0 4,199 22.4 71.0 6.5 0.2 100.0 2,584
Grade 11 * * * * 100.0 7 * * * * 100.0 9
Post-secondary 14.9 80.9 4.2 0.0 100.0 399 13.9 81.5 3.9 0.8 100.0 313
College 13.8 79.8 4.8 1.6 100.0 2,098 15.5 77.6 6.6 0.3 100.0 1,829
Wealth quintile
Lowest 13.4 78.9 7.0 0.8 100.0 1,672 19.6 72.8 7.4 0.2 100.0 1,140
Second 14.4 78.5 6.9 0.2 100.0 1,808 22.8 70.5 6.5 0.2 100.0 1,045
Middle 12.5 81.8 5.3 0.4 100.0 1,691 23.7 69.5 6.1 0.6 100.0 1,117
Fourth 11.7 83.9 4.0 0.4 100.0 1,615 20.0 74.1 5.8 0.1 100.0 1,284
Highest 15.1 79.3 3.7 2.0 100.0 1,361 13.6 80.6 5.6 0.3 100.0 1,345
Total 13.4 80.5 5.5 0.7 100.0 8,147 19.7 73.8 6.3 0.3 100.0 5,930
Notes: Table excludes women who are currently pregnant. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has
been suppressed.
Family Planning • 99
Table 7.13 Future use of contraception
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 who are not using a contraceptive method
by intention to use in the future, according to number of living children, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of living children1
Intention to use in the future 0 1 2 3 4+ Total
Intends to use 23.9 37.3 37.1 36.0 27.1 32.9
Unsure 3.4 3.3 2.5 4.1 1.7 2.9
Does not intend to use 72.7 59.4 60.3 59.8 71.2 64.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 845 1,721 1,536 1,116 1,652 6,869
1
Includes current pregnancy
Percentage of women age 15-49 who heard or saw a family planning message on radio, on television, in a newspaper or magazine, on a mobile phone, or on
the Internet in the past few months, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Background Newspaper/ None of these 5 Number of
characteristic Radio Television magazine Mobile phone Internet media sources women
Age
15-19 25.0 54.7 15.1 5.6 43.5 34.7 4,897
20-24 32.1 63.1 19.7 8.1 50.0 26.5 4,175
25-29 36.4 63.9 21.2 8.2 42.3 26.0 3,717
30-34 34.7 65.5 19.9 5.8 34.6 27.5 3,243
35-39 39.0 66.6 24.1 7.0 32.6 25.7 3,360
40-44 39.0 64.1 22.7 5.7 23.0 30.1 2,837
45-49 37.1 61.1 18.3 4.0 17.4 32.7 2,845
Residence
Urban 31.2 61.7 21.6 7.3 42.4 28.4 12,252
Rural 36.6 62.7 18.1 5.7 30.9 29.9 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 27.0 58.2 25.5 8.5 47.6 29.8 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 31.8 56.0 17.1 17.4 41.5 29.2 440
I - Ilocos Region 35.5 66.7 26.9 7.3 38.1 24.0 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 26.7 44.9 16.6 11.8 24.9 49.4 802
III - Central Luzon 21.2 60.1 13.7 8.0 27.1 36.3 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 27.7 66.6 20.7 5.5 45.2 25.3 4,016
MIMAROPA Region 35.0 59.3 15.2 3.3 28.8 33.1 621
V - Bicol 45.8 75.1 20.6 5.1 32.2 18.1 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 37.3 61.4 19.2 2.3 32.3 26.5 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 45.5 67.6 27.3 6.6 43.0 24.1 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 44.8 68.9 16.0 4.8 40.5 22.4 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 49.4 65.8 17.1 6.2 32.4 21.8 764
X - Northern Mindanao 41.4 55.6 13.1 3.8 29.5 35.9 998
XI - Davao 44.1 63.3 21.4 5.6 29.5 28.5 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 45.3 62.4 17.3 8.1 25.4 29.5 1,038
XIII - Caraga 47.0 75.3 17.8 5.6 42.0 17.1 648
ARMM 16.7 34.3 2.6 0.4 4.3 62.4 780
Education
No education 16.0 20.3 4.1 0.2 6.6 70.8 200
Grades 1-6 31.5 45.4 7.9 2.2 5.7 46.2 3,245
Grades 7-10 33.3 61.2 16.5 5.6 28.0 31.8 11,558
Grade 11 22.8 59.0 16.1 4.4 49.8 30.6 934
Post-secondary 37.6 69.4 20.7 5.5 40.6 22.4 1,144
College 37.2 70.9 30.1 9.9 60.0 18.2 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 36.2 45.3 10.9 2.7 11.2 44.4 4,209
Second 36.1 60.1 15.4 3.8 23.0 33.0 4,629
Middle 33.8 65.9 18.5 7.2 35.6 26.5 4,918
Fourth 32.2 65.6 22.5 7.9 43.6 26.5 5,527
Highest 32.3 70.0 28.4 9.3 59.8 19.9 5,791
Total 34.0 62.2 19.8 6.5 36.5 29.2 25,074
Among women age 15-49 who are not using contraception, percentage who during the past 12 months were visited by a fieldworker
who discussed family planning, percentage who visited a health facility and discussed family planning, percentage who visited a
health facility but did not discuss family planning, and percentage who did not discuss family planning either with a fieldworker or
at a health facility, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage of
Percentage of women who did
women who were Percentage of women who visited a not discuss family
visited by a health facility in the past 12 months planning either
fieldworker who and who: with a fieldworker Number
Background discussed family Discussed family Did not discuss or at a health of
characteristic planning planning family planning facility women
Age
15-19 2.6 3.9 12.8 94.7 4,722
20-24 6.1 12.9 19.0 85.2 3,153
25-29 12.8 24.3 23.7 72.9 2,183
30-34 12.5 23.5 25.3 73.3 1,554
35-39 11.7 21.3 26.3 75.8 1,671
40-44 13.2 18.8 20.9 76.9 1,441
45-49 10.0 12.9 25.8 83.4 1,925
Residence
Urban 5.3 11.2 20.6 87.2 8,444
Rural 11.2 17.3 19.6 79.3 8,204
Region
National Capital Region 2.9 8.5 16.5 91.0 3,141
Cordillera Admin. Region 8.2 12.3 24.3 84.5 324
I - Ilocos Region 6.9 12.1 18.5 86.3 814
II - Cagayan Valley 13.3 16.1 11.0 81.9 447
III - Central Luzon 5.4 8.8 13.9 89.8 1,636
IVA - CALABARZON 4.3 9.9 28.2 88.1 2,644
MIMAROPA Region 15.0 15.8 23.8 77.8 413
V - Bicol 11.5 23.0 30.8 73.6 1,052
VI - Western Visayas 9.3 17.1 27.4 79.7 947
VII - Central Visayas 7.3 14.4 21.9 83.0 1,094
VIII - Eastern Visayas 9.1 15.7 21.6 81.6 627
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 17.8 28.3 21.7 66.5 505
X - Northern Mindanao 11.0 19.2 10.9 77.7 649
XI - Davao 11.9 21.6 17.0 75.8 678
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 12.6 21.0 14.6 75.4 608
XIII - Caraga 19.3 24.8 20.5 69.6 408
ARMM 19.5 17.2 8.4 76.0 660
Education
No education 10.1 13.8 17.5 83.2 158
Grades 1-6 16.0 22.7 20.1 71.9 1,821
Grades 7-10 8.9 15.5 17.6 82.0 7,248
Grade 11 2.8 3.2 11.5 95.4 926
Post-secondary 5.5 11.6 25.7 85.9 728
College 6.1 11.9 24.0 86.3 5,766
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.2 24.8 17.0 70.1 2,520
Second 12.2 18.3 18.7 78.1 2,774
Middle 9.0 16.5 18.5 80.9 3,173
Fourth 4.4 9.3 20.9 89.0 3,845
Highest 3.3 8.1 23.4 91.0 4,336
Total 8.2 14.2 20.1 83.3 16,648
Percentage of women age 15-49 who agree that if a minor age 15-17 wants to
use a contraceptive method, he or she should seek written permission from his
or her parents, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS
2017
Percentage who
agree that a minor
should seek written
permission from his or
her parents if he or Number
Background she wants to use a of
characteristic contraceptive method women
Age
15-19 70.9 4,897
20-24 70.0 4,175
25-29 72.2 3,717
30-34 71.7 3,243
35-39 70.9 3,360
40-44 71.2 2,837
45-49 68.7 2,845
Number of living children
0 70.8 9,640
1-2 70.8 8,287
3-4 70.3 4,937
5+ 72.2 2,210
Marital status
Never married 70.3 8,971
Married or living together 71.0 15,016
Divorced/separated/widowed 73.2 1,086
Residence
Urban 70.2 12,252
Rural 71.4 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 68.8 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 69.5 440
I - Ilocos Region 83.6 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 56.4 802
III - Central Luzon 68.8 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 82.0 4,016
MIMAROPA Region 69.4 621
V - Bicol 84.1 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 70.7 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 66.0 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 73.1 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 64.7 764
X - Northern Mindanao 46.4 998
XI - Davao 62.5 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 67.2 1,038
XIII - Caraga 63.2 648
ARMM 69.2 780
Education
No education 54.2 200
Grades 1-6 68.4 3,245
Grades 7-10 71.7 11,558
Grade 11 73.8 934
Post-secondary 73.2 1,144
College 70.3 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 68.2 4,209
Second 71.8 4,629
Middle 72.5 4,918
Fourth 70.7 5,527
Highest 70.7 5,791
Total 70.8 25,074
I
nformation on infant and child mortality is relevant to a demographic assessment of a country’s
population and is an important indicator of the country’s socioeconomic development and quality of
life (UNDP 2007). It can also help identify children who may be at higher risk of death and lead to
strategies to reduce this risk, such as promoting birth spacing.
This chapter presents information on levels, trends, and differentials in perinatal, neonatal, infant, and
under-5 mortality rates. It also examines biodemographic factors and fertility behaviors that increase
mortality risks for infants and children. The information was collected as part of a retrospective pregnancy
history in which respondents to the Woman’s Questionnaire listed all of their pregnancies from the first to
the last, the outcome of each pregnancy (born alive, born dead, or lost before full term), and the length or
duration of pregnancy (to obtain data on pre-term live births). For those pregnancies that resulted in live
births, respondents reported the sex, date of birth, and survivorship status of each child. For surviving
children, their age in completed years at their most recent birthday was recorded. For dead children, the
age at death was noted.
The quality of mortality estimates calculated from pregnancy histories depends on the mother’s ability to
recall all of the children she has given birth to, as well as their birth dates and ages at death. Potential data
quality problems include:
The selective omission from pregnancy histories of those births that did not survive, which can result
in underestimation of childhood mortality.
The displacement of birth dates, which may distort mortality trends. This can occur if an interviewer
knowingly records a birth as occurring in a different year than the one in which it occurred. This may
happen if an interviewer is trying to cut down on his or her overall workload, because live births
occurring during the 5 years before the interview are the subject of a lengthy set of additional
questions.
The quality of reporting of age at death. Misreporting the child’s age at death may distort the age
pattern of mortality, especially if the net effect of the age misreporting is to transfer deaths from one
age bracket to another.
Selected indicators of the quality of the mortality data on which the estimates of mortality in this chapter
are based are presented in Appendix C, Tables C.3-C.6.
Neonatal mortality: The probability of dying within the first month of life.
Postneonatal mortality: The probability of dying between the first month of
life and the first birthday (computed as the difference between infant and
neonatal mortality).
Infant mortality: The probability of dying between birth and the first birthday.
Child mortality: The probability of dying between the first and the fifth
birthday.
Under-5 mortality: The probability of dying between birth and the fifth
birthday.
During the 5 years immediately preceding the Figure 8.1 Trends in early childhood
survey, the neonatal mortality rate was 14 deaths per mortality rates
1,000 live births, the infant mortality rate was 21 Deaths per 1,000 live births in the 5-year
deaths per 1,000 live births, and the under-5 period before the survey
mortality rate was 27 deaths per 1,000 live births
(Table 8.1). Neonatal deaths account for two-thirds Under-5 mortality
of infant deaths. 54
48
Trends: Figure 8.1 presents trends in childhood 40
34 35 34
mortality, as assessed through previous surveys. 31
29 27
Under-5 mortality rates decreased from 54 deaths Infant mortality 25 23
per 1,000 live births during the 5 years immediately 21
preceding the 1993 NDS to 27 deaths per 1,000 live 18 18 17 16
Neonatal mortality 13 14
births in the most recent 5-year period. Infant
mortality has similarly decreased. Between the 1993 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2017
NDS and the 2013 NDHS, the neonatal mortality NDS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS
rate declined slightly from 18 deaths per 1,000 live births to 13 deaths per 1,000 live births. Between the
2013 NDHS and the NDHS 2017, the neonatal mortality rate held steady (13 deaths per 1,000 live births
versus 14 deaths per 1,000 live births).
Infant mortality and under-5 mortality are lower in urban areas than in rural areas. Infant mortality
rates in urban and rural areas are 18 deaths per 1,000 live births and 23 deaths per 1,000 live births,
respectively, while under-5 mortality rates are 23 deaths per 1,000 live births in urban areas and 30
deaths per 1,000 live births in rural areas.
42
29 31
12 11
increasing household wealth, from 42 deaths per 1,000 live births in the lowest wealth quintile to 11
deaths per 1,000 live births in the highest quintile (Figure 8.4). A similar pattern of decline in under-5
mortality rates is observed as mother’s educational level increases, although person-years of exposure
are low in some education categories.
The causes of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths are closely linked. The perinatal mortality rate
encompasses both stillbirths and early neonatal deaths and offers some reflection of the level of mortality
and quality of service around the time of delivery. Eighty-three stillbirths were recorded in the NDHS
2017, and there were 110 early neonatal deaths during the 5-year period preceding the survey. This yields a
perinatal mortality rate of 19 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies of 7 or more months’ duration (Table 8.4).
The perinatal mortality rate increases as the mother’s age at birth increases, rising from 17 deaths per
1,000 pregnancies among women less than age 30 to 42 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies among women
age 40-49.
Perinatal mortality ranges from a low of 4 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies in CAR to a high of 31 deaths
per 1,000 pregnancies in Western Visayas.
Twenty-eight percent of births in the 5 years preceding the survey were not in any high-risk category.
Twenty-six percent of births were in an unavoidable risk category, that is, first-order births to women
between age 18 and age 34. Forty-five percent of births in the 5 years preceding the survey were in an
avoidable high-risk category; 31% of births were in a single high-risk category (mother’s age less than 18
years, mother’s age more than 34 years, birth interval less than 24 months, and birth order greater than
three), and 15% were in multiple high-risk categories.
The risk ratio denotes the relationship between risk factors and mortality. For example, the risk of dying
for a child who falls into any of the avoidable high-risk categories is 1.66 times that for a child not in any
high-risk category. Among births in a single high-risk category, the risk ratio is highest for births to
mothers less than age 18; children born to mothers less than age 18 are 2.06 times more likely to die than
those not in any risk category.
Risk ratios are usually higher for births in multiple high-risk categories. The risk of dying for a child born
to a mother above age 34, with a birth interval less than 24 months, and with a birth order greater than
three is 4.26 times that for a child not in any high-risk category.
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on infant and child mortality, see the following tables:
Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for 5-year periods preceding the
survey, Philippines NDHS 2017
Postneonatal
Years preceding Neonatal mortality Infant mortality Child mortality Under-5
the survey mortality (NN) (PNN)1 (1q0) (4q1) mortality (5q0)
0-4 14 7 21 7 27
5-9 14 9 23 6 29
10-14 12 8 21 5 26
1
Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates
Table 8.2 Five-year early childhood mortality rates according to background characteristics
Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for the 5-year period preceding the
survey, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Postneonatal
Background Neonatal mortality Infant mortality Child mortality Under-5
characteristic mortality (NN) (PNN)1 (1q0) (4q1) mortality (5q0)
Child’s sex
Male 13 8 21 7 28
Female 14 7 21 6 26
Residence
Urban 13 5 18 6 23
Rural 14 9 23 7 30
Total 14 7 21 7 27
1
Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates
Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for the 10-year period preceding the survey,
according to additional characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Postneonatal
Neonatal mortality Infant mortality Child mortality Under-5
Characteristic mortality (NN) (PNN)1 (1q0) (4q1) mortality (5q0)
Mother’s age at birth
<20 14 9 23 7 30
20-29 15 6 21 6 27
30-39 11 9 21 6 27
40-49 23 17 41 (15) (56)
Birth order
1 14 5 20 3 23
2-3 13 6 19 5 24
4-6 14 14 28 9 36
7+ 22 15 37 20 57
Previous birth interval2
<2 years 22 15 37 12 48
2 years 12 8 20 7 26
3 years 10 7 17 5 22
4+ years 10 7 17 5 22
Region
National Capital Region 6 2 8 2 11
Cordillera Admin. Region 7 1 8 3 11
I - Ilocos Region 11 14 26 3 29
II - Cagayan Valley 10 8 19 6 24
III - Central Luzon 6 8 14 5 19
IVA - CALABARZON 11 7 18 3 21
MIMAROPA Region 13 15 28 5 33
V - Bicol 22 8 30 8 38
VI - Western Visayas 33 4 38 9 46
VII - Central Visayas 15 11 25 4 29
VIII - Eastern Visayas 16 11 27 5 32
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 10 10 20 7 26
X - Northern Mindanao 16 10 26 6 32
XI - Davao 13 4 17 7 24
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 19 10 29 19 48
XIII - Caraga 15 9 24 4 28
ARMM 19 18 37 19 55
Mother’s education
No education (18) (25) (43) (17) (59)
Grades 1-6 14 16 31 16 47
Grades 7-10 15 7 23 3 26
Grade 11 * * * * *
Post-secondary 20 2 22 9 31
College 9 3 12 1 13
Wealth quintile
Lowest 18 13 31 12 42
Second 17 6 23 7 29
Middle 15 12 26 5 31
Fourth 6 5 11 2 12
Highest 8 2 9 2 11
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 250-499 unweighted person-years of exposure to the risk of death. An
asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 250 unweighted person-years of exposure to the risk of death
and has been suppressed.
1
Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates
2
Excludes first-order births
Number of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths, and the perinatal mortality rate for the 5-year period preceding the survey,
according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of
Background Number of Number of early Perinatal mortality pregnancies of 7+
characteristic stillbirths1 neonatal deaths2 rate3 months’ duration
Mother’s age at birth
<20 10 11 17 1,216
20-29 34 52 17 5,229
30-39 32 36 22 3,098
40-49 7 12 42 447
Previous pregnancy interval in
months4
First pregnancy 27 38 22 2,923
<15 8 7 29 515
15-26 10 16 14 1,898
27-38 7 15 15 1,524
39+ 31 34 21 3,130
Residence
Urban 34 48 19 4,405
Rural 48 62 20 5,585
Region
National Capital Region 11 3 12 1,201
Cordillera Admin. Region 0 0 4 153
I - Ilocos Region 6 8 30 458
II - Cagayan Valley 4 3 19 376
III - Central Luzon 7 7 16 896
IVA - CALABARZON 5 20 16 1,593
MIMAROPA Region 4 3 28 264
V - Bicol 10 11 30 699
VI - Western Visayas 3 17 31 662
VII - Central Visayas 5 7 20 585
VIII - Eastern Visayas 3 2 10 464
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 4 7 27 407
X - Northern Mindanao 5 5 21 477
XI - Davao 3 6 17 522
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 4 4 14 548
XIII - Caraga 5 4 27 323
ARMM 1 5 16 362
Mother’s education
No education 1 1 14 115
Grades 1-6 21 21 23 1,817
Grades 7-10 37 60 19 5,109
Grade 11 * * * 20
Post-secondary 2 6 18 462
College 19 21 16 2,468
Wealth quintile
Lowest 26 23 17 2,812
Second 16 36 23 2,215
Middle 20 29 25 1,973
Fourth 10 6 10 1,655
Highest 11 16 20 1,335
Total 83 110 19 9,990
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Stillbirths are fetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 7 or more months
2
Early neonatal deaths are deaths at age 0-6 days among live-born children
3
The sum of the number of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths divided by the number of pregnancies of 7 or more months’
duration, expressed per 1,000
4
Category cutoffs correspond to birth intervals of <24 months, 24-35 months, 36-47 months, and 48+ months assuming a
pregnancy duration of 9 months
Percent distribution of children born in the 5 years preceding the survey by category of elevated
risk of mortality and the risk ratio, and percent distribution of currently married women by category
of risk if they were to conceive a child at the time of the survey, Philippines NDHS 2017
Births in the 5 years preceding the
survey Percentage of
Percentage of currently married
Risk category births Risk ratio women1
Notes: Risk ratio is the ratio of the proportion dead among births in a specific high-risk category
to the proportion dead among births not in any high-risk category. Ratios in parentheses are
based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
na = Not applicable
1
Women are assigned to risk categories according to the status they would have at the birth of
a child if they were to conceive at the time of the survey: current age less than 17 years and 3
months or older than 34 years and 2 months, latest birth less than 15 months ago, or latest birth
being of order 3 or higher
2
Includes the category age <18 and birth order >3
a
Includes sterilized women
H
ealth care services during pregnancy and childbirth and after delivery are important for the
survival and well-being of both the mother and the infant. For the past 10 years, the Philippine
government has heavily invested in infrastructure and human resources and has strengthened its
policies to improve service delivery for women and children. Local health facilities have been upgraded,
and human resources for health have been trained or deployed to provide better maternal care at the
primary level.
The Department of Health’s Health Facilities Enhancement Program (HFEP) has funded upgrading of rural
health units and barangay health stations to Basic Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (BEmONC)
providers, which can perform normal spontaneous deliveries and emergency obstetric functions such as
administration of oxytocin, anticonvulsants, and antibiotics; assisted deliveries in imminent breech;
removal of placental products; basic newborn resuscitation; and referral services. The HFEP has also
funded upgrading of hospitals to Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric Care and Newborn Care
In addition, the National Health Insurance Program (NHIP) covers health expenditures during the antenatal
period and delivery through the Maternity Care and Newborn Care Packages.
Overall, 94% of women age 15-49 Figure 9.1 Trends in antenatal care coverage
received ANC from a skilled
Percentage of women age 15-49 who had a live birth in
provider for their most recent birth. the 5 years before the survey (for the most recent birth)
Midwives were the most common
service providers (50%), followed 95 Received any
91 94
by doctors (39%) and nurses (4%). 85 88 88 ANC from skilled
provider
Only 3% of women did not receive 87
84
any ANC (Table 9.1). 78 Had 4+ ANC visits
70 71
64
55 62 Had ANC in first
Trends: As shown in Figure 9.1, 53 54 trimester
51
the percentage of women receiving 43
ANC from a skilled provider
increased from 85% in 1993 to 94%
in 2017.
1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2017
NDS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS
Patterns by background
characteristics
Ninety-four percent of women in both urban and rural areas received ANC from a skilled provider.
Regionally, ANC coverage from a skilled provider is lowest in the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM) (69%) and highest in Eastern Visayas (99%).
ANC coverage from a skilled provider increases with increasing household wealth. Women in the
lowest wealth quintile are most likely to receive ANC from a midwife (70%), while the majority of
women in the highest wealth quintile receive ANC from a doctor (85%).
The DOH recommends a focused antenatal care approach comprising four visits (one in the first trimester,
one in the second trimester, and two visits in the third trimester at 2 week intervals) for healthy women
with no underlying problems. The first visit is recommended as early as possible on the first trimester to
detect and manage underlying problems such as diabetes, anemia, and hypertension. The timing of the
visits is also crucial because the effectiveness of interventions such as iron and folic acid supplementation,
vaccinations, and testing for infectious diseases depends on when they are administered.
Trends: Figure 9.1 illustrates the steady increase in the percentage of women who had four or more ANC
visits, from 55% in 1993 to 87% in 2017. Over the same period, the percentage of women who received
ANC in the first trimester of pregnancy improved from 43% to 71%.
Among women who received ANC for their most recent birth, 99% had their blood pressure measured,
78% had a urine sample taken, and 72% had a blood sample taken (Table 9.3). Nearly all pregnant women
had their weight measured (99%), and 87% had their height measured.
Trends: Between 2003 and 2017, the percentage of pregnant women who had their blood pressure
measured during ANC increased from 90% to 99%. During the same period, the percentage of women who
had a urine sample taken rose from 47% to 78%, and the percentage who had a blood sample taken
increased from 38% to 72%.
Iron and folate supplementation and deworming are important for the management of anemia in pregnant
women and to ensure the healthy growth of the fetus, including prevention of neural tube defects due to
folate deficiency. It is recommended that all pregnant women take iron tablets with folic acid for the
duration of their pregnancy. During the second ANC visit, all women are recommended to take intestinal
parasite drugs for deworming.
Women with a birth in the 5 years preceding the survey, whether or not they attended ANC, were asked if
they took iron tablets and intestinal parasite drugs during their most recent pregnancy. More than 9 in 10
women (92%) took iron tablets, while only 4% took intestinal parasite drugs. Among women who took
iron tablets, the vast majority reported that the tablets included folic acid (see Chapter 11, Table 11.5).
The Philippines achieved Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination (MNTE) status in 2017, with less
than one case of neonatal tetanus per 1,000 live births in every province or city that year (UNICEF 2017).
Maternal tetanus and neonatal tetanus, primarily due to unsanitary conditions during delivery and poor
umbilical cord care practices, are among the preventable causes of death in infants and mothers. They can
More than half of women (56%) received two or more tetanus toxoid injections for their most recent birth.
Overall, 80% of recent births were protected against neonatal tetanus (Table 9.4).
Trends: The percentage of births protected against neonatal tetanus increased from 74% in 2008 to 82% in
2013 and has since remained essentially unchanged (80% in 2017).
The most common problem experienced during delivery was labor lasting 12 hours or more (19%). Seven
percent of women experienced excessive bleeding during delivery.
Women with a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey were asked if, for their most recent live birth,
they had set aside money in case of an emergency. Overall, 86% of women reported that they had set aside
emergency money, and women in urban and rural areas were equally likely to do so. The percentage of
women who set aside emergency money increased with increasing household wealth, from 80% among
those in the lowest wealth quintile to 94% among those in the highest quintile.
Pre-term Births
Only 3% of births in the 5 years preceding the survey were pre-term (Table 9.6). It should be noted that
data on pre-term births are based on mothers’ reports of the duration of pregnancy in whole months rather
than in weeks, so the results provide only a crude measure of pre-term births.
Institutional deliveries
Deliveries that occur in a health facility.
Sample: All live births in the 5 years before the survey
Aside from adequate management of pregnancy Figure 9.2 Trends in place of birth
through antenatal care, the DOH recommends that Percentage of live births in the 5 years
all births be delivered in facilities classified as either before the survey
BEmONC or CEmONC. Such facilities have the
required equipment and staffing capacity to ensure a Delivered at home
78
72
safe delivery for the mother and newborn. 66 61 61
56
Seventy-eight percent of births in the 5 years 44
34 38 38
preceding the survey were delivered in a health 28
facility (Table 9.7). Fifty-five percent of births were 20
delivered in a public facility, while 23% were Delivered in health facility
delivered in a private facility. One in five births were
delivered at home. 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2017
NDS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS
Institutional deliveries decrease as birth order Figure 9.3 Health facility births by birth
increases, from 86% for first births to 53% for order
sixth- or higher-order births (Figure 9.3). Percentage of live births in the 5 years
before the survey that were delivered in a
Births to urban women (85%) are more likely to health facility
be delivered in a health facility than births to 86
rural women (72%) (Table 9.7). 79
71
The DOH recommends skilled assistance during Figure 9.4 Assistance during delivery
delivery to ensure that the pregnant woman and the
Percent distribution of births in the 5 years
newborn are managed properly. The DOH has before the survey
deployed doctors, midwives, and nurses through the
Nurse
Doctors to the Barrios, Midwife Deployment, and 5%
Nurse Deployment programs, respectively, to fill in
gaps in staffing in local government units (LGUs). Doctor
49%
Also, both staff deployed by the DOH and LGU Other
health staff undergo training specifically for the 16%
management of pregnant women and newborns.
Midwife
In the Philippines, 84% of live births in the 5 years 30%
preceding the survey were delivered by a skilled
provider (Table 9.9). The majority of births were
delivered by a doctor (49%) or midwife (30%) (Figure 9.4).
Seventy-three percent of infants had skin-to-skin contact with their mother immediately after birth, as
recommended.
Trends: The percentage of live births delivered by a skilled provider increased from 53% in 1993 to 84%
in 2017.
Deliveries attended by a skilled provider decrease with increasing birth order. Ninety-one percent of
first births were delivered by a skilled provider, as compared with 60% of sixth- or higher-order births.
Skilled delivery assistance increases with Figure 9.5 Skilled assistance at delivery
increasing wealth, from 65% for births in the by household wealth
lowest wealth quintile to 99% for births in the
Percentage of live births in the 5 years
highest quintile (Figure 9.5). Births in the before the survey assisted by a skilled
highest wealth quintile were most likely to be provider
97 99
delivered by doctors (82%), while births in the 93
lowest quintile were most likely to be delivered 84
by midwives and traditional birth 65
attendants/hilots (31% each).
Overall, 13% of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey were delivered by Caesarean section (Table
9.10). For 8% of live births, the decision to deliver by Caesarean section occurred before the onset of labor
pains, while for 5% of births the decision was not made until after the onset of labor. Among women who
delivered by Caesarean section for their most recent birth, 91% stayed in the health facility for 3 or more
days (Table 9.11).
Trends: Births delivered by Caesarean section increased from 6% in 1993 to 13% in 2017.
Caesarean section deliveries are more common in private facilities (24% of deliveries) than in public
facilities (13% of deliveries) (Table 9.10).
By region, the percentage of births delivered by Caesarean section ranges from 4% in ARMM to 21%
in Ilocos Region.
The percentage of births delivered by Caesarean section increases with increasing household wealth,
from 4% in the lowest wealth quintile to 31% in the highest wealth quintile.
Cost of Delivery
PhilHealth covers delivery costs through various packages. The Maternity Care Package (MCP) includes
health services during the prenatal period, normal delivery, and the postpartum period. The MCP provides
PhP 8,000 for care in birthing homes, maternity clinics, or infirmaries and PhP 6,500 for care in hospitals;
the value of the MCP is deducted from the patient’s total bill. However, if a pregnant woman is a
Sponsored Member of PhilHealth, all costs are covered through PhilHealth. There are also packages for
normal spontaneous delivery and Caesarean delivery that cover only intrapartum and immediate
postpartum services.
The DOH recommends at least two postnatal checks for all postpartum women. After the mother is
discharged from the facility, the first postnatal check should take place within 72 hours after birth, and the
second check should take place 7 days after birth. The purpose of these visits is timely detection of
bleeding or infections, provision of vitamin A, and counseling on nutrition, breastfeeding, and family
planning.
Among women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 2 years preceding the survey, 86% had a postnatal check
during the first 2 days after their most recent birth, with most checks occurring within 4 hours of delivery
(60%). Nine percent of women did not have any postnatal check after birth (Table 9.13).
Trends: The percentage of women with a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth increased from
72% in 2013 to 86% in 2017.
More than 8 in 10 women (82%) who gave birth in the 2 years preceding the survey received a postnatal
check during the 2 days after delivery from a skilled health provider such as a doctor, nurse, or midwife.
Traditional birth attendants/hilots provided the first postnatal check for 4% of women (Table 9.14).
The DOH also recommends at least two postnatal checks for newborns, the first at 48 to 72 hours of life
and the second at 7 days of life. Subsequent visits follow the immunization schedule. The purpose of these
postnatal checks is early detection and management of infections, birth complications, or other life-
threatening conditions. Newborn postnatal checks are also opportunities to give advice to the mother on
proper care for the newborn, such as hygiene and breastfeeding.
Ninety-four percent of newborns who were delivered in a health facility received a postnatal check
during the first 2 days after birth, as compared with 46% of newborns delivered elsewhere
(Figure 9.6).
Newborns whose mothers have no education (39%) are much less likely than newborns whose mothers
have a post-secondary or college education (92% each) to receive a postnatal check within 2 days after
birth.
By region, the percentage of newborns receiving a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth
ranges from 51% in ARMM to 95% in NCR and Ilocos Region.
Type of Provider
The majority (82%) of newborns received a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth from a
skilled health provider such as a doctor, nurse, or midwife (Table 9.16).
Nearly 8 in 10 (79%) newborns born in the 2 years preceding the survey had their umbilical cord
examined, 76% had their temperature measured, and 87% were weighed. Three quarters (74%) of mothers
of newborns were counseled on newborn danger signs, while 80% were counseled on breastfeeding and
63% were observed while breastfeeding. Eighty-six percent of newborns had at least two signal functions
performed (Table 9.17).
Among women age 15-49, 54% had at least one problem accessing health care (Table 9.18). The most
common problem was getting money for treatment (45%). About one in five women reported that distance
to a health facility (22%) and not wanting to go alone (21%) were problems in accessing health care. Nine
percent of women reported getting permission to go for treatment as a problem in accessing care.
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on maternal health care, see the following tables:
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey by antenatal care (ANC) provider during the
pregnancy for the most recent birth and percentage receiving antenatal care from a skilled provider for the most recent birth, according to background
characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage
Antenatal care provider
receiving
Traditional antenatal
birth Barangay care from a
Background attendant/ health skilled Number of
characteristic Doctor Nurse Midwife hilot worker No ANC Total provider1 women
Age at birth
<20 31.2 6.0 54.2 0.7 4.8 3.1 100.0 91.4 797
20-34 40.3 3.9 49.8 0.2 3.1 2.7 100.0 94.0 5,430
35-49 39.3 4.5 50.5 0.2 1.8 3.5 100.0 94.4 1,394
Birth order
1 48.5 3.9 43.5 0.2 2.5 1.3 100.0 95.9 2,237
2-3 41.4 3.9 48.5 0.3 3.4 2.5 100.0 93.8 3,503
4-5 28.8 4.2 59.5 0.2 3.1 4.1 100.0 92.5 1,226
6+ 14.7 6.8 67.4 0.4 2.6 8.0 100.0 88.9 655
Residence
Urban 48.1 3.3 42.6 0.2 3.2 2.5 100.0 94.0 3,434
Rural 31.8 4.9 56.8 0.3 2.9 3.2 100.0 93.6 4,188
Region
National Capital Region 69.7 2.3 21.4 0.2 5.4 1.1 100.0 93.3 966
Cordillera Admin. Region 54.5 7.8 33.1 0.0 2.7 1.9 100.0 95.4 116
I - Ilocos Region 61.2 4.5 32.0 0.0 0.6 1.8 100.0 97.6 356
II - Cagayan Valley 40.8 1.4 53.0 0.0 1.8 3.0 100.0 95.2 286
III - Central Luzon 52.8 0.4 40.5 0.3 3.9 2.1 100.0 93.7 704
IVA - CALABARZON 50.2 1.8 45.1 0.0 1.1 1.8 100.0 97.1 1,287
MIMAROPA Region 36.4 6.5 50.0 0.5 3.3 3.2 100.0 92.9 196
V - Bicol 25.3 8.1 62.8 0.0 0.8 2.9 100.0 96.2 506
VI - Western Visayas 24.6 4.4 62.6 0.1 1.4 6.9 100.0 91.7 494
VII - Central Visayas 23.4 4.9 67.5 0.0 1.7 2.5 100.0 95.8 455
VIII - Eastern Visayas 28.9 9.7 60.2 0.1 0.0 1.1 100.0 98.8 333
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 13.2 10.0 65.5 0.0 6.9 4.4 100.0 88.7 287
X - Northern Mindanao 22.1 3.5 68.6 0.0 3.2 2.6 100.0 94.2 340
XI - Davao 27.5 7.6 57.7 0.8 5.7 0.7 100.0 92.8 412
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 13.9 0.9 76.9 0.0 4.0 4.3 100.0 91.6 401
XIII - Caraga 21.9 12.5 60.7 0.0 3.4 1.6 100.0 95.0 242
ARMM 15.3 3.2 50.0 4.4 9.8 16.9 100.0 68.6 238
Education
No education 8.3 7.3 55.5 2.4 2.2 24.3 100.0 71.2 71
Grades 1-6 12.3 3.8 68.9 0.8 5.1 9.2 100.0 84.9 1,238
Grades 7-10 32.1 4.9 57.6 0.1 3.4 1.8 100.0 94.6 3,906
Grade 11 * * * * * * 100.0 * 16
Post-secondary 51.3 4.4 40.2 0.0 2.1 1.9 100.0 96.0 367
College 68.0 3.0 26.9 0.1 1.3 0.7 100.0 97.9 2,024
Wealth quintile
Lowest 9.6 6.5 70.4 0.7 4.8 7.9 100.0 86.4 1,909
Second 23.9 5.3 65.7 0.1 2.8 2.2 100.0 94.9 1,664
Middle 39.6 5.0 51.2 0.3 2.7 1.3 100.0 95.8 1,556
Fourth 61.1 1.6 34.6 0.0 2.3 0.3 100.0 97.4 1,358
Highest 84.5 0.8 12.2 0.0 1.6 0.9 100.0 97.5 1,133
Total 39.2 4.2 50.4 0.3 3.0 2.9 100.0 93.8 7,622
Notes: If more than one source of ANC was mentioned, only the provider with the highest qualifications is considered in this tabulation. An asterisk
indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Skilled provider includes doctor, nurse, or midwife
Among women age 15-49 with a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey, percentages who took iron tablets and drugs for intestinal parasites
during the pregnancy of the most recent live birth, and among women receiving antenatal care (ANC) for the most recent live birth in the 5 years
preceding the survey, percentage receiving specific antenatal services, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Among women with a live birth in
the past 5 years, percentage who
during the pregnancy of their most Among women who received antenatal care for their most recent birth in
recent live birth: the past 5 years, percentage with selected services:
Number of
Number of women
Took women with with ANC
intestinal a live birth Blood Urine Blood for their
Background Took iron parasite in the past pressure sample sample Weight Height most recent
characteristic tablets1 drugs 5 years measured taken taken measured measured birth
Age at birth
<20 90.9 4.7 797 97.1 76.6 70.1 97.6 85.9 772
20-34 92.6 3.6 5,430 98.7 78.0 71.9 98.7 86.7 5,282
35-49 89.7 5.3 1,394 98.8 79.1 73.1 98.7 88.5 1,345
Birth order
1 94.7 3.2 2,237 99.0 83.8 77.7 99.1 87.6 2,207
2-3 92.7 3.7 3,503 98.4 78.8 72.6 98.5 86.7 3,414
4-5 88.9 5.7 1,226 98.4 73.5 66.8 99.1 88.3 1,176
6+ 83.9 5.7 655 97.9 62.2 56.8 96.3 83.3 603
Residence
Urban 93.5 2.9 3,434 99.1 86.3 80.9 99.3 89.5 3,346
Rural 90.6 5.0 4,188 98.1 71.3 64.5 98.0 84.8 4,053
Region
National Capital Region 94.9 0.9 966 99.4 98.9 98.8 99.4 98.4 956
Cordillera Admin. Region 96.4 17.1 116 98.8 83.2 78.4 99.0 97.8 114
I - Ilocos Region 90.1 2.5 356 99.9 83.3 71.6 98.8 90.4 349
II - Cagayan Valley 92.9 3.5 286 98.9 81.8 79.3 98.0 92.4 277
III - Central Luzon 91.7 2.5 704 98.7 89.6 82.2 98.3 77.5 689
IVA - CALABARZON 94.3 1.7 1,287 99.6 82.6 74.6 99.0 79.0 1,264
MIMAROPA Region 89.7 5.6 196 97.9 76.9 65.4 99.5 88.1 190
V - Bicol 89.5 3.5 506 98.6 55.1 45.8 99.2 75.2 491
VI - Western Visayas 90.0 1.8 494 97.9 80.6 71.3 99.7 90.8 460
VII - Central Visayas 94.6 6.0 455 98.6 69.4 65.2 100.0 92.4 444
VIII - Eastern Visayas 97.7 3.0 333 99.3 72.7 67.9 99.8 89.0 330
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 92.6 4.0 287 94.7 34.9 22.5 98.1 81.7 275
X - Northern Mindanao 92.0 7.0 340 97.4 78.4 74.2 98.6 95.5 331
XI - Davao 94.9 15.1 412 98.8 91.4 91.8 98.9 95.9 409
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 90.7 6.7 401 98.4 63.8 53.4 95.9 87.2 384
XIII - Caraga 94.1 1.9 242 98.5 87.2 82.6 99.5 91.0 238
ARMM 57.9 7.6 238 92.7 20.6 16.2 88.2 67.0 198
Education
No education 67.2 6.4 71 90.7 42.9 37.3 92.6 69.5 54
Grades 1-6 82.6 5.8 1,238 96.8 58.8 54.2 96.4 83.4 1,125
Grades 7-10 93.5 4.0 3,906 98.6 77.7 70.5 98.8 86.3 3,835
Grade 11 * * 16 * * * * * 16
Post-secondary 94.4 3.7 367 100.0 87.5 79.8 99.4 89.5 360
College 94.9 3.1 2,024 99.5 88.8 84.0 99.5 90.1 2,009
Wealth quintile
Lowest 85.7 6.8 1,909 96.2 58.3 51.4 96.5 84.3 1,758
Second 92.3 4.7 1,664 98.8 73.4 65.7 99.2 88.4 1,628
Middle 93.5 2.6 1,556 99.3 82.1 75.3 98.9 87.2 1,537
Fourth 96.6 3.1 1,358 99.6 90.5 85.9 99.1 85.0 1,354
Highest 93.9 1.8 1,133 99.7 95.4 91.5 100.0 91.0 1,123
Total 91.9 4.1 7,622 98.6 78.1 71.9 98.6 86.9 7,399
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Includes those who took iron with and without folic acid
Among mothers age 15-49 with a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey,
percentage receiving two or more tetanus toxoid injections during the pregnancy for the
most recent live birth and percentage whose most recent live birth was protected against
neonatal tetanus, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage
receiving two or Percentage
more injections whose most
during the recent live birth
pregnancy for was protected
Background the most recent against neonatal Number of
characteristic live birth tetanus1 mothers
Age at birth
<20 62.9 74.4 797
20-34 56.4 80.9 5,430
35-49 47.6 78.5 1,394
Birth order
1 69.6 76.7 2,237
2-3 53.4 82.2 3,503
4-5 46.5 82.4 1,226
6+ 35.5 72.9 655
Residence
Urban 55.6 78.5 3,434
Rural 55.4 80.9 4,188
Region
National Capital Region 60.1 81.1 966
Cordillera Admin. Region 60.2 80.3 116
I - Ilocos Region 55.4 84.5 356
II - Cagayan Valley 61.0 79.1 286
III - Central Luzon 56.9 76.1 704
IVA - CALABARZON 56.4 81.3 1,287
MIMAROPA Region 54.4 79.5 196
V - Bicol 57.9 88.7 506
VI - Western Visayas 47.8 83.6 494
VII - Central Visayas 55.1 74.6 455
VIII - Eastern Visayas 45.4 83.1 333
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 57.0 73.4 287
X - Northern Mindanao 52.7 80.0 340
XI - Davao 59.9 82.4 412
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 54.3 77.3 401
XIII - Caraga 49.1 72.0 242
ARMM 48.8 65.7 238
Education
No education 33.6 49.3 71
Grades 1-6 45.1 75.3 1,238
Grades 7-10 57.0 82.1 3,906
Grade 11 * * 16
Post-secondary 58.5 79.6 367
College 58.9 79.2 2,024
Wealth quintile
Lowest 49.8 77.8 1,909
Second 54.6 82.6 1,664
Middle 58.8 80.0 1,556
Fourth 59.6 81.0 1,358
Highest 56.9 77.4 1,133
Total 55.5 79.8 7,622
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases
and has been suppressed.
1
Includes mothers with two injections during the pregnancy of their most recent live birth,
or two or more injections (the last within 3 years of the most recent live birth), or three or
more injections (the last within 5 years of the most recent live birth), or four or more
injections (the last within 10 years of the most recent live birth), or five or more injections
at any time prior to the most recent birth
Among women age 15-49 who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the
survey, percentage who cited specific problems during the pregnancy and
delivery of the most recent birth, and percentage who set aside money in case
of an emergency by wealth quintile, according to residence, Philippines NDHS
2017
Note: Women can report more than one symptom or condition experienced
during pregnancy or more than one problem experienced during delivery.
Percent distribution of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey by whether
the birth was pre-term or full term, according to background characteristics,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Background Pre-term Full term Number of
characteristic (≤8 months) (≥9 months) Total births
Mother’s age at birth
<20 3.3 96.7 100.0 1,207
20-34 2.2 97.8 100.0 7,089
35-49 3.5 96.5 100.0 1,612
Birth order
1 3.9 96.1 100.0 3,083
2-3 2.1 97.9 100.0 4,413
4-5 1.7 98.3 100.0 1,571
6+ 1.7 98.3 100.0 841
Antenatal care visits1
None 2.2 97.8 100.0 122
1-3 6.1 93.9 100.0 520
4+ 2.1 97.9 100.0 4,950
Don’t know * * 100.0 16
Residence
Urban 3.0 97.0 100.0 4,371
Rural 2.2 97.8 100.0 5,537
Region
National Capital Region 2.0 98.0 100.0 1,190
Cordillera Admin. Region 2.0 98.0 100.0 152
I - Ilocos Region 2.5 97.5 100.0 452
II - Cagayan Valley 3.5 96.5 100.0 372
III - Central Luzon 1.5 98.5 100.0 889
IVA - CALABARZON 3.6 96.4 100.0 1,588
MIMAROPA Region 1.7 98.3 100.0 260
V - Bicol 2.0 98.0 100.0 688
VI - Western Visayas 3.7 96.3 100.0 659
VII - Central Visayas 2.8 97.2 100.0 580
VIII - Eastern Visayas 1.7 98.3 100.0 461
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 1.3 98.7 100.0 403
X - Northern Mindanao 2.1 97.9 100.0 472
XI - Davao 4.6 95.4 100.0 519
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 3.4 96.6 100.0 544
XIII - Caraga 0.8 99.2 100.0 318
ARMM 1.7 98.3 100.0 361
Mother’s education
No education 0.8 99.2 100.0 114
Grades 1-6 2.0 98.0 100.0 1,796
Grades 7-10 2.5 97.5 100.0 5,072
Grade 11 * * 100.0 17
Post-secondary 3.9 96.1 100.0 460
College 3.1 96.9 100.0 2,449
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.5 98.5 100.0 2,786
Second 2.4 97.6 100.0 2,199
Middle 3.8 96.2 100.0 1,954
Fourth 2.0 98.0 100.0 1,645
Highest 3.9 96.1 100.0 1,324
Total 2.6 97.4 100.0 9,908
Percent distribution of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey by place of delivery and percentage delivered in a health facility,
according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Health facility Percentage
Background delivered in a Number of
characteristic Public sector Private sector Home Other Total health facility births
Mother’s age at birth
<20 61.8 14.2 20.4 3.6 100.0 76.1 1,207
20-34 54.5 24.4 18.7 2.4 100.0 79.0 7,089
35-49 52.7 20.9 23.4 3.1 100.0 73.6 1,612
Birth order
1 57.2 29.1 11.0 2.7 100.0 86.3 3,083
2-3 56.3 22.8 18.2 2.7 100.0 79.0 4,413
4-5 52.6 18.0 26.3 3.2 100.0 70.6 1,571
6+ 46.4 6.6 46.3 0.7 100.0 53.0 841
Antenatal care visits1
None 19.0 4.3 76.6 0.1 100.0 23.3 222
1-3 49.5 12.4 35.1 3.0 100.0 61.9 792
4+ 58.4 26.4 12.6 2.6 100.0 84.7 6,590
Don’t know * * * * 100.0 * 17
Residence
Urban 54.7 30.1 12.1 3.1 100.0 84.8 4,371
Rural 55.4 16.8 25.6 2.2 100.0 72.2 5,537
Region
National Capital Region 53.9 38.0 7.0 1.1 100.0 91.9 1,190
Cordillera Admin. Region 77.2 8.3 14.0 0.5 100.0 85.5 152
I - Ilocos Region 72.6 14.6 8.5 4.3 100.0 87.2 452
II - Cagayan Valley 69.0 14.3 14.7 2.0 100.0 83.3 372
III - Central Luzon 61.8 23.1 12.9 2.2 100.0 84.9 889
IVA - CALABARZON 36.1 41.0 20.1 2.8 100.0 77.1 1,588
MIMAROPA Region 52.6 13.3 33.0 1.2 100.0 65.9 260
V - Bicol 58.0 14.6 20.0 7.5 100.0 72.6 688
VI - Western Visayas 65.9 12.1 21.7 0.3 100.0 78.0 659
VII - Central Visayas 60.1 24.9 9.3 5.7 100.0 85.0 580
VIII - Eastern Visayas 74.2 10.4 15.0 0.3 100.0 84.6 461
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 64.3 8.0 27.1 0.6 100.0 72.3 403
X - Northern Mindanao 61.5 14.5 22.0 2.0 100.0 76.0 472
XI - Davao 50.5 23.6 19.5 6.4 100.0 74.1 519
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 42.9 20.6 34.3 2.2 100.0 63.5 544
XIII - Caraga 65.0 12.1 21.5 1.3 100.0 77.2 318
ARMM 22.7 5.7 71.0 0.5 100.0 28.4 361
Mother’s education
No education 23.2 3.3 73.6 0.0 100.0 26.4 114
Grades 1-6 45.6 7.8 44.3 2.2 100.0 53.4 1,796
Grades 7-10 63.0 16.3 17.8 2.8 100.0 79.3 5,072
Grade 11 * * * * 100.0 * 17
Post-secondary 58.9 30.8 8.3 2.0 100.0 89.7 460
College 46.5 45.9 4.9 2.7 100.0 92.4 2,449
Wealth quintile
Lowest 51.9 6.6 39.3 2.2 100.0 58.4 2,786
Second 62.9 11.6 22.3 3.2 100.0 74.5 2,199
Middle 64.0 20.4 12.5 3.0 100.0 84.4 1,954
Fourth 57.1 34.3 5.5 3.1 100.0 91.4 1,645
Highest 33.6 63.3 1.8 1.3 100.0 96.9 1,324
Total 55.1 22.6 19.6 2.6 100.0 77.7 9,908
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Includes only the most recent birth in the 5 years preceding the survey
Among women age 15-49 whose last live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey
was not delivered in a health facility, percentage who cite specific reasons for not
delivering in a facility, according to residence, Philippines NDHS 2017
Residence
Reason Urban Rural Total
Cost too much 20.1 27.4 25.2
Facility not open 0.9 0.7 0.7
Too far/no transport 23.1 36.1 32.3
Don’t trust facility/poor-quality service 12.6 8.4 9.6
No female provider at facility 0.7 0.6 0.7
Husband/family did not allow 2.3 2.1 2.1
Not necessary 19.8 23.1 22.1
Not customary 7.1 6.0 6.3
Unexpected delivery 16.8 11.1 12.8
Other 3.6 2.8 3.0
Number of women 442 1,037 1,480
Note: Women can report more than one reason, so percentages may sum to more
than 100%.
Percent distribution of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey by person providing assistance during delivery, percentage of birth assisted by a skilled
provider, and percentage with skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percent-
age with
Percent- skin-to-
Person providing assistance during delivery age skin
Traditional delivered contact
birth Barangay by a immed-
Background attendant/ Health Relative/ skilled iately after Number of
characteristic Doctor Nurse Midwife hilot worker other No one Total provider 1
birth births
Mother’s age at birth
<20 46.4 7.2 29.8 14.8 0.6 1.2 0.0 100.0 83.4 70.1 1,207
20-34 48.7 5.2 31.4 13.0 0.5 1.0 0.3 100.0 85.2 73.8 7,089
35-49 52.1 5.1 24.2 16.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 100.0 81.4 70.0 1,612
Birth order
1 60.2 5.9 25.1 8.1 0.3 0.5 0.0 100.0 91.1 72.6 3,083
2-3 48.4 5.0 33.1 11.8 0.6 1.0 0.1 100.0 86.5 75.1 4,413
4-5 38.6 5.3 34.1 19.1 0.6 1.3 0.9 100.0 78.1 71.6 1,571
6+ 30.2 5.9 24.3 35.2 1.2 1.7 1.5 100.0 60.4 62.8 841
Antenatal care visits2
None 15.4 0.7 15.5 59.6 0.3 5.7 2.9 100.0 31.6 40.5 222
1-3 37.7 4.3 28.2 27.7 0.4 1.4 0.2 100.0 70.3 58.6 792
4+ 54.8 6.1 29.4 8.3 0.5 0.6 0.2 100.0 90.3 76.6 6,590
Don't know * * * * * * * 100.0 * * 17
Place of delivery
Health facility 62.1 6.5 30.8 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 100.0 99.4 79.6 7,703
Public facility 60.7 7.4 31.1 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 99.2 79.9 5,461
Private facility 65.5 4.2 30.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 100.0 99.9 78.9 2,242
Elsewhere 3.0 1.7 27.2 61.5 1.2 4.1 1.4 100.0 31.9 48.7 2,205
Residence
Urban 58.2 3.6 29.7 7.3 0.4 0.5 0.2 100.0 91.6 76.4 4,371
Rural 41.7 6.8 30.2 18.9 0.7 1.3 0.4 100.0 78.7 69.9 5,537
Region
National Capital Region 69.7 1.0 25.4 3.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 96.1 92.1 1,190
Cordillera Admin.
Region 71.4 6.8 13.6 3.2 1.7 3.2 0.0 100.0 91.8 88.4 152
I - Ilocos Region 69.5 4.6 23.8 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.0 85.5 452
II - Cagayan Valley 58.2 1.1 31.8 7.8 0.0 1.1 0.0 100.0 91.1 71.2 372
III - Central Luzon 61.4 1.2 30.0 5.9 1.1 0.5 0.0 100.0 92.6 56.2 889
IVA - CALABARZON 55.3 2.6 31.2 10.6 0.1 0.0 0.2 100.0 89.1 75.1 1,588
MIMAROPA Region 39.3 6.2 23.1 25.0 0.6 5.0 0.9 100.0 68.6 69.8 260
V - Bicol 29.5 11.9 42.2 15.1 0.3 0.9 0.1 100.0 83.6 69.0 688
VI - Western Visayas 48.0 2.8 30.3 16.2 0.4 1.6 0.8 100.0 81.1 83.1 659
VII - Central Visayas 43.1 11.2 36.7 5.3 0.8 1.6 1.3 100.0 91.0 57.1 580
VIII - Eastern Visayas 44.8 13.2 29.0 12.0 0.3 0.2 0.4 100.0 87.1 71.4 461
IX - Zamboanga
Peninsula 28.0 14.5 34.6 17.9 0.5 3.0 1.4 100.0 77.1 72.4 403
X - Northern Mindanao 40.0 6.0 32.6 19.8 0.3 0.8 0.5 100.0 78.7 74.9 472
XI - Davao 51.5 5.9 24.7 16.1 0.6 1.3 0.1 100.0 82.0 76.9 519
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 25.8 5.6 34.5 30.1 1.4 2.2 0.4 100.0 65.9 66.6 544
XIII - Caraga 38.7 13.2 27.8 16.3 1.7 2.3 0.0 100.0 79.6 71.7 318
ARMM 13.6 1.1 18.8 65.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 100.0 33.6 36.5 361
Mother’s education
No education 14.4 1.7 14.9 53.9 0.0 11.2 3.8 100.0 31.1 29.0 114
Grades 1-6 27.7 4.6 28.9 34.8 0.7 2.5 0.7 100.0 61.2 57.7 1,796
Grades 7-10 46.5 6.2 34.0 11.7 0.7 0.6 0.3 100.0 86.7 74.5 5,072
Grade 11 * * * * * * * 100.0 * * 17
Post-secondary 59.2 4.0 32.1 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 95.3 83.8 460
College 69.6 4.8 22.6 2.5 0.3 0.2 0.0 100.0 97.0 80.1 2,449
Wealth quintile
Lowest 26.7 7.0 30.8 31.4 0.9 2.5 0.6 100.0 64.5 62.7 2,786
Second 40.6 6.5 36.7 14.1 0.6 0.9 0.6 100.0 83.8 74.6 2,199
Middle 53.0 5.0 34.8 6.5 0.5 0.2 0.1 100.0 92.8 77.3 1,954
Fourth 66.3 3.7 27.4 2.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 97.3 75.2 1,645
Highest 82.4 2.9 13.4 1.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 100.0 98.7 80.9 1,324
Total 49.0 5.4 30.0 13.8 0.6 1.0 0.3 100.0 84.4 72.7 9,908
Notes: If the respondent mentioned more than one person attending during delivery, only the most qualified person is considered in this tabulation. An
asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Skilled provider includes doctor, nurse, or midwife.
2
Includes only the most recent birth in the 5 years preceding the survey
Percentage of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey delivered by Caesarean section (C-section),
percentage delivered by C-section planned before the onset of labor pains, and percentage delivered by C-
section decided on after the onset of labor pains, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS
2017
Timing of decision to conduct
C-section
Percentage Planned before Decided after
Background delivered by onset of labor onset of labor Number of
characteristic C-section pains pains births
Mother’s age at birth
<20 6.2 2.5 3.6 1,207
20-34 12.2 6.9 5.4 7,089
35-49 19.7 14.7 5.1 1,612
Birth order
1 16.3 6.4 9.9 3,083
2-3 13.1 9.5 3.6 4,413
4-5 9.0 7.4 1.6 1,571
6+ 4.3 2.5 1.7 841
Antenatal care visits1
None 3.6 3.0 0.7 222
1-3 7.9 5.0 2.9 792
4+ 15.6 9.1 6.5 6,590
Don’t know * * * 17
Place of delivery
Health facility 16.3 9.8 6.6 7,703
Public facility 13.1 7.8 5.3 5,461
Private facility 24.2 14.6 9.6 2,242
Residence
Urban 15.5 9.7 5.8 4,371
Rural 10.5 5.9 4.6 5,537
Region
National Capital Region 16.7 10.5 6.2 1,190
Cordillera Admin. Region 13.3 7.7 5.6 152
I - Ilocos Region 20.8 9.3 11.5 452
II - Cagayan Valley 16.3 10.3 6.0 372
III - Central Luzon 17.8 14.5 3.4 889
IVA - CALABARZON 17.0 9.1 7.9 1,588
MIMAROPA Region 6.2 3.1 3.1 260
V - Bicol 6.5 4.2 2.2 688
VI - Western Visayas 9.9 4.9 5.0 659
VII - Central Visayas 10.3 6.7 3.6 580
VIII - Eastern Visayas 9.4 5.2 4.2 461
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 8.1 5.6 2.6 403
X - Northern Mindanao 10.0 6.0 3.9 472
XI - Davao 15.0 6.6 8.4 519
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 7.0 4.7 2.3 544
XIII - Caraga 6.3 3.5 2.8 318
ARMM 3.6 2.5 1.1 361
Mother’s education
No education 4.9 4.9 0.0 114
Grades 1-6 6.2 3.3 2.9 1,796
Grades 7-10 9.0 5.3 3.7 5,072
Grade 11 * * * 17
Post-secondary 16.1 10.8 5.4 460
College 24.9 15.0 9.9 2,449
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.9 2.3 1.6 2,786
Second 8.3 4.6 3.7 2,199
Middle 11.5 5.8 5.7 1,954
Fourth 20.1 13.0 7.1 1,645
Highest 31.1 19.6 11.5 1,324
Total 12.7 7.6 5.1 9,908
Notes: The question on C-section was asked only of women who delivered in a health facility. In this table,
it is assumed that women who did not give birth in a health facility did not receive a C-section. An asterisk
indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Includes only the most recent birth in the 5 years preceding the survey
Among women with a birth in the 5 years preceding the survey who delivered their most recent live birth in
a health facility, percent distribution by duration of stay in the health facility following their most recent live
birth, according to type of delivery, Philippines NDHS 2017
6-11 12-23 Number of
Type of delivery <6 hours hours hours 1-2 days 3+ days Total women
Vaginal birth 3.4 1.8 1.7 56.0 37.1 100.0 5,039
Caesarean section 0.3 0.0 0.0 8.8 90.8 100.0 1,103
Among women age 15-49 with a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey, percent
distribution by cost of delivery of most recent live birth, and among those who paid for
their last live birth, median cost of delivery by place of delivery, according to residence,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Residence
Place of delivery/cost Urban Rural Total
Public sector
No cost/free 15.6 23.6 20.1
Paid in-kind 0.3 0.1 0.1
Know cost 83.5 75.1 78.8
Don’t know cost 0.7 1.2 1.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Median cost (pesos)1 5,880.6 5,023.3 5,405.2
Number of women 1,906 2,386 4,292
Private medical sector/other
No cost/free 4.3 4.4 4.4
Know cost 95.4 94.3 95.0
Don’t know cost 0.3 1.3 0.7
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Median cost (pesos)1 25,776.1 27,068.0 26,306.9
Number of women 1,085 765 1,850
Home/other
No cost/free 9.3 12.3 11.4
Paid in-kind 0.1 0.6 0.5
Know cost 89.6 86.1 87.2
Don’t know cost 1.0 0.9 0.9
1
Median cost is based only on those women who reported a cost; cost includes
donations
Among women age 15-49 giving birth in the 2 years preceding the survey, percent distribution of the mother’s first postnatal check for the most recent
live birth by time after delivery, and percentage of women with a live birth during the 2 years preceding the survey who received a postnatal check in
the first 2 days after giving birth, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage
of women
with a
postnatal
check
Time after delivery of mother’s first postnatal check1 No during the
Background Less than Don’t postnatal first 2 days Number of
characteristic 4 hours 4-23 hours 1-2 days 3-6 days 7-41 days know check2 Total after birth1 women
Age at birth
<20 58.5 12.8 14.9 1.5 2.6 0.3 9.5 100.0 86.1 429
20-34 60.2 14.5 11.3 1.2 2.5 1.0 9.3 100.0 86.0 2,692
35-49 59.8 14.3 12.4 1.9 2.2 0.6 8.8 100.0 86.5 604
Birth order
1 60.1 16.2 12.9 1.3 2.2 0.7 6.6 100.0 89.2 1,160
2-3 61.4 13.8 11.2 1.3 2.7 1.1 8.6 100.0 86.4 1,710
4-5 57.9 13.9 12.5 1.4 2.5 0.8 11.0 100.0 84.3 583
6+ 54.2 10.2 10.3 1.8 2.7 0.5 20.3 100.0 74.6 273
Place of delivery
Health facility 65.2 15.0 12.1 0.8 2.0 0.8 4.0 100.0 92.3 3,103
Elsewhere 34.0 10.4 10.5 3.9 5.1 0.9 35.2 100.0 54.8 622
Residence
Urban 60.0 14.9 14.0 1.4 3.2 0.7 5.8 100.0 88.9 1,661
Rural 59.9 13.8 10.2 1.3 1.9 1.0 12.0 100.0 83.8 2,065
Region
National Capital Region 67.5 13.2 16.0 0.8 1.6 0.4 0.5 100.0 96.7 461
Cordillera Admin. Region 54.6 21.8 18.8 0.5 0.5 1.6 2.2 100.0 95.2 60
I - Ilocos Region 64.4 24.1 5.8 1.6 1.8 2.0 0.4 100.0 94.3 197
II - Cagayan Valley 56.2 11.6 20.5 0.1 3.7 2.2 5.8 100.0 88.2 132
III - Central Luzon 36.8 11.5 25.7 5.6 6.1 2.3 11.9 100.0 74.0 327
IVA - CALABARZON 55.1 22.0 15.6 0.5 1.3 1.1 4.4 100.0 92.7 651
MIMAROPA Region 73.0 6.6 6.8 0.7 4.8 0.2 8.0 100.0 86.4 98
V - Bicol 63.6 25.6 3.7 1.9 0.8 0.4 4.0 100.0 92.9 251
VI - Western Visayas 72.8 8.2 6.0 0.4 4.6 0.5 7.5 100.0 87.1 237
VII - Central Visayas 72.5 12.7 5.0 1.5 0.8 0.1 7.4 100.0 90.2 233
VIII - Eastern Visayas 75.8 9.3 4.8 0.5 1.7 0.0 7.9 100.0 89.9 156
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 54.6 4.7 3.8 1.0 3.8 2.0 30.1 100.0 63.1 133
X - Northern Mindanao 45.1 10.1 13.4 1.3 6.2 0.4 23.5 100.0 68.6 180
XI - Davao 62.8 16.6 11.2 0.7 2.1 0.0 6.7 100.0 90.6 175
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 64.8 7.9 5.6 0.0 0.8 0.2 20.7 100.0 78.4 197
XIII - Caraga 59.7 5.4 8.2 1.7 1.0 0.7 23.2 100.0 73.4 107
ARMM 48.8 3.8 11.0 3.5 2.4 0.6 30.0 100.0 63.6 129
Education
No education 29.2 1.5 6.6 0.0 1.2 1.2 60.2 100.0 37.3 40
Grades 1-6 52.2 10.3 9.1 2.1 2.6 2.9 20.7 100.0 71.6 575
Grades 7-10 61.9 14.0 11.8 1.4 2.1 0.5 8.3 100.0 87.7 1,941
Grade 11 * * * * * * * 100.0 * 15
Post-secondary 61.9 19.1 13.1 1.3 1.4 0.2 3.1 100.0 94.0 167
College 61.5 17.1 13.3 0.9 3.4 0.4 3.4 100.0 91.9 987
Wealth quintile
Lowest 58.8 8.3 8.1 1.5 2.8 0.7 19.8 100.0 75.2 982
Second 61.0 12.4 12.5 1.2 2.0 1.1 9.9 100.0 85.9 816
Middle 61.9 19.1 10.6 1.1 2.0 1.3 4.0 100.0 91.6 749
Fourth 57.4 20.0 14.6 0.7 2.9 0.7 3.5 100.0 92.0 631
Highest 60.6 14.6 16.2 2.4 2.8 0.4 2.9 100.0 91.4 547
Total 59.9 14.3 11.9 1.4 2.5 0.9 9.2 100.0 86.1 3,725
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Includes women who received a check from a doctor, midwife, nurse, barangay health worker, or traditional birth attendant/hilot
2
Includes women who received a check after 41 days
Among women age 15-49 giving birth in the 2 years preceding the survey, percent distribution by type of provider of the
mother’s first postnatal health check during the 2 days after the most recent live birth, according to background
characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Type of health provider of mother’s first
postnatal check No postnatal
Traditional check during
Doctor/ birth the first 2
Background nurse/ attendant/ Barangay days after Number of
characteristic midwife hilot health worker birth Total women
Age at birth
<20 83.5 2.5 0.1 13.9 100.0 429
20-34 82.0 3.3 0.7 14.0 100.0 2,692
35-49 78.4 8.0 0.0 13.5 100.0 604
Birth order
1 86.9 2.0 0.3 10.8 100.0 1,160
2-3 82.7 3.0 0.7 13.6 100.0 1,710
4-5 77.4 6.4 0.5 15.7 100.0 583
6+ 61.1 13.2 0.3 25.4 100.0 273
Place of delivery
Health facility 92.1 0.1 0.2 7.7 100.0 3,103
Elsewhere 29.1 23.5 2.2 45.2 100.0 622
Residence
Urban 86.0 2.4 0.5 11.1 100.0 1,661
Rural 78.0 5.2 0.5 16.2 100.0 2,065
Region
National Capital Region 94.7 1.9 0.1 3.3 100.0 461
Cordillera Admin. Region 93.2 1.1 0.9 4.8 100.0 60
I - Ilocos Region 94.3 0.0 0.0 5.7 100.0 197
II - Cagayan Valley 88.2 0.0 0.0 11.8 100.0 132
III - Central Luzon 72.7 0.8 0.5 26.0 100.0 327
IVA - CALABARZON 86.2 5.7 0.7 7.3 100.0 651
MIMAROPA Region 71.6 12.2 2.6 13.6 100.0 98
V - Bicol 86.6 5.9 0.3 7.1 100.0 251
VI - Western Visayas 81.5 5.0 0.6 12.9 100.0 237
VII - Central Visayas 89.6 0.0 0.5 9.8 100.0 233
VIII - Eastern Visayas 87.2 2.8 0.0 10.1 100.0 156
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 61.2 1.4 0.6 36.9 100.0 133
X - Northern Mindanao 66.6 2.0 0.0 31.4 100.0 180
XI - Davao 86.3 4.3 0.0 9.4 100.0 175
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 73.3 4.5 0.6 21.6 100.0 197
XIII - Caraga 70.4 2.6 0.4 26.6 100.0 107
ARMM 37.6 23.9 2.1 36.4 100.0 129
Education
No education 27.1 10.2 0.0 62.7 100.0 40
Grades 1-6 60.4 10.7 0.5 28.4 100.0 575
Grades 7-10 83.4 3.6 0.7 12.3 100.0 1,941
Grade 11 * * * * 100.0 15
Post-secondary 92.3 1.8 0.0 6.0 100.0 167
College 90.8 0.8 0.3 8.1 100.0 987
Wealth quintile
Lowest 66.2 8.0 1.0 24.8 100.0 982
Second 80.5 4.6 0.7 14.1 100.0 816
Middle 88.6 2.8 0.2 8.4 100.0 749
Fourth 90.7 1.2 0.1 8.0 100.0 631
Highest 90.9 0.5 0.0 8.6 100.0 547
Total 81.6 4.0 0.5 13.9 100.0 3,725
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Percent distribution of most recent live births in the 2 years preceding the survey by time after birth of first postnatal check, and percentage of births with a
postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage
of births
with a
postnatal
check
Time after delivery of newborn’s first postnatal check1 No during the
Background Less than postnatal first 2 days Number of
characteristic 1 hour 1-3 hours 4-23 hours 1-2 days 3-6 days Don’t know check2 Total after birth1 births
Mother’s age at birth
<20 24.5 39.4 9.4 12.3 1.2 1.3 12.0 100.0 85.6 429
20-34 22.0 41.0 10.9 11.8 1.6 1.6 11.1 100.0 85.7 2,692
35-49 26.7 35.7 12.9 10.4 1.5 1.9 10.8 100.0 85.8 604
Birth order
1 24.1 40.9 12.0 11.9 1.0 1.9 8.1 100.0 89.0 1,160
2-3 22.5 41.8 10.2 11.2 1.9 1.7 10.7 100.0 85.7 1,710
4-5 22.5 35.8 11.9 13.0 1.4 0.9 14.4 100.0 83.3 583
6+ 23.4 32.6 10.6 9.9 2.0 1.2 20.2 100.0 76.5 273
Place of delivery
Health facility 25.6 44.8 11.7 11.5 1.0 1.7 3.6 100.0 93.7 3,103
Elsewhere 10.6 15.6 7.7 11.9 4.0 1.4 48.7 100.0 45.9 622
Residence
Urban 22.8 40.4 12.3 12.5 1.4 1.9 8.7 100.0 88.0 1,661
Rural 23.3 39.5 10.1 10.9 1.7 1.4 13.2 100.0 83.8 2,065
Region
National Capital Region 17.8 46.8 15.2 15.3 1.2 0.4 3.2 100.0 95.2 461
Cordillera Admin. Region 14.4 50.0 11.4 10.3 0.5 6.8 6.6 100.0 86.1 60
I - Ilocos Region 8.2 62.7 17.3 6.4 1.6 2.6 1.2 100.0 94.6 197
II - Cagayan Valley 21.4 35.3 6.5 18.2 0.3 2.0 16.3 100.0 81.4 132
III - Central Luzon 9.9 32.7 12.6 24.7 4.4 4.4 11.1 100.0 80.0 327
IVA - CALABARZON 8.1 53.0 14.8 14.1 0.5 1.7 7.9 100.0 89.9 651
MIMAROPA Region 15.7 51.5 6.1 9.0 2.2 0.8 14.7 100.0 82.3 98
V - Bicol 35.4 34.2 16.3 4.1 1.6 0.7 7.8 100.0 90.0 251
VI - Western Visayas 56.1 24.0 3.9 7.7 0.4 1.0 6.8 100.0 91.8 237
VII - Central Visayas 43.1 31.2 9.0 5.9 1.4 2.6 6.8 100.0 89.2 233
VIII - Eastern Visayas 19.3 59.2 8.2 4.8 1.4 0.0 7.1 100.0 91.5 156
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 29.3 29.2 6.3 2.8 5.6 2.8 24.1 100.0 67.5 133
X - Northern Mindanao 22.5 28.9 3.5 19.7 0.0 1.4 24.0 100.0 74.6 180
XI - Davao 28.3 36.5 16.4 8.1 1.2 1.0 8.5 100.0 89.4 175
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 38.7 26.3 5.2 7.7 1.0 0.5 20.6 100.0 77.9 197
XIII - Caraga 46.6 22.2 6.5 4.4 0.5 0.7 19.0 100.0 79.7 107
ARMM 12.6 23.7 3.4 11.4 4.0 0.4 44.5 100.0 51.1 129
Mother’s education
No education 5.7 13.9 7.4 11.5 0.6 0.0 61.0 100.0 38.5 40
Grades 1-6 20.7 31.9 9.1 11.0 1.4 1.7 24.1 100.0 72.8 575
Grades 7-10 23.7 41.2 9.6 11.9 1.8 1.3 10.4 100.0 86.4 1,941
Grade 11 * * * * * * * 100.0 * 15
Post-secondary 22.0 48.6 11.3 10.1 1.3 1.8 5.0 100.0 92.0 167
College 24.1 41.3 15.3 11.7 1.2 2.2 4.2 100.0 92.4 987
Wealth quintile
Lowest 24.2 32.3 7.2 10.4 1.9 1.1 22.9 100.0 74.1 982
Second 25.5 39.0 10.1 11.4 1.5 1.5 11.2 100.0 85.9 816
Middle 25.7 42.6 11.8 9.9 1.4 1.7 6.9 100.0 90.0 749
Fourth 17.7 45.4 15.3 12.7 1.0 3.3 4.6 100.0 91.0 631
Highest 20.2 45.2 13.5 15.2 1.8 0.7 3.5 100.0 94.0 547
Total 23.1 39.9 11.1 11.6 1.5 1.6 11.2 100.0 85.7 3,725
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Includes newborns who received a check from a doctor, midwife, nurse, barangay health worker, or traditional birth attendant/hilot
2
Includes newborns who received a check after the first week of life
Percent distribution of most recent live births in the 2 years preceding the survey by type of provider of the newborn’s first
postnatal health check during the first 2 days after birth, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Type of health provider of newborn’s first
postnatal check No postnatal
Traditional check during
Doctor/ birth the first 2
Background nurse/ attendant/ Barangay days after Number of
characteristic midwife hilot health worker birth Total births
Mother’s age at birth
<20 83.4 2.2 0.0 14.4 100.0 429
20-34 82.5 2.5 0.7 14.3 100.0 2,692
35-49 77.8 7.8 0.3 14.2 100.0 604
Birth order
1 87.1 1.6 0.3 11.0 100.0 1,160
2-3 82.9 2.2 0.7 14.3 100.0 1,710
4-5 76.9 6.1 0.3 16.7 100.0 583
6+ 63.5 12.1 0.8 23.5 100.0 273
Place of delivery
Health facility 93.2 0.1 0.4 6.3 100.0 3,103
Elsewhere 25.3 19.3 1.3 54.1 100.0 622
Residence
Urban 85.4 2.1 0.6 12.0 100.0 1,661
Rural 79.0 4.3 0.5 16.2 100.0 2,065
Region
National Capital Region 93.9 0.9 0.4 4.8 100.0 461
Cordillera Admin. Region 84.8 1.1 0.1 13.9 100.0 60
I - Ilocos Region 94.6 0.0 0.0 5.4 100.0 197
II - Cagayan Valley 79.6 1.8 0.0 18.6 100.0 132
III - Central Luzon 78.6 0.9 0.5 20.0 100.0 327
IVA - CALABARZON 83.4 5.6 1.0 10.1 100.0 651
MIMAROPA Region 72.5 7.8 2.0 17.7 100.0 98
V - Bicol 84.0 5.9 0.0 10.0 100.0 251
VI - Western Visayas 83.3 8.1 0.4 8.2 100.0 237
VII - Central Visayas 88.6 0.0 0.6 10.8 100.0 233
VIII - Eastern Visayas 87.7 3.5 0.2 8.5 100.0 156
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 64.9 1.2 1.4 32.5 100.0 133
X - Northern Mindanao 72.9 1.7 0.0 25.4 100.0 180
XI - Davao 86.7 2.7 0.0 10.6 100.0 175
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 75.0 2.9 0.0 22.1 100.0 197
XIII - Caraga 79.1 0.5 0.0 20.3 100.0 107
ARMM 37.4 11.5 2.3 48.9 100.0 129
Mother’s education
No education 35.9 2.6 0.0 61.5 100.0 40
Grades 1-6 62.6 9.9 0.3 27.2 100.0 575
Grades 7-10 82.7 3.0 0.7 13.6 100.0 1,941
Grade 11 * * * * 100.0 15
Post-secondary 90.9 1.1 0.0 8.0 100.0 167
College 91.5 0.6 0.3 7.6 100.0 987
Wealth quintile
Lowest 66.6 6.5 1.0 25.9 100.0 982
Second 80.4 4.5 0.9 14.1 100.0 816
Middle 87.6 2.2 0.2 10.0 100.0 749
Fourth 90.3 0.6 0.1 9.0 100.0 631
Highest 93.5 0.5 0.0 6.0 100.0 547
Total 81.8 3.3 0.5 14.3 100.0 3,725
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Among most recent live births in the 2 years preceding the survey, percentage for whom selected functions were performed during the first 2 days
after birth and percentage with at least two signal functions performed during the first 2 days after birth, according to background characteristics,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage
with at least
two signal
Among most recent live births in the 2 years preceding the survey, percentage for functions
whom the selected function was performed during the first 2 days after birth: performed
Counseling Counseling Observation during the
Background Cord Temperature on danger on of first 2 days Number of
characteristic examined measured signs breastfeeding breastfeeding Weighed1 after birth births
Mother’s age at birth
<20 79.1 75.8 73.4 81.0 63.0 89.3 88.6 429
20-34 78.0 75.7 73.4 80.2 62.0 87.9 85.8 2,692
35-49 82.5 77.0 75.4 80.1 66.8 83.4 87.0 604
Birth order
1 82.0 80.3 78.9 84.0 66.1 92.2 89.5 1,160
2-3 78.4 77.7 73.8 81.2 63.8 88.3 87.2 1,710
4-5 75.9 68.4 67.6 76.6 58.5 82.9 81.6 583
6+ 75.0 62.5 64.1 66.4 53.4 70.3 77.4 273
Place of delivery
Health facility 80.7 82.1 76.9 83.4 67.0 95.1 89.1 3,103
Elsewhere 69.7 45.1 58.0 64.8 42.5 49.0 72.4 622
Residence
Urban 82.8 81.6 76.8 83.2 66.2 90.1 88.7 1,661
Rural 75.7 71.4 71.3 78.0 60.3 85.2 84.4 2,065
Region
National Capital Region 92.6 93.8 88.1 93.6 86.2 95.1 93.8 461
Cordillera Admin. Region 94.2 89.1 92.0 92.8 83.3 98.1 95.2 60
I - Ilocos Region 86.8 89.2 83.4 89.8 73.6 94.1 95.3 197
II - Cagayan Valley 82.3 82.6 76.1 84.4 67.1 79.1 88.2 132
III - Central Luzon 80.1 73.6 69.6 81.6 45.1 85.1 88.3 327
IVA - CALABARZON 68.7 65.8 65.2 69.7 50.2 90.5 78.1 651
MIMAROPA Region 78.9 67.2 79.4 83.1 62.9 84.7 87.7 98
V - Bicol 75.0 67.8 67.4 79.9 60.7 93.7 88.2 251
VI - Western Visayas 87.6 77.6 78.1 83.2 69.4 85.9 89.3 237
VII - Central Visayas 84.2 87.1 75.2 82.4 69.5 91.9 90.6 233
VIII - Eastern Visayas 83.5 79.8 79.4 84.9 74.9 94.2 87.8 156
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 56.6 66.1 65.2 69.1 52.2 83.0 83.4 133
X - Northern Mindanao 83.1 79.9 75.9 84.7 71.9 84.1 88.6 180
XI - Davao 90.6 89.8 88.3 89.1 81.8 87.7 96.1 175
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 63.9 62.3 60.0 69.6 46.8 77.6 75.1 197
XIII - Caraga 72.2 73.4 73.9 79.1 60.2 87.2 84.1 107
ARMM 61.6 39.6 48.0 52.6 24.8 42.4 62.1 129
Mother’s education
No education 47.0 28.7 37.0 44.6 28.9 37.1 44.1 40
Grades 1-6 73.5 59.8 63.1 69.0 51.3 66.5 77.4 575
Grades 7-10 77.4 76.0 73.2 81.0 63.2 90.4 87.3 1,941
Grade 11 * * * * * * * 15
Post-secondary 81.4 78.3 78.0 84.2 58.6 92.6 85.1 167
College 85.6 86.7 81.3 86.5 71.1 94.6 91.4 987
Wealth quintile
Lowest 71.5 63.8 66.1 73.8 56.4 72.9 80.7 982
Second 80.8 75.4 72.7 79.2 62.0 88.7 86.6 816
Middle 81.5 81.5 78.3 85.9 66.8 94.3 89.6 749
Fourth 80.1 80.4 75.4 80.7 65.4 94.4 88.6 631
Highest 84.2 85.8 81.0 85.4 67.8 93.7 88.9 547
Total 78.9 75.9 73.7 80.3 62.9 87.4 86.3 3,725
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Captures newborns who were weighed “at birth”. May exclude some newborns who were weighed during the 2 days after birth.
Percentage of women age 15-49 who reported that they have serious problems in accessing health care for themselves when they are sick, by
type of problem, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Problems in accessing health care
At least one
Getting problem
Background permission to go Getting money Distance to Not wanting to accessing health Number of
characteristic for treatment for treatment health facility go alone care women
Age
15-19 12.5 49.8 26.3 35.0 63.6 4,897
20-34 8.0 42.5 20.7 18.2 51.8 11,135
35-49 8.5 46.4 20.6 16.6 52.5 9,043
Number of living children
0 9.7 43.2 20.9 27.0 55.2 9,640
1-2 7.3 40.7 19.8 16.0 48.5 8,287
3-4 8.8 49.9 22.1 16.5 56.8 4,937
5+ 13.6 61.6 32.4 23.1 67.2 2,210
Marital status
Never married 10.1 44.5 21.1 27.3 56.4 8,971
Married or living together 8.6 45.4 22.2 17.4 53.0 15,016
Divorced/separated/widowed 7.8 51.1 21.1 17.5 56.2 1,086
Employed last 12 months
Not employed 10.6 48.8 23.3 24.3 58.6 11,553
Employed for cash 6.4 40.8 17.7 16.2 48.8 11,036
Employed not for cash 13.4 49.2 32.9 26.2 59.4 2,486
Residence
Urban 6.4 40.5 13.8 16.8 48.6 12,252
Rural 11.6 49.9 29.4 24.9 59.9 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 5.4 35.8 7.1 14.0 42.6 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 6.3 45.3 23.6 10.0 49.3 440
I - Ilocos Region 7.5 34.7 16.9 16.8 46.1 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 11.6 23.4 20.7 14.4 30.6 802
III - Central Luzon 5.4 31.7 11.7 13.8 37.3 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 5.6 51.6 21.5 20.3 60.4 4,016
MIMAROPA Region 6.7 37.1 23.9 19.4 47.8 621
V - Bicol 12.8 61.0 34.6 26.5 72.2 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 11.0 47.4 29.4 25.4 61.4 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 12.5 58.5 31.3 27.1 70.7 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 10.3 52.6 27.7 21.1 62.2 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 13.4 53.8 28.7 28.9 65.5 764
X - Northern Mindanao 7.7 41.0 21.4 21.5 49.8 998
XI - Davao 12.5 42.5 20.7 22.6 53.2 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 12.1 56.3 29.9 26.8 64.5 1,038
XIII - Caraga 12.4 49.5 33.3 27.2 59.4 648
ARMM 27.8 67.6 51.5 49.2 74.6 780
Education
No education 34.3 70.6 57.8 48.8 76.0 200
Grades 1-6 17.5 62.9 36.9 30.0 70.4 3,245
Grades 7-10 9.4 50.3 22.9 21.2 58.9 11,558
Grade 11 8.5 49.6 25.0 34.7 62.8 934
Post-secondary 3.9 36.2 14.6 11.1 45.0 1,144
College 5.3 31.1 13.7 15.9 41.1 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 18.3 63.1 42.3 32.8 71.9 4,209
Second 10.6 52.8 27.9 23.0 62.5 4,629
Middle 7.7 50.1 20.1 18.6 58.0 4,918
Fourth 6.8 41.3 13.5 16.7 50.0 5,527
Highest 4.4 26.1 11.2 16.7 36.2 5,791
Total 9.1 45.3 21.8 20.9 54.3 25,074
I
nformation on child health and survival can help policymakers and program managers assess the
efficacy of current strategies, formulate appropriate interventions to prevent deaths from childhood
illnesses, and improve the health of infants and children in the Philippines.
This chapter presents information on birth weight and vaccination status for young children. It also looks at
the prevalence of, and treatment practices for, three common childhood illnesses: symptoms of acute
respiratory infection (ARI), fever, and diarrhea. Because appropriate hygiene and sanitary practices can
help prevent and reduce the severity of diarrheal disease, information is also provided on the disposal of
children’s fecal matter.
A birth weight less than 2,500 grams (2.5 kg) is the most commonly used indicator of poor fetal growth.
Low birth weight contributes to perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, childhood stunting,
The incidence of newborn infants with low birth weights reflects the nutritional status of women during
their pregnancy. Poor caloric intake during pregnancy and uncorrected maternal under-nutrition may result
in intrauterine growth restriction and, thus, newborn infants with birth weights below 2,500 grams. Other
factors that may contribute to low birth weight are uncontrolled elevated blood pressure and blood sugar,
untreated infections including parasitism, and use of cigarettes or exposure to cigarette smoke.
Full-term or pre-term newborn infants with low birth weights require additional thermal and newborn care
and breastfeeding support for their survival and development. These infants are at increased risk of dying
due to complications of prematurity and/or low birth weight if they are not given supportive care at birth
and continuing care until discharge.
The Department of Health (DOH) national policy (Administrative Order 2009-0025) and the National
Newborn Care Program ensure that low birth weight newborn infants are likewise initiated on early and
exclusive breastfeeding at birth following the essential newborn care (ENC) protocol. Kangaroo mother
care (KMC), as part of the package of interventions for care of small babies, is the standard of care for pre-
term and low birth weight newborn infants. KMC is now being implemented in almost all government
hospitals and selected private hospitals to sustain thermal care and breastfeeding requirements until infants
sustain weight gain and breastfeeding capability, after which they can be discharged. Thereafter, KMC,
exclusive breastfeeding, and developmental follow-up are done at the community level to ensure optimum
development.
For births in the 5 years preceding the survey, birth weight was recorded in the questionnaire if available
from either a written record or the mother’s recall. Eighty-four percent of births had a reported birth
weight. Among infants with a reported birth weight, 15% had a low birth weight (Table 10.1).
Births to mothers who smoke cigarettes or tobacco are more likely to be of low weight (21%) than
births to mothers who do not smoke (14%).
There are large regional variations in the percentage of births with a low birth weight; 9% of births in
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) and the National Capital Region (NCR) had a low birth
weight, as compared with 20% of births in Davao and 21% of births in Zamboanga Peninsula.
The percentage of births with a low birth weight decreases with increasing household wealth, from
16% of births to mothers in the lowest two wealth quintiles to 13% of births to mothers in the highest
two quintiles.
Historically, an important measure of vaccination coverage has been the proportion of children receiving
all “basic” vaccinations. Children are considered to have received all basic vaccinations if they have
Information on vaccination coverage was obtained in two ways in the NDHS 2017: from written
vaccination records, including vaccination or health cards, and from verbal reports. For each child born in
the 3 years before the survey, mothers were asked to show the interviewer the vaccination card or other
document used for recording the child’s vaccinations. If the vaccination card or other document was
available, the interviewer copied the dates of each vaccination received. If a vaccination was not recorded
on the vaccination card or document as having been administered, the mother was asked to recall whether
that particular vaccination had been given. If the mother was not able to present the vaccination card or
other document for a child, she was asked to recall whether the child had received the BCG, polio,
hepatitis B, pentavalent preparation (a DPT-containing vaccine that also includes Hib and either HepB or
IPV), and measles-containing vaccines. If she indicated that the child had received any of the multi-dose
vaccines, she was asked the number of doses the child received. Mothers’ recall may not be as reliable as
written vaccination records and therefore may result in underestimates of vaccinations (Miles et al. 2013).
Seventy percent of children age 12-23 months and 66% of children age 24-35 months received all basic
vaccinations, with 55% of those age 12-23 months and 48% of those age 24-35 months having received all
basic vaccinations by age 12 months (Table 10.2).
A second measure of vaccination coverage is the percentage of children age 12-23 months and 24-35
months who have received all age-appropriate vaccinations. In this report, a child age 12-23 months is
considered to have received all age-appropriate vaccinations if the child has received all basic
vaccinations, a birth dose of HepB vaccine, three additional doses of the HepB vaccine,1 and three doses of
Hib. Children age 24-35 months have received all age-appropriate vaccinations if they have received a
second dose of the measles or MMR vaccine in addition to all of the age-appropriate vaccinations relevant
for a child age 12-23 months. Sixty-one percent of children age 12-23 months and 33% of children age 24-
35 months have received all of the vaccines appropriate for their age. Forty-eight percent of children age
1
Hepatitis B vaccine is received at birth as a birth dose, with additional doses received in combination as either DTP-
Hib-HepB or DTP-Hib-IPV-HepB depending on whether the source of the vaccines is a public or private provider.
Although a child who has received a birth dose of HepB vaccine plus two additional doses as part of DPT-
combination vaccines has received the recommended number of doses (i.e., three doses of HepB vaccine), infants who
avail vaccines from public facilities typically receive four doses of HepB vaccine as a result of the need to complete
three doses of DTP-combination vaccine. The vast majority of infants in the NDHS 2017 received vaccinations from
public facilities (data not shown). Thus, in this report, the all age-appropriate vaccination indicator requires a total of
four doses of HepB vaccine to be satisfied.
Figure 10.1 shows coverage of all age-appropriate Figure 10.1 Childhood vaccinations
vaccinations among children age 12-23 months.
Percentage of children age 12-23 months
Coverage is highest for the BCG vaccine (90%). In vaccinated at any time before the survey
the case of multi-dose vaccines such as DPT, HepB,
BCG 90
Hib, and polio, coverage is highest for the first dose
and falls in subsequent doses. Coverage rates for the 1 87
first doses of DPT, HepB (non-birth dose), Hib, and DPT 2 83
polio are 87%, 88%, 87%, and 88%, respectively. 3 80
Eighty percent of children age 12-23 months HepB (birth) 78
received the third dose of DPT, 81% received the 1 88
third dose of HepB, 80% received the third dose of HepB 2 86
Hib, and 79% received the third dose of polio. The 3 81
differences between the percentages of children 1 87
receiving the first and third doses are 6-7 percentage Hib 2 83
points each for DPT, HepB, and Hib and 9 3 80
percentage points for polio. 1 88
Polio 2 86
A similar pattern is observed among children age
3 79
24-35 months, although coverage for first doses is
slightly lower than that reported among children age Measles/MMR 80
12-23 months. The coverage rate for the second All basic 70
measles or MMR dose is 47% (Table 10.2). All age appropriate 61
None 9
Overall, 9% of children age 12-23 months and 14%
of those age 24-35 months were reported not to have received any vaccinations. Less than 1% of children
whose vaccination card was seen did not have any vaccinations recorded on the card.
A vaccination card is an important tool for ensuring Figure 10.2 Trends in childhood
that a child receives all recommended vaccinations vaccinations
and does so on schedule. In the Philippines, there is Percentage of children age 12-23 months
no single, national vaccination card; rather, each who received all basic vaccinations at any
region may have one or more vaccination cards in time before the survey and percentage who
received no vaccinations
circulation, including vaccination cards from both
the public and private health sectors. Ninety-six 73
80 77
72 70 70
percent of children age 12-23 months and 94% of
All basic vaccinations
children age 24-35 months have ever had a
vaccination card. However, not all mothers were
able to produce their child’s vaccination card at the No vaccinations
time of the interview; overall, 64% of children age 7 8 7 6 9
4
12-23 months and 52% of children age 24-35
months had vaccination cards available at the time of 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2017
the interview (Table 10.3). NDS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS
Trends: The percentage of children age 12-23 months who received all basic vaccines has fluctuated over
time, rising from 72% in 1993 to 80% in 2008 and then decreasing to 70% in 2017. The percentage of
children age 12-23 months who did not receive any vaccinations has also fluctuated over time but notably
increased from 4% in 2013 to 9% in 2017 (Figure 10.2).
Children age 12-23 months in urban areas are more likely than those in rural areas to receive all age-
appropriate vaccinations (67% versus 57%) (Table 10.4.2).
There are wide disparities by region in the percentage of children age 12-23 months who received all
age-appropriate vaccinations. Coverage is lowest in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
(ARMM) (9%) and highest in Davao (78%) (Figure 10.3).
Mothers reported that 2% of children under age 5 had ARI symptoms in the 2 weeks before the survey.
Advice or treatment was sought for 67% of children with ARI symptoms; among about one-fifth (22%) of
10.4 FEVER
Treatment of fever
Children with fever for whom advice or treatment was sought.
Sample: Children under age 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey
Among children under age 5, 17% were reported to have a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey. Fifty-
two percent of children with fever were taken for advice or treatment, and 22% took antibiotic drugs
(Table 10.7).
As shown in Table 10.8, 32% of children with fever were taken to a public sector health facility for advice
or treatment; for 20%, advice or treatment was sought from the private sector. Among children with fever
for whom advice or treatment was sought, the most common provider of advice or treatment was a
barangay health station (30%), followed by a private hospital or clinic (26%).
Mothers reported that 6% of children under age 5 had diarrhea in the 2 weeks before the survey. Treatment
or advice was sought for 42% of children who had diarrhea (Table 10.9).
The prevalence of diarrhea peaks among children age 6-23 months (9%). This corresponds to the time
when children start losing protection from maternal antibodies through breastfeeding, begin to crawl
and walk, and are at increased risk of contamination from food, water, and the environment. Treatment
was most commonly sought for children age 12-59 months (41%-45%).
By region, diarrhea prevalence ranges from 3% in NCR, Davao, and ARMM to 12% in MIMAROPA
Region and Western Visayas.
Among children with diarrhea, advice or treatment was more likely to be sought for boys than for girls
(50% and 33%, respectively).
To reduce dehydration and minimize the effects of diarrhea on nutritional status, mothers are encouraged
to continue normal feeding of children with diarrhea and to increase the amount of fluids given.
Among children with diarrhea, boys (20%) are more likely to be given the recommended treatment of
ORS and zinc than girls (14%).
17
2 6
Proper disposal of human waste is important to prevent fecally transmitted diseases. Eighteen percent of
children under age 2 living with their mother had their last stool disposed of appropriately (Table 10.13).
Seventy-four percent of children’s last stools were thrown into the garbage.
The percentage of children whose stools are disposed of appropriately generally rises with the child’s
age, increasing from 7% of children age 0-1 months to 26% of children age 18-23 months.
Appropriate disposal of children’s stools is more commonplace in rural areas than urban areas (23%
and 11%, respectively).
Children in the lowest wealth quintile (27%) are more likely to have their stools disposed of
appropriately than those in the highest wealth quintile (4%).
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on child health, see the following tables:
Percentage of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey that have a reported birth weight, and among live births in
the 5 years preceding the survey with a reported birth weight, percentage less than 2.5 kg, according to background
characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on
fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Based on either a written record or the mother’s recall
Percentage of children age 12-23 months and children age 24-35 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey, by
source of information (vaccination card or mother’s report), and percentage who received specific vaccines by the appropriate age, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Children age 12-23 months Children age 24-35 months
Vaccinated Vaccinated
by by
Vaccination Mother’s appropriate Vaccination Mother’s appropriate
Vaccine card1 report Either source age2,3 card1 report Either source age3,4
BCG 63.3 26.7 90.0 89.6 51.4 34.0 85.4 84.6
HepB (birth dose)5 52.8 25.1 77.9 77.6 40.1 31.8 71.9 70.4
Within 1 day of birth 39.1 na na na 25.5 na na na
After 1 day of birth 13.1 na na na 13.4 na na na
DPT
1 62.3 24.3 86.6 86.4 50.9 31.6 82.5 80.7
2 61.2 21.7 82.9 82.1 49.3 27.1 76.4 73.1
3 59.5 20.3 79.8 78.5 46.5 25.1 71.6 65.5
HepB
1 62.3 25.2 87.5 87.3 50.7 32.5 83.3 81.5
2 61.1 24.5 85.6 84.8 49.1 30.9 80.0 76.5
3 59.5 21.7 81.2 79.8 46.4 27.8 74.1 67.8
Hib
1 62.3 24.3 86.6 86.4 50.9 31.6 82.5 80.7
2 61.2 21.7 82.9 82.1 49.3 27.1 76.4 73.1
3 59.5 20.3 79.8 78.5 46.5 25.1 71.6 65.5
Polio6
1 61.6 26.4 87.9 87.6 50.7 32.8 83.5 82.9
2 60.6 25.8 86.4 85.3 49.7 32.1 81.8 79.9
3 57.1 21.8 79.0 76.0 48.3 27.7 76.0 73.4
Measles/MMR
1 57.7 22.7 80.4 65.3 49.9 30.6 80.5 63.2
2 na na na na 33.9 12.9 46.8 45.6
All basic vaccinations7 53.1 16.8 69.9 55.3 44.0 22.2 66.1 48.2
All age-appropriate
vaccinations8 45.0 16.3 61.2 48.4 24.2 9.2 33.4 27.9
No vaccinations 0.3 9.1 9.4 na 0.1 13.8 13.8 na
Number of children 1,235 699 1,933 1,933 955 880 1,835 1,835
na = Not applicable
BCG = Bacille Calmette-Guérin
DPT = Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus
HepB = Hepatitis B
Hib = Haemophilus influenzae type b
OPV = Oral polio vaccine
IPV = Inactivated polio vaccine
MMR = Measles, mumps, and rubella
1
Vaccination card, booklet, or other home-based record
2
Received by age 12 months
3
For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, date of vaccination is not collected. The proportions of
vaccinations given during the first and second years of life are assumed to be the same as for children with a written record of vaccination.
4
Received by age 12 months for all vaccines except measles/MMR 2, which should be received by age 24 months
5
For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, children reported to have received HepB (birth dose) received
the vaccine within 24 hours after birth. For children whose vaccination information is based on the written record of vaccination, children are
considered to have received HepB (birth dose) if this vaccine is recorded on their card, regardless of when the dose was administered.
6
Polio = IPV or OPV
7
BCG, three doses of DPT, three doses of OPV or IPV, and one dose of measles or MMR
8
For children age 12-23 months: BCG, HepB (birth dose), three doses of DPT, three doses of HepB (excluding birth dose), three doses of
Hib, three doses of OPV or IPV, and one dose of measles or MMR. For children age 24-35 months: all of the just-mentioned vaccinations plus
a second dose of measles or MMR.
Percentage of children age 12-23 months and children age 24-35 months who ever had a vaccination card, and percentage with a vaccination card
seen, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Children age 12-23 months Children age 24-35 months
Percentage who Percentage with a Percentage who Percentage with a
Background ever had a vaccination card Number of ever had a vaccination card Number of
characteristic vaccination card1 seen1 children vaccination card1 seen1 children
Sex
Male 96.4 62.8 1,031 93.4 52.0 932
Female 95.7 65.0 902 94.3 52.0 903
Birth order
1 97.5 64.2 593 94.8 54.4 577
2-3 97.1 64.7 851 95.3 56.3 783
4-5 93.7 60.9 335 92.0 45.6 308
6+ 90.2 64.5 153 86.8 35.9 166
Residence
Urban 97.5 64.1 885 95.4 52.1 818
Rural 94.9 63.6 1,048 92.6 52.0 1,017
Region
National Capital Region 98.2 57.9 225 98.7 51.3 224
Cordillera Admin. Region 100.0 79.6 28 96.5 69.1 31
I - Ilocos Region 100.0 75.3 92 99.1 57.6 61
II - Cagayan Valley 91.8 40.8 64 88.1 31.1 74
III - Central Luzon 98.7 61.7 180 93.2 33.3 163
IVA - CALABARZON 99.6 59.0 343 97.9 51.6 297
MIMAROPA Region 98.8 63.8 45 95.6 47.6 50
V - Bicol 96.2 76.0 131 95.2 62.1 130
VI - Western Visayas 95.8 62.1 126 86.1 50.4 117
VII - Central Visayas 91.0 70.9 141 97.0 73.7 92
VIII - Eastern Visayas 99.7 80.1 87 98.1 61.5 95
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 95.5 77.1 61 95.4 51.7 94
X - Northern Mindanao 94.9 61.6 91 88.7 51.0 84
XI - Davao 98.9 72.4 93 96.8 71.4 94
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 93.6 57.6 98 89.9 51.5 107
XIII - Caraga 97.8 78.3 60 97.0 63.3 54
ARMM 65.8 34.2 68 64.6 23.0 69
Mother’s education
No education (55.6) (31.1) 19 (72.0) (14.3) 27
Grades 1-6 91.0 59.5 302 85.3 49.7 338
Grades 7-10 97.0 65.8 1,043 95.2 51.2 892
Grade 11 nc nc 0 nc nc 0
Post-secondary 100.0 58.3 85 99.6 64.2 108
College 98.2 64.7 484 97.3 54.7 469
Wealth quintile
Lowest 90.9 61.6 529 86.2 48.6 539
Second 95.8 66.3 410 96.7 58.5 380
Middle 98.3 68.4 412 95.0 51.2 374
Fourth 99.5 62.2 328 98.1 49.5 311
Highest 99.3 59.3 254 99.2 54.2 232
Total 96.1 63.9 1,933 93.8 52.0 1,835
Percentage of children age 12-23 months and children age 24-35 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report), percentage with all basic vaccinations,
and percentage with all age-appropriate vaccinations, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Children age 12-23 months Children age 24-35 months
All age- All age-
appro- appro-
HepB All basic priate No Number priate Number
DPT HepB Hib Polio2
Background (birth Measles/ vaccin- vaccin- vaccin- of Measles/ vaccin- of
characteristic BCG dose)1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 MMR 1 ations3 ations4 ations children MMR 2 ations5 children
Sex
Male 89.5 78.8 86.3 83.1 80.2 87.1 85.6 81.8 86.3 83.1 80.2 88.1 87.0 78.1 81.0 69.2 61.3 9.6 1,031 48.8 35.1 932
Female 90.6 76.9 87.0 82.6 79.4 88.0 85.7 80.4 87.0 82.6 79.4 87.8 85.8 79.9 79.7 70.8 61.2 9.2 902 44.7 31.6 903
Birth order
1 90.2 79.2 87.4 83.8 79.9 89.3 87.9 82.0 87.4 83.8 79.9 88.7 87.3 80.4 82.5 69.4 60.8 8.6 593 50.2 38.4 577
2-3 90.3 79.4 86.4 83.7 80.8 86.6 85.8 81.8 86.4 83.7 80.8 87.7 86.8 78.2 81.1 71.7 63.8 9.5 851 49.2 34.0 783
4-5 90.2 77.4 87.8 85.1 83.1 88.6 86.7 84.1 87.8 85.1 83.1 88.6 87.8 83.9 82.2 75.1 65.5 9.0 335 39.5 26.3 308
6+ 87.3 65.7 82.2 69.9 67.0 83.3 73.9 68.0 82.2 69.9 67.0 85.2 77.6 67.0 64.4 50.8 39.2 12.7 153 37.0 26.5 166
Vaccination card seen6
Seen 99.1 82.7 97.6 95.8 93.2 97.5 95.7 93.1 97.6 95.8 93.2 96.4 94.9 89.5 90.3 83.1 70.4 0.4 1,235 65.2 46.4 955
Not seen/no card 73.9 69.5 67.1 60.1 56.2 69.8 67.9 60.0 67.1 60.1 56.2 73.0 71.5 60.4 62.9 46.6 45.0 25.3 699 26.8 19.2 880
Mother’s education
No education (45.4) (19.1) (41.6) (29.0) (29.0) (41.6) (29.9) (29.0) (41.6) (29.0) (29.0) (44.3) (37.6) (36.5) (33.4) (27.5) (15.2) (53.1) 19 (18.2) (18.2) 27
Grades 1-6 82.8 58.7 72.2 65.9 61.4 74.9 69.2 63.1 72.2 65.9 61.4 78.7 75.3 65.9 63.7 52.2 38.5 16.7 302 37.1 24.3 338
Grades 7-10 90.4 77.9 88.4 84.9 82.1 89.4 88.3 83.3 88.4 84.9 82.1 88.8 87.5 80.5 83.1 71.6 61.7 8.7 1,043 44.1 28.9 892
Grade 11 nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc nc 0 nc nc 0
Post-secondary 97.3 90.5 92.0 84.6 81.4 92.0 92.0 83.3 92.0 84.6 81.4 93.7 93.7 84.1 91.0 77.3 72.6 2.4 85 60.4 41.1 108
College 94.1 90.1 92.6 91.0 88.1 92.3 91.2 89.4 92.6 91.0 88.1 92.5 91.6 84.5 85.0 77.8 74.2 5.9 484 57.4 47.4 469
Wealth quintile
Lowest 82.9 65.9 76.4 71.6 67.3 78.2 75.1 69.7 76.4 71.6 67.3 80.2 79.0 72.8 68.3 57.5 46.7 15.9 529 35.6 22.9 539
Second 93.7 78.9 90.6 86.3 82.9 91.8 89.8 83.6 90.6 86.3 82.9 91.0 88.5 79.8 84.2 71.3 60.0 6.2 410 52.1 33.5 380
Middle 90.2 80.7 86.6 83.8 80.2 87.9 85.9 81.7 86.6 83.8 80.2 88.0 86.2 79.7 82.5 72.8 66.0 9.5 412 47.5 37.4 374
Fourth 93.0 81.4 92.0 89.0 87.8 92.1 91.6 88.8 92.0 89.0 87.8 90.8 89.6 84.0 87.7 80.7 70.6 6.9 328 46.3 38.4 311
Highest 94.6 92.6 94.4 91.5 89.9 93.6 92.9 90.3 94.4 91.5 89.9 95.3 95.0 82.8 86.8 75.0 73.6 4.3 254 63.6 44.4 232
Total 90.0 77.9 86.6 82.9 79.8 87.5 85.6 81.2 86.6 82.9 79.8 87.9 86.4 79.0 80.4 69.9 61.2 9.4 1,933 46.8 33.4 1,835
Notes: Children are considered to have received the vaccine if it was either written on the child’s vaccination card or reported by the mother. For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, date of
vaccination is not collected. The proportions of vaccinations given during the first and second years of life are assumed to be the same as for children with a written record of vaccination. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-
49 unweighted cases.
BCG = Bacille Calmette-Guérin; DPT = Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus; HepB = Hepatitis B; Hib = Haemophilus influenzae type b; OPV = Oral polio vaccine; IPV = Inactivated polio vaccine; MMR = Measles, mumps, and rubella
nc = No cases
1
For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, children reported to have received HepB (birth dose) received the vaccine within 24 hours after birth. For children whose vaccination information is
based on the written record of vaccination, children are considered to have received HepB (birth dose) if this vaccine is recorded on their card, regardless of when the dose was administered.
2
Polio = IPV or OPV
3
BCG, three doses of DPT, three doses of OPV or IPV, and one dose of measles or MMR
4
BCG, HepB (birth dose), three doses of DPT, three doses of HepB (excluding birth dose), three doses of Hib, three doses of OPV or IPV, and one dose of measles or MMR
5
BCG, HepB (birth dose), three doses of DPT, three doses of HepB (excluding birth dose), three doses of Hib, three doses of OPV or IPV, and two doses of measles or MMR
6
Vaccination card, booklet, or other home-based record
Percentage of children age 12-23 months and children age 24-35 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report), percentage with all basic vaccinations,
and percentage with all age-appropriate vaccinations, according to residence and region, Philippines NDHS 2017
Note: Children are considered to have received the vaccine if it was either written on the child’s vaccination card or reported by the mother. For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, date of
vaccination is not collected. The proportions of vaccinations given during the first and second years of life are assumed to be the same as for children with a written record of vaccination.
BCG = Bacille Calmette-Guérin; DPT = Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus; HepB = Hepatitis B; Hib = Haemophilus influenzae type b; OPV = Oral polio vaccine; IPV = Inactivated polio vaccine, MMR = Measles, mumps, and rubella
1
For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, children reported to have received HepB (birth dose) received the vaccine within 24 hours after birth. For children whose vaccination information is based
on the written record of vaccination, children are considered to have received HepB (birth dose) if this vaccine is recorded on their card, regardless of when the dose was administered.
2
Polio = IPV or OPV
3
BCG, three doses of DPT, three doses of OPV or IPV, and one dose of measles or MMR
4
BCG, HepB (birth dose), three doses of DPT, three doses of HepB (excluding birth dose), three doses of Hib, three doses of OPV or IPV, and one dose of measles or MMR
5
BCG, HepB (birth dose), three doses of DPT, three doses of HepB (excluding birth dose), three doses of Hib, three doses of OPV or IPV, and two doses of measles or MMR
Among children under age 5, percentage who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the 2 weeks preceding the
survey, and among children with symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, percentage for whom advice or
treatment was sought, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Among children under age 5: Among children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI:
Percentage for
Percentage for whom advice or
Percentage with whom advice or treatment was
Background symptoms of Number of treatment was sought same or Number of
characteristic ARI1 children sought2 next day children
Age in months
<6 0.4 886 * * 4
6-11 1.5 985 * * 15
12-23 2.0 1,933 (72.2) (13.9) 38
24-35 1.7 1,835 (50.9) (18.3) 31
36-47 1.5 1,975 (67.6) (32.3) 29
48-59 1.6 2,056 (66.6) (19.6) 34
Sex
Male 2.0 5,070 70.8 16.9 102
Female 1.0 4,600 60.0 33.5 48
Mother’s smoking status
Smokes cigarettes/tobacco 2.2 468 * * 10
Does not smoke 1.5 9,202 67.6 22.2 140
Cooking fuel
Electricity or gas 1.2 4,159 (83.1) (22.2) 48
Kerosene (0.0) 73 nc nc 0
Coal/lignite * 7 nc nc 0
Charcoal 1.7 1,048 * * 18
Wood/straw3 1.9 4,382 58.7 16.8 84
No food cooked in household * 2 nc nc 0
Residence
Urban 1.3 4,282 (79.8) (25.3) 57
Rural 1.7 5,389 59.6 20.2 93
Region
National Capital Region 1.3 1,178 * * 16
Cordillera Admin. Region 0.5 152 * * 1
I - Ilocos Region 2.0 435 * * 9
II - Cagayan Valley 0.9 364 * * 3
III - Central Luzon 0.9 874 * * 8
IVA - CALABARZON 0.5 1,553 * * 7
MIMAROPA Region 3.1 254 * * 8
V - Bicol 2.8 669 * * 19
VI - Western Visayas 3.4 636 * * 22
VII - Central Visayas 0.9 572 * * 5
VIII - Eastern Visayas 4.5 447 (68.5) (26.8) 20
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 1.7 393 * * 7
X - Northern Mindanao 0.6 460 * * 3
XI - Davao 1.6 507 * * 8
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 0.7 523 * * 4
XIII - Caraga 2.7 310 * * 8
ARMM 0.7 345 * * 2
Mother’s education
No education 0.0 108 nc nc 0
Grades 1-6 2.6 1,724 65.7 19.3 46
Grades 7-10 1.5 4,963 68.8 21.9 74
Grade 11 * 16 nc nc 0
Post-secondary 1.1 447 * * 5
College 1.0 2,413 (72.8) (33.1) 25
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.8 2,707 56.8 10.8 48
Second 1.6 2,135 (54.9) (27.8) 33
Middle 1.6 1,903 (80.4) (29.9) 31
Fourth 1.4 1,625 * * 24
Highest 1.1 1,299 * * 14
Total 1.5 9,670 67.3 22.2 150
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than
25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
nc = No cases
1
Symptoms of ARI include short, rapid breathing that is chest-related and/or difficult breathing that is chest-related
2
Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public sector, private medical sector, and shop/store. Excludes
advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner/hilot or friends/relatives.
3
Includes grass, shrubs, and crop residues
Among children under age 5, percentage who had a fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, and among children with fever, percentage for whom
advice or treatment was sought from a health facility or provider and percentage who received antibiotics as treatment, according to background
characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Among children under age 5: Among children under age 5 with fever:
Percentage for Percentage for
whom advice or whom treatment Percentage who Number of
Background Percentage Number of treatment was was sought took antibiotic children
characteristic with fever children sought1 same or next day drugs with fever
Age in months
<6 11.0 886 54.7 39.2 18.3 98
6-11 21.2 985 46.1 20.3 27.4 209
12-23 19.2 1,933 53.6 20.6 21.9 372
24-35 18.8 1,835 55.8 28.1 22.4 344
36-47 12.9 1,975 49.6 25.4 19.5 255
48-59 16.0 2,056 49.4 21.2 22.4 329
Sex
Male 16.7 5,070 55.1 26.6 22.1 849
Female 16.5 4,600 47.8 21.5 22.3 758
Residence
Urban 15.6 4,282 52.8 23.8 21.6 667
Rural 17.5 5,389 50.9 24.5 22.6 940
Region
National Capital Region 7.5 1,178 78.9 62.6 32.8 88
Cordillera Admin. Region 6.8 152 52.9 34.3 17.0 10
I - Ilocos Region 19.5 435 58.7 30.6 19.2 85
II - Cagayan Valley 13.0 364 57.8 35.6 19.3 47
III - Central Luzon 13.5 874 59.9 23.9 12.0 118
IVA - CALABARZON 15.2 1,553 50.0 13.0 17.2 237
MIMAROPA Region 25.1 254 52.3 29.2 16.7 64
V - Bicol 24.3 669 68.7 27.5 26.0 163
VI - Western Visayas 26.6 636 19.8 8.6 13.4 169
VII - Central Visayas 15.7 572 60.4 34.1 34.5 90
VIII - Eastern Visayas 32.3 447 51.4 23.2 21.5 145
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 18.3 393 53.0 30.1 30.0 72
X - Northern Mindanao 13.3 460 41.6 22.8 25.7 61
XI - Davao 14.4 507 57.0 13.5 41.4 73
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 13.7 523 44.7 17.5 26.8 72
XIII - Caraga 26.1 310 36.6 29.1 17.3 81
ARMM 9.7 345 46.2 13.8 22.6 33
Mother’s education
No education 9.7 108 * * * 10
Grades 1-6 17.3 1,724 40.0 14.5 18.1 298
Grades 7-10 18.1 4,963 53.9 24.0 22.0 896
Grade 11 * 16 * * * 1
Post-secondary 16.9 447 64.0 29.0 21.6 76
College 13.5 2,413 54.3 32.8 26.6 327
Wealth quintile
Lowest 18.7 2,707 46.5 18.9 21.0 506
Second 18.6 2,135 47.0 21.2 18.3 397
Middle 16.1 1,903 53.1 24.0 23.5 307
Fourth 14.4 1,625 60.6 29.3 21.1 233
Highest 12.7 1,299 63.9 40.9 34.4 164
Total 16.6 9,670 51.7 24.2 22.2 1,608
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public sector, private medical sector, puericulture center, and shop/store. Excludes advice or
treatment from a traditional practitioner/hilot or friends/relatives.
Percentage of children under age 5 who had diarrhea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, and among
children with diarrhea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, percentage for whom advice or treatment was
sought, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Among children under age 5 with
diarrhea:
Percentage for
whom advice or Number of
Background Percentage with Number of treatment was children with
characteristic diarrhea children sought1 diarrhea
Age in months
<6 3.7 886 (36.3) 32
6-11 9.4 985 36.2 93
12-23 9.0 1,933 44.5 173
24-35 7.3 1,835 44.7 133
36-47 4.0 1,975 41.1 79
48-59 3.6 2,056 42.4 74
Sex
Male 6.1 5,070 50.2 307
Female 6.1 4,600 33.0 279
Source of drinking water2
Improved 5.8 9,079 43.3 529
Unimproved 9.6 591 30.2 57
Type of toilet facility3
Improved sanitation 5.6 6,605 44.4 372
Unimproved sanitation 7.0 3,066 37.9 213
Shared facility4 6.8 2,002 40.6 137
Unimproved facility 5.0 407 32.5 20
Open defecation 8.6 657 33.2 56
Residence
Urban 5.8 4,282 42.2 248
Rural 6.3 5,389 41.9 338
Region
National Capital Region 2.5 1,178 (44.9) 30
Cordillera Admin. Region 4.2 152 (69.5) 6
I - Ilocos Region 9.8 435 * 42
II - Cagayan Valley 6.0 364 (44.5) 22
III - Central Luzon 5.9 874 (40.6) 51
IVA - CALABARZON 5.5 1,553 (42.8) 85
MIMAROPA Region 11.8 254 51.8 30
V - Bicol 8.4 669 56.7 56
VI - Western Visayas 11.7 636 25.6 74
VII - Central Visayas 5.3 572 (24.8) 30
VIII - Eastern Visayas 7.7 447 46.7 34
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 6.5 393 * 26
X - Northern Mindanao 3.6 460 (47.2) 17
XI - Davao 3.4 507 (46.8) 17
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 5.9 523 (32.5) 31
XIII - Caraga 8.0 310 (45.9) 25
ARMM 2.6 345 * 9
Mother’s education
No education 4.0 108 * 4
Grades 1-6 8.3 1,724 40.6 144
Grades 7-10 6.1 4,963 43.3 303
Grade 11 * 16 * 1
Post-secondary 5.9 447 (57.0) 26
College 4.5 2,413 36.8 107
Wealth quintile
Lowest 7.5 2,707 39.2 203
Second 6.9 2,135 43.6 148
Middle 5.8 1,903 44.7 111
Fourth 4.8 1,625 41.0 78
Highest 3.5 1,299 (44.9) 45
Total 6.1 9,670 42.0 586
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is
based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public sector, private medical sector, and shop.
Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner/hilot or friends/relatives.
2
See Table 2.1 for definition of categories
3
See Table 2.4 for definition of categories
4
Facilities that would be considered improved if they were not shared by two or more households
Percent distribution of children under age 5 who had diarrhea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey by amount of liquids and food offered compared with normal practice, according to background characteristics, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Notes: It is recommended that children be given more liquids to drink during diarrhea and that food not be reduced. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on
fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Among children under age 5 who had diarrhea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, percentage given fluid from an ORS packet or pre-packaged ORS fluid, recommended homemade fluids (RHF), ORS or RHF, zinc, ORS and
zinc, ORS or increased fluids, oral rehydration therapy (ORT), continued feeding and ORT, and other treatments, and percentage given no treatment, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage of children with diarrhea who were given:
Fluid from
ORS packets Recom- ORT (ORS, Other treatments
or pre- mended ORS or RHF, or Continued Home Number of
Background packaged home fluids Either ORS ORS and increased increased feeding and Antibiotic Anti-motility Intravenous remedy/ children with
characteristic ORS liquid (RHF) or RHF Zinc zinc fluids fluids) ORT1 drugs drugs solution other No treatment diarrhea
Age in months
<6 (20.9) (6.5) (27.2) (22.8) (11.2) (33.3) (39.5) (17.1) (13.3) (3.0) (0.8) (7.6) (47.1) 32
6-11 39.5 19.3 45.2 33.7 17.3 53.3 54.6 39.0 12.0 3.5 0.4 19.4 27.2 93
12-23 48.5 15.7 57.2 22.7 16.5 61.2 67.0 51.2 22.2 7.4 0.4 18.0 17.9 173
24-35 48.3 21.4 52.1 27.2 21.2 60.0 63.2 43.9 18.4 9.8 0.0 37.0 15.9 133
36-47 42.9 16.1 48.4 17.8 15.2 54.3 58.7 45.3 14.8 4.0 0.8 22.6 27.8 79
48-59 48.8 16.5 54.6 19.6 15.6 55.7 61.4 50.3 16.7 8.2 0.0 24.1 22.7 74
Sex
Male 48.9 17.9 53.3 26.9 20.3 61.5 64.1 46.2 21.4 7.9 0.4 21.6 21.8 307
Female 40.3 16.4 48.4 21.6 13.7 51.0 57.2 43.2 13.2 5.4 0.2 25.3 23.2 279
Residence
Urban 43.6 20.0 53.1 25.8 18.3 56.2 62.7 46.4 17.4 7.2 0.0 25.2 21.1 248
Rural 45.7 15.2 49.4 23.4 16.2 56.7 59.5 43.6 17.6 6.4 0.6 22.0 23.5 338
Mother’s
education
No education * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4
Grades 1-6 41.2 18.0 48.6 20.0 15.4 55.0 60.2 47.4 17.8 9.3 0.3 29.0 17.4 144
Grades 7-10 47.3 17.1 52.7 23.1 16.6 54.4 59.0 43.6 18.9 5.8 0.5 20.5 25.1 303
Grade 11 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1
Post-secondary (59.6) (25.8) (65.5) (51.4) (44.6) (71.3) (75.8) (37.8) (30.4) (4.2) (0.0) (14.7) (17.8) 26
College 38.9 15.0 45.9 28.4 15.0 61.3 63.9 47.1 10.7 6.9 0.0 26.1 21.5 107
Wealth quintile
Lowest 42.5 18.9 48.8 22.5 16.6 57.2 61.6 44.8 18.8 7.0 0.9 26.4 21.3 203
Second 45.7 19.0 52.9 23.8 18.5 53.0 58.9 41.5 16.6 7.8 0.0 16.8 24.5 148
Middle 48.1 15.9 54.5 22.4 15.4 59.5 64.8 48.6 14.7 2.0 0.0 28.0 18.0 111
Fourth 46.6 13.7 53.1 26.5 13.7 57.2 59.2 46.7 19.5 12.3 0.3 17.1 29.1 78
Highest (40.6) (13.0) (42.1) (36.4) (25.0) (56.3) (56.3) (42.3) (18.3) (4.1) (0.0) (31.0) (20.6) 45
Total 44.8 17.2 51.0 24.4 17.1 56.5 60.8 44.8 17.5 6.7 0.3 23.4 22.5 586
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
ORS = Oral rehydration salts
1
Continued feeding includes children who were given more, the same as usual, or somewhat less food during the diarrhea episode
Percentage of children under age 5 with diarrhea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey for
whom advice or treatment was sought from specific sources; among children under age 5
with diarrhea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey for whom advice or treatment was sought,
percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought from specific sources; and among
children with diarrhea who received ORS, percentage for whom advice or treatment was
sought from specific sources, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage for whom advice or treatment was
sought from each source:
Among children
with diarrhea
for whom Among children
advice or with diarrhea
Among children treatment was who received
Source with diarrhea sought ORS1
Public sector 28.1 60.7 50.7
Government hospital 5.1 11.0 7.8
Rural health unit/urban health center 6.1 13.2 12.2
Barangay health station 15.7 34.1 29.1
Barangay supply/service point
officer/BHW 1.1 2.4 1.6
Private medical sector 13.0 28.1 20.5
Private hospital/clinic 7.1 15.4 10.1
Pharmacy 2.6 5.6 3.3
Private doctor 3.4 7.4 7.1
Other private sector 5.2 11.3 3.6
Shop/store 1.0 2.2 0.8
Traditional practitioner/hilot 0.6 1.4 0.1
Friends/relatives 3.5 7.6 2.8
Number of children 586 271 262
Percent distribution of youngest children under age 2 living with their mother by the manner of disposal of the child’s last fecal matter, and percentage of children whose
stools are disposed of appropriately, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage
of children
whose
Manner of disposal of children’s stools stools are
Child used Put/rinsed Put/rinsed disposed of
Background toilet or into toilet or into drain Thrown into Left in the Thrown into appro- Number of
characteristic latrine latrine Buried or ditch garbage open river/sea Other Total priately1 children
Age of child in in months
0-1 0.6 1.3 5.2 8.8 81.8 0.9 1.4 0.0 100.0 7.1 290
2-3 0.3 3.2 6.8 6.3 80.0 0.8 2.2 0.3 100.0 10.3 306
4-5 1.6 1.6 4.1 8.3 82.1 1.0 1.3 0.0 100.0 7.3 278
6-8 0.8 4.1 8.1 4.6 80.3 1.3 0.5 0.3 100.0 13.0 417
9-11 1.7 4.6 8.3 4.7 78.3 1.0 0.9 0.5 100.0 14.7 554
12-17 3.8 11.1 7.9 5.4 70.1 0.9 0.7 0.2 100.0 22.7 910
18-23 10.3 7.5 8.2 4.3 66.6 2.0 0.9 0.2 100.0 25.9 850
6-23 5.0 7.6 8.1 4.8 72.2 1.3 0.8 0.3 100.0 20.6 2,731
Type of toilet facility2
Improved sanitation 4.3 6.3 6.1 4.0 78.0 0.6 0.4 0.2 100.0 16.7 2,531
Unimproved sanitation 3.2 6.0 10.4 9.2 65.8 2.6 2.4 0.3 100.0 19.7 1,075
Shared facility3 3.4 5.9 7.9 4.5 76.3 1.3 0.7 0.0 100.0 17.2 695
Unimproved facility 4.2 11.7 8.8 23.5 44.4 2.3 4.1 1.0 100.0 24.7 158
Open defecation 2.1 2.4 19.5 13.6 48.1 7.2 6.5 0.5 100.0 24.0 222
Residence
Urban 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.4 84.9 0.4 0.5 0.2 100.0 10.5 1,595
Rural 4.4 8.4 10.4 7.2 66.1 1.8 1.4 0.3 100.0 23.2 2,010
Region
National Capital Region 1.0 1.8 0.0 0.1 97.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.7 447
Cordillera Admin. Region 9.4 11.1 2.8 10.7 62.5 3.4 0.0 0.1 100.0 23.3 60
I - Ilocos Region 1.2 2.9 18.5 2.5 73.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 22.7 191
II - Cagayan Valley 6.5 2.9 4.4 3.6 79.3 0.0 1.1 2.1 100.0 13.8 125
III - Central Luzon 3.9 0.3 3.0 2.2 90.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 7.3 319
IVA - CALABARZON 2.6 4.4 2.4 0.9 88.5 0.4 0.8 0.0 100.0 9.4 628
MIMAROPA Region 4.8 7.9 16.1 6.2 60.3 2.1 0.0 2.6 100.0 28.8 95
V - Bicol 3.9 7.9 5.9 4.4 71.5 4.0 2.4 0.0 100.0 17.7 245
VI - Western Visayas 5.1 8.8 15.8 8.0 58.7 2.7 0.1 0.7 100.0 29.7 226
VII - Central Visayas 3.0 7.2 6.9 7.5 73.6 1.7 0.0 0.1 100.0 17.1 225
VIII - Eastern Visayas 4.5 13.2 11.3 7.8 52.5 5.7 5.0 0.0 100.0 29.0 149
IX - Zamboanga
Peninsula 4.3 8.8 9.5 15.2 58.0 1.7 2.6 0.0 100.0 22.5 129
X - Northern Mindanao 2.0 9.8 7.3 10.0 67.0 2.4 0.6 0.9 100.0 19.1 175
XI - Davao 5.7 6.3 5.5 12.8 68.8 0.0 0.6 0.4 100.0 17.5 169
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 5.3 10.3 23.3 12.8 45.6 0.3 2.4 0.0 100.0 38.8 192
XIII - Caraga 14.3 13.7 10.4 3.1 56.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 100.0 38.3 104
ARMM 8.3 13.4 9.9 15.7 49.7 0.0 2.9 0.0 100.0 31.6 126
Mother’s education
No education 3.4 12.0 8.6 14.3 47.9 3.9 7.6 2.3 100.0 24.0 39
Grades 1-6 4.8 7.5 12.4 13.7 55.3 3.0 2.8 0.3 100.0 24.7 560
Grades 7-10 4.4 6.7 7.7 4.6 74.4 1.3 0.7 0.2 100.0 18.8 1,873
Grade 11 * * * * * * * * 100.0 * 15
Post-secondary 2.2 6.7 5.3 1.9 82.3 0.1 1.5 0.0 100.0 14.2 153
College 3.0 4.4 4.1 2.8 85.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 100.0 11.6 965
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.0 8.5 13.7 13.2 52.3 4.3 2.7 0.4 100.0 27.2 957
Second 5.1 9.7 8.2 5.3 69.9 0.4 1.3 0.2 100.0 23.0 787
Middle 3.6 5.4 7.1 2.1 81.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 16.0 712
Fourth 3.9 3.5 2.2 2.0 88.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 100.0 9.6 626
Highest 0.9 1.5 1.5 0.6 95.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 100.0 3.9 524
Total 4.0 6.2 7.4 5.5 74.4 1.2 1.0 0.3 100.0 17.6 3,605
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Children’s stools are considered to be disposed of appropriately if the child used a toilet or latrine, if the fecal matter was put/rinsed into a toilet or latrine, or if it was
buried.
2
See Table 2.4 for definition of categories
3
Facilities that would be considered improved if they were not shared by two or more households
T
his chapter presents information on infant and young child feeding (IYCF), specifically early
breastfeeding initiation, prelacteal feeding, current breastfeeding, duration of breastfeeding,
complementary feeding, and micronutrient supplementation among children. Deworming of
children is also discussed, as well as micronutrient supplementation with iron tablets during pregnancy
among women.
National policies and guidelines on newborn care (DOH Administrative Order 2009-0025) and IYCF
(DOH Administrative Order 2005-0014) are in place, in addition to Republic Act 10028: Expanded
Promotion of Breastfeeding (which amended the 1992 Rooming-in and Breastfeeding Act), to ensure
national implementation at all levels in both the public and private sectors as well as at the community
level.
Early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding, guided by the essential newborn care (ENC) protocol or Unang
Yakap, ensures that newborn infants, both full term and pre-term and regardless of the manner of delivery,
Aside from the Magna Carta of Women, exclusive and continued breastfeeding among women who will
return to or resume work is well-supported by Republic Act 10028. Workplace policies on lactation breaks
and establishment of lactation stations allow women who work, even in the informal sector, to manually
hand express their breast milk. This ensures continuous emptying of their breasts, therefore increasing the
supply of breast milk for their infants.
Early initiation of breastfeeding is important for both the mother and the newborn infant. The first breast
milk contains colostrum, which is highly nutritious and has antibodies that protect the newborn from
diseases. Early initiation of breastfeeding, through skin-to-skin contact, provides warmth and regulates the
infant’s body temperature and provides an opportunity to transfer beneficial bacteria from the mother’s
skin to her newborn infant, increasing protection from harmful infections. In addition to encouraging
bonding between the mother and her newborn, early initiation of breastfeeding facilitates production of
breast milk and early milk letdown. Thus, it is recommended that newborn infants be placed on the
mother’s breast immediately after birth (within 60-90 minutes) and that prelacteal feeding (i.e., feeding
newborns anything other than breast milk before breast milk is regularly given) be discouraged.
Table 11.1 shows that 93% of last-born children Figure 11.1 Trends in breastfeeding and
who were born in the 2 years before the survey had prelacteal feeding
been breastfed at some point in their life. Over half
Percentage of last-born children born in
(57%) of newborn infants were breastfed within 1 the past 2 years
hour of birth. However, 24% of infants who had 94 93
88 89 87 91
been breastfed received a prelacteal feed in the first
3 days of life. Ever breastfed
The percentage of newborn infants receiving a prelacteal feed increases with increasing household
wealth (Figure 11.2).
Breast milk contains all of the nutrients needed by an infant in the first 6 months of life and is an
uncontaminated and safe nutritional source. It is recommended that infants be exclusively breastfed in the
first 6 months of their life; that is, they should be given nothing but breast milk. Supplementing or
replacing breast milk before age 6 months is unnecessary and is strongly discouraged because the
likelihood of contamination and the resulting risk of diarrheal disease are high. Furthermore, this practice
diminishes the maternal antibodies obtained from breast milk, increasing the infant’s risk of developing
preventable infections (e.g., sepsis and pneumonia). Early introduction of complementary foods, before an
infant reaches the age of 6 months, also reduces breast milk output because the production and release of
breast milk is modulated by the frequency and intensity of suckling.
After the first 6 months, breast milk is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of the infant;
therefore, complementary foods should be added to the infant’s diet. Introduction of complementary foods
to the infant, along with continuation of breastfeeding, is referred to as complementary feeding. This is the
most critical period for infants, as during this transition they are most vulnerable to becoming
undernourished. Complementary feeding should be timely; that is, all infants should start receiving foods
in addition to breast milk from 6 months onwards.
In the NDHS 2017, mothers were asked whether they were currently breastfeeding their last-born child
under age 2 and whether the child had received solid, semisolid, or complementary foods the day or night
before the survey. This information was used to calculate the percentage of children under age 2 who are
currently breastfeeding, consuming complementary foods, and both breastfeeding and consuming
complementary foods. The NDHS questionnaire design does not allow for calculation of exclusive
breastfeeding because information on the types of liquids and foods the child drank and ate the day or
night before the survey is required.
The percentage of children under age 2 currently breastfeeding generally declines with increasing age,
from 94% among children less than age 2 months to 54% among children age 18-23 months. Conversely,
consumption of complementary foods generally rises with increasing age, from 3% among children less
than age 2 months to 97% among children age 18-23 months (Table 11.2).
Bottle feeding is common in the Philippines and generally rises with age, from 25% among children less
than age 2 months to 50% or more among children age 6 months or older. Among all children age 0-23
months, 49% were fed with a bottle the day or night before the survey (data not shown).
Among children born in the 3 years preceding the survey, the median duration of any breastfeeding is 19.8
months; the mean duration of breastfeeding is 20.0 months (Table 11.3).
Trends: The median duration of breastfeeding increased from 14.1 months in 1993 to 19.8 months in
2017. Over the same period, the mean duration of breastfeeding increased from 13.7 months to 20.0
months.
Children in rural areas are breastfed for 6.2 Figure 11.3 Median duration of
months longer than those in urban areas (median breastfeeding by household wealth
durations of 21.8 months and 15.6 months, Median duration (months) of breastfeeding
respectively). among children born in the 3 years
preceding the survey
Median duration of breastfeeding decreases with
increasing household wealth; children in the 21.8
21.4
lowest wealth quintile are breastfed for a median
of 21.4 months, whereas children in the highest 16.4 16.4
quintile are breastfed for a median of 6.2 months
(Figure 11.3). 6.2
Iron deficiency is one of the primary causes of anemia, which has serious health consequences for both
women and children. Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient for the immune system and plays an
important role in maintaining the epithelial tissue in the body. Severe vitamin A deficiency (VAD) can
cause eye damage and is the leading cause of childhood blindness. VAD also increases the severity of
infections such as measles and diarrheal disease in children and slows recovery from illness. VAD is
common in dry environments where fresh fruits and vegetables are not readily available.
The percentage of infants and children given iron supplements, vitamin A supplements, and
deworming medication increases with increasing mother’s age (Table 11.4).
There are wide regional variations in the percentage of infants and children given iron supplements,
vitamin A supplements, and deworming medication.
While the percentage of infants and children given iron and vitamin A supplements does not vary
widely by wealth, the percentage given deworming medication declines with increasing wealth, from
53% in the lowest wealth quintile to 26% in the highest quintile.
Anemia during pregnancy poses increased risks of premature delivery, low birth weight, infectious
diseases, and maternal and child mortality (WHO 2012). When severe, iron deficiency causes anemia.
Means of preventing iron-deficiency anemia among pregnant women include iron supplementation,
consumption of iron-fortified food products, and control of parasitic infections.
Ninety-two percent of women with a child born in the 5 years preceding the survey took iron tablets during
their most recent pregnancy, and most of these women took iron tablets with folic acid (81%) (Table 11.5).
Half (51%) of women took iron tablets for 90 days or more, 28% took iron tablets for less than 60 days, and
8% took iron tables for 60-89 days; 5% of women took iron tablets but were uncertain as to the number of
days (Table 11.6). Eight percent of women did not take any iron tablets during their most recent pregnancy.
Although it is recommended that women take intestinal parasite drugs for deworming during their second
ANC visit, only 4% of women reported taking deworming medication during their last pregnancy
(Table 11.6).
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on breastfeeding,
complementary feeding and micronutrient
supplementation, see the following tables:
Among last-born children who were born in the 2 years preceding the survey, percentage who were ever breastfed and
percentages who started breastfeeding within 1 hour and within 1 day of birth, and among last-born children born in the 2 years
preceding the survey who were ever breastfed, percentage who received a prelacteal feed, according to background
characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Among last-born children
born in the past 2 years
Among last-born children born in the past 2 years: who were ever breastfed:
Percentage Percentage
who started who started Percentage Number of
Percentage breastfeeding breastfeeding Number of who received last-born
Background ever within 1 hour within 1 day last-born a prelacteal children ever
characteristic breastfed of birth of birth1 children feed 2
breastfed
Sex
Male 91.6 55.6 84.2 1,964 23.3 1,799
Female 95.0 58.4 85.3 1,761 24.8 1,673
Assistance at delivery
Health personnel3 93.0 57.1 84.2 3,298 23.9 3,069
Traditional birth attendant/hilot 94.5 53.5 87.9 369 26.8 348
Barangay health worker * * * 12 * 11
Other 100.0 87.7 100.0 30 7.8 30
No one * * * 17 * 15
Place of delivery
Health facility 92.9 57.3 84.0 3,103 23.8 2,881
At home 93.9 54.5 88.4 517 26.4 485
Other 99.6 57.5 88.5 105 20.9 105
Residence
Urban 92.3 55.6 82.6 1,661 26.0 1,532
Rural 94.0 58.0 86.4 2,065 22.5 1,940
Region
National Capital Region 92.6 64.2 85.1 461 21.2 427
Cordillera Admin. Region 97.1 80.0 93.4 60 7.2 58
I - Ilocos Region 95.3 56.2 90.5 197 24.0 188
II - Cagayan Valley 89.6 61.0 79.0 132 23.5 118
III - Central Luzon 87.8 35.5 68.1 327 34.2 287
IVA - CALABARZON 92.0 46.6 81.4 651 39.6 598
MIMAROPA Region 92.0 63.0 87.2 98 16.0 90
V - Bicol 91.2 53.6 82.7 251 18.8 229
VI - Western Visayas 93.5 69.1 89.9 237 20.3 222
VII - Central Visayas 98.9 62.6 94.4 233 19.0 231
VIII - Eastern Visayas 96.9 56.8 88.1 156 17.7 151
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 94.8 65.9 88.2 133 22.3 126
X - Northern Mindanao 94.4 58.7 87.0 180 12.6 170
XI - Davao 97.0 74.2 91.8 175 14.6 170
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 93.7 54.2 87.6 197 14.2 185
XIII - Caraga 98.3 70.0 95.4 107 16.6 105
ARMM 89.6 50.2 76.6 129 34.9 116
Mother’s education
No education 86.2 50.8 79.8 40 21.3 34
Grades 1-6 96.9 63.3 92.1 575 19.0 558
Grades 7-10 92.9 57.7 86.0 1,941 21.1 1,803
Grade 11 * * * 15 * 14
Post-secondary 85.6 45.2 80.3 167 32.0 143
College 93.2 53.8 78.8 987 32.1 920
Wealth quintile
Lowest 95.2 62.4 90.5 982 17.3 935
Second 94.3 57.3 89.5 816 21.1 770
Middle 93.8 60.6 85.1 749 24.1 702
Fourth 91.4 47.0 76.1 631 28.4 577
Highest 89.1 52.8 76.9 547 36.5 487
Total 93.2 56.9 84.7 3,725 24.1 3,472
Notes: Table is based on last-born children born in the 2 years preceding the survey regardless of whether the children were
living or dead at the time of the interview. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and
has been suppressed.
1
Includes children who started breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth
2
Children given something other than breast milk during the first 3 days of life
3
Doctor, nurse, or midwife
Percentages of youngest children under age 2 living with their mother who are not breastfeeding, who are currently breastfeeding, who are consuming
complementary foods, and who are breastfeeding and consuming complementary foods, and percentage of all children under age 2 using a bottle with a
nipple, according to age in months, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage Number of
Percentage breastfeeding youngest
Percentage consuming and consuming children under Percentage Number of all
Percentage not currently complementary complementary age 2 living with using a bottle children under
Age in months breastfeeding breastfeeding foods foods their mother with a nipple age 2
0-1 5.7 94.3 3.1 3.1 290 24.7 296
2-3 22.1 77.9 2.6 2.1 306 43.3 311
4-5 17.8 82.2 23.0 18.2 278 42.6 280
6-8 26.4 73.6 80.3 57.9 417 51.4 421
9-11 26.5 73.5 92.9 68.1 554 50.3 564
12-17 35.1 64.9 96.5 62.7 910 57.8 963
18-23 46.1 53.9 97.4 52.5 850 54.5 970
0-3 14.1 85.9 2.9 2.6 596 34.2 606
0-5 15.3 84.7 9.3 7.6 874 36.9 886
6-9 26.9 73.1 83.4 59.9 593 50.6 600
12-15 34.0 66.0 96.6 63.4 623 57.7 661
12-23 40.4 59.6 97.0 57.8 1,760 56.1 1,933
20-23 47.7 52.3 98.1 51.0 591 56.2 682
Note: Breastfeeding status refers to a “24-hour” period (yesterday and last night). Consumption of complementary foods is based on a single question on
whether or not the child ate any sold, semisolid, or soft foods.
Among all children age 6-59 months, percentages who were given vitamin A supplements in the 6 months
preceding the survey, who were given iron supplements in the 7 days preceding the survey, and who were
given deworming medication in the 6 months preceding the survey, according to background
characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage Percentage Percentage
given iron given vitamin A given deworming
Background supplements in supplements in medication in Number of
characteristic past 7 days1 past 6 months2 past 6 months1,3 children
Age in months
6-8 26.4 54.6 5.5 421
9-11 25.3 71.1 5.4 564
12-17 24.4 76.5 18.8 963
18-23 28.0 74.6 36.4 970
24-35 28.0 79.2 46.2 1,835
36-47 30.5 76.6 57.2 1,975
48-59 29.2 76.6 59.8 2,056
Sex
Male 28.4 75.0 43.3 4,620
Female 28.0 76.0 43.1 4,164
Breastfeeding status
Breastfeeding 28.5 75.0 31.6 2,869
Not breastfeeding 28.1 75.7 48.8 5,916
Mother’s age
15-19 22.3 72.4 29.7 288
20-29 27.6 73.0 42.1 4,263
30-39 28.8 77.7 44.4 3,351
40-49 31.2 80.5 48.5 882
Residence
Urban 29.0 74.1 33.4 3,910
Rural 27.6 76.6 51.1 4,875
Region
National Capital Region 29.7 66.7 20.0 1,077
Cordillera Admin. Region 45.6 88.1 72.2 137
I - Ilocos Region 27.5 77.0 45.8 382
II - Cagayan Valley 25.7 78.4 53.5 336
III - Central Luzon 10.1 73.2 25.5 785
IVA - CALABARZON 21.6 72.1 34.5 1,406
MIMAROPA Region 13.9 83.0 57.4 230
V - Bicol 27.8 75.9 46.0 609
VI - Western Visayas 34.0 75.0 47.2 582
VII - Central Visayas 36.8 81.7 47.2 519
VIII - Eastern Visayas 31.9 90.2 62.5 420
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 43.6 77.4 48.0 358
X - Northern Mindanao 28.6 81.8 64.2 411
XI - Davao 50.9 83.8 66.3 458
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 27.5 77.1 52.5 476
XIII - Caraga 40.1 87.2 61.8 291
ARMM 13.9 44.6 24.8 306
Mother’s education
No education 9.9 56.3 33.5 92
Grades 1-6 20.3 70.3 50.2 1,573
Grades 7-10 28.1 78.2 44.1 4,508
Grade 11 * * * 3
Post-secondary 36.4 77.0 44.2 418
College 33.4 74.2 36.6 2,190
Wealth quintile
Lowest 25.1 73.2 53.4 2,474
Second 27.2 80.8 51.1 1,941
Middle 31.8 76.0 39.3 1,734
Fourth 29.3 73.3 33.6 1,470
Highest 29.9 73.5 26.4 1,165
Total 28.2 75.5 43.2 8,784
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
1
Based on mother’s recall
2
Based on both mother’s recall and the vaccination card (where available)
3
Deworming for intestinal parasites is commonly done for helminths and schistosomiasis
Among women age 15-49 with a child born in the 5 years preceding the survey,
percentage who took iron tablets and percentage who took iron tablets with folic acid,
according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage of
Percentage of women who took
Background women who took iron tablets with Number of
characteristic iron tablets folic acid women
Residence
Urban 93.5 82.4 3,434
Rural 90.6 79.2 4,188
Region
National Capital Region 94.9 92.1 966
Cordillera Admin. Region 96.4 91.9 116
I - Ilocos Region 90.1 78.4 356
II - Cagayan Valley 92.9 87.0 286
III - Central Luzon 91.7 81.5 704
IVA - CALABARZON 94.3 69.3 1,287
MIMAROPA Region 89.7 81.3 196
V - Bicol 89.5 70.2 506
VI - Western Visayas 90.0 79.7 494
VII - Central Visayas 94.6 90.9 455
VIII - Eastern Visayas 97.7 92.1 333
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 92.6 86.7 287
X - Northern Mindanao 92.0 85.8 340
XI - Davao 94.9 79.8 412
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 90.7 84.7 401
XIII - Caraga 94.1 85.4 242
ARMM 57.9 45.7 238
Wealth quintile
Lowest 85.7 72.5 1,909
Second 92.3 77.4 1,664
Middle 93.5 80.6 1,556
Fourth 96.6 89.3 1,358
Highest 93.9 88.7 1,133
Total 91.9 80.6 7,622
Among women age 15-49 with a child born in the 5 years preceding the survey, percent distribution by number of days they took iron tablets
during the pregnancy of their last child and percentage who took deworming medication during the pregnancy of their last child, according to
background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage
of women
who took
deworming
medication
during
Background Number of days women took iron tablets during pregnancy of last birth pregnancy Number of
characteristic None <60 60-89 90+ Don’t know Total of last birth women
Age
15-19 9.2 31.7 9.4 44.4 5.2 100.0 6.8 341
20-29 6.7 29.3 8.1 51.3 4.6 100.0 3.5 3,580
30-39 8.7 24.7 8.5 52.0 6.2 100.0 3.9 2,900
40-49 11.2 32.0 6.9 45.4 4.5 100.0 5.7 801
Residence
Urban 6.5 25.6 9.0 53.3 5.7 100.0 2.9 3,434
Rural 9.3 29.9 7.5 48.4 4.9 100.0 5.0 4,188
Region
National Capital Region 5.1 19.4 11.7 55.0 8.8 100.0 0.9 966
Cordillera Admin. Region 3.6 34.7 4.4 51.4 5.8 100.0 17.1 116
I - Ilocos Region 9.9 35.1 4.9 47.5 2.5 100.0 2.5 356
II - Cagayan Valley 7.1 7.5 4.1 73.2 8.1 100.0 3.5 286
III - Central Luzon 8.2 20.6 8.6 52.4 10.3 100.0 2.5 704
IVA - CALABARZON 5.7 24.8 8.1 52.0 9.4 100.0 1.7 1,287
MIMAROPA Region 10.3 30.2 7.2 49.0 3.2 100.0 5.6 196
V - Bicol 10.3 39.2 10.4 39.9 0.3 100.0 3.5 506
VI - Western Visayas 10.0 23.7 7.0 58.2 1.1 100.0 1.8 494
VII - Central Visayas 5.4 36.0 7.2 49.4 2.0 100.0 6.0 455
VIII - Eastern Visayas 2.3 35.5 9.2 52.5 0.5 100.0 3.0 333
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 7.0 34.5 4.4 39.8 14.3 100.0 4.0 287
X - Northern Mindanao 8.0 21.0 5.0 64.7 1.3 100.0 7.0 340
XI - Davao 5.1 28.3 9.3 56.6 0.7 100.0 15.1 412
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 9.1 45.8 11.3 32.2 1.4 100.0 6.7 401
XIII - Caraga 5.8 29.5 5.9 58.6 0.2 100.0 1.9 242
ARMM 41.4 38.6 7.9 11.0 1.1 100.0 7.6 238
Education
No education 32.8 20.6 10.0 31.2 5.5 100.0 6.4 71
Grades 1-6 17.3 35.9 10.4 33.9 2.6 100.0 5.8 1,238
Grades 7-10 6.4 31.3 7.9 50.0 4.3 100.0 4.0 3,906
Grade 11 * * * * * 100.0 * 16
Post-secondary 5.4 21.3 5.8 60.6 6.8 100.0 3.7 367
College 5.1 17.9 7.7 61.0 8.2 100.0 3.1 2,024
Wealth quintile
Lowest 14.1 34.2 9.2 39.4 3.1 100.0 6.8 1,909
Second 7.7 34.5 8.6 47.3 1.9 100.0 4.7 1,664
Middle 6.4 29.7 8.4 50.8 4.7 100.0 2.6 1,556
Fourth 3.4 21.4 7.5 60.3 7.5 100.0 3.1 1,358
Highest 6.1 13.1 6.4 62.7 11.7 100.0 1.8 1,133
Total 8.0 27.9 8.2 50.6 5.2 100.0 4.1 7,622
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
H
IV/AIDS is one of the most serious public health and development challenges facing the world
today. The passing of the Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act in 1998 gave strength to
the country’s fight against HIV/AIDS.
Despite the limited progression of the HIV epidemic in the Philippines, HIV is a major public health
concern. To help stakeholders and policymakers formulate plans to meet this challenge, this chapter
presents findings on HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior.
Two-thirds (66%) of women age 15-49 know that using condoms is a means of preventing HIV
transmission. Eighty-four percent of women know that limiting sexual intercourse to one uninfected
partner who has no other partners can reduce the risk of HIV. Six in 10 women (62%) are aware of both of
these HIV prevention methods (Table 12.2).
Trends: The percentage of women age 15-49 who know of both HIV prevention methods increased from
45% in 2003 to 62% in 2017.
Only 25% of women age 15-49 have comprehensive knowledge about HIV (Table 12.3). The two most
common local misconceptions about HIV transmission in the Philippines are that HIV can be transmitted
by mosquito bites and that a person can become infected by sharing food with a person who has HIV.
Trends: Comprehensive knowledge of HIV among women has increased from 14% in 2003 to 25% in
2017.
Comprehensive knowledge about HIV increases with age; only 16% of women age 15-19 have
comprehensive knowledge, as compared with 28% of women age 40-49.
Trends: The percentage of women age 15-49 who know that MTCT can be reduced by taking special
drugs has more than doubled, from 20% in 2003 to 43% in 2017.
More than half of women (53%) age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS do not think that children
living with HIV should attend school with children who are HIV negative (Table 12.5). Sixty-one percent
of women would not buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who has HIV. Seven in 10 women (71%)
hold discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV.
Women in rural areas are slightly more likely to hold discriminatory attitudes towards people
living with HIV than women in urban areas (75% versus 68%).
The percentage of women with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV decreases
with increasing household wealth. More than 8 in 10 women (82%) in the lowest wealth quintile
hold discriminatory attitudes, as compared with 62% of women in the highest wealth quintile
(Figure 12.3).
12.5.1 Awareness of HIV Testing Services and Experience with HIV Testing
To assess awareness and coverage of HIV testing services, respondents were asked whether they had ever
been tested for HIV. If they had been tested, they were asked whether they had received the results of their
last test. Forty-five percent of women age 15-49 know of a place where they can get an HIV test. Only 4%
of women have ever been tested for HIV and received the results of their last test; 0.7% have been tested
but did not receive the results of the last test. Only 2% of women were tested for HIV and received the
results in the 12 months prior to the survey (Table 12.7).
Trends: Knowledge among women age 15-49 of a place to get an HIV test has declined from 52% in 2008
to 45% in 2017. There has been little change in the percentage of women who have ever been tested for
HIV (3% in 2008 versus 5% in 2017).
Women age 15-19 are less likely than older women to know of a place where they can get an HIV
test (31% versus 46%-51%).
12.6.1 Knowledge
59
Knowledge of how HIV is transmitted is crucial in 48
40 43
enabling people to avoid HIV infection, and this is 32
especially true for young people, who are often at
greater risk because they may have shorter
relationships with more partners or engage in other
risky behaviors. Only 1 in 5 women age 15-24 Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest
(20%) have comprehensive knowledge of HIV Poorest Wealthiest
(defined as knowing that consistent use of condoms
during sexual intercourse and having just one uninfected faithful partner can reduce the chance of getting
HIV, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, and rejecting the two most common local
misconceptions about HIV transmission) (Table 12.8).
Comprehensive knowledge generally improves with increased education. Only 7% of young women
with no education have comprehensive knowledge of HIV prevention, as compared with 35% of
young women with a post-secondary education.
Young people who initiate sex at an early age are typically at higher risk of becoming pregnant or
contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI) than young people who initiate sex later. Only 2% of
young women age 15-24 had sexual intercourse before age 15. One in five young women (20%) had
sexual intercourse before age 18 (Table 12.9).
Trends: The percentage of young women age 15-24 who had sex by age 15 was 1% in 1993 and 2% in
both 2003 and 2017. The percentage of young women who had sex by age 18 increased slightly over the
same period (14% in 1993, 15% in 2003, and 20% in 2017).
Young women in urban areas (16%) are less likely to have had sexual intercourse by age 18 than
young women in rural areas (24%).
Young women with a grade 1-6 education are more likely to have had sexual intercourse before age 18
(59%) than young women at higher educational levels (4%-33%).
Table 12.10 presents information on premarital sexual intercourse among young women. Ninety-two
percent of never-married young women age 15-24 have never had sexual intercourse.
Trends: The percentage of never-married young women who have never had sex decreased from 99% in
1993 to 97% in 2003 and 92% in 2017.
Premarital sex increases with age. Ninety-eight percent of never-married women age 15-17 have never
had sex, as compared with 78% of never-married women age 23-34.
Never-married young women from rural areas (94%) are slightly more likely than those from urban
areas (90%) to have never had sex.
Limiting the number of sexual partners and practicing protected sex are crucial in the fight against the
spread of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. As shown in Table 12.11, 0.4% of women age
15-24 reported having had two or more sexual partners during the 12 months prior to the survey.
Seeking an HIV test may be more difficult for young people than adults because many young people lack
experience in accessing health services for themselves and because there are often barriers to young people
obtaining services. As noted, knowledge of HIV status helps HIV-negative individuals make decisions to
reduce risk and increase safe sex practices so that they can remain disease free. Only 2% of women age 15-
24 who had sexual intercourse in the 12 months before the survey had been tested for HIV in the past 12
months and received the results of their last test (Table 12.12).
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, see the following tables:
Percentage of women age 15-49 who, in response to prompted questions, say that people can reduce
the risk of getting HIV by using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse and by having one sex
partner who is not infected and has no other partners, according to background characteristics,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Using condoms
and limiting
Limiting sexual sexual
intercourse to intercourse to
Background one uninfected one uninfected Number of
characteristic Using condoms1 partner2 partner1,2 women
Age
15-24 59.2 78.8 54.7 9,072
15-19 52.9 74.2 48.1 4,897
20-24 66.5 84.3 62.3 4,175
25-29 68.8 86.5 65.5 3,717
30-39 71.0 88.3 67.9 6,603
40-49 70.4 85.5 66.1 5,682
Residence
Urban 68.9 86.7 64.8 12,252
Rural 63.8 81.3 59.9 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 71.4 89.7 67.8 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 80.0 88.1 76.8 440
I - Ilocos Region 63.8 83.2 59.3 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 48.3 80.6 45.7 802
III - Central Luzon 67.2 85.0 64.5 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 70.9 87.2 67.6 4,016
MIMAROPA Region 69.0 85.9 67.3 621
V - Bicol 69.2 83.4 63.1 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 63.1 86.2 57.0 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 64.7 82.0 60.4 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 73.5 87.9 70.1 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 59.6 75.8 55.7 764
X - Northern Mindanao 60.4 81.4 55.6 998
XI - Davao 69.6 86.7 65.1 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 52.5 73.8 48.6 1,038
XIII - Caraga 74.1 88.3 70.0 648
ARMM 37.5 46.0 32.8 780
Education
No education 25.1 34.5 23.5 200
Grades 1-6 51.6 68.6 47.7 3,245
Grades 7-10 63.5 83.3 59.2 11,558
Grade 11 63.8 80.1 58.0 934
Post-secondary 75.1 90.8 71.7 1,144
College 76.2 91.9 72.9 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 51.1 67.7 46.7 4,209
Second 62.7 82.4 58.3 4,629
Middle 67.8 86.8 63.7 4,918
Fourth 70.3 88.8 67.5 5,527
Highest 74.9 90.1 70.9 5,791
Total 66.2 84.0 62.3 25,074
1
Using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse
2
Partner who has no other partners
Percentage of women age 15-49 who say that a healthy-looking person can have HIV and who, in response to prompted questions, correctly reject local
misconceptions about transmission or prevention of HIV, and percentage with a comprehensive knowledge about HIV, according to age, Philippines NDHS
2017
Percentage of women who say that: Percentage who
A person cannot say that a healthy-
get AIDS by A person cannot looking person can
hugging or become infected have HIV and who Percentage with a
A healthy-looking HIV cannot be shaking hands by sharing food reject the two most comprehensive
person can have transmitted by with an infected with a person who common local knowledge about Number of
Age HIV mosquito bites person has HIV misconceptions1 HIV2 women
15-24 69.5 57.6 72.3 50.1 29.4 20.2 9,072
15-19 64.3 54.0 68.9 45.8 24.8 15.7 4,897
20-24 75.6 61.9 76.4 55.1 34.7 25.5 4,175
25-29 75.0 57.7 76.2 59.0 34.1 25.4 3,717
30-39 76.8 59.0 77.9 61.9 35.9 26.8 6,603
40-49 75.8 58.1 75.0 60.8 38.1 28.4 5,682
Total 73.7 58.1 75.0 57.0 33.8 24.6 25,074
1
Two most common local misconceptions: HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites and a person can become infected by sharing food with a person who
has HIV
2
Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and having just one uninfected faithful partner can
reduce the chance of getting HIV, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, and rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about
transmission or prevention of HIV
Percentage of women age 15-49 who know that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, during delivery,
by breastfeeding, and by all three means, and percentage who know that the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV
can be reduced by the mother taking special drugs, according to age, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage who
know that the
risk of MTCT can
Percentage who know that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child: be reduced by
During By breast- By all three mother taking Number of
Age pregnancy During delivery feeding means special drugs women
15-24 70.8 59.4 62.3 50.6 37.8 9,072
15-19 66.3 54.0 57.8 45.1 33.9 4,897
20-24 76.2 65.7 67.7 57.2 42.4 4,175
25-29 78.1 68.9 70.5 60.4 45.7 3,717
30-39 82.2 72.5 71.5 62.8 46.0 6,603
40-49 81.7 72.1 71.1 62.8 47.3 5,682
Total 77.4 67.1 67.9 58.1 43.3 25,074
Among women age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS, percentage who do not think that children living with HIV should be able to
attend school with children who are HIV negative, percentage who would not buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who has HIV,
and percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS
2017
Percentage who do not
think that children living Percentage who would
with HIV should be able not buy fresh Percentage with
to attend school with vegetables from a discriminatory attitudes Number of women
Background children who are HIV shopkeeper who has towards people living who have heard
characteristic negative HIV with HIV1 of AIDS
Age
15-24 52.4 64.6 73.1 8,374
15-19 55.3 67.5 75.6 4,425
20-24 49.0 61.4 70.4 3,949
25-29 51.7 60.2 70.7 3,499
30-39 54.0 59.1 70.2 6,250
40-49 54.1 59.7 69.7 5,354
Marital status
Never married 49.8 62.0 70.5 8,399
Ever had sex 51.2 59.7 70.1 1,307
Never had sex 49.6 62.4 70.6 7,091
Married/living together 55.1 61.2 71.8 14,056
Divorced/separated/widowed 52.3 58.3 69.5 1,022
Residence
Urban 49.8 58.1 67.9 11,818
Rural 56.5 64.7 74.6 11,658
Region
National Capital Region 36.8 46.6 55.0 4,285
Cordillera Admin. Region 21.5 32.6 37.0 411
I - Ilocos Region 53.1 65.5 75.2 1,189
II - Cagayan Valley 62.0 64.4 74.0 724
III - Central Luzon 62.4 62.2 75.9 2,315
IVA - CALABARZON 47.6 61.3 71.1 3,804
MIMAROPA Region 52.5 57.7 69.4 567
V - Bicol 56.8 66.6 76.3 1,467
VI - Western Visayas 48.1 60.1 69.1 1,456
VII - Central Visayas 65.6 71.8 82.8 1,517
VIII - Eastern Visayas 54.2 67.1 75.3 967
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 64.3 70.3 79.4 680
X - Northern Mindanao 67.3 68.4 79.4 951
XI - Davao 68.8 74.7 84.6 1,163
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 59.1 63.1 75.6 889
XIII - Caraga 60.0 67.3 76.2 632
ARMM 71.6 78.4 83.7 460
Education
No education 62.6 70.9 73.0 90
Grades 1-6 64.0 71.5 79.8 2,571
Grades 7-10 58.7 64.7 75.4 10,907
Grade 11 46.3 60.6 69.0 903
Post-secondary 47.9 55.7 67.3 1,125
College 43.2 54.3 63.5 7,881
Wealth quintile
Lowest 66.8 73.6 82.2 3,360
Second 60.1 66.2 76.9 4,315
Middle 55.4 62.0 72.4 4,756
Fourth 49.8 57.7 68.2 5,352
Highest 40.9 53.5 62.3 5,694
Total 53.1 61.4 71.2 23,477
1
Percentage who do not think that children living with HIV should be able to attend school with children who are HIV negative and/or
would not buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who has HIV
Among all women age 15-49, percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months; among those
having more than one partner in the past 12 months, percentage reporting that a condom was used during last intercourse; and among women
who ever had sexual intercourse, mean number of sexual partners during their lifetime, according to background characteristics, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Women who had 2+ partners in the Women who ever had sexual
All women past 12 months intercourse1
Percentage who
Percentage who reported using a
had 2+ partners condom during Mean number of
Background in the past 12 Number of last sexual inter- Number of sexual partners in Number of
characteristic months women course women lifetime women
Age
15-24 0.4 9,072 (21.6) 37 1.4 2,826
15-19 0.3 4,897 * 14 1.3 599
20-24 0.6 4,175 (17.7) 23 1.4 2,227
25-29 0.5 3,717 * 17 1.4 3,077
30-39 0.5 6,603 (0.9) 31 1.5 6,120
40-49 0.2 5,682 * 11 1.3 5,415
Marital status
Never married 0.3 8,971 (17.1) 24 1.5 1,348
Married or living together 0.4 15,016 1.0 61 1.4 15,009
Divorced/separated/widowed 1.1 1,086 * 12 1.5 1,082
Residence
Urban 0.4 12,252 (9.0) 45 1.4 8,255
Rural 0.4 12,822 9.5 51 1.4 9,184
Region
National Capital Region 0.3 4,400 * 14 1.3 2,705
Cordillera Admin. Region 0.5 440 * 2 1.4 268
I - Ilocos Region 0.5 1,258 * 7 1.2 830
II - Cagayan Valley 0.2 802 * 2 1.5 607
III - Central Luzon 0.3 2,453 * 6 1.3 1,702
IVA - CALABARZON 0.1 4,016 * 4 1.3 2,895
MIMAROPA Region 0.3 621 * 2 1.4 442
V - Bicol 0.5 1,551 * 8 1.2 1,063
VI - Western Visayas 0.0 1,498 nc 0 1.3 1,071
VII - Central Visayas 0.9 1,607 * 14 1.7 1,125
VIII - Eastern Visayas 0.3 997 * 3 1.4 695
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 0.3 764 * 2 1.5 569
X - Northern Mindanao 1.0 998 * 10 1.7 751
XI - Davao 0.4 1,203 * 5 2.1 955
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 1.2 1,038 * 12 1.7 789
XIII - Caraga 0.3 648 * 2 1.4 484
ARMM 0.1 780 * 1 1.1 489
Education
No education 0.0 200 nc 0 1.2 167
Grades 1-6 0.5 3,245 * 16 1.4 2,888
Grades 7-10 0.5 11,558 5.4 56 1.4 8,265
Grade 11 0.1 934 * 1 (1.2) 42
Post-secondary 0.3 1,144 * 4 1.3 921
College 0.2 7,994 (10.6) 19 1.4 5,155
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.4 4,209 * 15 1.4 3,299
Second 0.5 4,629 (1.2) 25 1.5 3,431
Middle 0.2 4,918 * 12 1.5 3,555
Fourth 0.5 5,527 (14.0) 27 1.3 3,662
Highest 0.3 5,791 * 18 1.3 3,492
Total 0.4 25,074 9.3 96 1.4 17,438
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted
cases and has been suppressed.
nc = No cases
1
Means are calculated excluding respondents who gave non-numeric responses.
Percentage of women age 15-49 who know where to get an HIV test, percent distribution of women by testing status and by whether they received
the results of the last test, percentage of women ever tested, and percentage of women who were tested in the past 12 months and received the
results of the last test, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage
who have
Percent distribution of women by testing been tested
status and by whether they received the for HIV in
results of the last test the past 12
Percentage Ever tested, months and
who know Ever tested did not received the
Background where to get and received receive Never Percentage results of the Number of
characteristic an HIV test results results tested1 Total ever tested last test women
Age
15-24 37.7 1.9 0.5 97.5 100.0 2.5 1.1 9,072
15-19 30.8 0.4 0.4 99.2 100.0 0.8 0.3 4,897
20-24 45.8 3.7 0.7 95.5 100.0 4.5 2.1 4,175
25-29 50.5 6.2 0.7 93.1 100.0 6.9 4.0 3,717
30-39 49.6 5.8 0.8 93.4 100.0 6.6 3.3 6,603
40-49 49.3 3.1 1.1 95.9 100.0 4.1 1.2 5,682
Marital status
Never married 41.7 2.4 0.5 97.1 100.0 2.9 1.8 8,971
Ever had sex 53.2 7.0 1.1 91.9 100.0 8.1 4.9 1,348
Never had sex 39.7 1.6 0.4 98.1 100.0 1.9 1.2 7,623
Married/living together 47.1 4.5 0.9 94.7 100.0 5.3 2.2 15,016
Divorced/separated/widowed 52.7 7.3 1.1 91.7 100.0 8.3 3.5 1,086
Residence
Urban 50.8 5.9 0.9 93.1 100.0 6.9 3.4 12,252
Rural 40.2 1.8 0.6 97.6 100.0 2.4 1.0 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 59.9 11.4 1.2 87.5 100.0 12.5 6.7 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 41.3 2.2 0.1 97.7 100.0 2.3 1.1 440
I - Ilocos Region 52.9 2.4 0.5 97.1 100.0 2.9 0.8 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 31.1 0.8 0.3 98.8 100.0 1.2 0.8 802
III - Central Luzon 44.5 1.6 0.6 97.7 100.0 2.3 0.7 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 38.1 3.4 0.8 95.8 100.0 4.2 1.7 4,016
MIMAROPA Region 60.2 1.5 0.3 98.3 100.0 1.7 0.6 621
V - Bicol 49.0 1.3 0.2 98.5 100.0 1.5 0.5 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 61.3 1.6 1.3 97.1 100.0 2.9 0.8 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 33.6 5.1 1.2 93.8 100.0 6.2 3.4 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 42.1 1.6 0.1 98.3 100.0 1.7 0.9 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 40.4 2.4 1.1 96.5 100.0 3.5 1.2 764
X - Northern Mindanao 30.7 1.7 0.5 97.8 100.0 2.2 0.7 998
XI - Davao 38.7 1.6 0.7 97.7 100.0 2.3 0.4 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 30.7 1.7 0.7 97.6 100.0 2.4 0.9 1,038
XIII - Caraga 59.1 2.1 0.3 97.5 100.0 2.5 1.4 648
ARMM 29.4 0.6 0.3 99.1 100.0 0.9 0.2 780
Education
No education 15.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 200
Grades 1-6 29.2 1.0 0.5 98.5 100.0 1.5 0.6 3,245
Grades 7-10 40.2 2.7 0.5 96.8 100.0 3.2 1.4 11,558
Grade 11 29.4 0.0 0.4 99.6 100.0 0.4 0.0 934
Post-secondary 54.1 5.3 1.7 93.0 100.0 7.0 3.3 1,144
College 60.9 7.0 1.1 91.9 100.0 8.1 3.9 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 31.9 0.8 0.3 98.9 100.0 1.1 0.4 4,209
Second 39.6 1.9 0.7 97.4 100.0 2.6 1.1 4,629
Middle 43.4 3.4 0.7 95.8 100.0 4.2 1.9 4,918
Fourth 48.3 4.4 0.7 94.9 100.0 5.1 2.1 5,527
Highest 58.8 7.4 1.1 91.5 100.0 8.5 4.4 5,791
Total 45.4 3.8 0.7 95.4 100.0 4.6 2.1 25,074
1
Includes “don’t know”
1
Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of condoms
during sexual intercourse and having just one uninfected faithful partner can
reduce the chance of getting HIV, knowing that a healthy-looking person can
have HIV, and rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about
transmission or prevention of HIV. The components of comprehensive
knowledge are presented in Tables 12.2 and 12.3.
Percentage of young women age 15-24 who had sexual intercourse before age 15 and percentage of
young women age 18-24 who had sexual intercourse before age 18, according to background
characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Women age 15-24 Women age 18-24
Percentage who Percentage who
had sexual had sexual
Background intercourse before Number of intercourse before Number of
characteristic age 15 women age 18 women
Age
15-19 1.6 4,897 na na
15-17 1.4 3,058 na na
18-19 2.1 1,839 17.2 1,839
20-24 2.4 4,175 20.7 4,175
20-22 2.7 2,572 19.4 2,572
23-24 2.0 1,603 22.8 1,603
Residence
Urban 1.7 4,446 16.0 3,103
Rural 2.2 4,626 23.5 2,911
Education
No education 8.7 29 (27.2) 26
Grades 1-6 12.5 630 58.5 447
Grades 7-10 1.8 4,451 32.8 2,176
Grade 11 0.1 932 4.5 356
Post-secondary 0.0 252 4.0 251
College 0.6 2,778 6.3 2,757
Total 2.0 9,072 19.7 6,014
Table 12.11 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months among
young women
Among all young women age 15-24, percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual
partner in the past 12 months, and among those having more than one partner in the past 12 months,
percentage reporting that a condom was used during the last intercourse, according to background
characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Women age 15-24 who had 2+
Women age 15-24 partners in the past 12 months
Percentage who
Percentage who reported using a
had 2+ partners in condom during
Background the past 12 Number of last sexual Number of
characteristic months women intercourse women
Age
15-19 0.3 4,897 * 14
15-17 0.1 3,058 * 2
18-19 0.6 1,839 * 12
20-24 0.6 4,175 (17.7) 23
20-22 0.6 2,572 * 15
23-24 0.5 1,603 * 8
Marital status
Never married 0.3 6,807 * 17
Ever married 0.9 2,264 (19.9) 19
Residence
Urban 0.3 4,446 * 14
Rural 0.5 4,626 (20.1) 23
Education
No education 0.0 29 * 0
Grades 1-6 1.2 630 * 8
Grades 7-10 0.5 4,451 (12.0) 23
Grade 11 0.1 932 * 1
Post-secondary 0.1 252 * 0
College 0.2 2,778 * 5
Total 15-24 0.4 9,072 (21.6) 37
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is
based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
I
n order to formulate policies and programs to improve public health service delivery, health planners
not only require knowledge on the prevalence of illnesses and injuries but also need information on the
characteristics of those seeking health services and on health care expenditures. To collect information
on these topics, the NDHS 2017 Household Questionnaire included a country-specific module on health
insurance coverage, health care utilization, and health care costs.
Information about health insurance coverage was collected for each person in the household. In addition,
the respondent to the Household Questionnaire was asked whether any member of the household had
visited a health facility or health care provider for advice or treatment in the 30 days preceding the survey.
For each member who had visited a health facility, there were follow-up questions about the type of
facility first visited, the reason treatment was sought, the time it took to get to the facility, round trip
transportation costs, treatment costs, and how treatment costs were paid.
The household respondent was also asked questions about whether any household members were confined
to a hospital or clinic in the 12 months preceding the survey and, if so, the type of facility where care was
received, the reason for the confinement, the length of the confinement, the costs of tests and treatments,
and how the costs were covered.
Since the National Health Insurance Act was amended in 2013, health care for poor households identified
by the National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR) has been fully subsidized
by the national government through revenues from tobacco and alcohol taxes (Sin Tax). A point-of-service
program also enables poor individuals not identified through the NHTS-PR to become PhilHealth members
and receive subsidized care if they are confined at a hospital.
The NDHS 2017 results showed that 68% of the household population has some form of health insurance
coverage (Table 13.1). PhilHealth is by far the most common form of health insurance, covering 66% of
the household members. The next most common form of health insurance is the Social Security System
(SSS) (22%). The Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) and private insurance cover only small
proportions of the population (3% and 2%, respectively). Three in 10 (31%) household members have no
health insurance.
By region, the percentage of the household population covered by health insurance ranges from a low
of 50% in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) to a high of 75% in the National
Capital Region (NCR).
The percentage of the household population covered by health insurance increases with increasing
household wealth, from 60% in the lowest quintile to 83% in the highest quintile.
Table 13.2 shows the percentage of the household Figure 13.1 Trends in PhilHealth
population insured under specific PhilHealth coverage
membership categories. Twenty-seven percent of Percentage of the de jure population with
individuals are PhilHealth members through the PhilHealth insurance coverage
formal economy, 9% are members through the
informal economy, 19% are indigent members, 4%
are sponsored members, 1% are lifetime members,
6% are senior citizen members, and 2% are overseas 66
Filipino members. 60
38
Trends: The percentage of the household population
covered by PhilHealth increased from 38% in 2008
to 60% in 2013 and 66% in 2017 (Figure 13.1).
Type of PhilHealth membership also varies widely by region. For example, 58% of the household
population in NCR are members through the formal economy and 3% are covered through indigent
memberships. In contrast, 6% of those in ARMM are members through the formal economy and 39%
are indigent members (Table 13.2).
Children age 0-4 were far more likely to have been to a health facility or provider in the 30 days before
the survey than those in other age groups (19% versus 5%-9%).
Household members who sought treatment consulted a public health facility first more often in rural
than urban areas (65% versus 50%). Among those seeking treatment, the percentage who went to a
public health facility also varied by region, ranging from only 46% in NCR to 82% in ARMM.
Among those seeking care, the percentage consulting a public health facility decreased from 84% in
the lowest wealth quintile to 20% in the highest quintile.
Table 13.4 shows the specific types of facilities visited first by household members who sought health care
in the 30 days before the survey. Barangay health stations were the most commonly visited public health
facility, while private clinics were the most commonly visited private health facility.
The most common reason for visiting a health facility was sickness or injury (59%), followed by a medical
check-up (29%) and prenatal or postnatal check (5%) (Table 13.5).
Travel Time
Among those who visited a health facility or provider in the 30 days before the survey, the average round
trip travel time was 47 minutes (Table 13.6). Travel time was comparable in urban and rural areas (47 and
46 minutes, respectively). SOCCKSARGEN had the longest average travel time (78 minutes), followed by
MIMAROPA Region (77 minutes); Eastern Visayas had the shortest (32 minutes).
The percentage of household members receiving in-patient care at a public facility ranged from 41% in
NCR to 77% in Caraga and ARMM.
The most common reason for confinement was sickness or injury (76%), followed by birth or miscarriage
(23%) (Table 13.8). Twenty-four percent of those confined stayed 6 or more days in the hospital or clinic.
Treatment was free for 12% of those confined.
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on health care utilization and financing, see the following tables:
Percentage of the de jure population with any health insurance coverage and with specific types of health insurance coverage, according to
background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Background Any health PhilHealth
characteristic insurance insurance GSIS SSS Private1 None Don’t know Number
Sex
Male 67.0 64.5 2.1 22.8 2.3 32.7 0.3 59,506
Female 69.8 67.3 2.9 20.7 2.4 29.9 0.3 56,699
Age
0-4 62.0 61.3 0.9 10.2 1.1 37.7 0.3 10,925
5-29 63.3 61.7 1.4 17.9 1.9 36.3 0.4 55,549
30-59 72.0 68.9 3.4 34.9 3.8 27.8 0.3 15,597
60+ 77.0 72.7 4.3 25.8 2.7 22.8 0.2 34,106
Don’t know (23.9) (23.9) (4.4) (11.0) (0.0) (54.8) (21.3) 29
Residence
Urban 68.9 65.7 2.7 32.8 3.6 30.8 0.3 52,058
Rural 67.9 66.0 2.3 12.8 1.3 31.8 0.3 64,147
Region
National Capital Region 74.9 70.7 2.5 49.1 5.8 24.9 0.2 16,594
Cordillera Admin. Region 73.5 71.2 5.8 16.7 1.1 25.7 0.8 2,131
I - Ilocos Region 68.2 65.2 2.5 18.1 0.5 31.2 0.6 6,156
II - Cagayan Valley 65.6 64.9 1.9 5.0 0.6 34.0 0.3 4,208
III - Central Luzon 67.8 65.7 2.1 26.3 2.2 32.1 0.1 11,196
IVA - CALABARZON 67.2 65.0 1.5 23.7 3.1 32.7 0.1 17,753
MIMAROPA Region 68.8 66.9 3.3 13.6 1.1 30.8 0.4 3,004
V - Bicol 63.9 62.4 2.5 8.1 0.2 35.8 0.3 7,359
VI - Western Visayas 69.0 65.5 3.2 18.9 1.3 30.2 0.8 7,874
VII - Central Visayas 63.8 59.4 2.6 24.7 4.1 35.3 0.9 7,383
VIII - Eastern Visayas 67.5 65.9 3.2 6.4 1.7 32.2 0.3 5,084
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 69.7 66.2 2.7 10.5 0.4 29.6 0.7 3,959
X - Northern Mindanao 67.3 65.2 3.1 17.5 0.6 32.4 0.3 4,849
XI - Davao 71.2 69.2 2.8 22.1 2.4 28.6 0.1 6,264
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 71.9 71.0 2.0 7.7 1.4 27.9 0.2 5,469
XIII - Caraga 71.4 69.7 3.5 17.9 1.0 27.9 0.7 3,243
ARMM 50.4 50.2 1.8 0.9 0.1 49.5 0.1 3,679
Wealth quintile
Lowest 59.7 59.0 0.1 3.7 0.2 40.1 0.2 23,252
Second 62.2 60.6 0.5 10.2 0.6 37.5 0.4 23,226
Middle 65.0 62.1 1.5 20.0 1.0 34.7 0.3 23,237
Fourth 71.7 68.2 3.1 30.4 2.0 27.9 0.4 23,250
Highest 83.2 79.2 7.2 44.6 7.8 16.4 0.3 23,240
Total 68.3 65.8 2.5 21.8 2.3 31.3 0.3 116,205
Notes: Respondents may report more than one type of insurance. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
GSIS = Government Service Insurance System
SSS = Social Security System
1
Includes private insurance company, health maintenance organization, and pre-need insurance plan company
Percentage of the de jure population with specific types of PhilHealth insurance coverage, according to background characteristics, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Overseas
Background Formal Informal Indigent/ Lifetime Senior Filipino
characteristic economy economy NHTS-PR Sponsored members citizen member Number
Sex
Male 27.8 8.0 18.7 3.8 0.7 4.6 1.5 59,506
Female 27.1 9.1 18.7 3.7 1.0 6.7 1.7 56,699
Age
0-4 27.3 10.7 18.3 4.5 0.1 0.0 1.0 10,925
5-29 28.1 8.1 20.4 3.7 0.1 0.2 1.5 55,549
30-59 35.9 9.6 16.8 4.0 0.1 0.0 3.0 15,597
60+ 22.6 8.1 17.0 3.6 2.6 18.7 1.3 34,106
Don’t know (9.1) (2.3) (3.3) (0.0) (0.0) (8.4) (0.9) 29
Residence
Urban 39.1 8.2 9.3 2.3 1.2 4.7 1.4 52,058
Rural 18.0 8.8 26.4 5.0 0.5 6.3 1.8 64,147
Region
National Capital Region 57.9 3.6 2.6 1.2 1.7 3.3 0.9 16,594
Cordillera Admin. Region 15.2 17.5 20.0 7.5 1.3 6.9 3.7 2,131
I - Ilocos Region 14.8 17.7 22.6 0.7 0.1 8.7 1.5 6,156
II - Cagayan Valley 12.3 23.7 20.0 1.0 0.1 6.8 1.4 4,208
III - Central Luzon 31.9 14.5 5.8 4.9 0.7 5.9 2.2 11,196
IVA - CALABARZON 39.5 7.0 8.0 1.7 0.5 5.1 3.6 17,753
MIMAROPA Region 17.4 7.5 23.0 11.7 1.0 5.7 1.1 3,004
V - Bicol 13.4 4.7 27.9 10.8 1.5 4.9 0.4 7,359
VI - Western Visayas 18.6 5.0 29.6 3.1 0.8 8.6 1.1 7,874
VII - Central Visayas 27.7 2.9 17.7 2.1 0.8 7.2 1.3 7,383
VIII - Eastern Visayas 15.4 4.8 32.6 5.5 1.1 6.6 1.2 5,084
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 10.2 7.1 39.4 3.0 0.2 7.0 0.6 3,959
X - Northern Mindanao 20.4 6.6 20.2 13.6 1.3 4.4 0.5 4,849
XI - Davao 20.0 14.7 26.4 1.1 0.5 5.7 1.3 6,264
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 13.4 11.9 33.6 4.3 1.0 5.5 1.8 5,469
XIII - Caraga 16.7 10.3 33.2 4.3 1.0 5.4 0.7 3,243
ARMM 5.9 2.3 39.1 1.0 0.1 1.2 1.2 3,679
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.2 3.2 39.7 5.8 0.1 4.9 0.3 23,252
Second 13.0 6.9 30.2 5.1 0.2 5.5 0.7 23,226
Middle 25.4 8.5 17.1 4.3 0.5 5.9 1.2 23,237
Fourth 39.7 11.6 5.4 2.8 1.0 6.1 2.0 23,250
Highest 53.9 12.6 1.3 0.9 2.3 5.7 3.6 23,240
Total 27.4 8.5 18.7 3.8 0.9 5.6 1.6 116,205
Percentage of the de jure population who visited a health facility or sought advice or treatment in the 30 days before the survey, and among those
who visited a health facility or sought advice or treatment, percent distribution by the type of place first visited, according to background characteristics,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage Number
who visited Type of place first visited who visited
Background a health Public Private Alternative Non- a health
characteristic facility Number medical medical medical medical Other Total facility
Sex
Male 6.5 59,506 56.0 42.1 1.6 0.3 0.1 100.0 3,850
Female 8.8 56,699 60.9 37.7 1.2 0.2 0.0 100.0 4,965
Age
0-4 19.2 10,925 62.9 35.2 1.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 2,099
5-29 5.2 55,549 60.1 37.7 1.9 0.3 0.1 100.0 2,869
30-59 4.9 15,597 57.3 41.8 0.9 0.1 0.0 100.0 763
60+ 9.0 34,106 54.9 44.0 0.7 0.4 0.0 100.0 3,082
Don’t know (9.1) 29 * * * * * 100.0 3
Residence
Urban 7.1 52,058 49.6 49.6 0.6 0.2 0.0 100.0 3,711
Rural 8.0 64,147 65.4 32.4 2.0 0.2 0.0 100.0 5,105
Region
National Capital Region 5.5 16,594 45.7 54.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 907
Cordillera Admin. Region 5.0 2,131 65.5 34.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 107
I - Ilocos Region 9.8 6,156 69.3 29.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 602
II - Cagayan Valley 8.4 4,208 65.5 34.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 353
III - Central Luzon 6.7 11,196 46.8 53.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 747
IVA - CALABARZON 7.7 17,753 51.7 47.0 1.1 0.3 0.0 100.0 1,361
MIMAROPA Region 7.7 3,004 60.2 39.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 230
V - Bicol 12.7 7,359 63.7 29.4 6.6 0.4 0.0 100.0 934
VI - Western Visayas 9.1 7,874 58.5 40.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 715
VII - Central Visayas 8.7 7,383 53.9 41.2 3.1 1.6 0.2 100.0 644
VIII - Eastern Visayas 10.6 5,084 67.6 30.6 1.8 0.1 0.0 100.0 537
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 7.7 3,959 71.1 28.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 307
X - Northern Mindanao 5.0 4,849 67.7 32.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 244
XI - Davao 6.8 6,264 60.4 39.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 100.0 425
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 5.6 5,469 62.9 36.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 100.0 308
XIII - Caraga 7.3 3,243 70.2 29.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 100.0 235
ARMM 4.3 3,679 82.4 16.4 1.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 158
Wealth quintile
Lowest 7.7 23,252 83.8 13.7 2.3 0.2 0.0 100.0 1,799
Second 8.2 23,226 74.2 24.0 1.3 0.6 0.0 100.0 1,910
Middle 7.8 23,237 64.1 33.7 1.9 0.1 0.1 100.0 1,824
Fourth 7.2 23,250 45.4 53.5 1.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 1,677
Highest 6.9 23,240 20.1 79.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 1,605
Total 7.6 116,205 58.7 39.6 1.4 0.2 0.0 100.0 8,816
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases
and has been suppressed.
Among household members who visited a health facility or sought advice or treatment in the 30 days before the survey, percent distribution by type of place first visited, according to background characteristics,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Public Private Other
Regional RHU/ Mobile Lying-in
hospital/ urban health Barangay clinic/ clinic/ Alter-
Background medical Provincial District Municipal center/ health other Private birthing Private Other native Non-
characteristic center hospital hospital hospital lying-in clinic station public hospital home clinic private medical medical Other Total Number
Sex
Male 3.2 5.5 5.9 3.6 14.4 22.6 0.8 17.0 0.3 24.1 0.7 1.6 0.3 0.1 100.0 3,850
Female 3.9 5.8 5.0 3.7 15.6 26.4 0.6 14.6 1.0 21.3 0.8 1.2 0.2 0.0 100.0 4,965
Age
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
RHU = Rural health unit
Percentage of the de jure population who were confined to a hospital or clinic in the 12 months before the survey, and among those confined, percent distribution by type of facility of most recent
confinement, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Among those confined:
Public facility, by type Private facility, by type
Regional Private
hospital/ lying-in Don’t
Percent- public Barangay Any clinic/ know
Background age Any public medical Provincial District Municipal health private Private birthing Private facility Number
characteristic confined Number facility center hospital hospital hospital station facility hospital home clinic type Total confined
Sex
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Average costs (in pesos) for various aspects of medical care, Philippines NDHS 2017
Any facility1 Public facility Private facility
Type of care Mean cost Number Mean cost Number Mean cost Number
For those who visited a health facility
in the past 30 days
Cost of transport 89.4 8,765 61.9 5,150 131.9 3,470
Cost of consultation, advice, and/or
treatment 1,379.5 8,682 668.1 5,104 2,490.9 3,435
For those confined to a hospital or
clinic in the last 12 months
Total cost of medicines/services from
outside pharmacy/lab 5,236.5 2,856 3,856.0 1,737 7,398.8 1,115
Paid from salary/loan/sale of property 6,924.4 2,853 4,208.7 1,735 11,167.3 1,115
Paid by PhilHealth 4,668.7 2,846 3,823.7 1,732 5,996.8 1,112
Total hospital bill 21,399.8 4,676 11,627.0 2,553 33,190.8 2,120
Paid from salary/loan/sale of property 12,529.8 4,100 5,004.0 2,102 20,476.4 1,995
Paid by PhilHealth 9,657.6 4,094 8,269.6 2,098 11,131.9 1,993
Note: Table excludes persons whose costs were either in-kind only or not known.
1
Includes 3 facilities not classified as public or private that are not shown separately
T
his chapter explores women’s empowerment in terms of employment, earnings, control over
earnings, and magnitude of earnings relative to those of their partners. In addition, responses to
specific questions are used to define two different indicators of women’s empowerment: their
participation in household decision making and their acceptance of wife beating.
The Philippines has made improvements in elevating awareness of gender equality and promoting
empowerment of women. In 2009, the government ratified the Magna Carta of Women (MCW), a
landmark piece of gender equality legislation that increases the government’s thrust to protect and promote
Filipino women’s human rights as it continues to institutionalize gender concerns in the mainstream
development process.
In the 2017 Global Gender Gap Report, the Philippines ranked 10th out of 145 countries with respect to
gender equality, higher than any other Asia-Pacific country except New Zealand (World Economic Forum
2017). The Global Gender Gap Report’s index assesses countries on how well they divide resources and
opportunities between male and female populations, regardless of the overall levels of these resources. The
report measures the size of the gender inequality gap in four areas: economic participation and opportunity,
educational attainment, political empowerment, and health and survival.
Employment
Respondents are considered to be employed if they have done any work other
than their housework in the 12 months before the survey.
Sample: Currently married women age 15-49
In the Philippines, 58% of currently married women Figure 14.1 Employment by age
age 15-49 were employed in the 12 months Percentage of currently married women
preceding the survey. Among employed women, who were employed at any time in the 12
75% were paid in cash only, while 22% were not months before the survey
paid for their work (Table 14.1).
65 70 67
Trends: The percentage of currently married women 56
employed in the 12 months before the survey 44 49
decreased slightly from 56% in 1998 to 54% in 29
2003, increased to 61% in 2013, and then fell to 58%
in 2017.
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Age
Patterns by background characteristics
Employment among currently married women generally increases with age; 29% of those age 15-19
were employed in the 12 months preceding the survey, as compared with 70% of those age 40-44 and
67% of those age 45-49 (Figure 14.1).
Among currently married women who are employed, those age 40-44 and 45-49 (25% each) are more
likely not to be paid for their work than those in younger age groups (16%-22%).
As shown in Figure 14.2, more than half (54%) of currently married women age 15-49 with cash earnings
decide jointly with their husbands how their own earnings are used, and 43% decide on their own how
their earnings are used. Only 4% of women say their husband is the main decision maker on how their
earnings are used.
About half of currently married women with cash earnings (49%) earn less than their husbands, 24% earn
the same as their husbands, and 23% earn more than their husbands (Table 14.2).
Fifty-three percent of employed women in rural areas reported earning less than their husbands, as
compared with 45% of women in urban areas.
In general, the percentage of currently married women who earn less than their husbands declines
sharply with increasing education and wealth.
A minority of women in the Philippines own a house or land: about one-third (32%) own a house, either
alone or jointly with someone else, while 12% own land alone or jointly with someone else (Figure 14.3
and Table 14.4). Joint ownership of these assets is more common than sole ownership: 25% of women
own a house jointly with someone, while 9% own land jointly with someone.
By region, women’s ownership of a house, either alone or jointly, ranges from 18% in the National
Capital Region (NCR) to 49% in Cagayan Valley. Land ownership, either alone or jointly, ranges from
a low of 7% in NCR to a high of 33% in Cagayan Valley.
Twenty-two percent of women age 15-49 have and use a bank account. Almost 9 out of 10 women (86%)
own a mobile phone (Figure 14.3). Overall, 13% of women who have a mobile phone reported that they
use their mobile phone for financial transactions (Table 14.5).
The percentage of women who have and use a bank account ranges from 3% in the Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) to 36% in NCR. The percentage of women who have a mobile
phone ranges from 61% in ARMM to 96% in NCR.
Ownership of a mobile phone and use of a mobile phone for financial transactions correlate with
increasing household wealth. Sixty-one percent of women in the lowest wealth quintile own a mobile
phone, as compared with 98% in the highest quintile. Among women who own a mobile phone, those
in the highest wealth quintile are more likely to use the phone for financial transactions (22%) than
those in the lowest quintile (5%).
The percentage of currently married women who participate in all three decisions generally increases
with increasing household wealth, from 80% among those in the lowest wealth quintile to 89% among
those in the highest quintile.
One in 10 women (11%) agree that wife beating is justified under at least one specific circumstance (Table
14.8). Among the five reasons presented to respondents, the wife neglecting the children was reported as
the most common circumstance justifying wife beating (9%), followed by the wife going out without
telling her husband (3%).
Trends: The percentage of women age 15-49 who agree with at least one reason that justifies wife beating
has declined steadily over time, from 24% in 2003 to 15% in 2008, 13% in 2013, and 11% in 2017.
By region, women living in ARMM are most likely to have attitudes justifying wife beating under at
least one specific circumstance (33%), and women in NCR are least likely to have such attitudes (3%).
Attitudes justifying wife beating decrease with increasing education; 18% of women with no education
agree with at least one specified reason for wife beating, as compared with 7% of women with a
college education.
Attitudes justifying wife beating also decline with increasing household wealth. Nineteen percent of
women in the lowest wealth quintile agree with at least one specified reason for wife beating,
compared with 7% of women in the highest wealth quintile.
To assess the ability of women to actually negotiate sexual relations with their husbands, currently married
women were asked whether they can say no to their husband if they do not want to have sexual intercourse
and whether they can ask their husband to use a condom. The majority of women (87%) can say no to their
husband if they do not want to have sexual intercourse; 75% of women can ask their husband to use a
condom (Table 14.10).
The percentage of women who believe that a wife is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse
with her husband if she knows he has sex with other women increases with increasing household
wealth, from 80% among those in the lowest wealth quintile to 90% among those in the highest wealth
quintile. The percentage of women who believe that a wife is justified in asking her husband to use a
condom if she knows that he has an STI also rises with increasing wealth, from 76% in the lowest
wealth quintile to 87% in the highest quintile (Table 14.9).
By region, the percentage of women who can refuse to have sexual intercourse with their husband
ranges from 63% in ARMM to 96% in Western Visayas. The percentage of women who can ask their
husband to use a condom ranges from 56% in ARMM and Northern Mindanao to 85% in NCR (Table
14.10).
There is little difference by wealth in the percentage of women who can say no to their husband if they
do not want to have sexual intercourse. The percentage of women who can ask their husband to use a
condom increases with increasing household wealth, from 69% among those in the lowest wealth
quintile to 80% among those in the highest quintile.
For information on women’s empowerment indicators, see Table 14.11; for information on family
planning, reproductive health care, and child mortality according to women’s empowerment indicators, see
Tables 14.12, 14.13, 14.14, and 14.15.
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on women’s empowerment, see the following tables:
Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 who were employed at any time in the past 12 months and percent
distribution of currently married women employed in the past 12 months by type of earnings, according to age, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Among currently married Percent distribution of currently married women
women: employed in the past 12 months, by type of earnings
Percentage
employed in
past 12 Number of Cash and in- Number of
Age months women Cash only kind In-kind only Not paid Total women
15-19 29.0 419 77.7 1.1 0.0 21.1 100.0 121
20-24 43.8 1,718 79.7 2.9 1.1 16.3 100.0 753
25-29 48.5 2,628 77.6 2.1 0.5 19.8 100.0 1,275
30-34 55.9 2,663 77.4 2.1 0.6 19.9 100.0 1,489
35-39 65.0 2,775 74.2 2.8 0.6 22.4 100.0 1,803
40-44 69.7 2,443 72.0 2.4 1.0 24.6 100.0 1,703
45-49 67.2 2,372 71.4 2.5 1.1 25.1 100.0 1,594
Total 58.2 15,016 74.8 2.4 0.8 22.0 100.0 8,737
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 who received cash earnings for employment in the 12 months preceding the survey by
person who decides how the wife’s cash earnings are used and by whether she earned more or less than her husband, according to background
characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Person who decides how the wife’s Wife’s cash earnings compared with husband’s
cash earnings are used: cash earnings:
Wife and About Husband Number
Background Mainly husband Mainly the has no Don’t of
characteristic wife jointly husband Other Total More Less same earnings know Total women
Age
15-19 44.7 52.7 1.7 0.9 100.0 10.7 61.2 27.2 0.7 0.2 100.0 96
20-24 42.8 52.2 4.9 0.0 100.0 24.3 50.2 21.7 3.0 0.8 100.0 621
25-29 37.7 59.6 2.7 0.0 100.0 21.3 50.7 24.8 3.0 0.2 100.0 1,017
30-34 43.4 51.9 4.7 0.0 100.0 22.7 52.1 23.6 1.4 0.3 100.0 1,185
35-39 40.8 55.6 3.5 0.1 100.0 23.2 46.6 26.6 3.3 0.3 100.0 1,388
40-44 44.6 52.8 2.7 0.0 100.0 21.1 50.9 23.7 3.7 0.6 100.0 1,267
45-49 46.4 49.4 4.0 0.1 100.0 25.7 45.6 22.6 5.9 0.3 100.0 1,177
Number of living
children
0 34.5 61.2 4.2 0.1 100.0 19.3 44.4 32.3 3.2 0.9 100.0 743
1-2 42.8 53.9 3.2 0.0 100.0 25.3 46.9 23.9 3.7 0.2 100.0 3,152
3-4 45.2 51.1 3.7 0.0 100.0 22.5 51.2 22.9 3.1 0.4 100.0 1,980
5+ 43.8 51.6 4.5 0.1 100.0 17.5 57.9 20.8 3.2 0.6 100.0 876
Residence
Urban 45.4 51.4 3.1 0.0 100.0 23.3 45.2 26.5 4.8 0.3 100.0 3,327
Rural 40.1 55.7 4.1 0.1 100.0 22.3 53.4 21.8 2.0 0.5 100.0 3,423
Region
National Capital Region 41.5 56.8 1.6 0.0 100.0 22.0 33.7 38.8 5.4 0.0 100.0 1,111
Cordillera Admin. Region 40.0 50.8 9.3 0.0 100.0 21.3 33.6 32.0 2.7 10.5 100.0 111
I - Ilocos Region 44.6 54.0 1.4 0.0 100.0 18.1 63.5 14.4 3.6 0.4 100.0 346
II - Cagayan Valley 25.5 71.7 2.8 0.0 100.0 17.1 53.8 25.6 2.5 0.9 100.0 297
III - Central Luzon 44.4 51.9 3.8 0.0 100.0 19.2 43.5 29.2 8.0 0.0 100.0 621
IVA - CALABARZON 36.6 61.9 1.5 0.0 100.0 18.7 49.2 28.8 2.9 0.3 100.0 1,231
MIMAROPA Region 26.4 71.8 1.8 0.0 100.0 20.6 55.0 23.6 0.7 0.0 100.0 171
V - Bicol 41.6 56.3 2.1 0.0 100.0 21.2 62.2 15.6 1.1 0.0 100.0 428
VI - Western Visayas 50.0 44.3 5.7 0.1 100.0 35.3 50.6 13.6 0.6 0.0 100.0 353
VII - Central Visayas 54.0 44.0 2.0 0.0 100.0 32.0 52.8 12.9 2.2 0.1 100.0 504
VIII - Eastern Visayas 43.5 52.5 4.0 0.0 100.0 26.7 55.8 16.1 1.2 0.2 100.0 278
IX - Zamboanga
Peninsula 48.0 40.0 11.2 0.8 100.0 33.8 53.9 9.3 2.5 0.5 100.0 170
X - Northern Mindanao 53.9 32.8 13.0 0.3 100.0 24.3 49.9 20.7 4.4 0.8 100.0 283
XI - Davao 45.8 47.8 6.4 0.0 100.0 16.0 57.8 22.4 3.8 0.1 100.0 347
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 43.4 51.9 4.7 0.0 100.0 25.0 58.6 14.1 1.5 0.7 100.0 240
XIII - Caraga 56.6 38.0 5.0 0.5 100.0 34.6 46.0 17.9 1.5 0.0 100.0 185
ARMM 37.3 51.6 11.1 0.0 100.0 20.1 57.6 20.2 2.2 0.0 100.0 75
Education
No education 26.2 70.9 2.9 0.0 100.0 10.9 61.9 24.7 2.5 0.0 100.0 37
Grades 1-6 44.7 51.3 3.8 0.2 100.0 16.4 56.7 23.5 3.1 0.3 100.0 957
Grades 7-10 44.6 50.9 4.4 0.1 100.0 18.1 55.5 22.6 3.5 0.3 100.0 2,943
Grade 11 * * * * 100.0 * * * * * 100.0 1
Post-secondary 41.7 54.6 3.7 0.0 100.0 28.1 47.0 18.4 6.1 0.4 100.0 348
College 40.1 57.4 2.6 0.0 100.0 30.2 39.3 27.0 3.0 0.5 100.0 2,465
Wealth quintile
Lowest 42.8 51.4 5.6 0.2 100.0 18.7 60.7 18.1 1.6 0.9 100.0 1,014
Second 45.6 50.1 4.2 0.0 100.0 18.2 61.1 17.4 2.9 0.4 100.0 1,261
Middle 44.6 51.8 3.6 0.0 100.0 21.9 50.4 24.5 2.9 0.3 100.0 1,367
Fourth 40.8 55.8 3.4 0.1 100.0 24.8 42.1 28.6 4.2 0.3 100.0 1,464
Highest 40.6 57.2 2.2 0.0 100.0 27.7 38.9 28.6 4.6 0.2 100.0 1,645
Total 42.7 53.6 3.6 0.1 100.0 22.8 49.3 24.1 3.4 0.4 100.0 6,750
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 with cash earnings in the last 12 months by person who decides how the wife’s cash
earnings are used and percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 whose husbands have cash earnings by person who decides how
the husband’s cash earnings are used, according to the relation between wife’s and husband’s cash earnings, Philippines NDHS 2017
Person who decides how the wife’s Person who decides how husband’s
cash earnings are used: cash earnings are used:
Wife and Number Wife and Number
Woman’s earnings relative Mainly husband Mainly of Mainly husband Mainly of
to husband’s earnings wife jointly husband Other Total women wife jointly husband Other Total women
More than husband 51.6 44.8 3.5 0.0 100.0 1,538 37.5 51.9 10.6 0.0 100.0 1,538
Less than husband 44.8 50.9 4.3 0.0 100.0 3,330 30.5 60.6 8.9 0.0 100.0 3,330
Same as husband 27.8 69.7 2.4 0.0 100.0 1,628 19.0 75.3 5.7 0.0 100.0 1,628
Husband has no cash
earnings or did not work 58.1 39.0 2.4 0.6 100.0 229 na na na na na 0
Woman worked but has no
cash earnings na na na na na 0 31.8 59.8 8.4 0.1 100.0 1,982
Woman did not work na na na na na 0 29.2 61.3 9.3 0.2 100.0 6,256
Total1 42.7 53.6 3.6 0.1 100.0 6,750 29.6 61.5 8.8 0.1 100.0 14,761
na = Not applicable
1
Includes cases where a woman does not know whether she earned more or less than her husband
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 by ownership of housing and land, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage who own a house: Percentage who own land:
Percent-
age who Percent-
Alone do not Alone age who
Background and own a and do not Number
characteristic Alone Jointly jointly house Total Alone Jointly jointly own land Total of women
Age
15-19 0.8 1.4 1.1 96.6 100.0 0.3 0.6 0.8 98.3 100.0 4,897
20-24 2.6 7.6 3.2 86.5 100.0 1.4 2.5 1.1 95.0 100.0 4,175
25-29 5.2 15.4 7.1 72.3 100.0 1.9 4.8 2.5 90.8 100.0 3,717
30-34 7.1 24.0 8.9 59.9 100.0 2.7 7.2 3.3 86.8 100.0 3,243
35-39 9.3 27.0 11.3 52.5 100.0 4.1 9.2 3.7 83.0 100.0 3,360
40-44 11.9 32.2 12.0 43.9 100.0 6.2 10.8 5.1 78.0 100.0 2,837
45-49 14.2 32.8 13.8 39.2 100.0 4.8 13.2 4.4 77.6 100.0 2,845
Residence
Urban 6.1 11.5 5.8 76.5 100.0 1.9 4.0 2.2 91.9 100.0 12,252
Rural 6.8 24.0 8.9 60.3 100.0 3.6 8.2 3.2 85.1 100.0 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 5.4 9.3 3.1 82.1 100.0 1.0 3.6 2.2 93.2 100.0 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 3.6 12.3 10.8 73.3 100.0 2.9 5.9 6.4 84.8 100.0 440
I - Ilocos Region 6.1 13.2 4.0 76.7 100.0 1.7 5.0 0.8 92.6 100.0 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 11.9 24.1 12.7 51.3 100.0 9.6 12.4 11.1 66.9 100.0 802
III - Central Luzon 11.9 12.2 3.8 72.1 100.0 3.6 4.8 1.8 89.9 100.0 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 6.3 16.0 5.8 72.0 100.0 3.3 7.2 2.7 86.8 100.0 4,016
MIMAROPA Region 9.2 20.2 5.6 64.9 100.0 9.1 10.8 2.5 77.6 100.0 621
V - Bicol 2.1 36.7 2.2 59.0 100.0 2.0 7.6 0.3 90.1 100.0 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 8.9 16.9 11.1 63.1 100.0 2.3 4.6 2.1 90.9 100.0 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 4.5 18.6 14.5 62.3 100.0 1.2 4.4 3.7 90.8 100.0 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 3.3 26.1 13.7 56.9 100.0 1.7 5.0 2.1 91.3 100.0 997
IX - Zamboanga
Peninsula 6.0 27.0 9.0 58.0 100.0 4.0 6.2 1.3 88.4 100.0 764
X - Northern Mindanao 5.7 20.5 10.6 63.2 100.0 1.3 5.5 3.2 89.9 100.0 998
XI - Davao 7.3 20.7 7.7 64.3 100.0 3.6 6.2 2.6 87.6 100.0 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 2.6 26.6 11.6 59.1 100.0 2.2 13.6 3.7 80.5 100.0 1,038
XIII - Caraga 7.0 17.9 20.8 54.3 100.0 2.5 6.0 5.6 85.9 100.0 648
ARMM 8.4 21.0 8.5 62.1 100.0 3.5 6.6 2.4 87.5 100.0 780
Education
No education 6.6 34.7 11.6 47.1 100.0 5.6 14.3 4.4 75.6 100.0 200
Grades 1-6 8.6 30.3 12.2 48.8 100.0 3.5 9.8 3.6 83.0 100.0 3,245
Grades 7-10 6.1 17.4 7.4 69.1 100.0 2.2 5.2 2.3 90.2 100.0 11,558
Grade 11 1.0 0.9 0.3 97.8 100.0 0.4 0.4 0.2 99.0 100.0 934
Post-secondary 6.4 19.1 8.3 66.2 100.0 2.7 6.8 4.0 86.5 100.0 1,144
College 6.9 15.0 6.0 72.1 100.0 3.3 6.4 2.9 87.4 100.0 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 7.2 28.2 12.1 52.4 100.0 2.7 7.3 3.4 86.6 100.0 4,209
Second 6.1 20.8 8.5 64.5 100.0 2.4 5.9 2.2 89.4 100.0 4,629
Middle 5.5 14.1 7.0 73.4 100.0 2.6 4.7 2.2 90.5 100.0 4,918
Fourth 5.7 12.5 4.8 77.0 100.0 2.4 5.0 2.2 90.4 100.0 5,527
Highest 7.8 16.5 5.9 69.8 100.0 3.5 7.7 3.5 85.4 100.0 5,791
Total 6.5 17.9 7.4 68.2 100.0 2.7 6.1 2.7 88.4 100.0 25,074
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have and use an account in a bank or other financial institution and percentage who own a mobile
phone, and among women who own a mobile phone, percentage who use it for financial transactions, according to background
characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Use mobile phone Number of women
Background Have and use a Own a mobile Number of for financial who own a mobile
characteristic bank account phone women transactions phone
Age
15-19 5.3 83.9 4,897 5.8 4,107
20-24 20.5 91.5 4,175 13.2 3,819
25-29 25.7 90.7 3,717 15.0 3,373
30-34 29.3 89.3 3,243 15.1 2,895
35-39 31.8 85.1 3,360 18.3 2,859
40-44 27.0 80.2 2,837 12.7 2,277
45-49 25.7 76.6 2,845 12.9 2,179
Residence
Urban 27.0 90.5 12,252 14.3 11,082
Rural 17.7 81.3 12,822 11.5 10,427
Region
National Capital Region 35.7 95.5 4,400 15.9 4,203
Cordillera Admin. Region 31.5 88.9 440 7.8 391
I - Ilocos Region 19.2 87.4 1,258 6.0 1,099
II - Cagayan Valley 18.4 89.8 802 20.2 721
III - Central Luzon 19.9 89.0 2,453 14.5 2,182
IVA - CALABARZON 30.6 90.9 4,016 17.1 3,649
MIMAROPA Region 16.2 78.6 621 3.1 488
V - Bicol 17.1 80.7 1,551 6.4 1,251
VI - Western Visayas 15.4 77.2 1,498 14.6 1,157
VII - Central Visayas 16.7 86.2 1,607 6.2 1,386
VIII - Eastern Visayas 20.2 80.2 997 8.2 799
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 15.0 75.3 764 24.4 576
X - Northern Mindanao 13.3 82.3 998 4.7 822
XI - Davao 16.3 84.3 1,203 16.1 1,014
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 14.2 74.4 1,038 13.2 773
XIII - Caraga 13.8 80.6 648 10.9 523
ARMM 2.7 61.1 780 3.7 477
Education
No education 6.1 25.9 200 12.4 52
Grades 1-6 6.8 59.2 3,245 6.2 1,921
Grades 7-10 10.6 84.7 11,558 8.5 9,791
Grade 11 3.1 92.8 934 6.4 866
Post-secondary 30.6 96.3 1,144 14.4 1,101
College 46.9 97.3 7,994 20.7 7,778
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.0 60.9 4,209 5.4 2,562
Second 7.8 79.6 4,629 8.9 3,685
Middle 14.5 88.4 4,918 10.3 4,347
Fourth 24.6 94.5 5,527 12.0 5,225
Highest 50.6 98.3 5,791 21.8 5,691
Total 22.3 85.8 25,074 12.9 21,509
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by person who usually makes decisions about various issues, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Wife and
husband Mainly Someone Number of
Decision Mainly wife jointly husband else Other Total women
Woman’s own health care 47.0 48.8 4.0 0.1 0.0 100.0 15,016
Major household purchases 19.7 69.4 10.3 0.5 0.1 100.0 15,016
Visits to her family or relatives 18.5 74.5 6.7 0.2 0.0 100.0 15,016
Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 who usually make specific decisions either by themselves or jointly with their
husband, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Specific decisions
Making major Visits to her
Background Woman’s own household family or All three None of the Number of
characteristic health care purchases relatives decisions three decisions women
Age
15-19 95.1 82.7 92.1 76.6 1.3 419
20-24 94.5 86.5 91.3 81.3 2.6 1,718
25-29 95.9 89.2 93.4 84.9 2.0 2,628
30-34 95.7 89.6 93.8 86.1 2.2 2,663
35-39 96.6 89.3 92.1 85.3 2.2 2,775
40-44 96.8 90.8 93.5 87.1 1.9 2,443
45-49 94.9 89.4 93.9 85.8 2.9 2,372
Employment (past 12 months)
Not employed 94.9 88.3 92.7 84.3 2.9 6,279
Employed for cash 96.8 90.2 93.6 86.1 1.7 6,750
Employed not for cash 95.2 87.8 92.3 83.4 2.1 1,987
Number of living children
0 94.5 87.8 93.0 83.6 2.7 1,201
1-2 95.6 89.1 93.0 85.0 2.3 7,194
3-4 96.5 90.1 93.9 86.4 1.9 4,560
5+ 95.7 87.7 91.5 83.1 2.6 2,061
Residence
Urban 95.8 89.3 92.7 85.0 2.3 6,769
Rural 95.8 88.9 93.4 85.0 2.2 8,247
Region
National Capital Region 97.4 93.7 94.8 91.5 2.1 2,133
Cordillera Admin. Region 91.1 89.3 90.9 85.2 5.7 222
I - Ilocos Region 99.0 90.6 96.0 87.7 0.4 721
II - Cagayan Valley 96.6 96.5 97.0 93.4 0.9 559
III - Central Luzon 95.3 91.0 93.7 88.9 3.6 1,509
IVA - CALABARZON 98.0 92.8 94.9 88.8 0.5 2,489
MIMAROPA Region 97.3 93.9 97.1 90.6 0.4 398
V - Bicol 96.6 81.2 91.1 74.0 0.6 944
VI - Western Visayas 95.7 87.5 90.8 80.2 0.6 924
VII - Central Visayas 95.7 82.9 93.1 77.1 0.8 939
VIII - Eastern Visayas 98.8 86.9 94.9 83.4 0.2 611
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 87.2 77.2 82.5 70.7 9.1 513
X - Northern Mindanao 86.9 80.8 84.8 77.2 10.9 634
XI - Davao 94.4 85.8 92.8 81.0 2.3 822
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 95.9 91.8 92.3 87.0 2.0 719
XIII - Caraga 96.5 85.6 91.7 79.2 0.3 425
ARMM 91.5 90.6 92.1 90.0 7.3 453
Education
No education 89.0 86.3 87.4 82.1 8.2 156
Grades 1-6 95.2 87.2 91.7 82.0 2.4 2,633
Grades 7-10 95.8 88.7 93.0 84.6 2.2 7,277
Grade 11 (96.2) (94.6) (88.6) (87.0) (3.8) 24
Post-secondary 96.9 89.9 93.9 85.6 1.5 742
College 96.3 90.9 94.1 87.6 2.1 4,185
Wealth quintile
Lowest 93.8 86.1 90.4 80.3 3.2 3,038
Second 96.0 88.4 93.0 84.6 2.3 3,034
Middle 96.1 87.7 92.1 83.1 2.2 3,028
Fourth 96.9 91.2 95.1 88.6 1.6 3,089
Highest 96.3 92.2 94.7 88.7 1.9 2,828
Total 95.8 89.1 93.0 85.0 2.2 15,016
Percentage of all women age 15-49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for specific reasons, according to background
characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife if she: Percentage
Refuses to who agree with
Goes out have sexual at least one
Background Argues with without telling Neglects the intercourse specified Number of
characteristic Burns the food him him children with him reason women
Age
15-19 2.1 2.8 3.7 9.9 2.0 12.4 4,897
20-24 1.4 1.8 2.8 9.1 1.2 10.7 4,175
25-29 1.1 2.1 3.6 8.1 1.4 11.2 3,717
30-34 0.8 1.8 3.2 8.3 1.1 10.1 3,243
35-39 1.1 1.8 2.8 7.3 1.0 9.6 3,360
40-44 1.1 2.9 3.8 8.8 1.3 11.7 2,837
45-49 1.2 2.0 3.9 7.9 1.0 9.9 2,845
Employment (past 12 months)
Not employed 1.5 2.2 3.8 9.4 1.6 11.4 11,553
Employed for cash 1.1 2.0 2.5 7.1 1.0 9.4 11,036
Employed not for cash 1.8 2.9 5.3 11.4 1.6 15.0 2,486
Number of living children
0 1.5 2.2 2.9 8.1 1.6 10.2 9,640
1-2 1.2 1.6 2.8 7.9 1.0 9.7 8,287
3-4 1.0 2.5 4.2 9.6 1.2 12.5 4,937
5+ 1.8 3.6 5.8 11.1 1.9 15.0 2,210
Marital status
Never married 1.7 2.2 2.9 8.4 1.7 10.5 8,971
Married or living together 1.1 2.1 3.7 8.7 1.1 11.0 15,016
Divorced/separated/widowed 1.2 3.1 3.0 9.0 1.2 12.7 1,086
Residence
Urban 1.1 2.0 2.3 6.5 1.1 8.5 12,252
Rural 1.5 2.3 4.4 10.6 1.6 13.2 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 0.7 1.3 0.8 2.5 0.9 3.2 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 2.0 2.8 2.5 8.0 1.0 9.6 440
I - Ilocos Region 0.9 2.0 2.1 9.2 0.8 10.9 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 0.9 1.4 2.0 5.8 0.6 7.1 802
III - Central Luzon 0.5 1.5 1.7 6.9 1.1 8.2 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 1.8 1.8 2.2 9.2 1.2 11.3 4,016
MIMAROPA Region 3.3 4.7 3.6 11.7 2.4 14.2 621
V - Bicol 0.2 2.7 1.6 7.1 0.4 9.5 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 3.0 4.0 5.6 14.2 4.0 19.4 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 1.1 2.0 3.9 9.7 0.9 13.1 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 0.5 1.2 1.4 5.1 0.9 6.8 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 1.5 4.5 9.6 19.0 1.6 24.5 764
X - Northern Mindanao 0.3 0.9 2.9 6.7 0.9 8.3 998
XI - Davao 2.1 3.3 5.4 9.9 1.8 13.3 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 1.5 1.7 5.1 11.3 1.1 14.1 1,038
XIII - Caraga 0.8 1.9 2.6 7.0 1.1 9.8 648
ARMM 4.6 4.9 23.8 27.3 4.4 33.0 780
Education
No education 1.8 2.7 9.8 14.5 2.6 17.5 200
Grades 1-6 2.4 3.6 7.9 12.5 1.9 16.5 3,245
Grades 7-10 1.5 2.6 3.7 9.3 1.6 12.1 11,558
Grade 11 1.1 1.1 1.9 7.4 0.8 8.7 934
Post-secondary 1.1 2.1 1.1 7.0 1.2 8.3 1,144
College 0.6 1.0 1.4 6.2 0.7 7.4 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.8 3.8 8.8 14.0 2.3 18.6 4,209
Second 1.6 2.5 4.3 11.1 1.8 13.6 4,629
Middle 0.9 2.0 2.4 7.3 1.2 9.6 4,918
Fourth 1.0 1.7 1.9 6.4 1.2 7.8 5,527
Highest 0.7 1.3 1.0 5.8 0.5 7.2 5,791
Total 1.3 2.2 3.4 8.6 1.3 10.9 25,074
Percentage of women age 15-49 who believe that a woman is justified in refusing to have
sexual intercourse with her husband if she knows that he has sexual intercourse with other
women, and percentage who believe that a woman is justified in asking that they use a
condom if she knows that her husband has a sexually transmitted infection (STI), according
to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Refusing to have
sexual intercourse Asking that they
with her husband if use a condom if
she knows he has she knows that her
Background sex with other husband has an Number of
characteristic women STI women
Age
15-24 80.2 75.2 9,072
15-19 75.4 68.3 4,897
20-24 85.8 83.3 4,175
25-29 88.1 86.2 3,717
30-39 89.8 87.1 6,603
40-49 89.2 86.3 5,682
Marital status
Never married 80.3 75.8 8,971
Ever had sex 85.1 85.8 1,348
Never had sex 79.5 74.0 7,623
Married/living together 89.1 86.1 15,016
Divorced/separated/widowed 88.6 87.5 1,086
Residence
Urban 87.9 84.7 12,252
Rural 84.0 80.4 12,822
Region
National Capital Region 89.5 88.2 4,400
Cordillera Admin. Region 92.2 91.8 440
I - Ilocos Region 78.6 77.0 1,258
II - Cagayan Valley 66.5 67.3 802
III - Central Luzon 84.7 81.6 2,453
IVA - CALABARZON 90.4 87.8 4,016
MIMAROPA Region 88.6 86.2 621
V - Bicol 80.1 75.8 1,551
VI - Western Visayas 92.2 87.7 1,498
VII - Central Visayas 89.0 80.3 1,607
VIII - Eastern Visayas 90.4 86.2 997
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 84.0 75.5 764
X - Northern Mindanao 82.9 74.4 998
XI - Davao 92.1 87.2 1,203
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 79.9 73.7 1,038
XIII - Caraga 88.9 84.1 648
ARMM 61.7 64.5 780
Education
No education 68.7 66.2 200
Grades 1-6 81.8 78.5 3,245
Grades 7-10 84.4 80.2 11,558
Grade 11 77.7 73.8 934
Post-secondary 90.2 88.0 1,144
College 90.5 88.0 7,994
Wealth quintile
Lowest 79.6 76.0 4,209
Second 83.8 80.1 4,629
Middle 86.9 81.9 4,918
Fourth 87.5 85.4 5,527
Highest 89.8 86.7 5,791
Total 85.9 82.5 25,074
Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 who can say no to their husband if they
do not want to have sexual intercourse, and percentage who can ask their husband to use a
condom, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage who
can say no to their Percentage who
husband if they do can ask their
Background not want to have husband to use a Number of
characteristic sexual intercourse condom women
Age
15-24 85.7 70.7 2,136
15-19 83.9 62.5 419
20-24 86.2 72.7 1,718
25-29 86.4 75.6 2,628
30-39 87.6 76.2 5,438
40-49 87.3 76.0 4,815
Residence
Urban 86.9 78.7 6,769
Rural 87.1 72.4 8,247
Region
National Capital Region 88.0 84.5 2,133
Cordillera Admin. Region 93.6 82.0 222
I - Ilocos Region 89.1 71.8 721
II - Cagayan Valley 72.7 66.1 559
III - Central Luzon 80.1 74.9 1,509
IVA - CALABARZON 85.7 77.9 2,489
MIMAROPA Region 87.0 82.0 398
V - Bicol 92.9 80.0 944
VI - Western Visayas 95.8 83.4 924
VII - Central Visayas 93.3 75.1 939
VIII - Eastern Visayas 94.2 76.4 611
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 85.5 62.8 513
X - Northern Mindanao 83.6 56.1 634
XI - Davao 94.0 75.4 822
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 85.6 66.2 719
XIII - Caraga 92.3 72.1 425
ARMM 63.0 56.4 453
Education
No education 71.0 52.4 156
Grades 1-6 83.4 68.6 2,633
Grades 7-10 87.4 74.7 7,277
Grade 11 (88.1) (56.4) 24
Post-secondary 87.6 79.4 742
College 89.1 80.7 4,185
Wealth quintile
Lowest 84.7 68.6 3,038
Second 88.4 73.7 3,034
Middle 87.9 75.8 3,028
Fourth 86.6 78.7 3,089
Highest 87.6 79.8 2,828
Total 87.0 75.3 15,016
Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 who participate in all decision making and
percentage who disagree with all of the reasons justifying wife beating, by value on each of
the indicators of women’s empowerment, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage who
disagree with all of
Percentage who the reasons
participate in all justifying wife Number of
Empowerment indicator decision making beating women
Number of decisions in which
women participate1
0 na 90.8 337
1-2 na 82.1 1,911
3 na 90.0 12,768
Number of reasons for which
wife beating is justified2
0 86.0 na 13,360
1-2 77.2 na 1,479
3-4 80.8 na 142
5 74.4 na 35
na = Not applicable
1
See Table 14.7 for the list of decisions
2
See Table 14.8 for the list of reasons
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by current contraceptive method, according to selected indicators of women’s status, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Modern methods
Temporary
Any Female Male modern Any Not
Any modern sterili- sterili- female Male traditional currently Number of
Empowerment indicator method method1 zation zation methods2 condom method using Total women
Number of decisions in which
women participate3
0 40.9 33.6 4.0 0.1 27.9 1.6 7.3 59.1 100.0 337
1-2 53.2 38.9 6.6 0.0 30.9 1.4 14.3 46.8 100.0 1,911
3 54.8 40.7 7.7 0.1 31.3 1.7 14.0 45.2 100.0 12,768
Number of reasons for which
wife beating is justified4
0 54.1 40.1 7.4 0.1 31.0 1.7 14.0 45.9 100.0 13,360
1-2 55.6 42.2 7.5 0.0 33.3 1.3 13.4 44.4 100.0 1,479
3-4 52.1 44.9 16.4 0.0 26.1 2.3 7.3 47.9 100.0 142
5 62.8 42.1 1.0 0.0 41.1 0.0 20.7 37.2 100.0 35
Total 54.3 40.4 7.4 0.0 31.2 1.7 13.9 45.7 100.0 15,016
Note: If more than one method is used, only the most effective method is considered in this tabulation.
1
Female sterilization, male sterilization, pill, IUD, injectables, implants, male condom, female condom, emergency contraception, standard days method
(SDM), mucus/Billings/ovulation, basal body temperature, symptothermal, lactational amenorrhea method (LAM), and other modern methods
2
Pill, IUD, injectables, implants, female condom, emergency contraception, SDM, mucus/Billings/ovulation, basal body temperature, symptothermal, and
other modern methods
3
See Table 14.7 for the list of decisions
4
See Table 14.8 for the list of reasons
Mean ideal number of children for women age 15-49 and percentage of currently married women age 15-49 with an unmet need for family
planning, by indicators of women’s empowerment, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage of currently married women with an Number of
Mean ideal unmet need for family planning2 currently
number of Number of married
Empowerment indicator children1 women For spacing For limiting Total women
Number of decisions in which
women participate3
0 3.1 336 5.2 14.5 19.6 337
1-2 3.0 1,911 7.8 11.5 19.3 1,911
3 3.0 12,741 5.5 10.7 16.2 12,768
Number of reasons for which wife
beating is justified4
0 2.7 22,203 5.8 10.8 16.6 13,360
1-2 2.9 2,401 5.9 12.5 18.4 1,479
3-4 3.3 229 4.1 4.6 8.7 142
5 2.8 90 2.6 18.5 21.1 35
Total 2.7 24,923 5.8 10.9 16.7 15,016
1
Mean excludes respondents who gave non-numeric responses
2
Figures for unmet need correspond to the revised definition described in Bradley et al. 2012
3
Restricted to currently married women. See Table 14.7 for the list of decisions.
4
See Table 14.8 for the list of reasons
Percentage of women age 15-49 with a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey who received antenatal
care, delivery assistance, and postnatal care from health personnel for the most recent birth, according to
indicators of women’s empowerment, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage Percentage Percentage with
receiving receiving a postnatal Number of
antenatal care delivery care check during the women with a
from a skilled from a skilled first 2 days after child born in the
Empowerment indicator provider1 provider1 birth2 past 5 years
Number of decisions in which
women participate3
0 86.3 79.9 73.4 172
1-2 93.4 84.1 81.6 937
3 94.1 86.5 85.3 5,891
Number of reasons for which
wife beating is justified4
0 94.1 87.5 85.6 6,745
1-2 91.7 79.8 79.9 783
3-4 87.4 65.4 66.0 69
5 (90.1) (77.4) (66.9) 25
Total 93.8 86.5 84.8 7,622
Infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for the 10-year period preceding the survey,
according to indicators of women’s empowerment, Philippines NDHS 2017
Infant Child Under-5
mortality mortality mortality
Empowerment indicator (1q0) (4q1) (5q0)
Number of decisions in which
women participate1
0 28 9 37
1-2 16 12 28
3 22 5 28
Number of reasons for which
wife beating is justified2
0 21 6 27
1-2 27 8 35
3-4 (47) (5) (51)
5 0 * *
G
ender-based violence against women has been acknowledged worldwide as a violation of basic
human rights. Increasing research has highlighted the health burdens, intergenerational effects, and
demographic consequences of such violence (United Nations 2006). Gender-based violence is
defined by the United Nations as any act of violence that results in physical, sexual, or psychological harm
or suffering to women, girls, men, and boys, as well as threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary
deprivation of liberty. This chapter focuses on domestic violence, one of the most common forms of
gender-based violence.
The Philippines passed Republic Act (RA) Number 9262, the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their
Children Act of 2004, to address the issue of violence against women (NCRFW 2004). Under this act,
violence against women and children is classified as a public crime, and all forms of abuse and violence
within the family and intimate relationships are penalized (Philippine Commission on Women 2009). The
act also allows women and their children to secure a Barangay Protection Order and/or Temporary or
Permanent Protection Order from the courts.
The NDHS 2017 included a Woman’s Safety Module designed to collect information on domestic
violence. Only one eligible woman per household was selected to receive this module. In households with
more than one eligible woman, one respondent was randomly selected. The module can be administered
only if complete privacy can be obtained; among the women eligible, less than 1% could not be
interviewed because privacy could not be attained.
Physical spousal violence: push you, shake you, or throw something at you; slap you;
twist your arm or pull your hair; punch you with his fist or with something that could hurt
you; kick you, drag you, or beat you up; try to choke you or burn you on purpose; or
threaten or attack you with a knife, gun, or any other weapon
Sexual spousal violence: physically force you to have sexual intercourse with him even
when you did not want to, physically force you to perform any other sexual acts you did
not want to, or force you with threats or in any other way to perform sexual acts you did
not want to
In addition, information was obtained from all women (married and unmarried) about physical violence
committed by anyone (other than a current or most recent husband/partner) since they were age 15 by
asking if anyone had hit, slapped, kicked, or done something else to hurt them physically. Similarly,
information was gathered from all women about experiences of sexual violence committed by anyone
(other than a current or most recent husband/partner) at any time in their life, as a child or as an adult, by
asking if they were forced in any way to have sexual intercourse or to perform any other sexual acts when
they did not want to.
Married women include both women who said they were married and women who said they were living
with a man as if married.
Seventeen percent of women age 15-49 have experienced physical violence since age 15. Five percent of
women experienced physical violence in the 12 months preceding the survey (Table 15.1).
Trends: Women’s experience of physical violence has decreased slightly over time, from 20% in 2008
and 2013 to 17% in 2017. Similarly, women’s experience of physical violence in the 12 months preceding
the survey has declined slightly, from 7% in 2008 to 5% in 2017.
Older women age 40-49 are more likely (18%) to have experienced physical violence since age 15
than younger women age 15-19 (13%). In contrast, women age 15-19 (6%) are more likely to have
experienced physical violence in the 12 months preceding the survey than women age 40-49 (3%).
Experience of physical violence varies by wealth: 21% of women in the lowest wealth quintile have
experienced physical violence since age 15, as compared with 12% of women in the highest wealth
quintile.
Among ever-married women who have experienced physical violence, the most common perpetrators of
violence were the current husband/partner (48%) and a former husband/partner (25%). Among never-
married women, the most common perpetrators were mothers/stepmothers (26%) and fathers/stepfathers
(25%) (Table 15.2). Five percent of never-married women who have experienced physical violence since
age 15 reported experiencing violence by a teacher.
Sexual violence
Percentage of women who have experienced any sexual violence (committed
by a husband/partner or anyone else) ever and in the 12 months before the
survey.
Sample: Women age 15-49
Five percent of women age 15-49 have ever experienced sexual violence, and 2% of women experienced
sexual violence in the 12 months preceding the survey (Table 15.3). Two percent of women reported that
they first experienced sexual violence by age 18, and by age 22 3% of women had experienced sexual
violence (Table 15.4).
By region, women’s experience of sexual violence ranges from 1% in ARMM and 2% in both the
National Capital Region (NCR) and the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) to 11% in Bicol and
14% in Caraga (Table 15.3).
Divorced, separated, or widowed women are more likely (15%) to have experienced sexual violence
than currently married women (6%) and never-married women (3%) (Figure 15.1).
The more children a woman has, the more likely she is to have experienced sexual violence. Nine
percent of women with five or more children have experienced sexual violence, as compared with 3%
of women with no children (Table 15.3).
Women’s experience of sexual violence declines with increasing wealth, from 7% among those in the
lowest and second wealth quintiles to 3% among those in the highest quintile.
Among ever-married women who have experienced sexual violence, the most common perpetrators were
their current husband/partner (49%) and a former husband/partner (32%). Among never-married women,
the most common perpetrators of sexual violence were friends/acquaintances (20%), other relatives (18%),
and current/former boyfriends or strangers (17% each) (Table 15.5).
In the Philippines, 3% of women age 15-49 who have ever been pregnant have experienced physical
violence during a pregnancy. Women from the Bisaya ethnic group (8%); divorced, separated, or widowed
women (6%); and never-married women (6%) are more likely than their counterparts to have experienced
violence during pregnancy (Table 15.7).
Marital control
Percentage of women whose current husband/partner (if currently married) or
most recent husband/partner (if formerly married) demonstrates at least one of
the following controlling behaviors: is jealous or angry if she talks to other men,
frequently accuses her of being unfaithful, does not permit her to meet her
female friends, tries to limit her contact with her family, and insists on knowing
where she is at all times.
Sample: Ever-married women age 15-49
Marital controlling behaviors are important early warning signs and correlates of violence in a relationship.
Because the concentration of behaviors is more significant than the display of any single behavior, the
percentage of women whose husbands/partners display at least three of the specified behaviors is also
discussed. Overall, 9% of ever-married women age 15-49 reported that their current or most recent
husband/partner had ever exhibited three or more specific types of controlling behaviors. The most
common controlling behaviors reported by women are jealousy or anger if they talk to other men (27%)
and insisting on knowing where they are at all times (24%). More than 1 in 10 ever-married women said
Divorced, separated, or widowed women are more likely (22%) than currently married women (8%) to
report that their husbands/partners display three or more controlling behaviors.
Ever-married women who are employed for cash (11%) are more likely than those who are not
employed (7%) to report that their husbands/partners display three or more controlling behaviors.
Controlling behaviors are highly correlated with women’s fear of their husband/partner; more than half
(52%) of ever-married women who are afraid of their husband/partner most of the time report that
their husband/partner displays three or more controlling behaviors, as compared with 7% of women
who are never afraid of their husband/partner.
Spousal violence
Percentage of women who have experienced any of the specified acts of
physical, sexual, or emotional violence committed by their current
husband/partner (if currently married) or most recent husband/partner (if
formerly married), ever and in the 12 months preceding the survey.
Sample: Ever-married women age 15-49
Almost 1 in 4 ever-married women age 15-49 (24%) have experienced any form of physical, sexual, or
emotional violence by their current or most recent husband/partner, while 15% experienced spousal
violence in the 12 months preceding the survey (Table 15.9). Women are more likely to have experienced
spousal emotional violence (20%) than spousal physical violence (11%) or spousal sexual violence (4%).
Specific acts of physical, sexual, or emotional violence by current or most recent husbands/partners are
detailed in Table 15.9.
Women who had been married more than once were also asked about spousal violence by any
husband/partner other than their current or most recent husband/partner. When all husbands/partners
(current or former) are included, the percentage of ever-married women who have experienced spousal
physical, sexual, or emotional violence increases to 27%, but the percentage of women experiencing such
violence in the past 12 months remains unchanged at 15% (Table 15.9).
Trends: Ever-married women’s experience of spousal violence by their current or most recent
husband/partner, whether physical, sexual, or emotional, declined slightly from 29% in 2008 and 26% in
2013 to 24% in 2017. Recent spousal violence in the 12 months preceding the survey has remained
stagnant since 2008.
Divorced, separated, or widowed women are more likely than currently married women to report ever
experiencing spousal physical, sexual, or emotional violence (52% versus 22%) (Table 15.10).
Women’s experience of spousal violence increases with number of living children; 18% of women
with no living children report experiencing spousal physical, sexual, or emotional violence, as
compared with 27% of women with at least three living children.
Intergenerational effects of spousal violence are evident in the Philippines. Women who report that
their fathers beat their mothers are more likely (37%) to have themselves experienced spousal
physical, sexual, or emotional violence than women who report that their fathers did not beat their
mothers (21%).
Table 15.13 shows when spousal violence first occurred in relation to the start of marriage among
women married only once. Among currently married women age 15-49 who have been married only
once, 4% first experienced spousal physical or sexual violence within the first 2 years of marriage, 7%
within 5 years of marriage, and 9% within 10 years of marriage. One percent of currently married
women experienced spousal physical or sexual violence before marriage.
Among ever-married women who have experienced spousal physical or sexual violence committed by
their current or most recent husband/partner, 37% have sustained injuries. Forty percent sustained injuries
after experiencing such violence in the 12 months preceding the survey. Among women who have
experienced physical or sexual violence, the most common injuries reported are cuts, bruises, or aches
(36%), followed by eye injuries, sprains, dislocations, or burns (11%). Four percent of women who have
experienced spousal violence reported deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or other serious injuries
(Table 15.14).
Trends: Women’s experience of injuries as a result of spousal physical or sexual violence increased from
36% in 2008 to 41% in 2013 before declining slightly to 37% in 2017.
Either spouse can play a role in instigating domestic violence. The NDHS 2017 asked all ever-married
women if they had initiated acts of physical violence against their husbands/partners when they were not
already hitting or beating them. Twelve percent of ever-married women reported that they have initiated
physical violence against their husband, and 7% reported having done so in the 12 months preceding the
survey. Initiation of violence against husbands/partners is much more common among women who have
experienced spousal physical violence (39%) than among women who have never experienced spousal
physical violence (9%) (Table 15.15).
Trends: There has been a slight decrease over time in the percentage of women who have ever initiated
violence against their husbands/partners, from 16% in 2008 to 12% in 2017. Violence initiated by women
against their husbands/partners in the 12 months preceding the survey has changed little, from 9% in 2008
to 7% in 2017.
By region, violence initiated by women against their husbands/partners ranges from a low of 2% in
ARMM to a high of 22% in Western Visayas, Bicol, and Central Visayas.
Divorced, separated, or widowed women (16%) are more likely than currently married women (12%)
to report having ever instigated physical violence against their husband/partner. Not surprisingly,
currently married women (7%) are more likely to report initiating physical violence against their
husband/partner in the past 12 months than divorced, separated, or widowed women (4%).
Women whose husbands/partners are often drunk are more likely to have ever initiated violence than
women whose husbands/partners do not drink alcohol (25% versus 7%) (Table 15.16).
The percentage of women who initiate physical violence increases with the number of controlling
behaviors displayed by their husband/partner, from 7% among those whose husband/partner does not
display any controlling behaviors to 31% among those whose husband/partner displays all five
controlling behaviors.
Women age 20-24 are more likely (44%) to seek help than women in other age groups (31%-35%)
(Table 15.17).
By region, women from ARMM are least likely (12%) to seek help or tell anyone about the violence,
while women from Ilocos Region are most likely (50%) to do so.
Among women who have experienced physical or sexual violence and sought help, the most common
source of help is their own family (65%), followed by friends (18%) and neighbors (10%) (Table 15.18).
Six percent of women have sought help from the police.
All respondents to the Woman’s Safety Module, regardless of whether or not they had experienced any
form of violence, were also asked about their awareness of anti-violence protection orders issued under
Republic Act Number 9262 (the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004). In
addition, respondents were asked about places to seek help from violence.
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on domestic violence, see the following tables:
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have experienced physical violence since age 15 and percentage who experienced physical
violence during the 12 months preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
(Continued…)
Among women age 15-49 who have experienced physical violence since age 15,
percentage who report specific persons who committed the violence, according to
the respondent’s current marital status, Philippines NDHS 2017
Marital status
Ever Never
Person married married Total
Current husband/partner 47.5 na 35.7
Former husband/partner 24.7 na 18.6
Current boyfriend 0.0 0.3 0.1
Former boyfriend 1.4 3.3 1.9
Father/stepfather 13.1 25.3 16.1
Mother/stepmother 15.6 26.1 18.2
Sister/brother 5.8 19.2 9.1
Daughter/son 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other relative 5.8 18.5 9.0
Mother-in-law 0.4 na 0.3
Father-in-law 0.2 na 0.1
Other in-law 0.6 na 0.5
Teacher 0.0 5.1 1.3
Employer/someone at work 0.4 1.1 0.6
Other 3.1 2.9 3.1
Number of women who have
experienced physical violence since
age 15 2,265 746 3,011
Note: Women can report more than one person who committed the violence.
na = Not applicable
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced sexual violence
and percentage who experienced sexual violence in the 12 months preceding
the survey, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage who have
experienced sexual
violence:
Background In the past Number of
characteristic Ever1 12 months women
Age
15-19 2.7 0.6 3,453
20-24 4.2 1.3 3,048
25-29 5.5 1.6 2,708
30-39 6.5 2.1 4,770
40-49 6.3 1.9 3,989
Religion
Roman Catholic 5.3 1.5 14,336
Protestant 5.5 1.7 1,416
Iglesia ni Cristo 4.7 2.2 540
Aglipay 2.3 0.9 139
Other Christian 7.9 2.8 404
Islam 2.4 1.1 903
Other 3.3 1.2 191
None (4.5) (0.0) 39
Ethnic group
Tagalog 2.7 0.8 5,700
Cebuano 6.5 1.8 3,116
Ilocano 4.6 1.3 1,396
Ilonggo 5.7 1.0 1,351
Bikolano 8.5 2.6 1,382
Kapampangan 3.9 1.4 532
Maranao 1.2 0.0 230
Tausog 1.8 0.8 288
Bisaya 7.5 2.9 553
Waray 7.1 2.0 698
Other 7.3 2.6 2,723
Residence
Urban 4.6 1.2 8,835
Rural 5.7 2.0 9,133
Region
National Capital Region 1.5 0.4 3,195
Cordillera Admin. Region 2.0 0.7 312
I - Ilocos Region 5.5 1.0 867
II - Cagayan Valley 5.9 2.3 564
III - Central Luzon 3.5 1.3 1,748
IVA - CALABARZON 3.3 0.9 2,852
MIMAROPA Region 5.2 1.3 450
V - Bicol 11.0 3.7 1,122
VI - Western Visayas 7.4 1.7 1,051
VII - Central Visayas 7.0 1.4 1,189
VIII - Eastern Visayas 9.5 2.7 720
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 9.8 4.3 540
X - Northern Mindanao 4.5 0.9 721
XI - Davao 6.8 1.5 864
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 7.1 2.5 743
XIII - Caraga 13.8 6.3 461
ARMM 0.8 0.5 569
Marital status
Never married 2.5 0.2 6,410
Married or living together 6.1 2.3 10,778
Divorced/separated/widowed 14.6 2.1 779
Employment
Employed for cash 6.2 1.9 7,879
Employed not for cash 6.0 2.2 1,710
Not employed 4.1 1.1 8,379
Number of living children
0 2.7 0.4 6,960
1-2 5.7 1.7 5,863
3-4 7.3 2.7 3,529
5+ 9.4 3.4 1,616
(Continued…)
Percentage of women age 15-49 who experienced sexual violence by specific exact ages, according to current age and current
marital status, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage
who have not
experienced
Background Percentage who first experienced sexual violence by exact age: sexual Number of
characteristic 10 12 15 18 22 violence women
Current age
15-19 0.3 0.3 1.1 na na 97.3 3,453
20-24 0.4 0.5 0.8 2.0 na 95.8 3,048
25-29 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.7 3.0 94.5 2,708
30-39 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.6 2.7 93.5 4,770
40-49 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.1 2.0 93.7 3,989
Marital status
Never married 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.5 2.2 97.5 6,410
Ever married 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.8 3.0 93.4 11,558
Total 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.7 2.7 94.8 17,968
na = Not applicable
Among women age 15-49 who have experienced sexual violence, percentage
who report specific persons who committed the violence, according to the
respondent’s current marital status, Philippines NDHS 2017
Marital status
Ever Never
Person married married Total
Current husband/partner 49.4 na 40.8
Former husband/partner 32.2 na 26.6
Current/former boyfriend 3.6 16.7 5.9
Father/stepfather 1.9 6.0 2.6
Brother/stepbrother 0.2 0.4 0.2
Other relative 7.0 17.6 8.9
In-law 1.2 na 1.1
Own friend/acquaintance 2.9 20.2 6.0
Family friend 0.4 5.4 1.3
Teacher 0.3 0.5 0.4
Employer/someone at work 1.3 5.4 2.0
Stranger 3.9 16.8 6.1
Other 2.0 10.9 3.4
Number women who have experienced
sexual violence 767 162 930
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced different forms of violence
by current age, Philippines NDHS 2017
Physical and Physical or
Physical Sexual sexual sexual Number of
Age violence only violence only violence violence women
15-19 12.0 1.4 1.3 14.7 3,453
15-17 11.5 1.1 1.2 13.8 2,184
18-19 12.9 1.8 1.5 16.2 1,270
20-24 15.2 1.6 2.6 19.4 3,048
25-29 13.4 2.0 3.5 18.9 2,708
30-39 13.0 1.8 4.6 19.4 4,770
40-49 13.3 1.6 4.6 19.5 3,989
Total 13.3 1.7 3.5 18.5 17,968
Among women age 15-49 who have ever been pregnant, percentage
who have ever experienced physical violence during pregnancy,
according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage who
experienced Number of women
Background violence during who have ever
characteristic pregnancy been pregnant
Age
15-19 3.6 290
20-24 3.4 1,257
25-29 3.4 1,902
30-39 2.8 4,171
40-49 2.5 3,642
Religion
Roman Catholic 3.0 8,969
Protestant 3.2 922
Iglesia ni Cristo 5.0 332
Aglipay 0.2 93
Other Christian 3.6 239
Islam 0.8 533
Other 1.6 141
None (3.6) 32
Ethnic group
Tagalog 1.8 3,256
Cebuano 3.7 2,059
Ilocano 2.6 933
Ilonggo 3.0 917
Bikolano 5.5 810
Kapampangan 0.7 312
Maranao 0.0 144
Tausog 0.0 147
Bisaya 7.9 356
Waray 3.9 479
Other 2.5 1,847
Residence
Urban 3.1 5,108
Rural 2.8 6,154
Region
National Capital Region 2.1 1,622
Cordillera Admin. Region 3.1 166
I - Ilocos Region 3.3 550
II - Cagayan Valley 3.2 409
III - Central Luzon 1.5 1,141
IVA - CALABARZON 2.3 1,909
MIMAROPA Region 2.6 300
V - Bicol 4.8 693
VI - Western Visayas 3.4 665
VII - Central Visayas 4.3 689
VIII - Eastern Visayas 3.9 462
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 4.2 364
X - Northern Mindanao 1.2 488
XI - Davao 5.2 623
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 3.0 527
XIII - Caraga 4.3 323
ARMM 0.3 331
Marital status
Never married 5.7 435
Married or living together 2.5 10,078
Divorced/separated/widowed 6.4 749
Number of living children
0 1.9 254
1-2 2.7 5,863
3-4 3.2 3,529
5+ 3.1 1,616
Education
No education 2.8 106
Grades 1-6 4.0 1,968
Grades 7-10 2.9 5,560
Grade 11 * 18
Post-secondary 2.9 557
College 2.2 3,054
(Continued…)
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 whose husbands/partners have ever demonstrated specific types of controlling behaviors, according
to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage of women whose husband/partner:
Does not
Is jealous or Frequently permit her to Tries to limit Insists on Displays 3 Displays
angry if she accuses her meet her her contact knowing or more of none of the Number of
Background talks to other of being female with her where she is the specific specific ever-married
characteristic men unfaithful friends family at all times behaviors behaviors women
Age
15-19 47.4 11.9 11.9 4.1 29.9 12.8 41.9 329
20-24 35.4 15.7 9.9 4.5 32.5 14.1 52.4 1,257
25-29 26.5 9.7 7.1 3.2 25.2 8.4 61.8 1,996
30-39 25.7 9.8 7.0 3.3 21.4 8.6 64.7 4,257
40-49 23.8 10.0 6.0 4.4 21.7 8.5 65.5 3,719
Religion
Roman Catholic 27.2 10.7 7.1 3.8 23.3 9.4 62.7 9,189
Protestant 26.1 12.0 7.8 5.0 24.5 9.4 61.2 946
Iglesia ni Cristo 30.3 12.4 10.0 2.4 28.5 11.3 58.0 354
Aglipay 19.3 8.8 7.9 1.6 15.5 4.6 64.5 96
Other Christian 24.6 10.6 8.1 5.6 24.0 10.0 64.5 245
Islam 23.4 5.2 4.7 2.3 26.5 5.9 62.2 558
Other 28.6 8.5 3.4 4.0 21.1 7.7 63.8 138
None (28.8) (18.6) (9.6) (0.2) (18.6) (9.2) (57.3) 32
Ethnic group
Tagalog 24.1 6.9 5.1 3.1 23.1 6.2 65.5 3,410
Cebuano 30.2 13.5 8.7 3.8 25.2 12.2 59.5 2,060
Ilocano 23.3 11.0 6.4 2.1 17.8 8.9 69.2 946
Ilonggo 30.3 9.3 9.6 5.9 24.6 10.3 58.9 947
Bikolano 31.4 12.8 9.5 5.3 20.6 11.2 60.4 845
Kapampangan 17.3 7.2 7.5 3.8 17.3 8.2 76.5 328
Maranao 21.5 3.8 3.1 1.4 10.7 4.0 72.9 156
Tausog 22.5 4.9 5.1 0.8 27.5 6.5 61.7 149
Bisaya 24.8 13.4 6.7 2.6 24.1 9.2 62.4 352
Waray 30.3 18.3 8.4 4.1 34.3 13.9 51.4 488
Other 28.5 12.4 7.5 4.6 25.6 10.0 59.2 1,877
Residence
Urban 27.0 10.1 7.6 3.8 24.5 9.7 63.0 5,264
Rural 26.8 10.9 6.8 3.8 22.9 8.9 62.0 6,294
Region
National Capital Region 23.5 6.2 4.9 2.6 24.3 5.7 64.9 1,727
Cordillera Admin. Region 16.5 7.8 3.8 1.9 10.6 5.0 78.4 165
I - Ilocos Region 28.3 13.4 5.5 2.8 22.0 10.7 63.9 555
II - Cagayan Valley 17.3 9.4 7.5 3.2 16.7 9.0 74.0 415
III - Central Luzon 15.2 5.2 3.0 1.9 13.6 4.8 79.3 1,175
IVA - CALABARZON 29.8 8.6 7.4 3.9 23.7 8.3 60.3 1,964
MIMAROPA Region 25.8 10.8 5.8 3.1 33.4 9.2 57.3 316
V - Bicol 35.7 15.2 11.1 6.8 21.7 13.2 55.0 707
VI - Western Visayas 32.1 9.7 8.2 4.0 24.4 10.3 58.7 689
VII - Central Visayas 34.0 13.6 10.7 5.9 27.5 14.5 55.5 675
VIII - Eastern Visayas 33.2 22.4 9.9 4.5 36.3 15.6 47.1 476
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 31.4 16.0 11.2 3.9 33.8 13.2 51.9 377
X - Northern Mindanao 22.1 11.4 8.4 4.3 15.4 9.3 70.8 488
XI - Davao 31.5 16.2 8.9 3.6 28.2 12.4 58.1 617
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 26.2 11.2 6.8 4.4 27.2 8.8 58.4 543
XIII - Caraga 32.0 20.6 12.6 8.9 32.8 16.9 51.7 323
ARMM 21.7 2.5 1.7 1.6 17.4 2.5 68.1 346
Marital status
Married or living together 25.7 9.7 6.6 3.0 22.4 8.3 63.7 10,778
Divorced/separated/widowed 44.2 21.9 15.4 14.5 40.3 22.3 45.6 779
Number of living children
0 32.2 10.0 9.4 2.2 27.5 9.9 58.4 948
1-2 25.3 9.3 6.8 3.4 23.6 8.4 63.5 5,521
3-4 26.3 11.0 6.7 3.9 21.6 9.6 64.4 3,483
5+ 30.6 14.1 8.0 5.8 25.6 10.9 57.4 1,605
Employment
Employed for cash 28.4 12.6 8.7 4.6 25.9 11.4 60.9 5,353
Employed not for cash 26.6 11.5 5.6 3.0 21.7 9.5 63.2 1,468
Not employed 25.3 7.9 5.9 3.1 21.7 6.8 64.0 4,737
Education
No education 25.7 11.0 6.9 7.3 23.5 10.4 64.8 106
Grades 1-6 26.1 12.5 7.1 5.5 25.1 10.9 61.7 2,034
Grades 7-10 29.8 11.6 7.5 3.6 24.4 9.9 59.9 5,639
Grade 11 * * * * * * * 19
Post-secondary 23.8 7.5 5.6 3.1 23.8 7.1 64.3 581
College 22.7 8.0 6.8 3.0 21.3 7.5 67.4 3,179
(Continued…)
Notes: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most recent husband/partner for divorced,
separated, or widowed women. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer
than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have experienced various forms of violence ever or in the 12 months
preceding the survey committed by their current or most recent husband/partner, Philippines NDHS 2017
1
Includes current husband/partner for currently married women and most recent husband/partner for divorced, separated,
or widowed women, as well as any additional husband/partner for women married more than once
na = Not available
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their current or
most recent husband/partner, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Physical and Physical or Number of
Background Emotional Physical Sexual Physical and sexual and Physical or sexual or ever-married
characteristic violence violence violence sexual emotional sexual emotional women
Age
15-19 21.2 11.5 2.9 1.0 0.8 13.5 26.1 329
20-24 22.1 14.7 4.0 2.5 2.2 16.2 28.2 1,257
25-29 20.0 9.9 3.6 2.2 1.9 11.3 24.3 1,996
30-39 20.6 10.9 4.1 3.0 2.9 12.0 24.2 4,257
40-49 19.6 10.3 4.1 2.9 2.8 11.5 23.1 3,719
Religion
Roman Catholic 20.4 11.1 4.1 2.9 2.7 12.2 24.3 9,189
Protestant 24.3 11.6 3.2 1.9 1.9 12.8 28.5 946
Iglesia ni Cristo 16.8 16.9 4.6 2.5 2.4 19.0 26.1 354
Aglipay 17.1 12.2 2.8 2.1 2.1 12.8 21.9 96
Other Christian 22.8 11.3 6.1 3.8 3.6 13.6 26.4 245
Islam 12.6 4.0 3.0 1.2 0.6 5.7 14.6 558
Other 23.7 8.8 3.1 1.9 1.7 10.0 26.8 138
None (38.2) (17.8) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (17.8) (38.2) 32
Ethnic group
Tagalog 13.2 8.3 2.3 1.7 1.7 8.9 17.0 3,410
Cebuano 25.8 11.8 4.8 3.2 2.9 13.5 30.0 2,060
Ilocano 20.0 11.3 3.7 2.7 2.6 12.2 23.6 946
Ilonggo 24.9 12.0 3.3 2.4 2.3 12.9 28.3 947
Bikolano 26.8 19.3 6.4 4.6 4.2 21.0 34.6 845
Kapampangan 11.3 5.8 2.7 2.3 2.3 6.3 11.5 328
Maranao 2.6 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.9 156
Tausog 11.0 3.5 2.6 1.2 0.0 4.9 12.7 149
Bisaya 22.4 10.4 4.6 2.2 1.7 12.9 27.4 352
Waray 28.3 14.3 5.8 4.8 4.6 15.3 31.1 488
Other 23.9 12.1 5.4 3.5 2.9 14.1 27.9 1,877
Residence
Urban 19.2 11.1 3.3 2.3 2.2 12.1 23.6 5,264
Rural 21.4 10.9 4.5 3.1 2.8 12.3 25.0 6,294
Region
National Capital Region 10.0 7.0 1.1 0.6 0.5 7.5 14.0 1,727
Cordillera Admin. Region 12.3 7.2 1.7 1.0 1.0 7.9 14.8 165
I - Ilocos Region 24.7 15.1 4.9 4.2 3.6 15.9 28.8 555
II - Cagayan Valley 16.6 10.8 4.1 3.1 2.7 11.8 18.4 415
III - Central Luzon 11.9 6.7 2.7 2.0 2.0 7.4 14.2 1,175
IVA - CALABARZON 15.4 9.3 2.5 2.0 1.9 9.8 19.7 1,964
MIMAROPA Region 20.9 12.2 3.6 2.4 2.0 13.3 25.5 316
V - Bicol 33.0 20.7 9.0 6.5 6.0 23.2 40.1 707
VI - Western Visayas 25.1 12.4 4.3 3.1 3.0 13.6 29.3 689
VII - Central Visayas 33.7 12.9 5.2 3.4 3.4 14.7 37.3 675
VIII - Eastern Visayas 35.0 18.2 6.7 5.0 4.7 19.9 39.7 476
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 38.7 13.6 7.9 4.2 3.7 17.4 42.2 377
X - Northern Mindanao 18.2 9.5 3.1 2.5 2.5 10.1 21.0 488
XI - Davao 19.6 13.6 3.4 3.1 2.8 14.0 25.2 617
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 23.6 9.2 5.8 2.3 1.8 12.8 28.6 543
XIII - Caraga 44.7 18.3 11.7 6.3 6.2 23.7 48.8 323
ARMM 5.3 2.7 0.9 0.6 0.5 3.1 6.5 346
Marital status
Married or living together 18.5 9.9 3.4 2.2 2.0 11.1 22.4 10,778
Divorced/separated/widowed 45.6 26.2 12.0 10.4 10.4 27.7 51.5 779
Number of living children
0 14.5 6.3 2.1 1.0 0.9 7.3 18.2 948
1-2 19.5 9.9 3.3 2.2 2.0 11.0 23.2 5,521
3-4 22.1 12.9 4.5 3.3 3.1 14.2 26.6 3,483
5+ 22.9 13.1 5.9 4.4 4.0 14.7 27.0 1,605
Employment
Employed for cash 21.4 12.4 4.9 3.5 3.3 13.7 25.9 5,353
Employed not for cash 24.2 12.4 4.3 2.3 2.2 14.4 29.0 1,468
Not employed 18.1 8.9 2.9 2.0 1.7 9.8 21.2 4,737
Education
No education 16.4 7.0 3.7 2.7 1.7 7.9 18.1 106
Grades 1-6 23.2 13.9 5.3 3.8 3.5 15.3 28.1 2,034
Grades 7-10 23.0 12.2 4.1 2.7 2.5 13.6 27.0 5,639
Grade 11 * * * * * * * 19
Post-secondary 16.9 9.2 3.7 2.8 2.8 10.1 21.2 581
College 14.6 7.4 3.0 2.0 2.0 8.4 18.1 3,179
(Continued…)
Notes: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most recent husband/partner for divorced,
separated, or widowed women. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer
than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their current or
most recent husband/partner, according to the husband’s/partner’s characteristics and women’s empowerment indicators, Philippines NDHS 2017
Physical and Physical or Number of
Background Emotional Physical Sexual Physical and sexual and Physical or sexual or ever-married
characteristic violence violence violence sexual emotional sexual emotional women
Husband’s/partner’s education1
No education 22.0 5.6 5.0 2.4 2.4 8.1 22.5 129
Grades 1-6 23.3 13.4 5.1 3.5 3.2 15.0 28.5 2,643
Grades 7-10 19.2 10.9 3.3 2.0 1.8 12.2 23.5 4,560
Grade 11 * * * * * * * 4
Post-secondary 13.1 6.6 2.8 1.8 1.8 7.6 15.4 670
College 14.1 5.7 1.9 1.2 1.1 6.4 16.3 2,762
Don’t know * * * * * * * 10
Husband’s/partner’s alcohol
consumption
Does not drink alcohol 11.6 4.1 1.4 0.7 0.6 4.8 13.5 4,098
Drinks alcohol but is never drunk 20.8 20.9 1.5 0.6 0.6 21.9 36.9 233
Is sometimes drunk 22.3 11.5 3.9 2.4 2.1 13.0 26.8 6,472
Is often drunk 50.9 40.7 19.5 17.7 17.1 42.5 58.6 754
Spousal education difference1
Husband has more education 20.7 10.4 3.4 2.1 1.9 11.6 24.5 2,922
Wife has more education 19.9 11.1 4.4 2.8 2.6 12.7 24.3 4,076
Both have equal education 15.4 8.1 2.3 1.5 1.3 8.8 18.7 3,731
Neither has any education 12.3 6.4 2.5 1.7 1.7 7.2 13.9 40
Don’t know * * * * * * * 10
Spousal age difference1
Wife older 17.7 9.2 3.4 2.0 1.6 10.6 22.4 2,067
Wife is same age 16.7 7.9 3.2 2.0 1.7 9.0 19.9 1,137
Wife 1-4 years younger 18.5 10.2 3.5 2.3 2.1 11.4 22.2 4,160
Wife 5-9 years younger 19.7 10.4 3.4 2.6 2.4 11.1 22.9 2,332
Wife 10 or more years younger 19.7 10.8 3.3 1.4 1.2 12.8 24.6 1,081
Number of marital control
behaviors displayed by
husband/partner2
0 9.4 4.6 1.1 0.6 0.5 5.0 12.1 7,221
1-2 29.0 13.7 4.8 2.9 2.6 15.6 34.4 3,266
3-4 64.1 42.7 17.0 12.9 12.6 46.8 73.2 910
5 90.5 63.7 43.4 38.0 37.8 69.1 95.2 160
Number of decisions in which
women participate3
0 19.5 8.9 3.0 2.4 2.4 9.4 21.6 237
1-2 33.0 18.7 6.8 4.7 4.4 20.8 39.4 1,375
3 16.4 8.6 2.9 1.8 1.6 9.7 19.9 9,166
Number of reasons for which
wife beating is justified4
0 18.6 10.3 3.6 2.5 2.2 11.4 22.6 10,215
1-2 33.3 15.6 6.4 4.3 4.1 17.7 37.0 1,201
3-4 47.0 24.1 10.2 8.3 8.3 26.0 53.3 108
5 (23.7) (21.4) (11.9) (11.4) (11.4) (21.9) (23.7) 33
Father beat mother
Yes 30.5 19.3 7.2 5.2 4.7 21.3 37.3 2,204
No 17.5 8.5 3.2 2.1 2.0 9.6 20.7 9,094
Don’t know 35.6 25.2 4.1 3.6 3.6 25.7 43.4 260
Woman afraid of
husband/partner
Afraid most of the time 82.5 74.9 39.4 38.1 37.7 76.1 85.4 184
Sometimes afraid 25.4 17.5 6.7 5.0 4.6 19.1 31.3 3,070
Never afraid 17.1 7.2 2.2 1.1 1.0 8.2 20.5 8,304
Total 20.4 11.0 4.0 2.7 2.5 12.2 24.4 11,558
Notes: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most recent husband/partner for divorced,
separated, or widowed women. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer
than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Includes only currently married women
2
See Table 15.8 for the list of behaviors
3
Includes only currently married women. See Table 14.7 for the list of decisions.
4
See Table 14.8 for the list of reasons
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence by any husband/partner in the past
12 months, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Physical and Physical or Number of
Background Emotional Physical Sexual Physical and sexual and Physical or sexual or ever-married
characteristic violence violence violence sexual emotional sexual emotional women
Age
15-19 19.8 9.3 2.3 0.6 0.2 11.1 23.4 329
20-24 17.5 9.9 2.9 1.7 1.4 11.2 22.6 1,257
25-29 13.3 4.1 2.1 0.8 0.7 5.3 15.2 1,996
30-39 12.6 3.7 2.3 1.2 1.0 4.8 13.9 4,257
40-49 10.9 3.1 2.1 1.2 1.1 3.9 11.9 3,719
Residence
Urban 11.8 4.1 1.7 0.7 0.6 5.1 13.8 5,264
Rural 13.9 4.6 2.7 1.5 1.3 5.8 15.4 6,294
Region
National Capital Region 5.7 3.2 0.7 0.3 0.2 3.6 7.9 1,727
Cordillera Admin. Region 5.5 2.1 1.3 0.4 0.4 3.1 6.8 165
I - Ilocos Region 14.2 4.1 1.6 1.2 0.7 4.6 16.1 555
II - Cagayan Valley 14.0 6.4 3.0 1.5 1.4 7.9 14.4 415
III - Central Luzon 7.6 3.7 1.9 1.2 1.2 4.3 8.6 1,175
IVA - CALABARZON 9.5 3.3 1.2 0.8 0.7 3.8 10.9 1,964
MIMAROPA Region 15.2 3.4 1.7 0.7 0.4 4.4 16.7 316
V - Bicol 21.1 9.0 5.3 2.9 2.4 11.4 23.8 707
VI - Western Visayas 17.5 4.8 2.4 1.8 1.8 5.4 18.3 689
VII - Central Visayas 17.8 3.0 2.3 1.1 1.1 4.2 18.9 675
VIII - Eastern Visayas 23.0 6.4 3.7 1.8 1.6 8.3 25.0 476
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 21.7 6.4 5.5 2.1 2.0 9.8 24.7 377
X - Northern Mindanao 11.7 3.5 1.2 0.7 0.7 4.1 13.1 488
XI - Davao 13.0 5.8 1.7 0.8 0.7 6.7 17.1 617
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 15.3 3.3 3.4 1.5 1.1 5.2 17.7 543
XIII - Caraga 34.2 10.7 7.9 2.7 2.4 15.9 37.9 323
ARMM 3.3 1.2 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.5 4.0 346
Education
No education 14.2 4.8 2.4 1.6 0.7 5.5 15.3 106
Grades 1-6 15.0 5.5 2.8 1.9 1.7 6.4 16.7 2,034
Grades 7-10 14.4 5.1 2.6 1.2 1.0 6.5 16.3 5,639
Grade 11 * * * * * * * 19
Post-secondary 8.9 2.3 1.7 0.9 0.8 3.1 10.0 581
College 9.5 2.8 1.4 0.6 0.6 3.6 11.2 3,179
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.4 6.9 3.8 2.4 2.0 8.3 19.9 2,282
Second 16.8 5.4 3.0 1.4 1.2 7.0 18.8 2,321
Middle 14.4 3.9 2.4 1.1 1.0 5.2 15.8 2,326
Fourth 8.4 4.1 1.0 0.4 0.3 4.8 10.7 2,434
Highest 7.7 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.5 2.0 8.2 2,194
Total 12.9 4.4 2.2 1.2 1.0 5.5 14.7 11,558
Notes: Any husband/partner includes current, most recent, and, for women married more than once, all former husbands/partners. An asterisk
indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Among currently married women age 15-49 who have been married only once, percentage who first experienced physical or sexual violence
committed by their current husband/partner by specific exact years since marriage, according to marital duration, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage who Number of
have not currently married
Percentage who first experienced spousal physical or sexual violence experienced women who have
by exact marital duration: sexual or physical been married only
Years since marriage Before marriage 2 years 5 years 10 years violence once
<2 0.3 na na na 92.5 717
2-4 0.4 5.0 na na 90.1 1,146
5-9 0.5 3.1 7.9 na 89.3 2,170
10+ 0.9 3.2 5.5 7.9 88.9 5,599
Total 0.7 3.7 6.6 8.7 89.4 9,631
na = Not applicable
Among ever-married women age 15-49 who have experienced violence committed by their current or most recent husband/partner, percentage who
have been injured as a result of the violence, by types of injuries, according to the type of violence, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of ever-
Deep wounds, broken married women who
bones, broken teeth, have experienced
Cuts, bruises, or Eye injuries, sprains, or any other serious physical or sexual
Type of violence experienced aches dislocations, or burns injury Any of these injuries violence
Physical violence1
Ever2 39.6 11.9 4.8 41.1 1,268
Past 12 months 45.2 14.6 5.1 46.4 500
Sexual violence
Ever2 47.1 21.2 8.2 48.2 458
Past 12 months 40.8 18.0 6.0 41.9 257
Physical or sexual violence1
Ever2 36.0 10.8 4.4 37.3 1,411
Past 12 months 38.3 12.5 4.3 39.5 627
Note: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most recent husband/partner for divorced,
separated, or widowed women.
1
Excludes women who reported violence only in response to a direct question on violence during pregnancy
2
Includes in the past 12 months
(Continued…)
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have committed physical violence
against their current or most recent husband/partner when he was not already beating
or physically hurting them, ever and in the past 12 months, according to their
husband’s characteristics and women’s empowerment indicators, Philippines NDHS
2017
Percentage who
committed physical
violence against their Number of
husband/partner ever-
Background Past 12 married
characteristic Ever1 months women
Husband’s/partner’s education2
No education 5.8 3.1 129
Grades 1-6 12.9 8.1 2,643
Grades 7-10 13.6 8.2 4,560
Grade 11 * * 4
Post-secondary 8.7 5.2 670
College 8.7 5.8 2,762
Don’t know * * 10
Husband’s/partner’s alcohol
consumption
Does not drink alcohol 6.7 3.9 4,098
Drinks alcohol but is never drunk 11.3 8.6 233
Is sometimes drunk 14.0 8.5 6,472
Is often drunk 24.6 12.2 754
Spousal education difference2
Husband has more education 12.3 7.9 2,922
Wife has more education 13.2 7.8 4,076
Both have equal education 9.9 6.4 3,731
Neither has any education 8.3 6.9 40
Don’t know * * 10
Spousal age difference2
Wife older 10.4 6.3 2,067
Wife is same age 11.3 6.7 1,137
Wife 1-4 years younger 12.1 7.7 4,160
Wife 5-9 years younger 12.5 7.3 2,332
Wife 10 or more years younger 12.1 8.6 1,081
Number of marital control behaviors
displayed by husband/partner3
0 7.4 4.3 7,221
1-2 16.4 9.8 3,266
3-4 29.8 17.6 910
5 30.5 21.1 160
Number of decisions in which women
participate4
0 5.1 3.2 237
1-2 19.9 12.3 1,375
3 10.7 6.7 9,166
Number of reasons for which wife
beating is justified5
0 10.9 6.5 10,215
1-2 21.0 11.7 1,201
3-4 22.5 18.3 108
5 (11.8) (9.3) 33
Father beat mother
Yes 19.7 13.5 2,204
No 9.9 5.5 9,094
Don’t know 23.6 10.5 260
Woman afraid of husband/partner
Afraid most of the time 20.9 11.2 184
Sometimes afraid 13.7 7.3 3,070
Never afraid 11.2 7.0 8,304
Total 12.0 7.1 11,558
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by their help-seeking behavior, according
to type of violence and background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of women
who have ever
Never sought experienced any
Type of violence/ Sought help to Never sought help help, never told physical or sexual
background characteristic stop violence but told someone anyone Total violence
Type of violence experienced
Physical only 29.8 25.9 44.3 100.0 2,386
Sexual only 38.1 17.6 44.2 100.0 304
Both physical and sexual 50.3 24.0 25.7 100.0 625
Age
15-19 31.0 27.9 41.1 100.0 507
20-24 44.3 22.8 32.9 100.0 592
25-29 31.1 25.5 43.5 100.0 511
30-39 31.7 25.2 43.2 100.0 927
40-49 34.7 23.4 42.0 100.0 779
Religion
Roman Catholic 36.2 24.6 39.3 100.0 2,665
Protestant 31.5 27.3 41.2 100.0 289
Iglesia ni Cristo 22.9 26.9 50.2 100.0 130
Aglipay (16.0) (27.6) (56.4) 100.0 19
Other Christian 31.3 24.2 44.5 100.0 93
Islam 16.4 19.5 64.0 100.0 77
Other 21.5 19.0 59.5 100.0 31
None * * * 100.0 13
Ethnic group
Tagalog 38.4 21.9 39.8 100.0 832
Cebuano 31.3 25.7 43.1 100.0 639
Ilocano 41.9 21.4 36.7 100.0 213
Ilonggo 36.8 17.8 45.4 100.0 299
Bikolano 29.9 30.9 39.3 100.0 383
Kapampangan (58.1) (26.0) (16.0) 100.0 43
Maranao * * * 100.0 14
Tausog * * * 100.0 19
Bisaya 23.7 39.2 37.1 100.0 126
Waray 22.3 32.2 45.5 100.0 174
Other 36.4 24.3 39.4 100.0 574
Residence
Urban 34.9 25.3 39.7 100.0 1,606
Rural 34.0 24.3 41.8 100.0 1,710
Region
National Capital Region 35.3 27.0 37.7 100.0 372
Cordillera Admin. Region 34.0 19.9 46.0 100.0 34
I - Ilocos Region 50.1 21.1 28.7 100.0 158
II - Cagayan Valley 34.4 23.2 42.4 100.0 95
III - Central Luzon 30.7 22.2 47.2 100.0 219
IVA - CALABARZON 39.7 17.5 42.8 100.0 490
MIMAROPA Region 35.5 29.2 35.4 100.0 86
V - Bicol 31.2 29.0 39.7 100.0 368
VI - Western Visayas 34.6 21.0 44.5 100.0 260
VII - Central Visayas 36.7 22.1 41.2 100.0 260
VIII - Eastern Visayas 25.7 36.2 38.1 100.0 204
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 27.5 30.3 42.1 100.0 131
X - Northern Mindanao 28.7 31.6 39.8 100.0 104
XI - Davao 36.6 27.1 36.3 100.0 204
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 31.1 20.7 48.2 100.0 155
XIII - Caraga 33.9 29.5 36.7 100.0 149
ARMM 12.4 14.7 72.9 100.0 29
Marital status
Never married 40.6 23.2 36.2 100.0 856
Married or living together 31.3 25.1 43.6 100.0 2,185
Divorced/separated/widowed 40.1 27.3 32.5 100.0 274
Number of living children
0 38.3 24.1 37.6 100.0 967
1-2 32.0 26.0 42.0 100.0 1,146
3-4 30.8 25.2 44.0 100.0 821
5+ 39.6 21.8 38.6 100.0 381
Employment
Employed for cash 35.4 26.7 37.8 100.0 1,630
Employed not for cash 27.4 29.6 42.9 100.0 361
Not employed 35.1 21.1 43.8 100.0 1,324
(Continued…)
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted
cases and has been suppressed.
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have experienced physical or sexual violence and sought help
by sources from which they sought help, according to the type of violence that women reported,
Philippines NDHS 2017
Type of violence experienced
Physical or
Both physical sexual
Source Physical only Sexual only and sexual violence
Own family 69.1 60.9 55.9 64.7
Husband/partner’s family 7.3 2.4 7.0 6.7
Boyfriend 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.2
Friend 19.2 23.4 14.0 18.2
Neighbor 7.7 5.1 16.3 9.8
Religious leader 0.5 0.0 1.7 0.7
Doctor/medical personnel 1.1 0.0 1.5 1.1
Police 5.2 2.3 9.1 6.0
Lawyer 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.2
Social work organization 2.2 2.4 5.5 3.1
Other 2.5 11.9 1.4 3.2
Number of women who have sought help 711 116 314 1,142
Note: Women can report more than one source from which they sought help.
Percentage of women age 15-49 who are aware of the Barangay Protection Order, the Temporary Protection Order,
and the Permanent Protection Order, according to background characteristics, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage of women who are aware of:
Background Barangay Temporary Permanent Number of
characteristic Protection Order Protection Order Protection Order women
Age
15-19 57.8 41.3 38.1 3,453
20-24 69.2 57.5 54.3 3,048
25-29 77.9 64.5 61.4 2,708
30-39 79.6 66.1 62.6 4,770
40-49 80.8 67.3 63.2 3,989
Residence
Urban 75.5 62.3 59.8 8,835
Rural 71.9 57.5 53.2 9,133
Region
National Capital Region 77.7 67.7 66.5 3,195
Cordillera Admin. Region 79.6 54.7 53.1 312
I - Ilocos Region 73.3 60.6 53.9 867
II - Cagayan Valley 68.4 47.2 43.4 564
III - Central Luzon 66.9 45.8 43.5 1,748
IVA - CALABARZON 66.8 57.1 52.9 2,852
MIMAROPA Region 74.0 64.6 59.2 450
V - Bicol 65.2 54.3 48.1 1,122
VI - Western Visayas 80.9 73.7 68.7 1,051
VII - Central Visayas 80.6 59.2 54.8 1,189
VIII - Eastern Visayas 83.8 71.1 68.1 720
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 67.4 53.7 50.9 540
X - Northern Mindanao 81.9 70.5 66.0 721
XI - Davao 84.4 71.4 69.6 864
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 71.4 54.2 49.5 743
XIII - Caraga 84.0 65.0 66.8 461
ARMM 57.8 34.9 30.1 569
Marital status
Never married 67.1 53.6 50.6 6,410
Married or living together 77.4 63.3 59.8 10,778
Divorced/separated/widowed 75.4 65.3 58.8 779
Number of living children
0 67.3 54.2 51.2 6,960
1-2 76.5 64.4 60.9 5,863
3-4 80.6 63.3 60.1 3,529
5+ 75.5 60.4 54.7 1,616
Employment
Employed for cash 78.6 67.2 63.8 7,879
Employed not for cash 77.0 60.6 56.7 1,710
Not employed 68.3 52.9 49.5 8,379
Education
No education 42.1 21.8 23.4 139
Grades 1-6 64.3 45.3 40.9 2,324
Grades 7-10 72.2 55.2 51.1 8,342
Grade 11 60.5 41.6 39.9 637
Post-secondary 78.8 67.3 65.1 791
College 81.2 74.6 72.0 5,735
Wealth quintile
Lowest 66.9 48.3 43.6 3,027
Second 72.1 55.7 50.9 3,340
Middle 74.6 61.0 56.8 3,513
Fourth 75.7 63.8 61.6 3,960
Highest 77.2 67.1 65.2 4,128
Total 73.7 59.9 56.4 17,968
Percentage of women age 15-49 who are aware of various places where they can seek help from violence, according to background characteristics, Philippines
NDHS 2017
Percentage of women who are aware of the following places where
they can seek help from violence:
Civil society
organizations,
NGOs, and
Public people’s
Attorney’s organizations Temporary
Office of the that provide Protection
Barangay Department of services to Desk or
Violence PNP Women DSWD Justice or any victims of Permanent
Against and Children’s Regional Women and public legal violence Protection
Background Women (VAW) Protection Center for Children’s assistance against Desk under Number of
characteristic Desk Desk Women/Girls Protection Unit office women RA 9262 women
Age
15-19 66.4 67.0 78.6 47.8 51.1 38.4 31.0 3,453
20-24 80.5 82.1 85.1 62.1 71.6 56.2 48.9 3,048
25-29 81.7 81.0 87.5 68.2 75.9 58.1 54.5 2,708
30-39 86.0 84.8 89.6 72.6 77.3 63.5 58.7 4,770
40-49 85.3 83.0 89.3 69.5 78.5 61.9 57.0 3,989
Residence
Urban 81.3 81.5 86.4 65.2 74.1 57.8 54.0 8,835
Rural 79.7 78.5 86.3 64.2 68.7 54.7 47.5 9,133
Region
National Capital Region 81.6 80.7 82.9 60.8 79.9 62.6 59.9 3,195
Cordillera Admin. Region 83.8 85.8 86.9 62.8 67.1 52.3 52.1 312
I - Ilocos Region 75.7 78.7 86.5 63.4 67.1 52.8 44.4 867
II - Cagayan Valley 88.4 76.0 82.0 55.0 56.4 45.3 42.1 564
III - Central Luzon 70.3 72.8 78.1 50.8 47.9 37.7 39.3 1,748
IVA - CALABARZON 82.6 76.0 86.5 68.1 77.0 62.8 48.4 2,852
MIMAROPA Region 80.7 85.2 92.7 66.6 77.4 61.2 55.1 450
V - Bicol 71.1 73.6 89.0 57.0 61.0 45.2 31.4 1,122
VI - Western Visayas 90.9 94.0 94.1 84.2 78.8 63.3 63.4 1,051
VII - Central Visayas 85.9 81.5 91.1 68.7 73.0 57.1 48.5 1,189
VIII - Eastern Visayas 86.2 89.4 97.0 81.5 82.4 70.5 63.7 720
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 76.7 77.8 85.8 72.7 63.7 63.4 53.3 540
X - Northern Mindanao 78.4 77.7 89.3 66.9 79.1 62.6 60.6 721
XI - Davao 87.9 85.8 89.1 77.6 84.4 67.8 62.4 864
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 77.5 81.8 85.2 60.8 70.9 46.0 44.3 743
XIII - Caraga 85.5 85.8 92.7 76.8 83.4 65.9 63.8 461
ARMM 68.2 76.6 75.4 38.5 43.2 21.3 27.1 569
Marital status
Never married 74.1 76.3 82.7 57.5 65.0 50.6 43.5 6,410
Married or living together 84.0 82.2 88.4 68.6 74.4 59.0 54.4 10,778
Divorced/separated/widowed 84.2 79.2 88.3 70.7 80.8 64.5 57.8 779
Number of living children
0 74.1 76.1 82.9 58.0 65.4 51.1 44.7 6,960
1-2 85.0 83.0 88.9 70.8 77.5 62.0 56.6 5,863
3-4 86.3 85.0 89.2 69.6 74.5 57.8 53.6 3,529
5+ 79.0 74.5 85.5 61.2 68.0 54.3 48.6 1,616
Employment
Employed for cash 84.8 84.3 89.1 71.9 79.1 65.0 60.0 7,879
Employed not for cash 83.1 83.3 88.7 68.1 72.8 55.1 51.6 1,710
Not employed 75.9 75.2 83.4 57.2 63.8 48.2 41.7 8,379
Education
No education 51.5 54.3 58.1 29.5 35.9 19.8 23.3 139
Grades 1-6 71.6 70.4 77.4 52.1 54.0 39.2 37.5 2,324
Grades 7-10 79.1 76.8 84.9 61.4 66.5 50.8 44.4 8,342
Grade 11 70.8 68.9 81.9 44.3 54.8 43.8 30.5 637
Post-secondary 85.7 87.6 94.4 77.9 82.0 69.4 60.5 791
College 87.2 89.2 92.1 75.9 86.6 71.5 66.7 5,735
Wealth quintile
Lowest 73.8 73.4 81.2 55.2 55.0 41.2 39.2 3,027
Second 80.4 77.7 86.2 62.1 66.2 50.9 45.0 3,340
Middle 82.0 80.3 88.2 68.4 73.8 58.2 50.8 3,513
Fourth 80.8 82.2 87.0 64.1 75.0 60.6 52.8 3,960
Highest 83.9 84.1 88.1 71.2 81.9 65.8 61.6 4,128
Total 80.5 80.0 86.4 64.7 71.3 56.3 50.7 17,968
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Anti-Violence against Women and Their Children Act of 2004. Manila, the Philippines: NCRFW.
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International Inc. (MI). 1999. National Demographic and Health Survey 1998. Manila, the Philippines:
NSO and MI.
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https://www.unicef.org/philippines/media_27213.html
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252 • References
SAMPLE DESIGN Appendix A
A.1 INTRODUCTION
T
he 2017 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS 2017) is a nationwide
survey with a nationally representative sample of approximately 30,832 housing units. The survey
provides information on fertility and fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning
methods, maternal and child health, childhood mortality levels, knowledge and attitudes toward
HIV/AIDS, and domestic violence.
The sample for the NDHS 2017 is designed to produce representative results for the country as a whole,
for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the seventeen regions known as: National Capital
Region (NCR), Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), Region I (Ilocos Region), Region II (Cagayan
Valley), Region III (Central Luzon), Region IVA (CALABARZON), MIMAROPA Region, Region V
(Bicol), Region VI (Western Visayas), Region VII (Central Visayas), Region VIII (Eastern Visayas),
Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula), Region X (Northern Mindanao), Region XI (Davao), Region XII
(SOCCSKSARGEN), Region XIII (Caraga) and Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM).
The MSF is a compilation of all possible systematic samples of PSUs in the country. Samples in the MSF
are stratified according to 117 major sampling domains in the country as follows: 81 provinces (including
the newly created province Davao Occidental); 33 highly urbanized cities (including 16 cities in the
National Capital Region); and 3 other special areas (Pateros, Isabela City, and Cotabato City). Each
province/HUC domain has urban and rural PSUs except for the domain in NCR where all PSUs are urban.
Within each province/HUC domain, all PSUs were grouped into replicates of 3-8 PSUs ready to be used
for population surveys; for example, as indicated in Table A.2, the city of Manila has 198 replicates,
which means that out of 1,584 PSUs in Manila, 198 systematic samples/replicates were formed where each
replicate has about 8 PSUs. Before forming the replicates, and within each province/HUC domain, all
PSUs were ordered and sorted according to the following: (1) north-south/west-east geographic location;
(2) decreasing proportion of households with overseas workers; and, (3) decreasing wealth index, to
achieve implicit stratification using these variables.
Table A.1 shows the percent distribution of households by regions. Almost third of the households in
Philippines live in three regions: Region IVA (14.79%), National Capital Region (13.47%) and Region III
(11.17%), whereas only 1.72% of the households live in Cordillera Administrative Region. Moreover,
Table A.1 indicates the distribution of PSUs and their average size in number of households by region.
Appendix A • 253
There are in total 87,098 PSUs; among them, 11,638 are in the National Capital Region and 12,378 are in
Region IVA. The average PSU size is 264 households, ranging between 236 in Region VIII and 342 in
ARMM More details about the distribution of PSUs and number of replicates by province/HUC are
presented in Table A.2.
Distribution of residential households in the Master Sample Frame (MSF) by region, percentage
that each region contributes to the total household number, distribution of primary sampling units
(PSUs) by region, and average PSU size, Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage
region
contributes to
Number of the total Average PSU
residential number of Number of size in
Regions households households PSUs households
National Capital Region 3,095,766 13.47 11,638 266
Cordillera Admin. Region 395,881 1.72 1,653 239
I - Ilocos Region 1,151,629 5.01 4,608 250
II - Cagayan Valley 804,524 3.50 3,198 252
III - Central Luzon 2,566,558 11.17 9,476 271
IVA - CALABARZON 3,395,383 14.79 12,378 275
MIMAROPA Region 682,668 2.97 2,464 277
V - Bicol 1,216,421 5.29 4,812 253
VI - Western Visayas 1,716,637 7.47 6,566 261
VII - Central Visayas 1,699,148 7.40 6,691 254
VIII - Eastern Visayas 986,003 4.29 4,174 236
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 799,219 3.48 3,236 247
X - Northern Mindanao 1,042,929 4.54 4,075 256
XI - Davao 1,177,461 5.12 4,368 270
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 1,050,680 4.57 3,768 279
XIII - Caraga 574,338 2.50 2,181 263
ARMM 620,385 2.70 1,812 342
Philippines 22,975,630 100.0 87,098 264
254 • Appendix A
Table A.2 PSU Replicates
Distribution of PSUs and number of replicates in the Master Sample Frame (MSF), by province or highly urbanized city (HUC),
Philippines NDHS 2017
Province/HUC PSUs Replicates Province/HUC PSUs Replicates
National Capital Region 11,638 VI - Western Visayas 6,566
City of Manila 1,584 198 Aklan 492 82
Mandaluyong City 336 42 Antique 528 88
Marikina City 368 46 Capiz 672 112
Pasig City 672 84 Iloilo 1,764 294
Quezon City 2,576 322 Iloilo City 392 49
San Juan City 111 37 Guimaras 150 50
Caloocan City 1,400 175 Negros Occidental 2,088 348
Malabon City 376 47 Bacolod City 480 60
Navotas City 256 32
Valenzuela City 608 76 VII - Central Visayas 6,691
Las Piñas City 512 64 Bohol 1,206 201
Makati City 600 75 Cebu 2,544 424
Muntinlupa City 456 57 Cebu City 880 110
Parañaque City 576 72 Lapu-Lapu City (Opon) 400 50
Pasay City 424 53 Mandaue City 344 43
Pateros 63 21 Siquijor 111 37
Taguig City 720 90 Negros Oriental 1,206 201
Appendix A • 255
A.3 SAMPLE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
The NDHS 2017 sample is a two-stage stratified sample. One hundred and seventeen provinces/HUCs
were used as explicit strata for the NDHS 2017. Within each stratum a number of MSF replicates were
selected. In the first stage of sample selection, 1-4 replicates were selected within each province/HUC
domain, yielding a total of 1,250 PSUs with the sample allocation given in Table A.3 and Table A.4 for
the regional and the province/HUC level, respectively.
In the second stage of selection, the 2015 CPH list of housing units for each PSU was used as the SSU
frame for selecting the housing units. No separate household listing process was administered. A fixed
number of 26 housing units per each province PSU was selected with an equal probability systematic
selection. Whereas, only 20 housing units per PSU were selected from the non-province PSUs, including
the HUC and the other 3 special areas. In situations where a housing unit contained one to three
households, all households were interviewed. In the rare situation where a housing unit contained more
than three households, no more than three households were interviewed. The survey interviewer
interviewed only the pre-selected households. All women age 15-49 who were usual members of the
selected households or who spent the night before the survey in the selected households were eligible for
the survey.
No replacements and no changes of the pre-selected housing units were allowed in the implementing
stages. As the list of housing units in the 2015 CPH was 2 years old at the time of the NDHS 2017 data
collection, and since the unoccupied housing units identified in the 2015 CPH enumeration were included
in the frame for selecting the sample households, the sample was representative of households who moved
into housing units that existed at the time of the census. However, any new housing units that were
constructed in the 2 years before the survey were not include in the frame, which may result in a slight
bias.
Table A.3 shows the regional level allocation of selected PSUs, selected housing units, and the expected
number of completed households, eligible women, and completed women age 15-49. Based on a fixed
sample take of 20 housing units per non-province PSU and 26 housing units per province PSU, the survey
was conducted in 30,832 housing units. The sample was expected to result in about 28,529 completed
households and 31,131 interviews with women age 15-49. Table A.4 shows the province/HUC level
allocation of selected replicates, PSUs, and housing units, and the number of selected housing units per
PSU.
The sample allocations were derived using information obtained from the 2013 NDHS; the average
number of households per housing unit is 1.05; the average number of women age 15-49 per household is
1.11; the household completion rate is 88.48%; the completion rate between women age 15-49 is 98.28%.
256 • Appendix A
Table A.3 Sample allocation and completed interviews
Sample allocation of PSUs and housing units, expected number of completed household interviews, expected number
of eligible women, and expected number of completed interviews with women, by region, Philippines NDHS 2017
Expected
Expected number of Expected
number of women number of
Number of household age 15-49 women
Number of housing units interviews eligible for age 15-49
Region PSUs selected completed interview interviewed
National Capital Region 126 2,520 2,332 2,589 2,545
Cordillera Admin. Region 80 2,032 1,880 2,087 2,052
I - Ilocos Region 48 1,248 1,155 1,282 1,260
II - Cagayan Valley 60 1,560 1,443 1,602 1,575
III - Central Luzon 100 2,504 2,317 2,572 2,528
IVA - CALABARZON 65 1,660 1,536 1,705 1,676
MIMAROPA Region 68 1,720 1,592 1,767 1,737
V - Bicol 72 1,872 1,732 1,923 1,890
VI - Western Visayas 96 2,352 2,176 2,415 2,374
VII - Central Visayas 72 1,728 1,599 1,775 1,745
VIII - Eastern Visayas 80 2,032 1,880 2,087 2,052
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 50 1,216 1,125 1,249 1,228
X - Northern Mindanao 76 1,880 1,740 1,931 1,898
XI - Davao 68 1,720 1,592 1,767 1,737
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 61 1,508 1,395 1,548 1,522
XIII - Caraga 68 1,720 1,592 1,767 1,737
ARMM 60 1,560 1,443 1,602 1,575
Philippines 1,250 30,832 28,529 31,668 31,131
Appendix A • 257
Table A.4 Housing unit allocation
Allocation of PSUs and replicates by province or highly urbanized city (HUC), number of housing units (HU) selected per PSU, and number of HUs per
province or HUC, Philippines NDHS 2017
Repli- HU/ Repli- HU/
Province/HUC PSUs cates PSU HU Province/HUC PSUs cates PSU HU
National Capital Region 126 2,520 VI - Western Visayas 96 2,352
City of Manila 8 1 20 160 Aklan 12 2 26 312
Mandaluyong City 8 1 20 160 Antique 12 2 26 312
Marikina City 8 1 20 160 Capiz 12 2 26 312
Pasig City 8 1 20 160 Iloilo 12 2 26 312
Quezon City 8 1 20 160 Iloilo City 8 1 20 160
San Juan City 3 1 20 60 Guimaras 12 4 26 312
Caloocan City 8 1 20 160 Negros Occidental 12 2 26 312
Malabon City 8 1 20 160 Bacolod City 16 2 20 320
Navotas City 8 1 20 160
Valenzuela City 8 1 20 160 VII - Central Visayas 72 1,728
Las Piñas City 8 1 20 160 Bohol 12 2 26 312
Makati City 8 1 20 160 Cebu 12 2 26 312
Muntinlupa City 8 1 20 160 Cebu City 8 1 20 160
Parañaque City 8 1 20 160 Lapu-Lapu City (Opon) 8 1 20 160
Pasay City 8 1 20 160 Mandaue City 8 1 20 160
Pateros 3 1 20 60 Siquijor 12 4 26 312
Taguig City 8 1 20 160 Negros Oriental 12 2 26 312
258 • Appendix A
A.4 SAMPLE PROBABILITIES AND SAMPLING WEIGHTS
Due to the non-proportional allocation of the sample to the different provinces/HUCs and the possible
differences in response rates, sampling weights are required for any analysis using the NDHS 2017 data to
ensure the actual representative of the survey results at national level and as well as at regional level. Since
the NDHS 2017 sample is a two-stage stratified cluster sample, sampling weights will be calculated based
on sampling probabilities separately for each sampling stage, and for each PSU. We use the following
notations
P1hi: sampling probability of the ith PSU in stratum h in the selection of the MSF from the 2015
CPH
P2hi: second-stage sampling probability of housing units within the ith PSU
For the MSF, it was selected with a stratified equal probability systematic sampling procedure. Let ah be
the number of PSUs selected in stratum h, and Ah be the total number of PSUs in stratum h according to
the 2015 CPH census frame. The probability of selecting the ith PSU in the MSF is calculated as follows:
ah
P1hi
Ah
Let Bhi be the number of housing units in PSU i in stratum h according to the housing units list from the
2015 CPH census frame, and let bhi be the number of housing units selected in the PSU. The second
stage’s selection probability for each housing unit in the PSU is calculated as follows:
bhi
P2 hi
Bhi
The overall selection probability of each household in PSU i of stratum h in the NDHS 2017 is therefore
the production of the selection probabilities:
ah bhi
Phi P1hi P2 hi
Ah Bhi
The design weight for each household in PSU i of stratum h is the inverse of its overall selection
probability:
Whi 1/ Phi
The design weight was adjusted for household non-response and individual non-response to get the
sampling weights for households and for women, respectively. Non-response is adjusted at the sampling
stratum level. For the household sampling weight, the household design weight is multiplied by the inverse
of the household response rate, by stratum. For the women’s individual sampling weight, the household
sampling weight is multiplied by the inverse of the women’s individual response rate, by stratum. After
adjusting for non-response, the sampling weights are normalized to get the final standard weights that
appear in the data files. The normalization process is done to obtain a total number of unweighted cases
equal to the total number of weighted cases at the national level, for the total number of households and
women. Normalization is done by multiplying the sampling weight by the estimated sampling fraction
obtained from the survey for the household weight and the individual woman’s weight. The normalized
weights are relative weights which are valid for estimating means, proportions, ratios, and rates, but are not
valid for estimating population totals or for pooled data.
Table A.5 present the interview response rates in the NDHS 2017, by urban and rural residence and
region. Overall, the number of completed interviews was lower than the expected number.
Appendix A • 259
Table A.5 Sample implementation: Women
Percent distribution of households and eligible women age 15-49 by results of the household and individual interviews, and household, eligible women, and overall women response rates, according to residence and province (unweighted),
260 • Appendix A
Philippines NDHS 2017
Region
IX -
Cordil- IVA - Zambo- X- XII -
National lera I- II - III - CALA- MIMA- VI - VII - VIII - anga Northern SOCC-
Residence Capital Admin. Ilocos Cagayan Central BAR- ROPA V- Western Central Eastern Penin- Minda- XI - SKSAR- XIII -
Result Urban Rural Region Region Region Valley Luzon ZON Region Bicol Visayas Visayas Visayas sula nao Davao GEN Caraga ARMM Total
Selected households
Completed (C) 85.9 86.8 88.9 91.6 83.0 84.9 82.9 86.5 83.1 90.5 86.8 83.5 85.5 80.4 86.4 89.6 87.8 87.2 88.3 86.5
Household present but no
competent respondent
at home (HP) 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.3 1.3 0.2 0.3
Postponed (P) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Refused (R) 0.5 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2
Dwelling not found (DNF) 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.0 6.3 0.6
Household absent (HA) 0.8 1.2 0.6 0.6 1.4 2.2 0.8 1.9 0.2 0.7 0.6 1.3 0.8 1.9 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.1 2.5 1.1
Dwelling vacant/
address not a dwelling
(DV) 7.0 6.7 5.1 5.7 8.6 7.9 11.5 6.4 10.2 5.1 6.2 9.2 8.8 6.4 6.9 6.3 5.7 4.2 1.1 6.8
Dwelling destroyed (DD) 2.6 2.8 0.9 0.8 1.4 1.1 1.7 2.0 6.3 3.2 3.8 4.3 4.4 4.1 2.8 2.5 3.9 2.8 1.4 2.7
Other (O) 2.2 1.5 2.5 0.9 4.2 3.4 2.0 2.3 0.1 0.4 1.2 1.2 0.3 5.0 2.5 0.4 1.2 3.4 0.2 1.7
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of sampled
households 10,502 21,289 2,680 2,040 1,314 1,586 2,572 1,723 1,729 1,894 2,399 1,736 2,053 1,287 1,991 1,810 1,531 1,755 1,691 31,791
Household response rate
(HRR)1 98.3 98.9 97.7 99.6 98.5 99.5 98.8 98.8 99.9 99.9 98.5 99.5 99.8 97.5 99.3 99.9 99.6 98.5 93.0 98.7
Eligible women
Completed (EWC) 97.6 97.6 97.8 97.0 97.6 96.9 98.0 97.7 98.4 98.6 95.8 98.6 97.9 95.4 98.5 97.6 96.9 97.4 98.2 97.6
Not at home (EWNH) 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.6 0.3 1.1 0.2 0.4 1.5 0.5 0.7 2.0 0.4 1.2 0.9 1.2 0.6 0.8
Postponed (EWP) 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Refused (EWR) 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
Partly completed (EWPC) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Incapacitated (EWI) 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.3 0.8 1.3 1.4 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.8
OCW/OFW 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.5 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.6
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 9,234 16,456 2,632 1,515 994 1,101 2,099 1,448 1,278 1,666 1,818 1,331 1,630 908 1,541 1,297 1,176 1,464 1,792 25,690
Eligible women response
rate (EWRR)2 97.6 97.6 97.8 97.0 97.6 96.9 98.0 97.7 98.4 98.6 95.8 98.6 97.9 95.4 98.5 97.6 96.9 97.4 98.2 97.6
Overall women response
rate (ORR)3 96.0 96.5 95.6 96.6 96.1 96.4 96.8 96.5 98.2 98.4 94.4 98.1 97.7 92.9 97.8 97.5 96.6 96.0 91.3 96.3
260 • Appendix A
ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Appendix B
T
he estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling errors and
sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data
collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household,
misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry
errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the Philippines National
Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2017 to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are
impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.
Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in
the NDHS 2017 is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population,
using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat
from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all
possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the
survey results.
Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean,
percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate
confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For
example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a
range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of
identical size and design.
If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to
use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the NDHS 2017 sample is the
result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas.
Sampling errors are computed in SAS, using programs developed by ICF. These programs use the Taylor
linearization method to estimate variances for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios. The
Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as
fertility and mortality rates.
The Taylor linearization method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y
represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or
subgroup under consideration. The variance of r is computed using the formula given below, with the
standard error being the square root of the variance:
1 f H mh mh 2 zh2
SE 2 ( r ) var( r )
x2
m 1
zhi
m
h 1 h i 1 h
in which
Appendix B • 261
where h represents the stratum which varies from 1 to H,
mh is the total number of clusters selected in the hth stratum,
yhi is the sum of the weighted values of variable y in the ith cluster in the hth stratum,
xhi is the sum of the weighted number of cases in the ith cluster in the hth stratum, and
f is the overall sampling fraction, which is so small that it is ignored.
The Jackknife repeated replication method derives estimates of complex rates from each of several
replications of the parent sample, and calculates standard errors for these estimates using simple formulae.
Each replication considers all but one cluster in the calculation of the estimates. Pseudo-independent
replications are thus created. In the NDHS 2017 there were 1,250 non-empty clusters. Hence, 1,250
replications were created. The variance of a rate r is calculated as follows:
1 k
2
SE (r ) var (r )
k ( k 1) i 1
(ri r ) 2
in which
ri kr (k 1)r(i )
where r is the estimate computed from the full sample of 1,250 clusters,
r(i) is the estimate computed from the reduced sample of 1,249 clusters (ith cluster excluded),
and
k is the total number of clusters.
In addition to the standard error, the design effect (DEFT) for each estimate is also calculated. The design
effect is defined as the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the standard
error that would result if a simple random sample had been used. A DEFT value of 1.0 indicates that the
sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a value greater than 1.0 indicates the
increase in the sampling error due to the use of a more complex and less statistically efficient design.
Relative standard errors and confidence limits for the estimates are also calculated.
Sampling errors for the NDHS 2017 are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary
interest. The results are presented in this appendix for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas, and
for each of the 17 regions. For each variable, the type of statistic (mean, proportion, or rate) and the base
population are given in Table B.1. Tables B.2 through B.21 present the value of the statistic (R), its
standard error (SE), the number of unweighted (N) and weighted (WN) cases, the design effect (DEFT),
the relative standard error (SE/R), and the 95% confidence limits (R±2SE), for each selected variable. The
DEFT is considered undefined when the standard error considering a simple random sample is zero (when
the estimate is close to 0 or 1).
The confidence interval (e.g., as calculated for ideal number of children according to women age 15-49) can
be interpreted as follows: the overall average from the national sample is 2.727 and its standard error is
0.017. Therefore, to obtain the 95% confidence limits, one adds and subtracts twice the standard error to the
sample estimate, i.e., 2.727 ± 2 × 0.017. There is a high probability (95%) that the true average of the ideal
number of children according to women age 15-49 is between 2.693 and 2.761.
For the total sample, the value of the DEFT, averaged over all variables, is 1.7. This means that, due to
multi-stage clustering of the sample, the average standard error is increased by a factor of 1.7 over that in
an equivalent simple random sample.
262 • Appendix B
Table B.1 List of selected variables for sampling errors, Philippines NDHS 2017
Variable Estimate Base population
Urban residence Proportion Women 15-49
No education Proportion Women 15-49
Secondary education or higher Proportion Women 15-49
Never married/never in union Proportion Women 15-49
Currently married/in union Proportion Women 15-49
Married before age 18 Proportion Women 20-49
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 Proportion Women 20-49
Currently pregnant Proportion Women 15-49
Know any contraceptive method Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Know a modern method Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Currently using any method Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Currently using a modern method Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Currently using a traditional method Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Currently using IUD Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Currently using pill Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Currently using male condoms Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Currently using injectables Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Currently using implants Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Currently using female sterilization Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Currently using withdrawal Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Currently using rhythm Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Used public sector source Proportion Current users of modern method
Want no more children Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Unmet need for family planning Proportion Currently married women 15-49
Ideal number of children Mean Women 15-49
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth Proportion Women with a live birth in last 5 years
Mothers received prenatal care for last birth Proportion Women with a live birth in last 5 years
Births with skilled attendant at delivery Proportion Births occurring 1-59 months before survey
Delivery in a health facility Proportion Births occurring 1-59 months before survey
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth Proportion Women with a live birth in last two years
Treated with ORS Proportion Children under 5 with diarrhea in past 2 weeks
Sought treatment for diarrhea Proportion Children under 5 with diarrhea in past 2 weeks
Ever had vaccination card Proportion Children 12-23 months
Vaccination card seen Proportion Children 12-23 months
Received BCG vaccination Proportion Children 12-23 months
Received birth dose HepB vaccination Proportion Children 12-23 months
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) Proportion Children 12-23 months
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) Proportion Children 12-23 months
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) Proportion Children 12-23 months
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) Proportion Children 12-23 months
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination Proportion Children 12-23 months
Received all basic vaccinations Proportion Children 12-23 months
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) Proportion Children 12-23 months
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination Proportion Children 24-35 months
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) Proportion Children 24-35 months
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months Proportion Women 15-49
Abstinence among young people (never had sex) Proportion Never-married women 15-24
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months Proportion Women 15-49
Discriminatory attitudes towards people with HIV Proportion Women who have heard of HIV/AIDS
Total fertility rate (3 years) Rate Women-years of exposure to childbearing
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 Proportion Women age 15-49
Ever experienced any sexual violence Proportion Women age 15-49
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or
most recent husband/partner Proportion Ever-married women age 15-49
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by
any husband/partner Proportion Ever-married women age 15-49
Physical/sexual violence in the last 12 months by any
husband/partner Proportion Ever-married women age 15-49
Neonatal mortality rate¹ Rate Children exposed to the risk of mortality
Post-neonatal mortality rate¹ Rate Children exposed to the risk of mortality
Infant mortality rate¹ Rate Children exposed to the risk of mortality
Child mortality rate¹ Rate Children exposed to the risk of mortality
Under-5 mortality rate¹ Rate Children exposed to the risk of mortality
1
The mortality rates are calculated for 5 years before the survey for the national sample, urban, and rural samples and for the 10 years before
the survey for regional samples
Appendix B • 263
Table B.2 Sampling errors: Total sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.489 0.019 25,074 25,074 5.937 0.038 0.451 0.526
No education 0.008 0.001 25,074 25,074 1.479 0.104 0.006 0.010
Secondary or higher education 0.863 0.005 25,074 25,074 2.319 0.006 0.853 0.873
Never married (never in union) 0.358 0.006 25,074 25,074 1.971 0.017 0.346 0.370
Currently married (in union) 0.599 0.006 25,074 25,074 1.895 0.010 0.587 0.611
Married before age 18 0.151 0.005 19,954 20,177 1.851 0.031 0.142 0.160
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.182 0.005 19,954 20,177 1.763 0.026 0.173 0.192
Currently pregnant 0.041 0.002 25,074 25,074 1.647 0.050 0.037 0.045
Know any contraceptive method 0.998 0.000 15,445 15,016 0.959 0.000 0.997 0.999
Know a modern method 0.998 0.000 15,445 15,016 0.971 0.000 0.997 0.999
Currently using any method 0.543 0.007 15,445 15,016 1.743 0.013 0.529 0.557
Currently using a modern method 0.404 0.007 15,445 15,016 1.770 0.017 0.390 0.418
Currently using a traditional method 0.139 0.004 15,445 15,016 1.535 0.031 0.130 0.148
Currently using IUD 0.035 0.002 15,445 15,016 1.674 0.071 0.030 0.040
Currently using pill 0.209 0.005 15,445 15,016 1.539 0.024 0.199 0.219
Currently using male condoms 0.017 0.002 15,445 15,016 1.689 0.105 0.013 0.020
Currently using injectables 0.050 0.003 15,445 15,016 1.497 0.052 0.045 0.056
Currently using implants 0.011 0.001 15,445 15,016 1.460 0.109 0.009 0.014
Currently using female sterilization 0.074 0.003 15,445 15,016 1.584 0.045 0.068 0.081
Currently using withdrawal 0.103 0.004 15,445 15,016 1.710 0.041 0.095 0.112
Currently using rhythm 0.035 0.002 15,445 15,016 1.664 0.071 0.030 0.040
Using public sector source 0.556 0.011 6,407 6,156 1.791 0.020 0.534 0.578
Want no more children 0.601 0.008 15,445 15,016 1.997 0.013 0.585 0.616
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.146 0.006 15,445 15,016 2.065 0.040 0.134 0.158
Unmet need for family planning 0.167 0.005 15,445 15,016 1.667 0.030 0.157 0.177
Ideal number of children 2.727 0.017 24,946 24,923 2.082 0.006 2.693 2.761
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.798 0.007 7,992 7,622 1.581 0.009 0.784 0.813
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.938 0.005 7,992 7,622 1.826 0.005 0.928 0.948
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.844 0.010 10,551 9,908 2.285 0.012 0.824 0.864
Delivery in a health facility 0.777 0.011 10,551 9,908 2.262 0.014 0.756 0.799
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.861 0.008 3,871 3,725 1.466 0.010 0.844 0.877
Treated with ORS 0.448 0.025 652 586 1.209 0.056 0.398 0.498
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.420 0.028 652 586 1.357 0.067 0.364 0.477
Ever had vaccination card 0.961 0.006 1,986 1,933 1.339 0.006 0.949 0.972
Vaccination card seen 0.639 0.017 1,986 1,933 1.574 0.027 0.604 0.673
Received BCG vaccination 0.900 0.009 1,986 1,933 1.344 0.010 0.882 0.918
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.779 0.014 1,986 1,933 1.497 0.018 0.751 0.808
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.798 0.013 1,986 1,933 1.395 0.016 0.773 0.823
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.812 0.012 1,986 1,933 1.391 0.015 0.787 0.836
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.798 0.013 1,986 1,933 1.395 0.016 0.773 0.823
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.790 0.014 1,986 1,933 1.465 0.017 0.763 0.817
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.804 0.013 1,986 1,933 1.411 0.016 0.779 0.830
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.699 0.015 1,986 1,933 1.414 0.021 0.670 0.729
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.612 0.015 1,986 1,933 1.376 0.025 0.582 0.643
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.468 0.017 2,015 1,835 1.462 0.036 0.434 0.502
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.334 0.015 2,015 1,835 1.399 0.046 0.303 0.365
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.168 0.005 17,968 17,968 1.820 0.030 0.157 0.178
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.052 0.003 17,968 17,968 1.527 0.049 0.047 0.057
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.122 0.004 13,215 11,558 1.559 0.036 0.113 0.131
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.265 0.007 13,215 11,558 1.874 0.027 0.250 0.279
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.147 0.005 13,215 11,558 1.778 0.037 0.136 0.158
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.004 0.000 25,074 25,074 1.233 0.126 0.003 0.005
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.917 0.006 6,723 6,807 1.724 0.006 0.906 0.929
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.021 0.002 25,074 25,074 2.386 0.102 0.017 0.026
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.712 0.007 22,813 23,477 2.369 0.010 0.698 0.726
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 2.662 0.071 70,425 70,758 2.067 0.027 2.520 2.805
Neonatal mortality (last 0-4 years) 13.633 1.565 10,566 9,912 1.294 0.115 10.503 16.764
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-4 years) 7.249 1.119 10,585 9,917 1.321 0.154 5.011 9.487
Infant mortality (last 0-4 years) 20.883 1.890 10,570 9,915 1.292 0.091 17.102 24.663
Child mortality (last 0-4 years) 6.554 1.023 10,900 10,146 1.169 0.156 4.508 8.600
Under-5 mortality (last 0-4 years) 27.300 2.162 10,612 9,942 1.264 0.079 22.975 31.624
264 • Appendix B
Table B.3 Sampling errors: Urban sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 1.000 0.000 9,016 12,252 na 0.000 1.000 1.000
No education 0.004 0.001 9,016 12,252 1.321 0.219 0.002 0.006
Secondary or higher education 0.905 0.007 9,016 12,252 2.228 0.008 0.891 0.919
Never married (never in union) 0.399 0.009 9,016 12,252 1.837 0.024 0.380 0.418
Currently married (in union) 0.553 0.009 9,016 12,252 1.665 0.016 0.535 0.570
Married before age 18 0.117 0.007 7,314 9,976 1.815 0.058 0.103 0.131
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.154 0.007 7,314 9,976 1.742 0.048 0.139 0.169
Currently pregnant 0.041 0.004 9,016 12,252 1.709 0.087 0.034 0.048
Know any contraceptive method 0.999 0.000 5,092 6,769 0.828 0.000 0.998 1.000
Know a modern method 0.999 0.000 5,092 6,769 0.840 0.000 0.998 1.000
Currently using any method 0.533 0.011 5,092 6,769 1.526 0.020 0.512 0.555
Currently using a modern method 0.381 0.010 5,092 6,769 1.492 0.027 0.361 0.401
Currently using a traditional method 0.153 0.007 5,092 6,769 1.432 0.047 0.138 0.167
Currently using IUD 0.029 0.003 5,092 6,769 1.429 0.116 0.022 0.036
Currently using pill 0.189 0.008 5,092 6,769 1.426 0.041 0.173 0.204
Currently using male condoms 0.017 0.003 5,092 6,769 1.569 0.169 0.011 0.022
Currently using injectables 0.044 0.004 5,092 6,769 1.373 0.089 0.036 0.052
Currently using implants 0.011 0.002 5,092 6,769 1.368 0.185 0.007 0.015
Currently using female sterilization 0.081 0.006 5,092 6,769 1.483 0.070 0.069 0.092
Currently using withdrawal 0.115 0.007 5,092 6,769 1.627 0.063 0.100 0.130
Currently using rhythm 0.037 0.004 5,092 6,769 1.572 0.113 0.028 0.045
Using public sector source 0.493 0.017 2,037 2,638 1.552 0.035 0.459 0.528
Want no more children 0.582 0.013 5,092 6,769 1.896 0.023 0.556 0.608
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.142 0.011 5,092 6,769 2.153 0.074 0.121 0.164
Unmet need for family planning 0.164 0.008 5,092 6,769 1.607 0.051 0.147 0.181
Ideal number of children 2.618 0.025 8,953 12,175 1.957 0.009 2.568 2.668
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.785 0.012 2,602 3,434 1.469 0.015 0.761 0.809
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.940 0.009 2,602 3,434 1.951 0.010 0.922 0.959
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.916 0.014 3,327 4,371 2.527 0.016 0.887 0.944
Delivery in a health facility 0.848 0.016 3,327 4,371 2.180 0.019 0.816 0.880
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.889 0.011 1,252 1,661 1.191 0.012 0.867 0.910
Treated with ORS 0.436 0.037 212 248 0.978 0.084 0.362 0.509
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.422 0.046 212 248 1.231 0.108 0.331 0.513
Ever had vaccination card 0.975 0.010 674 885 1.576 0.010 0.956 0.994
Vaccination card seen 0.641 0.029 674 885 1.554 0.046 0.583 0.700
Received BCG vaccination 0.914 0.014 674 885 1.284 0.016 0.885 0.943
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.815 0.021 674 885 1.395 0.026 0.773 0.858
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.830 0.019 674 885 1.291 0.023 0.791 0.868
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.832 0.019 674 885 1.306 0.023 0.793 0.871
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.830 0.019 674 885 1.291 0.023 0.791 0.868
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.817 0.022 674 885 1.423 0.027 0.773 0.860
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.846 0.019 674 885 1.283 0.022 0.809 0.883
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.748 0.023 674 885 1.366 0.031 0.701 0.795
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.669 0.024 674 885 1.271 0.035 0.622 0.716
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.486 0.027 614 818 1.331 0.055 0.432 0.540
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.355 0.027 614 818 1.372 0.075 0.302 0.408
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.168 0.009 6,231 8,835 1.810 0.051 0.150 0.185
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.046 0.004 6,231 8,835 1.465 0.084 0.039 0.054
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.121 0.007 4,336 5,264 1.384 0.057 0.107 0.134
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.256 0.010 4,336 5,264 1.468 0.038 0.237 0.276
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.138 0.008 4,336 5,264 1.468 0.056 0.123 0.154
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.004 0.001 9,016 12,252 1.075 0.187 0.002 0.005
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.899 0.010 2,535 3,483 1.674 0.011 0.878 0.919
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.034 0.004 9,016 12,252 2.076 0.117 0.026 0.041
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.679 0.011 8,618 11,818 2.252 0.017 0.657 0.702
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 2.402 0.097 25,542 34,759 1.768 0.040 2.208 2.597
Neonatal mortality (last 0-4 years) 12.764 2.576 3,331 4,371 1.235 0.202 7.613 17.915
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-4 years) 4.888 1.707 3,338 4,381 1.426 0.349 1.475 8.302
Infant mortality (last 0-4 years) 17.653 2.956 3,332 4,371 1.240 0.167 11.740 23.565
Child mortality (last 0-4 years) 5.846 1.625 3,415 4,467 0.977 0.278 2.596 9.096
Under-5 mortality (last 0-4 years) 23.396 3.255 3,344 4,381 1.145 0.139 16.887 29.905
na = Not applicable
Appendix B • 265
Table B.4 Sampling errors: Rural sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.000 0.000 16,058 12,822 na na 0.000 0.000
No education 0.012 0.001 16,058 12,822 1.614 0.117 0.009 0.014
Secondary or higher education 0.822 0.007 16,058 12,822 2.419 0.009 0.807 0.837
Never married (never in union) 0.319 0.006 16,058 12,822 1.734 0.020 0.306 0.331
Currently married (in union) 0.643 0.007 16,058 12,822 1.922 0.011 0.629 0.658
Married before age 18 0.184 0.006 12,640 10,201 1.705 0.032 0.172 0.196
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.210 0.006 12,640 10,201 1.604 0.028 0.198 0.221
Currently pregnant 0.041 0.002 16,058 12,822 1.354 0.052 0.037 0.045
Know any contraceptive method 0.997 0.001 10,353 8,247 1.007 0.001 0.996 0.998
Know a modern method 0.997 0.001 10,353 8,247 1.031 0.001 0.996 0.998
Currently using any method 0.550 0.009 10,353 8,247 1.882 0.017 0.532 0.568
Currently using a modern method 0.422 0.010 10,353 8,247 1.964 0.023 0.403 0.441
Currently using a traditional method 0.128 0.005 10,353 8,247 1.518 0.039 0.118 0.138
Currently using IUD 0.040 0.004 10,353 8,247 1.846 0.089 0.033 0.047
Currently using pill 0.226 0.006 10,353 8,247 1.501 0.027 0.213 0.238
Currently using male condoms 0.016 0.002 10,353 8,247 1.748 0.133 0.012 0.021
Currently using injectables 0.056 0.003 10,353 8,247 1.542 0.063 0.049 0.062
Currently using implants 0.012 0.002 10,353 8,247 1.500 0.134 0.009 0.015
Currently using female sterilization 0.069 0.004 10,353 8,247 1.601 0.058 0.061 0.078
Currently using withdrawal 0.094 0.005 10,353 8,247 1.691 0.052 0.084 0.103
Currently using rhythm 0.033 0.003 10,353 8,247 1.624 0.086 0.027 0.039
Using public sector source 0.603 0.014 4,370 3,518 1.930 0.024 0.575 0.632
Want no more children 0.616 0.009 10,353 8,247 1.874 0.015 0.598 0.634
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.149 0.006 10,353 8,247 1.830 0.043 0.136 0.162
Unmet need for family planning 0.169 0.006 10,353 8,247 1.613 0.035 0.157 0.181
Ideal number of children 2.831 0.026 15,993 12,748 2.388 0.009 2.780 2.883
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.809 0.008 5,390 4,188 1.509 0.010 0.793 0.825
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.936 0.005 5,390 4,188 1.480 0.005 0.926 0.946
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.787 0.013 7,224 5,537 2.243 0.017 0.761 0.814
Delivery in a health facility 0.722 0.015 7,224 5,537 2.349 0.021 0.692 0.752
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.838 0.012 2,619 2,065 1.668 0.014 0.814 0.863
Treated with ORS 0.457 0.034 440 338 1.396 0.075 0.388 0.526
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.419 0.036 440 338 1.423 0.085 0.348 0.491
Ever had vaccination card 0.949 0.007 1,312 1,048 1.198 0.008 0.934 0.963
Vaccination card seen 0.636 0.020 1,312 1,048 1.511 0.032 0.596 0.677
Received BCG vaccination 0.888 0.012 1,312 1,048 1.327 0.013 0.865 0.911
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.749 0.018 1,312 1,048 1.530 0.024 0.712 0.786
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.771 0.016 1,312 1,048 1.413 0.021 0.739 0.804
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.794 0.016 1,312 1,048 1.389 0.020 0.763 0.825
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.771 0.016 1,312 1,048 1.413 0.021 0.739 0.804
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.767 0.017 1,312 1,048 1.438 0.022 0.733 0.801
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.769 0.017 1,312 1,048 1.427 0.022 0.735 0.802
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.658 0.018 1,312 1,048 1.364 0.027 0.622 0.694
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.565 0.019 1,312 1,048 1.374 0.033 0.527 0.603
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.453 0.021 1,401 1,017 1.523 0.047 0.410 0.496
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.317 0.017 1,401 1,017 1.284 0.053 0.283 0.351
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.168 0.005 11,737 9,133 1.536 0.032 0.157 0.178
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.057 0.003 11,737 9,133 1.566 0.059 0.050 0.064
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.123 0.005 8,879 6,294 1.552 0.044 0.112 0.134
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.272 0.010 8,879 6,294 2.155 0.037 0.252 0.292
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.154 0.008 8,879 6,294 2.025 0.050 0.139 0.170
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.004 0.001 16,058 12,822 1.335 0.166 0.003 0.005
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.937 0.006 4,188 3,324 1.627 0.007 0.924 0.949
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.010 0.002 16,058 12,822 2.588 0.208 0.006 0.014
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.746 0.008 14,195 11,658 2.161 0.011 0.730 0.761
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 2.923 0.106 44,882 35,998 2.342 0.036 2.710 3.136
Neonatal mortality (last 0-4 years) 14.320 1.937 7,235 5,542 1.321 0.135 10.446 18.193
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-4 years) 9.114 1.493 7,247 5,536 1.308 0.164 6.127 12.101
Infant mortality (last 0-4 years) 23.433 2.470 7,238 5,543 1.340 0.105 18.493 28.373
Child mortality (last 0-4 years) 7.091 1.323 7,485 5,680 1.325 0.187 4.446 9.736
Under-5 mortality (last 0-4 years) 30.358 2.916 7,268 5,561 1.370 0.096 24.526 36.191
na = Not applicable
266 • Appendix B
Table B.5 Sampling errors: National Capital Region sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 1.000 0.000 2,574 4,400 na 0.000 1.000 1.000
No education 0.002 0.001 2,574 4,400 0.820 0.363 0.001 0.003
Secondary or higher education 0.950 0.008 2,574 4,400 1.848 0.008 0.934 0.966
Never married (never in union) 0.463 0.018 2,574 4,400 1.869 0.040 0.426 0.500
Currently married (in union) 0.485 0.015 2,574 4,400 1.558 0.032 0.454 0.516
Married before age 18 0.097 0.013 2,101 3,594 1.984 0.132 0.071 0.123
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.124 0.014 2,101 3,594 1.975 0.115 0.096 0.153
Currently pregnant 0.034 0.005 2,574 4,400 1.372 0.143 0.025 0.044
Know any contraceptive method 0.999 0.001 1,317 2,133 0.974 0.001 0.998 1.001
Know a modern method 0.999 0.001 1,317 2,133 0.974 0.001 0.998 1.001
Currently using any method 0.547 0.021 1,317 2,133 1.506 0.038 0.506 0.589
Currently using a modern method 0.399 0.020 1,317 2,133 1.459 0.049 0.360 0.438
Currently using a traditional method 0.148 0.011 1,317 2,133 1.087 0.072 0.127 0.170
Currently using IUD 0.023 0.006 1,317 2,133 1.386 0.252 0.011 0.034
Currently using pill 0.190 0.015 1,317 2,133 1.396 0.079 0.160 0.221
Currently using male condoms 0.018 0.007 1,317 2,133 1.836 0.373 0.005 0.032
Currently using injectables 0.048 0.008 1,317 2,133 1.374 0.168 0.032 0.065
Currently using implants 0.011 0.004 1,317 2,133 1.305 0.338 0.004 0.019
Currently using female sterilization 0.084 0.010 1,317 2,133 1.297 0.118 0.064 0.104
Currently using withdrawal 0.112 0.014 1,317 2,133 1.571 0.122 0.085 0.140
Currently using rhythm 0.036 0.010 1,317 2,133 2.009 0.288 0.015 0.056
Using public sector source 0.505 0.037 547 857 1.729 0.073 0.431 0.579
Want no more children 0.572 0.034 1,317 2,133 2.514 0.060 0.504 0.641
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.121 0.028 1,317 2,133 3.136 0.233 0.065 0.178
Unmet need for family planning 0.123 0.017 1,317 2,133 1.917 0.141 0.088 0.158
Ideal number of children 2.580 0.046 2,546 4,372 2.107 0.018 2.488 2.672
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.811 0.022 629 966 1.394 0.027 0.766 0.855
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.933 0.013 629 966 1.263 0.014 0.908 0.959
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.961 0.013 771 1,190 1.668 0.014 0.934 0.988
Delivery in a health facility 0.919 0.015 771 1,190 1.317 0.016 0.889 0.949
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.967 0.010 290 461 0.910 0.010 0.948 0.986
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.449 0.113 25 30 0.958 0.252 0.222 0.675
Ever had vaccination card 0.982 0.011 150 225 0.952 0.011 0.961 1.003
Vaccination card seen 0.579 0.061 150 225 1.470 0.106 0.456 0.701
Received BCG vaccination 0.961 0.014 150 225 0.858 0.015 0.934 0.989
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.916 0.038 150 225 1.631 0.042 0.840 0.993
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.855 0.038 150 225 1.267 0.044 0.780 0.931
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.859 0.038 150 225 1.277 0.044 0.784 0.934
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.855 0.038 150 225 1.267 0.044 0.780 0.931
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.831 0.042 150 225 1.328 0.051 0.747 0.915
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.878 0.038 150 225 1.369 0.043 0.802 0.954
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.772 0.047 150 225 1.322 0.061 0.678 0.865
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.727 0.050 150 225 1.338 0.069 0.627 0.828
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.507 0.053 151 224 1.258 0.105 0.400 0.613
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.412 0.056 151 224 1.345 0.136 0.300 0.524
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.110 0.020 1,717 3,195 2.639 0.182 0.070 0.150
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.015 0.004 1,717 3,195 1.353 0.266 0.007 0.023
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.075 0.012 1,126 1,727 1.565 0.164 0.050 0.099
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.158 0.016 1,126 1,727 1.436 0.099 0.127 0.190
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.079 0.012 1,126 1,727 1.509 0.154 0.054 0.103
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.003 0.001 2,574 4,400 0.976 0.342 0.001 0.005
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.920 0.017 747 1,376 1.742 0.019 0.885 0.955
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.067 0.011 2,574 4,400 2.169 0.159 0.046 0.089
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.550 0.021 2,499 4,285 2.112 0.038 0.508 0.592
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 1.924 0.165 7,334 12,583 1.692 0.086 1.593 2.255
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 6.209 2.496 1,580 2,471 1.116 0.402 1.216 11.201
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 2.186 1.064 1,575 2,459 0.858 0.487 0.058 4.315
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 8.395 2.657 1,580 2,471 1.041 0.316 3.081 13.708
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 2.402 1.157 1,590 2,488 0.838 0.482 0.089 4.716
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 10.777 3.132 1,583 2,473 1.091 0.291 4.513 17.041
na = Not applicable
Appendix B • 267
Table B.6 Sampling errors: Cordillera Administrative Region sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.303 0.079 1,469 440 6.487 0.260 0.145 0.461
No education 0.004 0.001 1,469 440 0.777 0.327 0.001 0.006
Secondary or higher education 0.924 0.012 1,469 440 1.726 0.013 0.900 0.948
Never married (never in union) 0.464 0.034 1,469 440 2.572 0.072 0.397 0.531
Currently married (in union) 0.506 0.032 1,469 440 2.452 0.063 0.442 0.570
Married before age 18 0.091 0.010 1,166 342 1.235 0.114 0.070 0.112
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.125 0.015 1,166 342 1.502 0.117 0.096 0.154
Currently pregnant 0.024 0.005 1,469 440 1.240 0.204 0.014 0.034
Know any contraceptive method 1.000 0.000 881 222 na 0.000 1.000 1.000
Know a modern method 1.000 0.000 881 222 na 0.000 1.000 1.000
Currently using any method 0.500 0.028 881 222 1.647 0.056 0.445 0.556
Currently using a modern method 0.435 0.024 881 222 1.440 0.055 0.387 0.483
Currently using a traditional method 0.065 0.014 881 222 1.651 0.211 0.038 0.093
Currently using IUD 0.026 0.007 881 222 1.226 0.254 0.013 0.039
Currently using pill 0.212 0.017 881 222 1.259 0.082 0.177 0.246
Currently using male condoms 0.010 0.004 881 222 1.077 0.356 0.003 0.018
Currently using injectables 0.088 0.013 881 222 1.376 0.149 0.062 0.114
Currently using implants 0.003 0.001 881 222 0.743 0.424 0.001 0.006
Currently using female sterilization 0.091 0.011 881 222 1.178 0.126 0.068 0.114
Currently using withdrawal 0.045 0.011 881 222 1.540 0.239 0.024 0.067
Currently using rhythm 0.020 0.009 881 222 1.952 0.458 0.002 0.039
Using public sector source 0.749 0.030 433 99 1.434 0.040 0.689 0.809
Want no more children 0.546 0.020 881 222 1.199 0.037 0.506 0.587
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.090 0.011 881 222 1.157 0.124 0.068 0.112
Unmet need for family planning 0.151 0.018 881 222 1.496 0.119 0.115 0.188
Ideal number of children 2.903 0.048 1,462 434 1.402 0.016 2.807 2.998
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.803 0.030 476 116 1.589 0.037 0.743 0.863
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.954 0.012 476 116 1.211 0.013 0.930 0.978
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.918 0.018 626 152 1.350 0.020 0.883 0.954
Delivery in a health facility 0.855 0.027 626 152 1.565 0.032 0.801 0.909
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.952 0.015 228 60 1.075 0.016 0.922 0.982
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.695 0.085 40 6 0.855 0.123 0.525 0.866
Ever had vaccination card 1.000 0.000 115 28 na 0.000 1.000 1.000
Vaccination card seen 0.796 0.054 115 28 1.387 0.068 0.687 0.905
Received BCG vaccination 0.951 0.015 115 28 0.694 0.015 0.922 0.980
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.882 0.030 115 28 0.948 0.034 0.823 0.942
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.900 0.029 115 28 1.006 0.033 0.842 0.959
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.900 0.029 115 28 1.006 0.033 0.842 0.959
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.900 0.029 115 28 1.006 0.033 0.842 0.959
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.828 0.042 115 28 1.105 0.051 0.744 0.912
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.823 0.044 115 28 1.137 0.053 0.736 0.911
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.766 0.045 115 28 1.059 0.058 0.677 0.855
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.724 0.049 115 28 1.103 0.068 0.626 0.822
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.583 0.050 137 31 1.114 0.086 0.482 0.684
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.491 0.051 137 31 1.116 0.104 0.389 0.594
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.105 0.021 1,064 312 2.240 0.201 0.063 0.147
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.020 0.005 1,064 312 1.102 0.234 0.011 0.030
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.079 0.013 761 165 1.299 0.161 0.053 0.104
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.160 0.017 761 165 1.253 0.104 0.126 0.193
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.068 0.012 761 165 1.268 0.171 0.044 0.091
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.005 0.002 1,469 440 1.253 0.483 0.000 0.009
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.919 0.017 422 156 1.265 0.018 0.885 0.952
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.011 0.005 1,469 440 1.699 0.424 0.002 0.020
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.370 0.029 1,351 411 2.217 0.079 0.312 0.429
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 2.545 0.209 4,131 1,252 1.855 0.082 2.128 2.962
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 7.304 2.699 1,373 321 0.900 0.370 1.906 12.701
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 0.677 0.679 1,371 321 0.863 1.003 0.000 2.036
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 7.981 2.769 1,373 321 0.896 0.347 2.443 13.519
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 3.435 1.569 1,380 316 0.865 0.457 0.297 6.572
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 11.388 3.322 1,374 321 0.937 0.292 4.744 18.031
na = Not applicable
268 • Appendix B
Table B.7 Sampling errors: Ilocos Region sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.159 0.079 970 1,258 6.563 0.496 0.001 0.317
No education 0.004 0.003 970 1,258 1.253 0.635 0.000 0.009
Secondary or higher education 0.910 0.016 970 1,258 1.691 0.017 0.879 0.941
Never married (never in union) 0.368 0.016 970 1,258 1.004 0.042 0.337 0.399
Currently married (in union) 0.573 0.019 970 1,258 1.222 0.034 0.534 0.612
Married before age 18 0.177 0.022 777 957 1.590 0.123 0.133 0.221
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.177 0.017 777 957 1.263 0.098 0.143 0.212
Currently pregnant 0.039 0.006 970 1,258 0.984 0.157 0.027 0.051
Know any contraceptive method 0.996 0.002 590 721 0.894 0.002 0.991 1.001
Know a modern method 0.995 0.002 590 721 0.819 0.002 0.990 1.000
Currently using any method 0.601 0.031 590 721 1.552 0.052 0.539 0.664
Currently using a modern method 0.439 0.033 590 721 1.614 0.075 0.373 0.505
Currently using a traditional method 0.162 0.016 590 721 1.064 0.100 0.130 0.195
Currently using IUD 0.022 0.008 590 721 1.280 0.349 0.007 0.038
Currently using pill 0.177 0.021 590 721 1.363 0.121 0.134 0.220
Currently using male condoms 0.012 0.005 590 721 1.192 0.439 0.001 0.023
Currently using injectables 0.068 0.011 590 721 1.017 0.155 0.047 0.089
Currently using implants 0.004 0.003 590 721 1.208 0.754 0.000 0.011
Currently using female sterilization 0.152 0.027 590 721 1.801 0.175 0.099 0.206
Currently using withdrawal 0.146 0.016 590 721 1.091 0.109 0.115 0.178
Currently using rhythm 0.015 0.006 590 721 1.163 0.389 0.003 0.027
Using public sector source 0.694 0.049 267 324 1.718 0.070 0.597 0.792
Want no more children 0.576 0.025 590 721 1.217 0.043 0.526 0.626
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.172 0.018 590 721 1.148 0.104 0.136 0.207
Unmet need for family planning 0.137 0.020 590 721 1.423 0.148 0.096 0.177
Ideal number of children 2.634 0.052 967 1,256 1.311 0.020 2.530 2.738
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.845 0.027 283 356 1.235 0.031 0.792 0.898
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.976 0.010 283 356 1.158 0.011 0.955 0.997
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.980 0.010 351 452 1.287 0.010 0.960 0.999
Delivery in a health facility 0.872 0.035 351 452 1.805 0.040 0.802 0.942
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.943 0.025 144 197 1.327 0.026 0.893 0.992
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.295 0.124 23 42 1.536 0.421 0.046 0.543
Ever had vaccination card 1.000 0.000 68 92 na 0.000 1.000 1.000
Vaccination card seen 0.753 0.069 68 92 1.352 0.091 0.616 0.891
Received BCG vaccination 0.964 0.016 68 92 0.729 0.016 0.932 0.996
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.957 0.017 68 92 0.734 0.018 0.923 0.992
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.845 0.042 68 92 1.002 0.050 0.761 0.930
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.873 0.040 68 92 1.031 0.046 0.793 0.954
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.845 0.042 68 92 1.002 0.050 0.761 0.930
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.829 0.059 68 92 1.326 0.071 0.711 0.946
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.820 0.046 68 92 1.017 0.056 0.729 0.912
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.701 0.054 68 92 0.997 0.077 0.594 0.809
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.695 0.055 68 92 1.008 0.079 0.585 0.804
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.583 0.088 62 61 1.241 0.151 0.407 0.758
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.471 0.087 62 61 1.214 0.185 0.297 0.646
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.169 0.020 678 867 1.388 0.118 0.129 0.209
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.055 0.012 678 867 1.384 0.220 0.031 0.080
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.159 0.026 488 555 1.565 0.164 0.107 0.210
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.331 0.050 488 555 2.325 0.150 0.232 0.431
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.161 0.024 488 555 1.424 0.148 0.113 0.208
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.005 0.002 970 1,258 1.031 0.450 0.001 0.010
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.937 0.017 261 382 1.147 0.018 0.903 0.972
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.008 0.004 970 1,258 1.318 0.468 0.001 0.016
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.752 0.016 903 1,189 1.135 0.022 0.719 0.785
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 2.633 0.200 2,748 3,500 0.956 0.076 2.232 3.033
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 11.499 5.972 732 914 1.122 0.519 0.000 23.442
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 14.336 5.569 738 924 1.283 0.388 3.197 25.474
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 25.834 7.412 732 914 1.072 0.287 11.010 40.658
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 3.461 2.101 721 904 0.934 0.607 0.000 7.662
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 29.206 7.554 733 915 1.046 0.259 14.098 44.315
na = Not applicable
Appendix B • 269
Table B.8 Sampling errors: Cagayan Valley sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.103 0.054 1,067 802 5.731 0.526 0.000 0.211
No education 0.008 0.004 1,067 802 1.375 0.458 0.001 0.016
Secondary or higher education 0.828 0.026 1,067 802 2.253 0.031 0.776 0.880
Never married (never in union) 0.280 0.019 1,067 802 1.351 0.066 0.243 0.318
Currently married (in union) 0.696 0.016 1,067 802 1.105 0.022 0.665 0.728
Married before age 18 0.198 0.031 851 643 2.231 0.155 0.136 0.259
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.218 0.029 851 643 2.040 0.133 0.160 0.276
Currently pregnant 0.031 0.007 1,067 802 1.325 0.226 0.017 0.045
Know any contraceptive method 1.000 0.000 692 559 0.191 0.000 1.000 1.000
Know a modern method 1.000 0.000 692 559 0.191 0.000 1.000 1.000
Currently using any method 0.626 0.024 692 559 1.324 0.039 0.577 0.675
Currently using a modern method 0.570 0.028 692 559 1.491 0.049 0.514 0.626
Currently using a traditional method 0.056 0.012 692 559 1.349 0.212 0.032 0.079
Currently using IUD 0.039 0.012 692 559 1.676 0.319 0.014 0.063
Currently using pill 0.361 0.026 692 559 1.434 0.073 0.309 0.414
Currently using male condoms 0.011 0.008 692 559 2.126 0.772 0.000 0.028
Currently using injectables 0.066 0.015 692 559 1.634 0.235 0.035 0.096
Currently using implants 0.006 0.003 692 559 1.154 0.549 0.000 0.013
Currently using female sterilization 0.087 0.014 692 559 1.322 0.163 0.059 0.116
Currently using withdrawal 0.053 0.012 692 559 1.360 0.218 0.030 0.076
Currently using rhythm 0.002 0.001 692 559 0.770 0.603 0.000 0.005
Using public sector source 0.455 0.044 374 323 1.704 0.097 0.367 0.543
Want no more children 0.634 0.031 692 559 1.678 0.049 0.572 0.695
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.116 0.020 692 559 1.647 0.173 0.076 0.157
Unmet need for family planning 0.144 0.019 692 559 1.409 0.131 0.106 0.182
Ideal number of children 2.606 0.042 1,062 801 1.266 0.016 2.522 2.689
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.791 0.025 344 286 1.201 0.032 0.740 0.842
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.952 0.015 344 286 1.371 0.016 0.922 0.983
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.911 0.026 430 372 1.761 0.029 0.859 0.963
Delivery in a health facility 0.833 0.044 430 372 2.273 0.053 0.745 0.921
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.882 0.029 147 132 1.174 0.033 0.824 0.940
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.445 0.150 28 22 1.589 0.338 0.144 0.746
Ever had vaccination card 0.918 0.044 72 64 1.455 0.048 0.830 1.006
Vaccination card seen 0.408 0.081 72 64 1.501 0.198 0.247 0.570
Received BCG vaccination 0.975 0.023 72 64 1.324 0.023 0.929 1.020
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.934 0.031 72 64 1.125 0.033 0.873 0.995
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.853 0.044 72 64 1.122 0.051 0.766 0.940
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.868 0.043 72 64 1.169 0.050 0.781 0.954
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.853 0.044 72 64 1.122 0.051 0.766 0.940
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.876 0.045 72 64 1.256 0.052 0.785 0.967
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.807 0.078 72 64 1.798 0.097 0.651 0.963
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.642 0.087 72 64 1.646 0.135 0.469 0.815
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.629 0.086 72 64 1.626 0.137 0.457 0.801
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.357 0.059 93 74 1.190 0.165 0.239 0.475
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.268 0.057 93 74 1.240 0.211 0.155 0.381
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.150 0.017 771 564 1.281 0.110 0.117 0.183
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.059 0.018 771 564 2.153 0.310 0.022 0.096
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.118 0.024 568 415 1.765 0.203 0.070 0.166
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.206 0.023 568 415 1.367 0.113 0.159 0.252
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.144 0.021 568 415 1.447 0.149 0.101 0.186
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.002 0.001 1,067 802 0.617 0.389 0.001 0.004
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.889 0.033 284 196 1.761 0.037 0.823 0.955
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.008 0.004 1,067 802 1.400 0.491 0.000 0.015
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.740 0.017 932 724 1.205 0.023 0.706 0.775
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 3.075 0.197 2,951 2,215 1.197 0.064 2.681 3.469
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 10.428 5.851 883 731 1.674 0.561 0.000 22.130
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 8.255 4.085 888 734 1.362 0.495 0.085 16.425
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 18.683 7.883 883 731 1.569 0.422 2.917 34.449
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 5.526 3.131 903 744 1.258 0.567 0.000 11.788
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 24.106 8.736 885 732 1.572 0.362 6.634 41.578
270 • Appendix B
Table B.9 Sampling errors: Central Luzon sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.570 0.063 2,056 2,453 5.702 0.110 0.445 0.696
No education 0.008 0.003 2,056 2,453 1.529 0.376 0.002 0.014
Secondary or higher education 0.874 0.012 2,056 2,453 1.671 0.014 0.849 0.898
Never married (never in union) 0.340 0.014 2,056 2,453 1.316 0.040 0.312 0.367
Currently married (in union) 0.615 0.015 2,056 2,453 1.360 0.024 0.586 0.644
Married before age 18 0.159 0.014 1,663 1,967 1.603 0.090 0.130 0.188
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.185 0.016 1,663 1,967 1.636 0.084 0.154 0.216
Currently pregnant 0.037 0.006 2,056 2,453 1.395 0.157 0.025 0.049
Know any contraceptive method 0.998 0.001 1,272 1,509 0.885 0.001 0.996 1.000
Know a modern method 0.998 0.001 1,272 1,509 0.885 0.001 0.996 1.000
Currently using any method 0.531 0.025 1,272 1,509 1.816 0.048 0.480 0.582
Currently using a modern method 0.382 0.021 1,272 1,509 1.555 0.055 0.340 0.425
Currently using a traditional method 0.149 0.014 1,272 1,509 1.435 0.096 0.120 0.178
Currently using IUD 0.004 0.001 1,272 1,509 0.864 0.399 0.001 0.007
Currently using pill 0.178 0.018 1,272 1,509 1.679 0.101 0.142 0.214
Currently using male condoms 0.014 0.004 1,272 1,509 1.078 0.257 0.007 0.021
Currently using injectables 0.046 0.009 1,272 1,509 1.513 0.193 0.028 0.064
Currently using implants 0.006 0.003 1,272 1,509 1.261 0.449 0.001 0.012
Currently using female sterilization 0.130 0.012 1,272 1,509 1.271 0.092 0.106 0.154
Currently using withdrawal 0.135 0.014 1,272 1,509 1.486 0.106 0.106 0.163
Currently using rhythm 0.014 0.004 1,272 1,509 1.152 0.270 0.006 0.022
Using public sector source 0.529 0.032 490 585 1.425 0.061 0.464 0.593
Want no more children 0.607 0.018 1,272 1,509 1.282 0.029 0.572 0.642
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.087 0.010 1,272 1,509 1.208 0.110 0.068 0.106
Unmet need for family planning 0.141 0.016 1,272 1,509 1.618 0.112 0.110 0.173
Ideal number of children 2.506 0.034 2,045 2,432 1.357 0.014 2.438 2.573
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.761 0.024 599 704 1.345 0.031 0.713 0.808
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.937 0.011 599 704 1.143 0.012 0.914 0.960
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.926 0.019 769 889 1.650 0.021 0.888 0.964
Delivery in a health facility 0.849 0.028 769 889 1.935 0.033 0.793 0.906
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.740 0.032 294 327 1.221 0.044 0.675 0.805
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.406 0.099 38 51 1.315 0.243 0.209 0.603
Ever had vaccination card 0.987 0.007 163 180 0.781 0.007 0.973 1.002
Vaccination card seen 0.617 0.057 163 180 1.434 0.093 0.503 0.731
Received BCG vaccination 0.911 0.029 163 180 1.254 0.032 0.853 0.969
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.856 0.035 163 180 1.203 0.040 0.787 0.925
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.726 0.051 163 180 1.391 0.070 0.625 0.828
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.765 0.048 163 180 1.391 0.063 0.668 0.861
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.726 0.051 163 180 1.391 0.070 0.625 0.828
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.718 0.052 163 180 1.420 0.073 0.613 0.822
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.878 0.032 163 180 1.194 0.036 0.814 0.942
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.658 0.051 163 180 1.322 0.078 0.556 0.761
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.640 0.054 163 180 1.368 0.084 0.532 0.748
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.271 0.047 138 163 1.215 0.172 0.178 0.365
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.208 0.040 138 163 1.133 0.191 0.128 0.287
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.113 0.015 1,473 1,748 1.764 0.129 0.084 0.143
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.035 0.007 1,473 1,748 1.538 0.211 0.020 0.049
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.074 0.009 1,100 1,175 1.123 0.120 0.057 0.092
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.154 0.018 1,100 1,175 1.612 0.114 0.118 0.189
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.086 0.014 1,100 1,175 1.657 0.163 0.058 0.114
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.003 0.001 2,056 2,453 1.144 0.496 0.000 0.005
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.940 0.010 537 632 1.018 0.011 0.919 0.961
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.007 0.003 2,056 2,453 1.589 0.409 0.001 0.013
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.759 0.016 1,921 2,315 1.614 0.021 0.727 0.790
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 2.446 0.153 5,797 6,864 1.385 0.062 2.141 2.751
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 6.048 2.187 1,578 1,796 1.086 0.362 1.674 10.422
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 7.619 3.491 1,583 1,806 1.566 0.458 0.636 14.602
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 13.667 3.915 1,578 1,796 1.301 0.286 5.838 21.496
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 5.424 2.385 1,567 1,797 1.253 0.440 0.654 10.193
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 19.017 4.383 1,583 1,798 1.264 0.230 10.250 27.783
Appendix B • 271
Table B.10 Sampling errors: CALABARZON sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.485 0.076 1,414 4,016 5.634 0.156 0.333 0.636
No education 0.001 0.001 1,414 4,016 0.888 0.627 0.000 0.003
Secondary or higher education 0.907 0.012 1,414 4,016 1.609 0.014 0.882 0.932
Never married (never in union) 0.323 0.014 1,414 4,016 1.128 0.043 0.295 0.351
Currently married (in union) 0.620 0.017 1,414 4,016 1.296 0.027 0.586 0.653
Married before age 18 0.128 0.011 1,189 3,440 1.087 0.082 0.107 0.149
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.147 0.010 1,189 3,440 0.979 0.069 0.127 0.167
Currently pregnant 0.043 0.006 1,414 4,016 1.045 0.131 0.032 0.054
Know any contraceptive method 0.999 0.001 879 2,489 0.670 0.001 0.998 1.001
Know a modern method 0.999 0.001 879 2,489 0.670 0.001 0.998 1.001
Currently using any method 0.540 0.025 879 2,489 1.495 0.047 0.489 0.590
Currently using a modern method 0.364 0.025 879 2,489 1.536 0.069 0.314 0.414
Currently using a traditional method 0.175 0.015 879 2,489 1.139 0.083 0.146 0.205
Currently using IUD 0.026 0.009 879 2,489 1.662 0.342 0.008 0.044
Currently using pill 0.194 0.014 879 2,489 1.048 0.072 0.166 0.222
Currently using male condoms 0.020 0.006 879 2,489 1.303 0.306 0.008 0.033
Currently using injectables 0.039 0.007 879 2,489 1.116 0.188 0.024 0.053
Currently using implants 0.007 0.003 879 2,489 1.224 0.493 0.000 0.014
Currently using female sterilization 0.075 0.012 879 2,489 1.292 0.153 0.052 0.099
Currently using withdrawal 0.143 0.014 879 2,489 1.216 0.101 0.114 0.171
Currently using rhythm 0.033 0.008 879 2,489 1.270 0.233 0.018 0.048
Using public sector source 0.428 0.038 349 922 1.441 0.089 0.352 0.505
Want no more children 0.624 0.026 879 2,489 1.600 0.042 0.572 0.677
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.163 0.021 879 2,489 1.647 0.126 0.122 0.204
Unmet need for family planning 0.201 0.016 879 2,489 1.147 0.077 0.170 0.232
Ideal number of children 2.530 0.040 1,403 3,988 1.505 0.016 2.451 2.609
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.813 0.023 458 1,287 1.233 0.028 0.767 0.858
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.971 0.009 458 1,287 1.099 0.009 0.953 0.988
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.891 0.027 575 1,588 1.790 0.030 0.838 0.944
Delivery in a health facility 0.771 0.038 575 1,588 1.873 0.049 0.696 0.847
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.927 0.015 226 651 0.889 0.017 0.896 0.958
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.428 0.088 35 85 0.954 0.205 0.252 0.603
Ever had vaccination card 0.996 0.004 117 343 0.671 0.004 0.989 1.004
Vaccination card seen 0.590 0.050 117 343 1.123 0.085 0.489 0.691
Received BCG vaccination 0.947 0.021 117 343 1.028 0.022 0.905 0.989
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.779 0.044 117 343 1.162 0.056 0.691 0.867
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.909 0.029 117 343 1.100 0.032 0.851 0.966
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.898 0.030 117 343 1.078 0.033 0.839 0.958
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.909 0.029 117 343 1.100 0.032 0.851 0.966
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.841 0.039 117 343 1.165 0.046 0.763 0.918
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.835 0.039 117 343 1.151 0.047 0.757 0.913
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.766 0.043 117 343 1.113 0.056 0.680 0.852
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.631 0.042 117 343 0.945 0.066 0.547 0.714
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.562 0.058 116 297 1.183 0.102 0.447 0.677
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.325 0.044 116 297 0.957 0.135 0.237 0.413
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.162 0.015 1,016 2,852 1.315 0.094 0.132 0.192
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.033 0.007 1,016 2,852 1.226 0.209 0.019 0.047
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.098 0.012 770 1,964 1.075 0.118 0.075 0.121
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.226 0.024 770 1,964 1.601 0.107 0.178 0.275
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.109 0.018 770 1,964 1.606 0.166 0.073 0.145
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.001 0.001 1,414 4,016 0.889 0.720 0.000 0.003
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.921 0.021 336 955 1.442 0.023 0.878 0.963
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.017 0.006 1,414 4,016 1.802 0.361 0.005 0.030
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.711 0.021 1,312 3,804 1.684 0.030 0.669 0.753
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 2.574 0.279 4,056 11,607 2.049 0.108 2.016 3.132
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 11.044 4.211 1,190 3,353 1.376 0.381 2.621 19.467
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 7.428 2.876 1,189 3,339 1.033 0.387 1.676 13.181
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 18.472 5.906 1,191 3,356 1.310 0.320 6.660 30.285
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 2.945 1.391 1,184 3,363 0.888 0.472 0.164 5.726
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 21.363 6.217 1,191 3,356 1.273 0.291 8.928 33.797
272 • Appendix B
Table B.11 Sampling errors: MIMAROPA Region sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.360 0.068 1,257 621 4.941 0.188 0.225 0.495
No education 0.022 0.009 1,257 621 2.182 0.411 0.004 0.040
Secondary or higher education 0.787 0.028 1,257 621 2.416 0.036 0.731 0.843
Never married (never in union) 0.310 0.020 1,257 621 1.546 0.065 0.270 0.351
Currently married (in union) 0.641 0.021 1,257 621 1.561 0.033 0.599 0.684
Married before age 18 0.187 0.022 977 490 1.742 0.116 0.143 0.230
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.221 0.022 977 490 1.672 0.101 0.176 0.265
Currently pregnant 0.038 0.007 1,257 621 1.283 0.182 0.024 0.052
Know any contraceptive method 0.988 0.006 789 398 1.484 0.006 0.977 1.000
Know a modern method 0.988 0.006 789 398 1.484 0.006 0.977 1.000
Currently using any method 0.508 0.023 789 398 1.298 0.046 0.462 0.554
Currently using a modern method 0.436 0.023 789 398 1.303 0.053 0.390 0.482
Currently using a traditional method 0.072 0.009 789 398 0.988 0.126 0.054 0.090
Currently using IUD 0.023 0.005 789 398 0.989 0.231 0.012 0.033
Currently using pill 0.246 0.019 789 398 1.252 0.078 0.208 0.285
Currently using male condoms 0.006 0.003 789 398 1.005 0.457 0.001 0.012
Currently using injectables 0.086 0.014 789 398 1.415 0.164 0.058 0.115
Currently using implants 0.017 0.008 789 398 1.680 0.454 0.002 0.033
Currently using female sterilization 0.051 0.011 789 398 1.335 0.204 0.030 0.072
Currently using withdrawal 0.045 0.009 789 398 1.194 0.195 0.028 0.063
Currently using rhythm 0.025 0.005 789 398 0.979 0.217 0.014 0.036
Using public sector source 0.548 0.044 311 177 1.539 0.080 0.460 0.635
Want no more children 0.696 0.014 789 398 0.837 0.020 0.668 0.723
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.124 0.014 789 398 1.224 0.116 0.095 0.152
Unmet need for family planning 0.198 0.014 789 398 1.009 0.072 0.169 0.227
Ideal number of children 2.716 0.058 1,255 621 1.644 0.021 2.601 2.831
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.795 0.029 391 196 1.392 0.036 0.738 0.852
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.929 0.019 391 196 1.460 0.020 0.891 0.967
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.686 0.038 513 260 1.630 0.055 0.610 0.761
Delivery in a health facility 0.659 0.040 513 260 1.707 0.061 0.578 0.739
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.864 0.030 187 98 1.210 0.035 0.804 0.923
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.518 0.071 50 30 1.081 0.136 0.377 0.659
Ever had vaccination card 0.988 0.012 88 45 1.041 0.012 0.964 1.012
Vaccination card seen 0.638 0.063 88 45 1.234 0.098 0.513 0.763
Received BCG vaccination 0.882 0.038 88 45 1.113 0.043 0.807 0.958
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.644 0.058 88 45 1.155 0.090 0.528 0.761
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.713 0.052 88 45 1.087 0.073 0.609 0.817
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.734 0.051 88 45 1.087 0.069 0.633 0.835
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.713 0.052 88 45 1.087 0.073 0.609 0.817
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.731 0.050 88 45 1.074 0.069 0.631 0.832
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.748 0.057 88 45 1.250 0.076 0.634 0.863
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.635 0.068 88 45 1.334 0.107 0.500 0.770
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.483 0.068 88 45 1.292 0.141 0.346 0.619
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.463 0.076 92 50 1.513 0.164 0.311 0.615
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.343 0.061 92 50 1.266 0.177 0.222 0.464
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.176 0.013 929 450 1.063 0.076 0.149 0.203
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.052 0.008 929 450 1.111 0.156 0.036 0.068
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.133 0.014 702 316 1.107 0.107 0.105 0.162
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.274 0.017 702 316 1.036 0.064 0.239 0.309
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.167 0.015 702 316 1.073 0.090 0.137 0.198
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.003 0.001 1,257 621 0.927 0.468 0.000 0.006
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.962 0.012 351 169 1.134 0.012 0.939 0.985
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.006 0.002 1,257 621 0.886 0.325 0.002 0.010
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.694 0.018 1,145 567 1.350 0.027 0.657 0.731
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 2.891 0.210 3,500 1,735 1.357 0.073 2.470 3.312
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 12.618 3.792 1,118 566 0.988 0.301 5.034 20.203
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 14.998 4.427 1,124 566 1.176 0.295 6.143 23.852
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 27.616 5.642 1,119 566 1.076 0.204 16.332 38.900
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 5.078 2.390 1,137 576 1.111 0.471 0.298 9.858
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 32.554 6.693 1,120 566 1.126 0.206 19.168 45.941
Appendix B • 273
Table B.12 Sampling errors: Bicol sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.188 0.065 1,642 1,551 6.634 0.345 0.058 0.318
No education 0.003 0.001 1,642 1,551 1.021 0.432 0.000 0.006
Secondary or higher education 0.832 0.016 1,642 1,551 1.681 0.019 0.801 0.863
Never married (never in union) 0.355 0.016 1,642 1,551 1.394 0.046 0.322 0.388
Currently married (in union) 0.609 0.018 1,642 1,551 1.484 0.029 0.573 0.644
Married before age 18 0.147 0.014 1,230 1,167 1.391 0.096 0.119 0.175
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.178 0.014 1,230 1,167 1.253 0.077 0.150 0.205
Currently pregnant 0.038 0.005 1,642 1,551 1.115 0.138 0.028 0.049
Know any contraceptive method 0.999 0.001 1,016 944 0.855 0.001 0.998 1.001
Know a modern method 0.999 0.001 1,016 944 0.855 0.001 0.998 1.001
Currently using any method 0.513 0.018 1,016 944 1.128 0.035 0.477 0.548
Currently using a modern method 0.322 0.018 1,016 944 1.197 0.055 0.287 0.357
Currently using a traditional method 0.191 0.013 1,016 944 1.029 0.067 0.165 0.216
Currently using IUD 0.013 0.006 1,016 944 1.571 0.436 0.002 0.024
Currently using pill 0.186 0.014 1,016 944 1.177 0.077 0.157 0.215
Currently using male condoms 0.023 0.005 1,016 944 1.125 0.231 0.012 0.033
Currently using injectables 0.046 0.009 1,016 944 1.426 0.204 0.027 0.065
Currently using implants 0.009 0.003 1,016 944 1.053 0.344 0.003 0.015
Currently using female sterilization 0.043 0.007 1,016 944 1.096 0.162 0.029 0.057
Currently using withdrawal 0.143 0.012 1,016 944 1.110 0.085 0.119 0.167
Currently using rhythm 0.047 0.008 1,016 944 1.196 0.168 0.031 0.063
Using public sector source 0.563 0.038 351 312 1.436 0.068 0.487 0.639
Want no more children 0.613 0.016 1,016 944 1.056 0.026 0.581 0.646
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.215 0.015 1,016 944 1.131 0.068 0.186 0.244
Unmet need for family planning 0.213 0.014 1,016 944 1.094 0.066 0.185 0.241
Ideal number of children 2.802 0.034 1,640 1,549 1.195 0.012 2.734 2.869
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.887 0.019 549 506 1.380 0.021 0.850 0.925
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.962 0.016 549 506 1.926 0.016 0.931 0.994
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.836 0.036 752 688 2.303 0.044 0.763 0.909
Delivery in a health facility 0.726 0.038 752 688 1.901 0.052 0.650 0.802
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.929 0.026 274 251 1.661 0.028 0.877 0.981
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.567 0.085 66 56 1.286 0.151 0.396 0.738
Ever had vaccination card 0.962 0.018 145 131 1.092 0.018 0.927 0.997
Vaccination card seen 0.760 0.043 145 131 1.185 0.056 0.675 0.846
Received BCG vaccination 0.944 0.021 145 131 1.060 0.022 0.902 0.985
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.705 0.058 145 131 1.520 0.083 0.588 0.822
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.821 0.040 145 131 1.244 0.049 0.740 0.901
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.848 0.040 145 131 1.305 0.047 0.769 0.927
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.821 0.040 145 131 1.244 0.049 0.740 0.901
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.804 0.037 145 131 1.109 0.046 0.729 0.878
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.836 0.036 145 131 1.161 0.043 0.764 0.909
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.736 0.041 145 131 1.094 0.055 0.655 0.817
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.561 0.053 145 131 1.272 0.095 0.455 0.668
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.542 0.041 144 130 0.967 0.076 0.459 0.625
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.336 0.037 144 130 0.921 0.111 0.261 0.410
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.290 0.018 1,161 1,122 1.382 0.063 0.253 0.327
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.110 0.011 1,161 1,122 1.181 0.099 0.088 0.131
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.232 0.020 839 707 1.348 0.085 0.193 0.271
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.434 0.021 839 707 1.206 0.048 0.393 0.475
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.238 0.017 839 707 1.174 0.073 0.203 0.272
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.005 0.003 1,642 1,551 1.670 0.576 0.000 0.011
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.932 0.017 481 468 1.507 0.019 0.897 0.967
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.005 0.002 1,642 1,551 1.097 0.381 0.001 0.009
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.763 0.015 1,541 1,467 1.364 0.019 0.733 0.792
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 3.186 0.181 4,552 4,302 1.167 0.057 2.824 3.547
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 22.406 4.427 1,580 1,446 1.089 0.198 13.553 31.259
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 7.842 2.648 1,584 1,447 1.087 0.338 2.546 13.137
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 30.248 4.570 1,580 1,446 0.913 0.151 21.107 39.388
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 7.563 2.357 1,598 1,465 0.989 0.312 2.850 12.276
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 37.582 5.674 1,582 1,449 0.989 0.151 26.234 48.931
274 • Appendix B
Table B.13 Sampling errors: Western Visayas sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.489 0.049 1,742 1,498 4.032 0.099 0.392 0.586
No education 0.004 0.002 1,742 1,498 1.334 0.534 0.000 0.007
Secondary or higher education 0.856 0.034 1,742 1,498 4.055 0.040 0.787 0.924
Never married (never in union) 0.333 0.016 1,742 1,498 1.386 0.047 0.302 0.365
Currently married (in union) 0.617 0.019 1,742 1,498 1.611 0.030 0.579 0.654
Married before age 18 0.140 0.015 1,374 1,172 1.623 0.109 0.109 0.170
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.159 0.019 1,374 1,172 1.929 0.120 0.121 0.197
Currently pregnant 0.041 0.006 1,742 1,498 1.366 0.159 0.028 0.054
Know any contraceptive method 1.000 0.000 1,065 924 0.721 0.000 0.999 1.000
Know a modern method 1.000 0.000 1,065 924 0.721 0.000 0.999 1.000
Currently using any method 0.569 0.020 1,065 924 1.311 0.035 0.529 0.609
Currently using a modern method 0.399 0.024 1,065 924 1.603 0.060 0.351 0.447
Currently using a traditional method 0.169 0.017 1,065 924 1.506 0.102 0.135 0.204
Currently using IUD 0.033 0.008 1,065 924 1.545 0.256 0.016 0.050
Currently using pill 0.232 0.024 1,065 924 1.838 0.103 0.184 0.279
Currently using male condoms 0.015 0.005 1,065 924 1.218 0.301 0.006 0.024
Currently using injectables 0.045 0.009 1,065 924 1.477 0.208 0.026 0.064
Currently using implants 0.012 0.004 1,065 924 1.318 0.372 0.003 0.020
Currently using female sterilization 0.057 0.009 1,065 924 1.277 0.160 0.039 0.075
Currently using withdrawal 0.108 0.018 1,065 924 1.885 0.166 0.072 0.144
Currently using rhythm 0.061 0.011 1,065 924 1.552 0.186 0.038 0.084
Using public sector source 0.486 0.034 445 372 1.412 0.069 0.419 0.553
Want no more children 0.637 0.017 1,065 924 1.173 0.027 0.602 0.671
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.162 0.015 1,065 924 1.288 0.090 0.133 0.191
Unmet need for family planning 0.134 0.013 1,065 924 1.290 0.100 0.107 0.161
Ideal number of children 2.663 0.055 1,737 1,492 1.853 0.021 2.553 2.772
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.836 0.034 542 494 2.177 0.041 0.768 0.904
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.917 0.050 542 494 4.258 0.054 0.817 1.017
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.811 0.076 704 659 4.317 0.094 0.658 0.963
Delivery in a health facility 0.780 0.074 704 659 4.074 0.095 0.632 0.927
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.871 0.028 247 237 1.351 0.032 0.816 0.926
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.256 0.080 61 74 1.656 0.310 0.097 0.415
Ever had vaccination card 0.958 0.040 129 126 2.368 0.041 0.879 1.038
Vaccination card seen 0.621 0.073 129 126 1.702 0.118 0.474 0.767
Received BCG vaccination 0.824 0.051 129 126 1.479 0.062 0.723 0.926
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.764 0.078 129 126 2.060 0.102 0.608 0.919
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.713 0.057 129 126 1.374 0.080 0.599 0.826
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.723 0.057 129 126 1.381 0.078 0.609 0.836
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.713 0.057 129 126 1.374 0.080 0.599 0.826
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.777 0.065 129 126 1.750 0.084 0.647 0.906
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.760 0.055 129 126 1.378 0.072 0.650 0.870
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.667 0.063 129 126 1.480 0.094 0.541 0.793
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.610 0.072 129 126 1.658 0.118 0.466 0.754
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.469 0.056 134 117 1.306 0.120 0.357 0.582
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.341 0.059 134 117 1.433 0.172 0.223 0.458
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.216 0.016 1,254 1,051 1.371 0.074 0.184 0.248
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.074 0.008 1,254 1,051 1.062 0.106 0.059 0.090
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.136 0.015 916 689 1.296 0.108 0.107 0.166
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.306 0.019 916 689 1.229 0.061 0.269 0.343
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.183 0.017 916 689 1.338 0.093 0.149 0.218
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.000 0.000 1,742 1,498 0.733 1.002 0.000 0.001
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.911 0.018 485 410 1.418 0.020 0.874 0.948
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.008 0.002 1,742 1,498 0.723 0.194 0.005 0.011
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.691 0.016 1,687 1,456 1.446 0.024 0.659 0.724
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 3.023 0.249 4,865 4,138 1.814 0.082 2.525 3.521
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 33.347 6.125 1,501 1,370 1.256 0.184 21.098 45.596
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 4.384 2.585 1,512 1,374 1.564 0.590 0.000 9.553
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 37.731 6.892 1,501 1,370 1.361 0.183 23.948 51.514
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 9.099 6.074 1,512 1,374 1.916 0.668 0.000 21.247
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 46.486 7.918 1,502 1,370 1.346 0.170 30.650 62.323
Appendix B • 275
Table B.14 Sampling errors: Central Visayas sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.465 0.073 1,313 1,607 5.269 0.158 0.319 0.612
No education 0.006 0.003 1,313 1,607 1.300 0.461 0.000 0.012
Secondary or higher education 0.841 0.016 1,313 1,607 1.626 0.020 0.808 0.874
Never married (never in union) 0.396 0.019 1,313 1,607 1.419 0.048 0.357 0.434
Currently married (in union) 0.584 0.018 1,313 1,607 1.353 0.032 0.548 0.621
Married before age 18 0.120 0.017 1,056 1,268 1.697 0.142 0.086 0.154
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.178 0.014 1,056 1,268 1.215 0.080 0.149 0.207
Currently pregnant 0.032 0.006 1,313 1,607 1.230 0.186 0.020 0.044
Know any contraceptive method 1.000 0.000 795 939 na 0.000 1.000 1.000
Know a modern method 1.000 0.000 795 939 na 0.000 1.000 1.000
Currently using any method 0.521 0.024 795 939 1.371 0.047 0.473 0.570
Currently using a modern method 0.367 0.023 795 939 1.336 0.062 0.322 0.413
Currently using a traditional method 0.154 0.016 795 939 1.267 0.105 0.121 0.186
Currently using IUD 0.071 0.013 795 939 1.428 0.183 0.045 0.097
Currently using pill 0.180 0.017 795 939 1.229 0.093 0.146 0.213
Currently using male condoms 0.021 0.007 795 939 1.394 0.341 0.007 0.035
Currently using injectables 0.032 0.009 795 939 1.405 0.272 0.015 0.050
Currently using implants 0.013 0.005 795 939 1.289 0.391 0.003 0.024
Currently using female sterilization 0.047 0.009 795 939 1.266 0.203 0.028 0.066
Currently using withdrawal 0.075 0.014 795 939 1.504 0.188 0.047 0.103
Currently using rhythm 0.076 0.010 795 939 1.067 0.132 0.056 0.096
Using public sector source 0.567 0.047 316 355 1.666 0.082 0.474 0.660
Want no more children 0.628 0.019 795 939 1.080 0.030 0.591 0.665
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.146 0.016 795 939 1.272 0.109 0.114 0.178
Unmet need for family planning 0.196 0.016 795 939 1.146 0.082 0.164 0.229
Ideal number of children 2.656 0.075 1,294 1,576 1.888 0.028 2.506 2.806
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.746 0.033 388 455 1.497 0.045 0.679 0.812
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.958 0.014 388 455 1.359 0.015 0.930 0.986
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.910 0.027 485 580 1.781 0.029 0.857 0.964
Delivery in a health facility 0.850 0.032 485 580 1.752 0.037 0.787 0.913
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.902 0.028 203 233 1.298 0.031 0.846 0.957
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.248 0.099 28 30 1.127 0.400 0.050 0.446
Ever had vaccination card 0.910 0.045 112 141 1.699 0.049 0.821 1.000
Vaccination card seen 0.709 0.081 112 141 1.930 0.115 0.547 0.872
Received BCG vaccination 0.826 0.054 112 141 1.532 0.065 0.719 0.934
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.720 0.054 112 141 1.291 0.075 0.613 0.828
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.788 0.053 112 141 1.412 0.068 0.681 0.895
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.794 0.053 112 141 1.414 0.067 0.688 0.899
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.788 0.053 112 141 1.412 0.068 0.681 0.895
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.737 0.054 112 141 1.316 0.073 0.629 0.844
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.809 0.054 112 141 1.476 0.066 0.701 0.916
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.722 0.054 112 141 1.307 0.075 0.614 0.831
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.608 0.054 112 141 1.196 0.089 0.499 0.717
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.620 0.084 73 92 1.497 0.136 0.451 0.789
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.470 0.076 73 92 1.289 0.161 0.318 0.621
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.197 0.014 931 1,189 1.109 0.073 0.168 0.226
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.070 0.012 931 1,189 1.460 0.175 0.045 0.094
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.147 0.024 649 675 1.738 0.164 0.099 0.196
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.381 0.030 649 675 1.546 0.077 0.322 0.440
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.189 0.026 649 675 1.673 0.136 0.137 0.240
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.009 0.003 1,313 1,607 1.202 0.349 0.003 0.015
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.898 0.018 354 455 1.144 0.020 0.862 0.935
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.034 0.011 1,313 1,607 2.211 0.325 0.012 0.056
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.828 0.017 1,247 1,517 1.589 0.021 0.794 0.862
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 2.517 0.171 3,687 4,484 1.188 0.068 2.176 2.859
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 14.561 4.019 1,059 1,275 1.078 0.276 6.523 22.599
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 10.854 3.807 1,057 1,271 1.066 0.351 3.240 18.468
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 25.415 5.696 1,059 1,275 1.115 0.224 14.022 36.808
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 4.115 3.536 1,048 1,274 1.731 0.859 0.000 11.188
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 29.425 7.269 1,061 1,277 1.255 0.247 14.887 43.963
na = Not applicable
276 • Appendix B
Table B.15 Sampling errors: Eastern Visayas sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.072 0.035 1,595 997 5.344 0.485 0.002 0.142
No education 0.007 0.003 1,595 997 1.402 0.427 0.001 0.012
Secondary or higher education 0.826 0.017 1,595 997 1.822 0.021 0.791 0.861
Never married (never in union) 0.351 0.020 1,595 997 1.652 0.056 0.311 0.390
Currently married (in union) 0.613 0.021 1,595 997 1.703 0.034 0.571 0.654
Married before age 18 0.204 0.017 1,234 770 1.449 0.082 0.171 0.237
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.232 0.017 1,234 770 1.430 0.074 0.197 0.266
Currently pregnant 0.041 0.009 1,595 997 1.706 0.206 0.024 0.058
Know any contraceptive method 0.999 0.001 997 611 0.828 0.001 0.998 1.001
Know a modern method 0.999 0.001 997 611 0.828 0.001 0.998 1.001
Currently using any method 0.588 0.024 997 611 1.558 0.041 0.540 0.637
Currently using a modern method 0.409 0.023 997 611 1.484 0.057 0.363 0.455
Currently using a traditional method 0.179 0.013 997 611 1.102 0.075 0.153 0.206
Currently using IUD 0.054 0.014 997 611 1.961 0.260 0.026 0.082
Currently using pill 0.186 0.018 997 611 1.455 0.097 0.150 0.221
Currently using male condoms 0.017 0.006 997 611 1.483 0.353 0.005 0.030
Currently using injectables 0.061 0.011 997 611 1.430 0.177 0.040 0.083
Currently using implants 0.020 0.005 997 611 1.196 0.266 0.009 0.031
Currently using female sterilization 0.067 0.013 997 611 1.600 0.189 0.042 0.092
Currently using withdrawal 0.140 0.012 997 611 1.091 0.086 0.116 0.164
Currently using rhythm 0.038 0.007 997 611 1.074 0.171 0.025 0.051
Using public sector source 0.675 0.035 396 253 1.468 0.051 0.606 0.745
Want no more children 0.626 0.017 997 611 1.125 0.028 0.592 0.661
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.183 0.014 997 611 1.106 0.074 0.156 0.210
Unmet need for family planning 0.160 0.018 997 611 1.561 0.113 0.124 0.197
Ideal number of children 2.953 0.058 1,591 991 1.841 0.020 2.837 3.069
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.831 0.023 541 333 1.447 0.028 0.784 0.877
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.988 0.006 541 333 1.274 0.006 0.976 1.000
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.871 0.029 740 461 1.968 0.034 0.812 0.929
Delivery in a health facility 0.846 0.030 740 461 1.937 0.036 0.786 0.907
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.899 0.024 263 156 1.250 0.026 0.852 0.946
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.467 0.103 70 34 1.453 0.221 0.260 0.673
Ever had vaccination card 0.997 0.002 133 87 0.467 0.002 0.993 1.001
Vaccination card seen 0.801 0.047 133 87 1.396 0.058 0.708 0.894
Received BCG vaccination 0.990 0.007 133 87 0.856 0.007 0.975 1.004
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.803 0.034 133 87 1.025 0.042 0.735 0.871
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.911 0.035 133 87 1.475 0.039 0.840 0.981
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.947 0.017 133 87 0.928 0.018 0.912 0.982
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.911 0.035 133 87 1.475 0.039 0.840 0.981
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.910 0.028 133 87 1.171 0.031 0.854 0.966
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.933 0.020 133 87 0.955 0.021 0.893 0.973
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.842 0.042 133 87 1.393 0.050 0.758 0.927
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.682 0.044 133 87 1.122 0.064 0.595 0.769
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.555 0.038 148 95 0.945 0.068 0.480 0.631
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.434 0.049 148 95 1.244 0.114 0.336 0.533
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.251 0.016 1,152 720 1.288 0.066 0.218 0.283
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.095 0.010 1,152 720 1.194 0.109 0.074 0.116
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.199 0.023 854 476 1.662 0.114 0.154 0.245
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.434 0.023 854 476 1.368 0.053 0.388 0.481
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.250 0.023 854 476 1.574 0.093 0.203 0.296
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.003 0.001 1,595 997 0.865 0.374 0.001 0.006
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.923 0.016 445 294 1.253 0.017 0.891 0.955
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.009 0.003 1,595 997 1.275 0.340 0.003 0.015
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.753 0.018 1,542 967 1.631 0.024 0.717 0.789
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 3.115 0.170 4,436 2,767 1.260 0.055 2.775 3.455
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 15.884 4.165 1,522 927 1.196 0.262 7.554 24.214
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 10.887 3.109 1,524 929 1.156 0.286 4.669 17.105
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 26.771 4.496 1,522 927 1.048 0.168 17.779 35.764
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 5.037 2.058 1,539 946 1.118 0.409 0.921 9.153
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 31.673 5.634 1,525 928 1.152 0.178 20.405 42.942
Appendix B • 277
Table B.16 Sampling errors: Zamboanga Peninsula sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.433 0.067 866 764 3.948 0.155 0.299 0.567
No education 0.020 0.008 866 764 1.729 0.415 0.003 0.036
Secondary or higher education 0.757 0.035 866 764 2.384 0.046 0.687 0.827
Never married (never in union) 0.292 0.023 866 764 1.495 0.079 0.246 0.339
Currently married (in union) 0.671 0.024 866 764 1.529 0.036 0.622 0.720
Married before age 18 0.206 0.024 700 622 1.579 0.117 0.158 0.255
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.256 0.025 700 622 1.518 0.098 0.206 0.307
Currently pregnant 0.034 0.007 866 764 1.159 0.209 0.020 0.049
Know any contraceptive method 0.997 0.002 572 513 0.976 0.002 0.993 1.002
Know a modern method 0.997 0.002 572 513 0.976 0.002 0.993 1.002
Currently using any method 0.495 0.027 572 513 1.277 0.054 0.441 0.548
Currently using a modern method 0.420 0.024 572 513 1.165 0.057 0.372 0.469
Currently using a traditional method 0.074 0.014 572 513 1.241 0.183 0.047 0.102
Currently using IUD 0.055 0.011 572 513 1.188 0.206 0.033 0.078
Currently using pill 0.219 0.021 572 513 1.207 0.096 0.177 0.261
Currently using male condoms 0.019 0.007 572 513 1.140 0.340 0.006 0.032
Currently using injectables 0.056 0.012 572 513 1.201 0.206 0.033 0.079
Currently using implants 0.023 0.006 572 513 1.027 0.278 0.010 0.036
Currently using female sterilization 0.036 0.010 572 513 1.340 0.291 0.015 0.057
Currently using withdrawal 0.031 0.009 572 513 1.167 0.272 0.014 0.048
Currently using rhythm 0.036 0.011 572 513 1.387 0.299 0.015 0.058
Using public sector source 0.716 0.041 241 216 1.395 0.057 0.635 0.798
Want no more children 0.595 0.026 572 513 1.279 0.044 0.542 0.647
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.167 0.024 572 513 1.567 0.146 0.118 0.216
Unmet need for family planning 0.246 0.020 572 513 1.086 0.080 0.207 0.285
Ideal number of children 3.209 0.164 862 761 2.765 0.051 2.881 3.537
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.734 0.034 315 287 1.364 0.046 0.667 0.801
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.887 0.024 315 287 1.336 0.027 0.839 0.934
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.771 0.035 435 403 1.508 0.046 0.701 0.842
Delivery in a health facility 0.723 0.042 435 403 1.713 0.058 0.639 0.807
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.631 0.065 150 133 1.655 0.104 0.500 0.762
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.601 0.111 23 26 1.111 0.184 0.380 0.822
Ever had vaccination card 0.955 0.022 70 61 0.872 0.023 0.911 0.999
Vaccination card seen 0.771 0.069 70 61 1.357 0.089 0.633 0.909
Received BCG vaccination 0.870 0.044 70 61 1.088 0.051 0.781 0.958
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.818 0.055 70 61 1.180 0.067 0.707 0.928
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.755 0.057 70 61 1.098 0.076 0.640 0.869
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.755 0.057 70 61 1.098 0.076 0.640 0.869
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.755 0.057 70 61 1.098 0.076 0.640 0.869
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.845 0.048 70 61 1.102 0.057 0.749 0.942
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.718 0.072 70 61 1.322 0.100 0.574 0.862
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.611 0.064 70 61 1.087 0.105 0.483 0.740
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.600 0.064 70 61 1.088 0.107 0.471 0.729
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.357 0.047 91 94 1.004 0.131 0.263 0.450
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.281 0.052 91 94 1.177 0.183 0.178 0.384
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.197 0.020 650 540 1.260 0.100 0.158 0.237
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.098 0.010 650 540 0.844 0.101 0.078 0.117
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.174 0.020 498 377 1.160 0.113 0.135 0.213
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.436 0.021 498 377 0.946 0.048 0.394 0.478
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.247 0.020 498 377 1.049 0.082 0.206 0.287
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.003 0.002 866 764 0.957 0.629 0.000 0.006
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.922 0.019 211 186 1.037 0.021 0.883 0.960
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.012 0.004 866 764 1.062 0.325 0.004 0.020
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.794 0.024 760 680 1.660 0.031 0.745 0.842
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 3.622 0.284 2,449 2,170 1.601 0.079 3.054 4.191
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 9.884 4.543 916 833 1.406 0.460 0.798 18.970
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 9.646 4.295 917 829 1.391 0.445 1.057 18.236
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 19.530 8.227 918 835 1.539 0.421 3.076 35.985
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 6.580 2.656 913 831 1.060 0.404 1.268 11.893
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 25.982 8.002 919 836 1.451 0.308 9.977 41.987
278 • Appendix B
Table B.17 Sampling errors: Northern Mindanao sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.411 0.053 1,518 998 4.166 0.129 0.305 0.517
No education 0.002 0.001 1,518 998 0.804 0.440 0.000 0.004
Secondary or higher education 0.830 0.021 1,518 998 2.146 0.025 0.788 0.871
Never married (never in union) 0.330 0.017 1,518 998 1.401 0.051 0.296 0.364
Currently married (in union) 0.635 0.017 1,518 998 1.356 0.026 0.602 0.669
Married before age 18 0.180 0.020 1,224 817 1.829 0.112 0.139 0.220
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.244 0.018 1,224 817 1.494 0.075 0.208 0.281
Currently pregnant 0.049 0.007 1,518 998 1.288 0.146 0.035 0.063
Know any contraceptive method 0.994 0.002 954 634 0.917 0.002 0.989 0.999
Know a modern method 0.994 0.002 954 634 0.917 0.002 0.989 0.999
Currently using any method 0.535 0.022 954 634 1.366 0.041 0.491 0.579
Currently using a modern method 0.449 0.024 954 634 1.498 0.054 0.401 0.497
Currently using a traditional method 0.086 0.011 954 634 1.189 0.126 0.064 0.108
Currently using IUD 0.104 0.013 954 634 1.339 0.128 0.077 0.130
Currently using pill 0.225 0.025 954 634 1.877 0.113 0.174 0.276
Currently using male condoms 0.017 0.005 954 634 1.204 0.296 0.007 0.027
Currently using injectables 0.035 0.006 954 634 1.039 0.177 0.023 0.047
Currently using implants 0.007 0.003 954 634 1.204 0.477 0.000 0.013
Currently using female sterilization 0.057 0.010 954 634 1.292 0.170 0.038 0.077
Currently using withdrawal 0.048 0.007 954 634 1.019 0.148 0.033 0.062
Currently using rhythm 0.038 0.007 954 634 1.188 0.193 0.024 0.053
Using public sector source 0.646 0.027 412 292 1.157 0.042 0.591 0.701
Want no more children 0.617 0.022 954 634 1.381 0.035 0.573 0.660
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.120 0.013 954 634 1.247 0.110 0.094 0.146
Unmet need for family planning 0.178 0.013 954 634 1.037 0.072 0.152 0.204
Ideal number of children 2.858 0.067 1,515 995 1.622 0.024 2.723 2.992
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.800 0.021 520 340 1.179 0.026 0.759 0.842
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.942 0.015 520 340 1.450 0.016 0.912 0.972
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.787 0.043 721 472 2.364 0.055 0.701 0.873
Delivery in a health facility 0.760 0.043 721 472 2.269 0.056 0.674 0.845
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.686 0.044 265 180 1.561 0.064 0.598 0.774
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.472 0.108 31 17 1.064 0.229 0.256 0.688
Ever had vaccination card 0.949 0.022 134 91 1.178 0.024 0.904 0.993
Vaccination card seen 0.616 0.051 134 91 1.207 0.082 0.514 0.717
Received BCG vaccination 0.870 0.033 134 91 1.130 0.038 0.805 0.935
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.742 0.038 134 91 1.019 0.052 0.666 0.819
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.818 0.040 134 91 1.198 0.048 0.739 0.898
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.832 0.039 134 91 1.213 0.047 0.755 0.910
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.818 0.040 134 91 1.198 0.048 0.739 0.898
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.822 0.038 134 91 1.144 0.046 0.746 0.897
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.767 0.037 134 91 1.008 0.048 0.694 0.841
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.699 0.040 134 91 1.013 0.057 0.619 0.779
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.611 0.045 134 91 1.067 0.073 0.522 0.700
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.453 0.050 132 84 1.123 0.110 0.353 0.553
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.327 0.051 132 84 1.222 0.156 0.225 0.430
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.134 0.016 1,120 721 1.521 0.116 0.103 0.165
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.045 0.010 1,120 721 1.561 0.216 0.025 0.064
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.101 0.014 829 488 1.317 0.137 0.073 0.129
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.226 0.022 829 488 1.489 0.096 0.183 0.270
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.131 0.014 829 488 1.158 0.104 0.104 0.158
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.010 0.004 1,518 998 1.411 0.355 0.003 0.018
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.845 0.028 380 234 1.496 0.033 0.789 0.901
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.007 0.002 1,518 998 1.100 0.331 0.002 0.012
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.794 0.015 1,432 951 1.421 0.019 0.763 0.824
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 3.110 0.177 4,290 2,843 1.231 0.057 2.756 3.463
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 15.512 4.361 1,454 951 1.277 0.281 6.789 24.234
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 10.332 2.979 1,445 945 1.051 0.288 4.374 16.291
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 25.844 4.688 1,454 951 1.070 0.181 16.468 35.220
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 5.979 2.061 1,430 933 0.968 0.345 1.857 10.102
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 31.669 4.772 1,455 952 0.975 0.151 22.126 41.212
Appendix B • 279
Table B.18 Sampling errors: Davao sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.572 0.073 1,266 1,203 5.187 0.127 0.426 0.718
No education 0.007 0.003 1,266 1,203 1.130 0.375 0.002 0.012
Secondary or higher education 0.807 0.016 1,266 1,203 1.422 0.020 0.775 0.839
Never married (never in union) 0.285 0.026 1,266 1,203 2.071 0.092 0.232 0.338
Currently married (in union) 0.684 0.026 1,266 1,203 1.994 0.038 0.631 0.736
Married before age 18 0.170 0.018 1,018 970 1.495 0.104 0.134 0.205
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.247 0.023 1,018 970 1.665 0.091 0.202 0.292
Currently pregnant 0.067 0.024 1,266 1,203 3.396 0.358 0.019 0.115
Know any contraceptive method 0.999 0.001 889 822 0.882 0.001 0.997 1.001
Know a modern method 0.999 0.001 889 822 0.882 0.001 0.997 1.001
Currently using any method 0.622 0.023 889 822 1.421 0.037 0.575 0.668
Currently using a modern method 0.489 0.021 889 822 1.239 0.042 0.448 0.531
Currently using a traditional method 0.132 0.022 889 822 1.947 0.168 0.088 0.177
Currently using IUD 0.059 0.013 889 822 1.627 0.218 0.033 0.085
Currently using pill 0.281 0.012 889 822 0.816 0.044 0.257 0.306
Currently using male condoms 0.019 0.006 889 822 1.324 0.323 0.007 0.031
Currently using injectables 0.042 0.009 889 822 1.354 0.217 0.024 0.060
Currently using implants 0.021 0.006 889 822 1.334 0.307 0.008 0.034
Currently using female sterilization 0.065 0.010 889 822 1.145 0.145 0.046 0.085
Currently using withdrawal 0.090 0.019 889 822 2.013 0.216 0.051 0.128
Currently using rhythm 0.043 0.009 889 822 1.357 0.216 0.024 0.061
Using public sector source 0.519 0.032 472 411 1.384 0.061 0.455 0.583
Want no more children 0.645 0.023 889 822 1.447 0.036 0.599 0.692
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.135 0.014 889 822 1.253 0.107 0.106 0.163
Unmet need for family planning 0.135 0.015 889 822 1.340 0.114 0.104 0.166
Ideal number of children 2.645 0.059 1,265 1,202 1.786 0.022 2.528 2.763
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.824 0.032 451 412 1.756 0.039 0.760 0.888
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.928 0.021 451 412 1.724 0.023 0.886 0.971
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.820 0.031 573 519 1.716 0.038 0.757 0.883
Delivery in a health facility 0.741 0.032 573 519 1.533 0.043 0.677 0.805
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.906 0.023 205 175 1.090 0.026 0.859 0.953
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.468 0.134 32 17 1.109 0.285 0.201 0.735
Ever had vaccination card 0.989 0.008 104 93 0.789 0.009 0.972 1.005
Vaccination card seen 0.724 0.058 104 93 1.284 0.080 0.609 0.840
Received BCG vaccination 0.988 0.007 104 93 0.679 0.007 0.973 1.003
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.868 0.037 104 93 1.072 0.042 0.795 0.941
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.938 0.024 104 93 0.976 0.025 0.890 0.985
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.953 0.023 104 93 1.085 0.024 0.907 0.999
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.938 0.024 104 93 0.976 0.025 0.890 0.985
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.963 0.015 104 93 0.785 0.016 0.933 0.993
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.923 0.031 104 93 1.148 0.033 0.862 0.985
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.870 0.038 104 93 1.120 0.043 0.794 0.946
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.780 0.050 104 93 1.205 0.064 0.680 0.881
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.506 0.088 116 94 1.756 0.174 0.329 0.682
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.406 0.093 116 94 1.878 0.228 0.221 0.591
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.231 0.024 974 864 1.785 0.104 0.183 0.279
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.068 0.012 974 864 1.486 0.177 0.044 0.092
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.140 0.020 786 617 1.591 0.141 0.100 0.179
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.275 0.023 786 617 1.460 0.085 0.229 0.322
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.171 0.021 786 617 1.567 0.123 0.129 0.213
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.004 0.002 1,266 1,203 1.019 0.426 0.001 0.008
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.818 0.038 274 265 1.610 0.046 0.742 0.893
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.004 0.002 1,266 1,203 0.936 0.399 0.001 0.008
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.846 0.023 1,185 1,163 2.196 0.027 0.800 0.892
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 2.660 0.189 3,567 3,407 1.286 0.071 2.281 3.039
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 12.592 4.192 1,221 1,107 1.170 0.333 4.208 20.977
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 4.411 3.196 1,218 1,100 1.611 0.725 0.000 10.804
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 17.004 4.942 1,221 1,107 1.213 0.291 7.120 26.887
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 7.455 3.797 1,239 1,125 1.492 0.509 0.000 15.049
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 24.332 5.808 1,223 1,108 1.227 0.239 12.715 35.948
280 • Appendix B
Table B.19 Sampling errors: SOCCSKSARGEN sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.298 0.051 1,140 1,038 3.777 0.173 0.195 0.400
No education 0.036 0.011 1,140 1,038 2.027 0.311 0.014 0.058
Secondary or higher education 0.785 0.032 1,140 1,038 2.655 0.041 0.720 0.850
Never married (never in union) 0.276 0.019 1,140 1,038 1.433 0.069 0.238 0.314
Currently married (in union) 0.693 0.020 1,140 1,038 1.491 0.029 0.652 0.734
Married before age 18 0.230 0.028 915 840 2.022 0.123 0.174 0.286
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.266 0.027 915 840 1.829 0.101 0.212 0.319
Currently pregnant 0.051 0.008 1,140 1,038 1.198 0.153 0.036 0.067
Know any contraceptive method 0.998 0.001 779 719 0.711 0.001 0.996 1.000
Know a modern method 0.998 0.001 779 719 0.711 0.001 0.996 1.000
Currently using any method 0.589 0.025 779 719 1.408 0.042 0.539 0.638
Currently using a modern method 0.508 0.026 779 719 1.444 0.051 0.456 0.560
Currently using a traditional method 0.080 0.014 779 719 1.439 0.175 0.052 0.109
Currently using IUD 0.040 0.010 779 719 1.398 0.245 0.021 0.060
Currently using pill 0.276 0.023 779 719 1.412 0.082 0.231 0.321
Currently using male condoms 0.014 0.004 779 719 1.034 0.311 0.005 0.023
Currently using injectables 0.084 0.014 779 719 1.401 0.166 0.056 0.112
Currently using implants 0.034 0.011 779 719 1.612 0.308 0.013 0.055
Currently using female sterilization 0.055 0.008 779 719 0.986 0.146 0.039 0.071
Currently using withdrawal 0.044 0.009 779 719 1.222 0.204 0.026 0.062
Currently using rhythm 0.034 0.008 779 719 1.247 0.239 0.018 0.050
Using public sector source 0.689 0.033 388 369 1.398 0.048 0.623 0.755
Want no more children 0.563 0.022 779 719 1.229 0.039 0.519 0.607
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.181 0.014 779 719 1.012 0.077 0.153 0.209
Unmet need for family planning 0.175 0.014 779 719 1.010 0.079 0.147 0.202
Ideal number of children 3.011 0.110 1,135 1,035 2.394 0.036 2.792 3.230
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.775 0.028 421 401 1.368 0.035 0.720 0.830
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.916 0.016 421 401 1.166 0.017 0.885 0.947
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.659 0.059 570 544 2.445 0.090 0.541 0.778
Delivery in a health facility 0.635 0.056 570 544 2.307 0.088 0.523 0.747
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.784 0.065 206 197 2.306 0.083 0.653 0.914
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.325 0.099 33 31 1.117 0.306 0.126 0.524
Ever had vaccination card 0.936 0.028 105 98 1.165 0.030 0.881 0.992
Vaccination card seen 0.576 0.065 105 98 1.345 0.114 0.445 0.707
Received BCG vaccination 0.689 0.061 105 98 1.349 0.089 0.567 0.812
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.542 0.059 105 98 1.201 0.109 0.424 0.660
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.529 0.060 105 98 1.224 0.114 0.408 0.649
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.546 0.059 105 98 1.209 0.109 0.428 0.665
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.529 0.060 105 98 1.224 0.114 0.408 0.649
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.586 0.065 105 98 1.345 0.111 0.456 0.717
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.595 0.065 105 98 1.348 0.109 0.465 0.725
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.482 0.059 105 98 1.196 0.122 0.364 0.600
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.421 0.061 105 98 1.251 0.145 0.299 0.544
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.383 0.064 105 107 1.390 0.166 0.256 0.511
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.210 0.045 105 107 1.193 0.214 0.120 0.301
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.178 0.022 849 743 1.672 0.124 0.134 0.221
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.071 0.010 849 743 1.147 0.143 0.051 0.091
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.128 0.015 669 543 1.155 0.117 0.098 0.158
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.300 0.024 669 543 1.344 0.079 0.252 0.348
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.177 0.015 669 543 1.040 0.087 0.146 0.208
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.012 0.004 1,140 1,038 1.274 0.350 0.003 0.020
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.930 0.019 263 231 1.182 0.020 0.893 0.967
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.009 0.003 1,140 1,038 1.244 0.391 0.002 0.016
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.756 0.022 976 889 1.578 0.029 0.713 0.800
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 3.392 0.266 3,176 2,909 1.649 0.078 2.860 3.924
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 18.805 4.665 1,114 1,035 0.980 0.248 9.474 28.136
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 9.940 4.662 1,115 1,033 1.203 0.469 0.617 19.264
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 28.746 6.846 1,115 1,036 1.133 0.238 15.053 42.438
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 19.479 7.768 1,114 1,033 1.497 0.399 3.942 35.016
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 47.665 12.482 1,116 1,038 1.443 0.262 22.701 72.629
Appendix B • 281
Table B.20 Sampling errors: Caraga sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.328 0.062 1,426 648 4.960 0.190 0.203 0.452
No education 0.005 0.002 1,426 648 1.221 0.457 0.000 0.010
Secondary or higher education 0.839 0.017 1,426 648 1.727 0.020 0.806 0.873
Never married (never in union) 0.314 0.016 1,426 648 1.261 0.049 0.283 0.345
Currently married (in union) 0.656 0.016 1,426 648 1.287 0.025 0.624 0.689
Married before age 18 0.183 0.014 1,120 512 1.203 0.076 0.155 0.211
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.239 0.016 1,120 512 1.242 0.066 0.207 0.270
Currently pregnant 0.050 0.008 1,426 648 1.306 0.150 0.035 0.066
Know any contraceptive method 1.000 0.000 929 425 na 0.000 1.000 1.000
Know a modern method 1.000 0.000 929 425 na 0.000 1.000 1.000
Currently using any method 0.548 0.016 929 425 0.950 0.028 0.517 0.579
Currently using a modern method 0.468 0.015 929 425 0.938 0.033 0.437 0.499
Currently using a traditional method 0.080 0.010 929 425 1.108 0.123 0.061 0.100
Currently using IUD 0.084 0.014 929 425 1.492 0.162 0.057 0.111
Currently using pill 0.251 0.021 929 425 1.467 0.083 0.209 0.293
Currently using male condoms 0.014 0.004 929 425 1.120 0.305 0.006 0.023
Currently using injectables 0.058 0.013 929 425 1.719 0.227 0.032 0.085
Currently using implants 0.004 0.002 929 425 0.990 0.531 0.000 0.008
Currently using female sterilization 0.052 0.009 929 425 1.238 0.174 0.034 0.070
Currently using withdrawal 0.044 0.007 929 425 1.042 0.160 0.030 0.058
Currently using rhythm 0.034 0.006 929 425 1.082 0.188 0.021 0.047
Using public sector source 0.646 0.032 430 203 1.385 0.049 0.582 0.710
Want no more children 0.620 0.021 929 425 1.288 0.033 0.579 0.661
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.168 0.017 929 425 1.354 0.099 0.134 0.201
Unmet need for family planning 0.178 0.014 929 425 1.127 0.080 0.149 0.206
Ideal number of children 2.982 0.045 1,424 647 1.221 0.015 2.891 3.073
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.720 0.024 511 242 1.238 0.034 0.671 0.768
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.950 0.017 511 242 1.833 0.018 0.916 0.985
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.796 0.036 669 318 2.036 0.046 0.724 0.869
Delivery in a health facility 0.772 0.038 669 318 2.034 0.049 0.697 0.847
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.734 0.036 231 107 1.251 0.049 0.661 0.806
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.459 0.063 48 25 0.947 0.138 0.332 0.586
Ever had vaccination card 0.978 0.015 125 60 1.171 0.015 0.948 1.008
Vaccination card seen 0.783 0.033 125 60 0.900 0.042 0.718 0.848
Received BCG vaccination 0.974 0.015 125 60 1.094 0.016 0.943 1.004
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.730 0.052 125 60 1.330 0.071 0.626 0.834
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.857 0.036 125 60 1.156 0.042 0.786 0.928
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.882 0.032 125 60 1.141 0.037 0.817 0.947
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.857 0.036 125 60 1.156 0.042 0.786 0.928
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.861 0.036 125 60 1.191 0.042 0.788 0.933
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.790 0.053 125 60 1.471 0.067 0.684 0.895
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.745 0.055 125 60 1.425 0.074 0.635 0.854
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.586 0.060 125 60 1.374 0.102 0.466 0.705
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.517 0.059 115 54 1.267 0.115 0.399 0.636
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.372 0.057 115 54 1.239 0.152 0.259 0.486
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.276 0.018 1,027 461 1.318 0.067 0.239 0.313
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.138 0.015 1,027 461 1.371 0.107 0.108 0.167
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.237 0.018 782 323 1.185 0.076 0.201 0.273
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.521 0.020 782 323 1.143 0.039 0.480 0.562
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.379 0.025 782 323 1.429 0.065 0.330 0.429
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.003 0.002 1,426 648 1.121 0.524 0.000 0.007
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.871 0.019 364 164 1.056 0.021 0.834 0.908
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.014 0.004 1,426 648 1.238 0.276 0.006 0.022
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.762 0.015 1,379 632 1.293 0.019 0.732 0.792
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 3.022 0.177 3,984 1,811 1.223 0.059 2.668 3.377
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 14.853 3.288 1,362 647 1.017 0.221 8.277 21.429
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 9.443 3.159 1,359 645 1.134 0.335 3.125 15.760
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 24.296 4.495 1,362 647 1.014 0.185 15.306 33.286
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 3.730 1.839 1,370 656 1.141 0.493 0.051 7.409
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 27.936 4.999 1,363 648 1.077 0.179 17.938 37.933
na = Not applicable
282 • Appendix B
Table B.21 Sampling errors: Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao sample, Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of cases Confidence limits
Standard Un- Design Relative
Value error weighted Weighted effect Error Lower Upper
Variable (R) (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) (R-2SE) (R+2SE)
Urban residence 0.095 0.069 1,759 780 9.581 0.724 0.000 0.233
No education 0.058 0.009 1,759 780 1.596 0.154 0.040 0.075
Secondary or higher education 0.609 0.031 1,759 780 2.639 0.051 0.547 0.670
Never married (never in union) 0.381 0.023 1,759 780 1.995 0.061 0.334 0.427
Currently married (in union) 0.581 0.022 1,759 780 1.886 0.038 0.537 0.626
Married before age 18 0.255 0.026 1,359 606 2.169 0.101 0.204 0.307
Had sexual intercourse before age 18 0.266 0.022 1,359 606 1.845 0.083 0.222 0.311
Currently pregnant 0.064 0.009 1,759 780 1.462 0.134 0.047 0.081
Know any contraceptive method 0.985 0.006 1,029 453 1.437 0.006 0.973 0.996
Know a modern method 0.981 0.007 1,029 453 1.567 0.007 0.968 0.994
Currently using any method 0.263 0.031 1,029 453 2.236 0.117 0.201 0.324
Currently using a modern method 0.187 0.029 1,029 453 2.353 0.153 0.130 0.244
Currently using a traditional method 0.076 0.012 1,029 453 1.425 0.156 0.052 0.099
Currently using IUD 0.012 0.004 1,029 453 1.146 0.329 0.004 0.019
Currently using pill 0.097 0.024 1,029 453 2.600 0.248 0.049 0.145
Currently using male condoms 0.002 0.001 1,029 453 0.926 0.729 0.000 0.004
Currently using injectables 0.056 0.008 1,029 453 1.159 0.149 0.039 0.073
Currently using implants 0.006 0.003 1,029 453 1.347 0.524 0.000 0.013
Currently using female sterilization 0.015 0.005 1,029 453 1.231 0.315 0.005 0.024
Currently using withdrawal 0.063 0.011 1,029 453 1.456 0.176 0.041 0.085
Currently using rhythm 0.005 0.003 1,029 453 1.244 0.527 0.000 0.011
Using public sector source 0.856 0.039 185 85 1.513 0.046 0.777 0.934
Want no more children 0.280 0.018 1,029 453 1.310 0.066 0.243 0.316
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.142 0.017 1,029 453 1.603 0.123 0.107 0.177
Unmet need for family planning 0.178 0.020 1,029 453 1.650 0.111 0.138 0.217
Ideal number of children 4.194 0.085 1,743 770 1.887 0.020 4.023 4.365
Mothers protected against tetanus for last birth 0.657 0.033 574 238 1.625 0.050 0.591 0.723
Mothers received antenatal care for last birth 0.686 0.031 574 238 1.549 0.045 0.624 0.747
Births with skilled attendant at delivery 0.336 0.040 867 361 2.062 0.120 0.255 0.416
Delivery in a health facility 0.284 0.039 867 361 2.114 0.136 0.207 0.362
Postnatal care for mothers within two days after birth 0.636 0.036 311 129 1.270 0.056 0.564 0.707
Sought treatment for diarrhea 0.727 0.153 21 9 1.336 0.210 0.422 1.033
Ever had vaccination card 0.658 0.050 156 68 1.322 0.076 0.558 0.759
Vaccination card seen 0.342 0.049 156 68 1.294 0.144 0.244 0.440
Received BCG vaccination 0.547 0.058 156 68 1.457 0.106 0.430 0.663
Received birth dose HepB vaccination 0.330 0.055 156 68 1.453 0.166 0.221 0.440
Received DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.289 0.060 156 68 1.660 0.208 0.169 0.410
Received HepB vaccination (3 doses) 0.329 0.060 156 68 1.589 0.182 0.210 0.449
Received Hib vaccination (3 doses) 0.289 0.060 156 68 1.660 0.208 0.169 0.410
Received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.333 0.052 156 68 1.392 0.158 0.228 0.438
Received measles/MMR 1 vaccination 0.336 0.056 156 68 1.476 0.166 0.225 0.448
Received all basic vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.180 0.044 156 68 1.424 0.243 0.093 0.268
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (12-23 months) 0.089 0.034 156 68 1.483 0.379 0.022 0.157
Received measles/MMR 2 vaccination 0.112 0.032 168 69 1.216 0.290 0.047 0.177
Received all age appropriate vaccinations (24-35 months) 0.091 0.032 168 69 1.288 0.348 0.028 0.155
Ever experienced any physical violence since age 15 0.049 0.009 1,202 569 1.411 0.180 0.031 0.066
Ever experienced any sexual violence 0.008 0.003 1,202 569 0.965 0.308 0.003 0.013
Ever experienced any physical/sexual violence by current or most
recent husband/partner 0.031 0.009 878 346 1.541 0.293 0.013 0.049
Ever experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence by any
husband/partner 0.067 0.011 878 346 1.264 0.159 0.046 0.089
Experienced any emotional/physical/sexual violence in the last 12
months by any husband/partner 0.040 0.007 878 346 1.070 0.176 0.026 0.055
Had 2+ sexual partners in past 12 months 0.001 0.001 1,759 780 1.108 0.718 0.000 0.003
Abstinence among never-married youth (never had sex) 0.993 0.006 528 235 1.584 0.006 0.981 1.004
Had an HIV test and received results in past 12 months 0.002 0.001 1,759 780 1.297 0.672 0.000 0.005
Percentage with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV 0.837 0.015 1,001 460 1.293 0.018 0.806 0.867
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 3.062 0.366 4,902 2,171 2.237 0.119 2.331 3.794
Neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 19.078 4.987 1,919 812 1.205 0.261 9.104 29.052
Post-neonatal mortality (last 0-9 years) 18.267 3.806 1,922 814 1.082 0.208 10.654 25.879
Infant mortality (last 0-9 years) 37.344 5.858 1,923 813 1.063 0.157 25.628 49.061
Child mortality (last 0-9 years) 18.829 3.933 1,936 828 1.175 0.209 10.963 26.696
Under-5 mortality (last 0-9 years) 55.471 7.460 1,925 813 1.147 0.134 40.550 70.391
Appendix B • 283
DATA QUALITY TABLES Appendix C
Table C.1 Household age distribution
Single-year age distribution of the de facto household population by sex (weighted), Philippines NDHS 2017
Women Men Women Men
Age Number Percent Number Percent Age Number Percent Number Percent
0 962 1.8 1,014 1.8 36 774 1.4 715 1.3
1 959 1.8 1,135 2.0 37 724 1.3 749 1.3
2 1,012 1.9 1,028 1.8 38 665 1.2 646 1.1
3 1,078 2.0 1,219 2.1 39 653 1.2 704 1.2
4 1,144 2.1 1,295 2.3 40 580 1.1 713 1.3
5 1,166 2.1 1,336 2.3 41 532 1.0 584 1.0
6 1,132 2.1 1,389 2.4 42 691 1.3 660 1.2
7 1,248 2.3 1,312 2.3 43 559 1.0 573 1.0
8 1,230 2.2 1,415 2.5 44 611 1.1 595 1.0
9 1,278 2.3 1,428 2.5 45 609 1.1 622 1.1
10 1,243 2.3 1,360 2.4 46 546 1.0 518 0.9
11 1,140 2.1 1,281 2.2 47 613 1.1 616 1.1
12 1,264 2.3 1,399 2.5 48 624 1.1 575 1.0
13 1,177 2.2 1,293 2.3 49 521 1.0 589 1.0
14 1,238 2.3 1,304 2.3 50 614 1.1 562 1.0
15 971 1.8 1,271 2.2 51 599 1.1 478 0.8
16 1,023 1.9 1,212 2.1 52 596 1.1 553 1.0
17 1,247 2.3 1,284 2.3 53 578 1.1 488 0.9
18 932 1.7 1,085 1.9 54 567 1.0 487 0.9
19 955 1.7 1,095 1.9 55 471 0.9 480 0.8
20 904 1.7 1,129 2.0 56 404 0.7 500 0.9
21 845 1.5 930 1.6 57 475 0.9 500 0.9
22 883 1.6 1,051 1.8 58 507 0.9 413 0.7
23 816 1.5 886 1.6 59 450 0.8 387 0.7
24 893 1.6 908 1.6 60 459 0.8 361 0.6
25 848 1.6 768 1.3 61 323 0.6 317 0.6
26 792 1.4 795 1.4 62 437 0.8 378 0.7
27 756 1.4 936 1.6 63 342 0.6 299 0.5
28 783 1.4 800 1.4 64 387 0.7 300 0.5
29 694 1.3 843 1.5 65 373 0.7 327 0.6
30 696 1.3 811 1.4 66 271 0.5 217 0.4
31 642 1.2 762 1.3 67 404 0.7 304 0.5
32 718 1.3 729 1.3 68 238 0.4 214 0.4
33 744 1.4 669 1.2 69 225 0.4 221 0.4
34 583 1.1 776 1.4 70+ 2,515 4.6 1,634 2.9
35 723 1.3 732 1.3 Don’t know 13 0.0 12 0.0
Total 54,673 100.0 56,970 100.0
Note: The de facto population includes all residents and nonresidents who stayed in the household the night before the interview.
Appendix C • 285
Table C.2 Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
De facto household population of women age 10-54, number and percent distribution of interviewed
women age 15-49, and percentage of eligible women who were interviewed (weighted), by 5-year age
groups, Philippines NDHS 2017
Household Percentage of
Interviewed women age 15-49
population of eligible women
Age group women age 10-54 Number Percentage interviewed
10-14 6,062 na na na
15-19 5,128 5,039 19.8 98.3
20-24 4,342 4,214 16.5 97.1
25-29 3,873 3,772 14.8 97.4
30-34 3,382 3,259 12.8 96.3
35-39 3,540 3,415 13.4 96.5
40-44 2,974 2,905 11.4 97.7
45-49 2,913 2,863 11.2 98.3
50-54 2,955 na na na
15-49 26,151 25,466 100.0 97.4
Note: The de facto population includes all residents and nonresidents who stayed in the household the
night before the interview. Weights for both household population of women and interviewed women
are household weights. Age is based on the Household Questionnaire.
na = Not applicable
Percentage of observations missing information for selected demographic and health questions (weighted),
Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage with Number of
Subject information missing cases
Birth date (Births in the 15 years preceding the survey)
Day only 0.10 29,847
Month only 0.25 29,847
Month and year 0.06 29,847
Age at death
Deceased children born in the 15 years preceding the survey 0.00 833
Age/date at first union1
Ever married women age 15-49 0.68 16,103
Respondent’s education
Women age 15-49 0.00 25,074
Diarrhea in last 2 weeks
Living children 0-59 months 0.61 9,670
1
Both year and age missing
286 • Appendix C
Table C.4 Births by calendar years
Number of births, percentage with complete birth date, sex ratio at birth, and calendar year ratio by calendar year, according to living, dead, and total children
(weighted), Philippines NDHS 2017
Percentage with year and month
Number of births of birth given Sex ratio at birth1 Calendar year ratio2
Calendar year Living Dead Total Living Dead Total Living Dead Total Living Dead Total
2017 1,199 23 1,222 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.0 36.9 106.0 na na na
2016 1,967 29 1,996 100.0 97.9 100.0 115.2 95.8 114.9 na na na
2015 1,853 44 1,897 99.9 97.9 99.8 106.5 248.3 108.5 95.7 100.0 95.8
2014 1,906 59 1,966 99.8 96.8 99.7 111.8 216.7 113.9 98.8 120.5 99.3
2013 2,006 54 2,061 99.7 96.3 99.6 108.1 89.9 107.5 100.8 87.9 100.4
2012 2,073 64 2,138 99.9 94.8 99.8 110.0 66.5 108.4 102.8 106.9 102.9
2011 2,026 66 2,093 99.8 93.5 99.6 119.9 255.9 122.6 96.3 94.3 96.2
2010 2,137 76 2,213 99.9 94.0 99.7 104.3 105.4 104.3 104.8 128.0 105.4
2009 2,053 53 2,105 99.6 94.8 99.4 119.0 300.6 121.5 96.9 71.6 96.0
2008 2,101 71 2,172 99.7 91.6 99.5 111.5 99.7 111.1 106.7 129.1 107.3
2013 - 2017 8,931 209 9,141 99.9 97.4 99.8 110.0 128.9 110.4 na na na
2008 - 2012 10,390 331 10,721 99.8 93.7 99.6 112.7 131.0 113.2 na na na
2003 - 2007 9,112 277 9,389 99.8 95.2 99.7 115.5 99.1 115.0 na na na
1998 - 2002 7,163 257 7,421 99.8 97.8 99.7 112.0 159.0 113.4 na na na
<1998 7,237 361 7,598 99.5 93.1 99.2 107.1 167.7 109.4 na na na
All 42,834 1,435 44,269 99.8 95.1 99.6 111.6 136.1 112.4 na na na
na = Not applicable
1
(Bm/Bf)x100, where Bm and Bf are the numbers of male and female births, respectively
2
[2Bx/(Bx-1+Bx+1)]x100, where Bx is the number of births in calendar year x
Distribution of reported deaths under age 1 month by age at death in days and
percentage of neonatal deaths reported to occur at age 0-6 days, for 5-year
periods of birth preceding the survey (weighted), Philippines NDHS 2017
Number of years preceding the survey Total
Age at death (days) 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 0-19
<1 69 64 43 31 208
1 20 25 22 14 81
2 8 5 13 5 30
3 7 11 12 9 39
4 2 9 0 4 14
5 4 3 6 2 15
6 1 5 4 3 11
7 3 10 7 12 32
8 2 1 0 3 6
9 3 1 0 1 5
10 3 1 1 1 5
11 0 2 0 0 2
12 0 0 2 0 2
13 0 1 0 0 2
14 4 2 1 2 9
15 1 3 0 1 4
16 1 0 0 0 1
17 0 1 0 0 1
18 3 1 0 3 6
20 0 0 2 1 2
21 2 1 3 0 6
22 2 0 2 0 3
23 0 2 0 0 2
24 1 0 0 0 1
25 0 0 0 0 0
26 1 0 0 1 2
27 0 0 0 0 1
30 1 0 0 0 1
Total 0-30 135 147 117 92 492
Percentage early neonatal1 81.5 82.1 84.4 74.0 81.0
1
≤0-6 days/≤0-30 days
Appendix C • 287
Table C.6 Reporting of age at death in months
a
Includes deaths <1 month reported in days
1
<1 month/<1 year
288 • Appendix C
PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE NATIONAL
DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY
(NDHS) 2017 Appendix D
PRETEST 1
Plenee Grace J. Castillo Ana Cadaro
Elpidio Maramot Mercedes Hoquis
Percival Salting Charlyndon Ligaya
Wilma Sulit Gianne Yvette Talan
Romelyn Anden Lirieza Calixtro
Gemelyn Macabiog Keziah Odtujan
FIELD OFFICES:
Estrella Vargas Clan Sherri Ferrando
Joel Pertez Junko Salundaguit
Marilyn Santiago Juliet Lumboan
Camille Carla Beltran Bernadette Montana
Dona Villanos Nikki Joy Belas
Divino Amor Rivera Ma. Flerida Tan
Adela Follante Vicente Sambilad
Jose Marie John Geronimo Gerasol Lourdes Mugot
Patricia Ramos Arsellita Daanoy
Jessie Lobo Adeline Batucan
Charity Bautista Marina Araneta
Joselyn Madrigallos Jurilyn Abraham
Donna Marie Mobe Helen Colango
Jeile Gandia Sarrapa Latip
Anna Bajamundi Abdulbasit Abdulsamad
Rovelyn Llamas Presa Villarina
Shirlyn Hortillosa Odelia Acero
Edwina Carriaga
Appendix D • 289
SECOND LEVEL TRAINING
ANS Wilma A. Guillen Randolph Valdez
Plenee Grace Castillo Wilma Sulit
Ma. Teresa Olivares Percival Salting
Jeremias Luis Lirieza Calixtro
Gemelyn Macabiog Gianne Yvette Talan
Elpidio Maramot Ana Cadaro
Filipinas Lim
DATA COLLECTION:
National Capital Region (NCR)
Regional Supervisor - Estrella Vargas
Regional IT Specialist - Joel Pertez
Team Supervisors
Amelia Basilio Marianita Tabuso
Carmelita Andres Mary Rose Asuncion
Emily Nazaire Perla Gabriel
Jacquiline Damasco
Field Interviewers
Catherine Janoras Maria Victoria Salazar
Cerlina Felipe Mary Grace Mendova
Elena Lucenara Mary Jane Dioneda
Elma Custodio Natalie Naungayan
Emma Estrada Regina Waquez
Farrahrose Anore Rosita Oliveros
Jennifer Septo Rowena Celi
Jomar Sanggalang Trinidad Montisor
Joyceree Ramos Venilda Dulva
Maria Juvy Tan Zenaida Dela Cruz
Team Supervisors
Bernadette Guledew Maria Edna Ballera
Jhay Sapdoy Melagrina Aranda
Joanna Lynne Castro Windelen Caballar
Field Interviewers
Apple Dawn Guzman Julie Ann Logyawe
Dickey Tompag Margielyn Icao
Drixie Marie Bides Maribel Agusto
Hazel Jean Tabbog Nympha Sipol
Jen-Lee Laasan Precy Bazar
Jennyrose Palattao Rachel Payangdo
Joyce Tangec Yangshi Mae Wangag
290 • Appendix D
Team Supervisors
Editha Jaramilla Marieta Piaoan
Gloria Pascua Urduja Santillan
Field Interviewers
Brendalyn Pomoy Jesusa Legazpi
Donna Grace Orbe Lorenza Elaydo
Gladys Ladino Romina Carasi
Hilda Nipal Sylvia De Guzman
Team Supervisors
Cristilu Geronimo Marison Lomboy
Ermelinda Hernandez Noemi Medina
Marilou Contillo
Field Interviewers
Adoracion Ricerra Joannah Cubangbang
Bless Marquez Joy Gacayon
Caselda Patricio Macilinda Faye Abigail Romero
Charina De Asis Nelliflor May Tiam
Charitesh Domingo Vivian Mariano
Team Supervisors
Bernadette Joy Ular Girlie De Guzman
Carmen Esposo Ma. Elena Camua
Cynthia Canlas Rosario De Leon
Elizabeth Lopez
Field Interviewers
Anna Marie S. Nicdao Maria Adoracion L. Angeles
Christine A. Marcelino Maria Teresa Cubon
Edna H. Paracha Marivelle A. Elane
Irene Buenafe Mary Ann Nuevo
Janette Magtoto Mispah Lazarte
Janice De Sales Olive Q. Quijano
Jemmalyn Paule Rheybhelyn P. Lambino
Jennifer Attiw Ria Nunez
Josephine Pelayo Sandy Opriasa
Team Supervisors
Annelyn Condino Liwayway Rebualos
Eflida Adel Mercy Liza Tibay
Erminda Sierra
Appendix D • 291
Field Interviewers
Anamor Asilar Haide Amalyn
Belinda Siscar Marilou Aguila
Cleofe Legson Marivic Fernando
Cristeta Faller Norlyn Cabrera
Danica Ceradoy Nova Fulgencio
Fe Fabilane
MIMAROPA Region
Regional Supervisor - Donna Marie Mobe
Regional IT Specialist - Jeile Gandia
Team Supervisors
Esperanza Hambali Myrna Magararu
Evelyn Apellido Purita Olivar
Fely Miñano
Field Interviewers
Carla Joy Sari Lynlee Miñon
Cherry Galpo Melanie Salvador
Chona Ilao Norie Anne Joy Torcuator
Ginacen Mantaring Nur-In Abud
Jennifer Narzoles Princess Tan
Lorna Alcantara Sharon Dacuan
Region V Bicol
Regional Supervisor & IT Specialist - Anna Bajamundi
Team Supervisors
Cecilia Castilla Maria Rizaly Agustin
Gemma Red Marivel Alarcon
Janice Espiritu Rosemarie Bea
Lea Toledo Salve Bangate
Field Interviewers
Analy Alcozar Melinda Castillo
Ermalyn Osum Merlyn Mantos
Grace Camacho Rafonzel Bolon
Kristine Joy Gacho Sonia Delos Santos
Lynne Molod Theresa Bonaobra
292 • Appendix D
Region VI Western Visayas
Regional Supervisor - Rovelyn Llamas
Regional IT Specialist - Shirlyn Hortillosa
Team Supervisors
Grace Clavines Mercedita Albecera
Lilia Vega Rodelyn Panadero
Mae Pilapil
Field Interviewers
April Villanueva Fatima Joy Sibal
Coleen Cordova Jasmin Gamilong
Crizalyn Pulgado Karen Belenario
Daphne Laguardia Lieni Mondejar
Elsa Salvacion Lovelyn Salvador
Emily Lavilla Vila Lebuna
Team Supervisors
Antonietta Gador Jocelyn Vera Cruz
Irna Asuero
Field Interviewers
Ashleigh Mae Dormis Mary Lisa Billones
Glenda Diadio Michelle Cañizares
Jessica Culi Ruby Aimee Licañel
Maria Windy Valiente
Team Supervisors
Colita Montoya Jinkee Minguito
Jill Bernadette Abing Marilyn Abayon
Field Interviewers
Geneveve F. Cabarse Mafe C. Alfaro
Hazel Almocera Marisol L. Etcuban
Hope M. Ympal Miraflor I. Ocmen
Imey D. Menchavez Nimfa Aray
Kaira Rosaniel B. Capundag Sisinia Mirontos
Appendix D • 293
Region VIII Eastern Visayas
Regional Supervisor - Bernadette Montana
Regional IT Specialist - Nikki Joy Belas
Team Supervisors
Faith Genovaña Ma. Zolita Panaligan
Kareen Lacar Mae Moreno
Ma. Nancy Coles Nora Ligan
Field Interviewers
Bernadette Plandez Jackie Lou Uy
Chen Mae Oquina Jane Caroline Grafil
Christy Belicario Janice Rosendal
Criselda Cicel Rosete Linda Fortuna
Desire Galot Nezil Esoy
Emily Bello Rosalyn Parone
Gina Saja Sheryl Bulac
Team Supervisors
Angelica Guirgio Evangeline Garcia
Roselia Sumalpong
Field Interviewers
Aprilyn Sarceno Maribel Caboverde
Bobette Sulamillo Marybelizabeth Treño
Joana Marie Enriquez Melogene Chiong
Juliet Ragamac Mercedita Gapo
Team Supervisors
Eva Tortusa Mildred Caballero
Imelda Manlubatan Rowena Linaban
Lovenia Lagang
Field Interviewers
Aiza Mae Flores Jessica Grace Mangco
Cora Rapirap Johanna Usman
Delosa Leigh Deloso Liza Subteniente
Dimple Tiguman May Badajos
Farhanie Maba Philsia Joy Bajado
Helen Legaspi Ruby Bollozos
Jelyter Siloveres Vevien Baculio
294 • Appendix D
Region XI Davao
Regional Supervisor - Adeline Batucan
Regional IT Specialist - Marina Araneta
Team Supervisors
Marivic Mensis Judith Perito
Celeste Mae Barrete Berlinda Sabuga-a
Fe Antipuesto
Field Interviewers
Cherry Ann Sumanlad Marilou Tanduyan
Judilyn Azucena Mary Grace Cuanan
Laura Mae Secretaria Mary Jean Shibuya
Lilibeth Layague Reynilda Gulay
Lovely Maunte Rosalie Suarez
Maria Cristina Pantastico Virginia Mangaron
Team Supervisors
Carla Mary Lou Fusilero Josephine Severino
Helen Colango Metchilyn Lilio
Field Interviewers
Alma Parillo Riza Solano
Arsolyn Magramo Romelyn Duhilag
Delia Damolo Rowena Novesteros
Emma Escobillo Saada Palanggalan
Mary Ann Dice Vilma Empredo
Team Supervisors
Darwisa Jakkang Melita Lagos
Hasmin Racman Surna Alano
Ma. Judema Angot
Field Interviewers
Bai Haredj Manalindo Nidzma Hamoy
Emily Akanul Nor-Ainie Papua
Generosa Nomen Nurhuda Ajaid
Jehana Muallamin Nurmina Wahid
Juvaira Hamja Puraida Pinciao
Marilyn Blo Saada Basmala
Appendix D • 295
Region XIII Caraga
Regional Supervisor - Presa Villarina
Regional IT Specialist - Odelia Arceo
Team Supervisors
Carolina Tambuli Ma. Dinia Trinquite
Charis Fernandez Susan Pantilo
Jennifer Estose
Field Interviewers
Aiza Mae Baquero Leslie Lagura
Charmaine Acevedo Lovely Jane Laurente
Coralina Duro Maria Chona Buenvenida
Dymel May Diez Necilgen Mamato
Ellen Valles Noraisa Dela Cruz Manoza
Fe Macalisang Sahara Dingding
CODING/RECODING WORKSHOP
CENTRAL OFFICE:
FIELD OFFICES:
296 • Appendix D
ICF
Appendix D • 297
QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E
Appendix E • 299
300 • Appendix E
AUTHORITY: Section 6 of RA 10625 authorizes the FORMATTING DATE: 23 JUNE 2017
Philippine Statistics Authority to conduct the survey 2017 NATIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC ENGLISH LANGUAGE: 16 June 2017
in order to collect information on fertility, family AND HEALTH SURVEY
planning, and health. PSA APPROVAL NO: PSA-1713
CONFIDENTIALITY: Section 26 of Republic Act HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE EXPIRES ON 31 APRIL 2018
10625 provides that all information obtained from
Respondent is held STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL .
REGION
PROVINCE
CITY/MUNICIPALITY
BARANGAY
EA ........................................................................
HUSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HSN ...................................................................................
ADDRESS
INTERVIEWER VISITS
1 2 3 FINAL VISIT
DATE DAY
MONTH
YEAR 2 0 1 7
INTERVIEWER'S
NAME INT. NO.
RESULT* RESULT*
0 1
LANGUAGE OF LANGUAGE OF LOCAL LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR USED
QUESTIONNAIRE** INTERVIEW** OF RESPONDENT** (YES = 1, NO = 2)
LANGUAGE OF
QUESTIONNAIRE** ENGLISH **LANGUAGE CODES:
01 ENGLISH
03 ILOCANO
04 BIKOL
06 HILIGAYNON
07 CEBUANO
02 TAGALOG 05 WARAY
Appendix E • 301
THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK
302 • Appendix E
INTRODUCTION AND CONSENT
Hello. My name is __________________________________. I am working with the Philippine Statistics Authority. We are
conducting a survey about health and other topics all over the Philippines. The information we collect will help the government
to plan health services. Your household was selected for the survey. I would like to ask you some questions about your
household. The questions usually take about 15 to 20 minutes. All of the answers you give will be confidential and will not be
shared with anyone other than members of our survey team. You don't have to be in the survey, but we hope you will agree to
answer the questions since your views are important. In case you need more information about the survey, you may contact the
Philippine Statistics Authority Officer in your province.
MINUTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix E • 303
HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE
LINE USUAL RESIDENTS RELATIONSHIP SEX RESIDENCE AGE BIRTH MARITAL ELIGIBILITY
NO. AND VISITORS TO HEAD OF REGISTRATION STATUS
HOUSEHOLD
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8A 8 9
Please give me the names of What is the Is Does Did How old was Does (NAME) What is (NAME)'s CIRCLE
the persons who usually live in relationship of (NAME) (NAME) (NAME) (NAME) on have a birth current marital LINE
your household and guests of (NAME) to the male or usually stay (his/her) last certificate? status? NUMBER
the household who stayed head of the female? live here last birthday? OF ALL
here last night, starting with household? here? night? IF NO, PROBE: WOMEN
the head of the household. Has (NAME)'s AGE
birth ever been 15-49
registered with the
civil registry?
1 = MARRIED
AFTER LISTING THE OR LIVING
NAMES AND RECORDING TOGETHER
THE RELATIONSHIP, SEX 2 = DIVORCED/
RESIDENCE AND AGE ANNULLED/
FOR EACH PERSON, ASK SEPARATED
QUESTIONS 7A-7C 3 = WIDOWED
TO BE SURE THAT THE 1 = HAS 4 = NEVER-
LISTING IS COMPLETE. CERTIFICATE MARRIED
IF 95 2 = REGISTERED AND
THEN ASK APPROPRIATE OR MORE, 3 = NEITHER NEVER
QUESTIONS IN COLUMNS SEE CODES RECORD 8 = DON'T LIVED
8-19 FOR EACH PERSON. BELOW. '95'. KNOW TOGETHER
M F Y N Y N IN YEARS
01 1 2 1 2 1 2 01
1 2 1 2 1 2
02 02
1 2 1 2 1 2
03 03
1 2 1 2 1 2
04 04
1 2 1 2 1 2
05 05
1 2 1 2 1 2
06 06
1 2 1 2 1 2
07 07
1 2 1 2 1 2
08 08
1 2 1 2 1 2
09 09
1 2 1 2 1 2
10 10
TICK HERE IF CONTINUATION SHEET USED CODES FOR Q. 3: RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD
7A) Just to make sure that I have a complete listing: are there any 01 = HEAD 07 = PARENT-IN-LAW
other people such as OFW, small children, or infants that we ADD TO 02 = WIFE OR HUSBAND 08 = BROTHER OR SISTER
have not listed? YES NO
TABLE 03 = SON OR DAUGHTER 09 = OTHER RELATIVE
7B) Are there any other people who may not be members of your 04 = SON-IN-LAW OR 10 = ADOPTED/FOSTER/
family, such as domestic servants, lodgers, or friends who ADD TO DAUGHTER-IN-LAW STEPCHILD
YES NO
usually live here? TABLE 05 = GRANDCHILD 11 = NOT RELATED
7C) Are there any guests or temporary visitors staying here, or 06 = PARENT 98 = DON'T KNOW
anyone else who stayed here last night, who have not been ADD TO
YES NO
listed? TABLE
304 • Appendix E
HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE
IF AGE 5 YEARS OR
IF AGE 5-24 YEARS
OLDER
9A 9B 16 17 18 19
SEE CODES
IN MARGIN.
RECORD
ALL SEE CODES SEE CODES
MENTIONED BELOW. BELOW.
Y N DK Y N GRADE Y N GRADE
01 1 2 8 1 2 1 2
1 2 8 1 2 1 2 OTHER INSURANCE
05 H = GSIS
GO TO 16 NEXT LINE NEXT LINE I = SSS
J= PRIVATE INSURANCE COMPANY/
1 2 8 1 2 1 2 HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION
06 PRE-NEED INSURANCE PLAN COMPANY
GO TO 16 NEXT LINE NEXT LINE
X = OTHER
1 2 8 1 2 1 2 SPECIFY:
07
GO TO 16 NEXT LINE NEXT LINE
1 2 8 1 2 1 2
08
GO TO 16 NEXT LINE NEXT LINE
1 2 8 1 2 1 2
09
GO TO 16 NEXT LINE NEXT LINE
1 2 8 1 2 1 2
10
GO TO 16 NEXT LINE NEXT LINE
CODES FOR Qs. 17 AND 19: EDUCATION (USE CODES 11-17 AND 21-24 FOR Q. 17 ONLY)
Appendix E • 305
SELECTION OF WOMAN FOR THE WOMEN'S SAFETY MODULE IF MORE THAN 1 ELIGIBLE RESPONDENT
LOOK AT THE LAST DIGIT OF THE HOUSEHOLD SERIAL NUMBER ON THE COVER PAGE. THIS IS THE ROW
NUMBER YOU SHOULD GO TO. CHECK THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE WOMEN (COLUMN 9) IN THE
HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE. THIS IS THE COLUMN NUMBER YOU SHOULD GO TO. FOLLOW THE SELECTED ROW
AND COLUMN TO THE CELL WHERE THEY MEET AND CIRCLE THE NUMBER IN THE CELL. THIS IS THE
NUMBER OF THE WOMAN SELECTED FOR THE WOMEN'S SAFETY QUESTIONS FROM THE LIST OF ELIGIBLE
WOMEN IN COLUMN 9 OF THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE. WRITE THE NAME AND LINE NUMBER OF THE
SELECTED WOMAN IN THE SPACE BELOW THE TABLE.
EXAMPLE: THE HOUSEHOLD SERIAL NUMBER IS ‘0116’ AND THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE COLUMN 9
SHOWS THAT THERE ARE THREE ELIGIBLE WOMEN AGE 15-49 IN THE HOUSEHOLD (LINE NUMBERS 02, 04,
AND 05). SINCE THE LAST DIGIT OF THE HOUSEHOLD SERIAL NUMBER IS '6' GO TO ROW '6' AND SINCE
THERE ARE THREE ELIGIBLE WOMEN IN THE HOUSEHOLD, GO TO COLUMN '3’. FOLLOW THE ROW AND
COLUMN AND FIND THE NUMBER IN THE CELL WHERE THEY MEET (‘2') AND CIRCLE THE NUMBER. NOW GO
TO THE HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE AND FIND THE SECOND WOMAN WHO IS ELIGIBLE FOR THE WOMAN'S
INTERVIEW (LINE NUMBER '04' IN THIS EXAMPLE). WRITE HER NAME AND LINE NUMBER IN THE SPACE
BELOW THE TABLE.
LAST DIGIT
OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE WOMEN AGE 15-49 IN HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE COLUMN 9
HOUSE-
HOLD
SERIAL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8+
NUMBER
0 1 2 2 4 3 6 5 4
1 1 1 3 1 4 1 6 5
2 1 2 1 2 5 2 7 6
3 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 7
4 1 2 3 4 2 4 2 8
5 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 1
6 1 2 2 2 4 6 4 2
7 1 1 3 3 5 1 5 3
8 1 2 1 4 1 2 6 4
9 1 1 2 1 2 3 7 5
306 • Appendix E
HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
101 What is the main source of drinking water for members PIPED WATER
of your household? PIPED INTO DWELLING ................ 11
PIPED TO YARD/PLOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 106
PIPED TO NEIGHBOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
PUBLIC TAP/STANDPIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
RAINWATER ............................ 51
TANKER TRUCK ......................... 61
CART WITH SMALL TANK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
SURFACE WATER (RIVER/DAM/
LAKE/POND/STREAM/CANAL/
IRRIGATION CHANNEL) ................ 81
BOTTLED WATER/REFILLING STATION . . . . . . . . 91
OTHER 96 103
(SPECIFY)
102 What is the main source of water used by your PIPED WATER
household for other purposes such as cooking and PIPED INTO DWELLING ................ 11
handwashing? PIPED TO YARD/PLOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 106
PIPED TO NEIGHBOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
PUBLIC TAP/STANDPIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
RAINWATER ............................ 51
TANKER TRUCK ......................... 61
CART WITH SMALL TANK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
SURFACE WATER (RIVER/DAM/
LAKE/POND/STREAM/CANAL/
IRRIGATION CHANNEL) ................ 81
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
104 How long does it take to go there, get water, and come
back? MINUTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YES NO
107
106 In the past two weeks, was the water from this source not YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
available for at least one full day? NO ..................................... 2
DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
Appendix E • 307
HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
108 What do you usually do to make the water safer to drink? BOIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
ADD BLEACH/CHLORINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
Anything else? STRAIN THROUGH A CLOTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
USE WATER FILTER (CERAMIC/
SAND/COMPOSITE/ETC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. SOLAR DISINFECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
LET IT STAND AND SETTLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW ............................ Z
109 What kind of toilet facility do members of your household FLUSH OR POUR FLUSH TOILET
usually use? FLUSH TO PIPED SEWER SYSTEM . . . . . . . . 11
FLUSH TO SEPTIC TANK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
FLUSH TO PIT LATRINE ................ 13
FLUSH TO SOMEWHERE ELSE . . . . . . . . . . . 14
IF NOT POSSIBLE TO DETERMINE, ASK FLUSH, DON'T KNOW WHERE ........... 15
PERMISSION TO OBSERVE THE FACILITY. PIT LATRINE
VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT LATRINE . . . . . 21
PIT LATRINE WITH SLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
PIT LATRINE WITHOUT SLAB/OPEN PIT .. 23
COMPOSTING TOILET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
BUCKET TOILET ......................... 41
HANGING TOILET/HANGING LATRINE . . . . . . . . 51
NO FACILITY/BUSH/FIELD ................ 61
113
PUBLIC TOILET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
109A CHECK 109: CODE '12', '13', '21', '22', '23', OR '31' CIRCLED?
YES NO
110
109B Has your (pit latrine/septic tank/composting toilet) ever YES ..................................... 1
been full? NO ..................................... 2 110
109C What was done to it when it was full? REMOVED BY A SERVICE PROVIDER TO
A TREATMENT PLANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01
REMOVED BY A SERVICE PROVIDER AND
BURIED IN A COVERED PIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02
REMOVED BY A SERVICE PROVIDER TO
DON'T KNOW WHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03
EMPTIED BY HOUSEHOLD AND BURIED
IN A COVERED PIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
EMPTIED BY HOUSEHOLD TO UNCOVERED
PIT, OPEN GROUND, WATER BODY
OR ELSEWHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
CLOSED/COVERED AND CONSTRUCTED A
A NEW LATRINE/SEPTIC TANK . . . . . . . . . . . 06
OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
DON'T KNOW ............................ 98
308 • Appendix E
HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
110 Do you share this toilet facility with other households? YES ..................................... 1
NO ..................................... 2 112
113 What type of fuel does your household mainly use for ELECTRICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01
cooking? LPG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02
NATURAL GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03
BIOGAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
KEROSENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
COAL, LIGNITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06
CHARCOAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
WOOD .................................. 08
STRAW/SHRUBS/GRASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09
AGRICULTURAL CROP ................... 10
ANIMAL DUNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
114 Is the cooking usually done in the house, in a separate IN THE HOUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
building, or outdoors? IN A SEPARATE BUILDING ................ 2
OUTDOORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
116
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
117 Does this household own any livestock, herds, other farm YES ..................................... 1
animals, or poultry? NO ..................................... 2 119
Appendix E • 309
HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
119 Does any member of this household own any agricultural YES ..................................... 1
land? NO ..................................... 2 121
a) Electricity? a) ELECTRICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
b) A radio? b) RADIO ................ 1 2
c) A television? c) TELEVISION .............. 1 2
d) A non-mobile telephone (landline)? d) NON-MOBILE TELEPHONE .. 1 2
e) A computer or laptop? e) COMPUTER/LAPTOP . . . . . . . . 1 2
f) A refrigerator? f) REFRIGERATOR ........... 1 2
g) A washing machine? g) WASHING MACHINE . . . . . . . . 1 2
h) An air conditioner? h) AIR CONDITIONER ........ 1 2
i) A DVD player? i) DVD PLAYER .............. 1 2
j) An audio component or karaoke machine? j) AUDIO COMPONENT/KARAOKE 1 2
k) Cable services? k) CABLE SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
a) A watch? a) WATCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
b) A mobile phone? b) MOBILE PHONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
c) A bicycle? c) BICYCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
d) A motorcycle, motor scooter, or tricycle? d) MOTORCYCLE/SCOOTER . . . . . 1 2
e) An animal-drawn cart/sledge? e) ANIMAL-DRAWN CART ..... 1 2
f) A car, truck, jeep, or van? f) CAR/TRUCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
g) A motorized boat or banca? g) BOAT WITH MOTOR ........ 1 2
h) A non-motorized boat or banca? h) BOAT WITHOUT MOTOR . . . . . 1 2
124 How often does anyone smoke inside your house? DAILY .................................. 1
Would you say daily, weekly, monthly, less often than WEEKLY ............................... 2
once a month, or never? MONTHLY ............................... 3
LESS OFTEN THAN ONCE A MONTH ........ 4
NEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
124A What is the tenure status of the housing unit and lot OWN HOUSE AND LOT OR OWNER-LIKE
occupied by your household? POSSESSION OF HOUSE AND LOT . . . . . . . . 1
OWN HOUSE, RENT LOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
OWN HOUSE, RENT-FREE LOT WITH CONSENT
OF OWNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
OWN HOUSE, RENT-FREE LOT WITHOUT
CONSENT OF OWNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
RENT HOUSE/ROOM INCLUDING LOT ..... 5
RENT FREE HOUSE AND LOT WITH CONSENT
OF OWNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
RENT FREE HOUSE AND LOT WITHOUT
CONSENT OF OWNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
NOT APPLICABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
310 • Appendix E
ADDITIONAL HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
139 We would like to learn about the places that households OBSERVED, FIXED PLACE ................ 1
use to wash their hands. Can you please show me OBSERVED, MOBILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
where members of your household most often wash their NOT OBSERVED,
hands? NOT IN DWELLING/YARD/PLOT . . . . . . . . . . 3
NOT OBSERVED, NO PERMISSION TO SEE .. 4 142
NOT OBSERVED, OTHER REASON . . . . . . . . . . 5
Appendix E • 311
SECTION 2. HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION
SICK/INJURED PERSONS IN LAST 30 DAYS
201 In the last 30 days, has any member of your household been sick or YES .................................. 1
injured? By injured, I mean cuts, burns, and injury that require NO .................................. 2 206
medical attention.
202 How many are sick/injured or got sick/injured at any time in the last NUMBER OF SICK/
30 days? INJURED PERSONS ...........
203 Now I would like to ask you some questions about each person who is sick/injured anytime in the last 30 days. Could you tell me the
name of each household member who is sick/injured or got sick/injured in the last 30 days?
ENTER IN 203A THE LINE NUMBER AND IN 203B THE NAME OF EACH PERSON WHO IS SICK OR INJURED. ENTER THE LINE
NUMBERS IN ASCENDING ORDER.
IF THE PERSON IS DECEASED OR NO LONGER IN THE HOUSEHOLD, ENTER '00' FOR LINE NUMBER.
IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 3 PERSONS, USE AN ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).
203A LINE NUMBER FROM SICK PERSON 1 SICK PERSON 2 SICK PERSON 3
COLUMN 1 IN HOUSEHOLD
SCHEDULE LINE LINE LINE
NUMBER . . . . . NUMBER . . . . . NUMBER . . . . .
204 What was (NAME)'s illness or COMMON NON- COMMON NON- COMMON NON-
injury? COMMUNICABLE DISEASES COMMUNICABLE DISEASES COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
DIABETES . . . . . . . . A DIABETES . . . . . . . . A DIABETES . . . . . . . . A
CANCER B CANCER . . . . . . . . . . B CANCER . . . . . . . . . . B
HYPERTENSION .. C HYPERTENSION .. C HYPERTENSION .. C
204B CHECK 204: CODE 'A' CODE 'A' CODE 'A' CODE 'A' CODE 'A' CODE 'A'
CODE A (DIABETES) CIRCLED? CIRCLED NOT CIRCLED NOT CIRCLED NOT
CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
312 • Appendix E
LINE NUMBER FROM SICK PERSON 1 SICK PERSON 2 SICK PERSON 3
COLUMN 1 IN HOUSEHOLD
SCHEDULE LINE LINE LINE
NUMBER . . . . . NUMBER . . . . . NUMBER . . . . .
204D CHECK 204: CODE 'B' CODE 'B' CODE 'B' CODE 'B' CODE 'B' CODE 'B'
CODE B (CANCER) CIRCLED? CIRCLED NOT CIRCLED NOT CIRCLED NOT
CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
204F CHECK 204: CODE 'C' CODE 'C' CODE 'C' CODE 'C' CODE 'C' CODE 'C'
CODE C (HYPERTENSION) CIRCLED NOT CIRCLED NOT CIRCLED NOT
CIRCLED? CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
204H CHECK 204: CODE 'D' CODE 'D' CODE 'D' CODE 'D' CODE 'D' CODE 'D'
CODE D (TUBERCULOSIS) CIRCLED NOT CIRCLED NOT CIRCLED NOT
CIRCLED? CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
204J CHECK 204: CODE 'E' CODE 'E' CODE 'E' CODE 'E' CODE 'E' CODE 'E'
CODE E (ACUTE CIRCLED NOT CIRCLED NOT CIRCLED NOT
RESPIRATORY INFECTION) CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
CIRCLED?
(SKIP TO 204L) (SKIP TO 204L) (SKIP TO 204L)
204L CHECK 204: CODE 'F' CODE 'F' CODE 'F' CODE 'F' CODE 'F' CODE 'F'
CODE F (ACUTE CIRCLED NOT CIRCLED NOT CIRCLED NOT
GASTROENTERITIS) CIRCLED CIRCLED CIRCLED
CIRCLED?
(SKIP TO 205) (SKIP TO 205) (SKIP TO 205)
Appendix E • 313
SECTION 2. HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION
PERSONS WHO VISITED A HEALTH FACILITY IN LAST 30 DAYS
206 In the last 30 days, has any member of your household visited a YES .................................. 1
health facility or health care provider for consultation/advice or NO .................................. 2 220
treatment anywhere?
207 How many of your household members visited a health facility for NUMBER OF PERSONS
consultation/advice or treatment anywhere in the last 30 days? WHO VISITED A
HEALTH FACILITY/OTHER
PLACE FOR TREATMENT . . . . . . . .
207A Could you tell me the name of each household member who visited a health facility or health care provider for consultation/advice or treatment
in the last 30 days?
ENTER THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME OF EACH PERSON WHO VISITED A HEALTH FACILITY IN 208A AND 208B. ENTER THE LINE
NUMBERS IN ASCENDING ORDER.
IF MORE THAN ONE VISIT, ASK ONLY ABOUT THE FIRST VISIT IN THE LAST 30 DAYS.
IF THE PERSON IS DECEASED OR NO LONGER IN THE HOUSEHOLD, ENTER '00' FOR LINE NUMBER.
IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 3 PERSONS, USE AN ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).
210 Where was the consultation, PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR
advice, or treatment first sought REGIONAL HOSP/ REGIONAL HOSP/ REGIONAL HOSP/
for (NAME)'s illness/injury/ PUBLIC MED CTR 21 PUBLIC MED CTR 21 PUBLIC MED CTR 21
check-up/laboratory? PROVINCIAL HOSP 22 PROVINCIAL HOSP 22 PROVINCIAL HOSP 22
DISTRICT HOSP . . . . . 23 DISTRICT HOSP . . . . . 23 DISTRICT HOSP . . . . . 23
IF "HOSPITAL," PROBE: MUNICIPAL HOSP . . 24 MUNICIPAL HOSP . . 24 MUNICIPAL HOSP . . 24
Regional Hospital, Provincial RHU/URBAN HEALTH RHU/URBAN HEALTH RHU/URBAN HEALTH
Hospital, District Hospital, CTR/LYING-IN . . 25 CTR/LYING-IN . . 25 CTR/LYING-IN . . 25
Municipal Hospital, Health BARANGAY HLTH ST 26 BARANGAY HLTH ST 26 BARANGAY HLTH ST 26
Center, or Private Hospital? MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . 27 MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . 27 MOBILE CLINIC . . . . . 27
OTHER PUBLIC . . . . . 28 OTHER PUBLIC . . . . . 28 OTHER PUBLIC . . . . . 28
211 Was (NAME) advised for YES ................ 1 YES ................ 1 YES ................ 1
hospitalization/confinement? NO ................ 2 NO ................ 2 NO ................ 2
314 • Appendix E
LINE NUMBER FROM OUT-PATIENT 1 OUT-PATIENT 2 OUT-PATIENT 3
COLUMN 1 IN HOUSEHOLD
SCHEDULE LINE LINE LINE
NUMBER . . . . . NUMBER . . . . . NUMBER . . . . .
212 Was (NAME) confined in the YES ................ 1 YES ................ 1 YES ................ 1
hospital/clinic? GO TO 215 GO TO 215 GO TO 215
NO ................ 2 NO ................ 2 NO ................ 2
213 What where the reasons why FACILITY IS FAR ..... A FACILITY IS FAR ..... A FACILITY IS FAR ..... A
(NAME) was not confined in NO MONEY . . . . . . . . . . . B NO MONEY . . . . . . . . . . . B NO MONEY . . . . . . . . . . . B
the hospital/clinic? WORRIED ABOUT WORRIED ABOUT WORRIED ABOUT
TREATMENT COST . . C TREATMENT COST . . C TREATMENT COST . . C
HOME REMEDY IS HOME REMEDY IS HOME REMEDY IS
AVAILABLE . . . . . . . . D AVAILABLE . . . . . . . . D AVAILABLE . . . . . . . . D
HEALTH FACILITY IS NOT HEALTH FACILITY IS NOT HEALTH FACILITY IS NOT
PHILHEALTH PHILHEALTH PHILHEALTH
ACCREDITED ..... E ACCREDITED ..... E ACCREDITED ..... E
NO NEED/REGULAR NO NEED/REGULAR NO NEED/REGULAR
CHECK UP ONLY . . F CHECK UP ONLY . . F CHECK UP ONLY . . F
OTHER X OTHER X OTHER X
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
216 How much in total was the cost COST (PHP) COST (PHP) COST (PHP)
of transportation in going to
(NAME OF SOURCE IN 210)
and back?
NO COST/FREE . . . . . 000000 NO COST/FREE . . . . . 000000 NO COST/FREE . . . . . 000000
IN KIND ONLY . . . . . 999995 IN KIND ONLY . . . . . 999995 IN KIND ONLY . . . . . 999995
DON'T KNOW . . . . . 999998 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 999998 DON'T KNOW . . . . . 999998
217 How much in total was spent a) COST (PHP) a) COST (PHP) a) COST (PHP)
for (NAME)'s consultation,
advice, or treatment at the
(NAME OF SOURCE IN 210)?
b) DONATIONS (PHP) b) DONATIONS (PHP) b) DONATIONS (PHP)
0 0 0 0 0 0
Appendix E • 315
SECTION 2. HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION
PERSONS CONFINED IN A HOSPITAL IN LAST 12 MONTHS
220 In the last 12 months, has any member of your household been YES ................................. 1
confined in a hospital or clinic? NO ................................. 2 301
221B Now, I would like to ask you some questions about each person who was confined in a hospital/clinic in the last 12 months. Could you tell
me the name of each household member who was/has been confined during the last 12 months?
ENTER THE LINE NUMBER AND NAME OF EACH PERSON WHO WAS CONFINED IN A HOSPITAL.
ENTER THE LINE NUMBERS IN ASCENDING ORDER IN 222A AND 222B.
IF THE PERSON IS DECEASED OR NO LONGER IN THE HOUSEHOLD, ENTER '00' FOR LINE NUMBER.
IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 3 PERSONS, USE AN ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).
223 Where was (NAME) (last) PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR
confined? REGIONAL HOSP/ REGIONAL HOSP/ REGIONAL HOSP/
PUBLIC MED CTR 21 PUBLIC MED CTR 21 PUBLIC MED CTR 21
PROVINCIAL HOSP. 22 PROVINCIAL HOSP. 22 PROVINCIAL HOSP. 22
DISTRICT HOSP . . . . . 23 DISTRICT HOSP . . . . . 23 DISTRICT HOSP . . . . . 23
MUNICIPAL HOSP. . . 24 MUNICIPAL HOSP. . . 24 MUNICIPAL HOSP. . . 24
IF CONFINED MORE THAN
ONCE, REPORT THE PVT. MEDICAL SECTOR PVT. MEDICAL SECTOR PVT. MEDICAL SECTOR
LAST ONE PRIVATE HOSPITAL 31 PRIVATE HOSPITAL 31 PRIVATE HOSPITAL 31
LYING-IN CLINIC/ LYING-IN CLINIC/ LYING-IN CLINIC/
BIRTHING HOME 32 BIRTHING HOME 32 BIRTHING HOME 32
PRIVATE CLINIC. . . . . 33 PRIVATE CLINIC. . . . . 33 PRIVATE CLINIC. . . . . 33
IF CONFINED MORE THAN STILL CONFINED . . . . . 994 STILL CONFINED . . . . . 994 STILL CONFINED . . . . . 994
ONCE, REPORT THE LAST ONE
228A Were medicines bought from YES ................ 1 YES ................ 1 YES ................ 1
any pharmacy, apart from the NO ................ 2 NO ................ 2 NO ................ 2
medicines paid for in the GO TO 228C GO TO 228C GO TO 228C
hospital where (NAME) was
confined?
228B How much was paid for the COST (PHP) COST (PHP) COST (PHP)
medicines?
316 • Appendix E
LINE NUMBER FROM IN-PATIENT 1 IN-PATIENT 2 IN-PATIENT 3
COLUMN 1 IN HOUSEHOLD
SCHEDULE LINE LINE LINE
NUMBER . . . . . NUMBER . . . . . NUMBER . . . . .
228C Were services paid for in any YES ................ 1 YES ................ 1 YES ................ 1
laboratory, apart from the NO ................ 2 NO ................ 2 NO ................ 2
services paid for in the hospital GO TO 228E GO TO 228E GO TO 228E
where (NAME) was confined?
228D How much was paid for the COST (PHP) COST (PHP) COST (PHP)
services?
228E CHECK 228A AND 228C: AT LEAST NOT A AT LEAST NOT A AT LEAST NOT A
ONE 'YES' SINGLE ONE 'YES' SINGLE ONE 'YES' SINGLE
YES' YES' YES'
(SKIP TO 231) (SKIP TO 231) (SKIP TO 231)
230A How much for the COST (PHP) COST (PHP) COST (PHP)
medicines/services combined
was paid for using:
231 How much was the total a) COST (PHP) a) COST (PHP) a) COST (PHP)
hospital bill for the (last)
confinement of (NAME)?
232 How much of the total hospital COST (PHP) COST (PHP) COST (PHP)
bill was paid for out of/by:
YES NO
235
Appendix E • 317
LINE NUMBER FROM IN-PATIENT 1 IN-PATIENT 2 IN-PATIENT 3
COLUMN 1 IN HOUSEHOLD
SCHEDULE LINE LINE LINE
NUMBER . . . . . NUMBER . . . . . NUMBER . . . . .
233 Why did (NAME) not avail NOT A PHILHEALTH NOT A PHILHEALTH NOT A PHILHEALTH
PhilHealth benefits? MEMBER . . . . . . . . . . A MEMBER . . . . . . . . . . A MEMBER . . . . . . . . . . A
PHILHEALTH MEMBER PHILHEALTH MEMBER PHILHEALTH MEMBER
Any other reasons? BUT NOT ELIGIBLE BUT NOT ELIGIBLE BUT NOT ELIGIBLE
FOR BENEFITS . . . . . B FOR BENEFITS . . . . . B FOR BENEFITS . . . . . B
PROBABLY USED PHIL- PROBABLY USED PHIL- PROBABLY USED PHIL-
HEALTH BUT CANNOT HEALTH BUT CANNOT HEALTH BUT CANNOT
REMEMBER AMOUNT REMEMBER AMOUNT REMEMBER AMOUNT
BECAUSE BENEFIT BECAUSE BENEFIT BECAUSE BENEFIT
WAS DEDUCTED WAS DEDUCTED WAS DEDUCTED
UPON DISCHARGE UPON DISCHARGE UPON DISCHARGE
FROM HOSPITAL . . C FROM HOSPITAL . . C FROM HOSPITAL . . C
TOO MANY REQUIRE- TOO MANY REQUIRE- TOO MANY REQUIRE-
MENTS TO COMPLY MENTS TO COMPLY MENTS TO COMPLY
WITH BEFORE CAN WITH BEFORE CAN WITH BEFORE CAN
AVAIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . D AVAIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . D AVAIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
LIMITED HOSPITAL- LIMITED HOSPITAL- LIMITED HOSPITAL-
IZATION BENEFITS . . E IZATION BENEFITS . . E IZATION BENEFITS . . E
CLAIMS PROCESSING CLAIMS PROCESSING CLAIMS PROCESSING
TOO LONG . . . . . . . F TOO LONG . . . . . . . F TOO LONG . . . . . . . F
OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . X OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . X OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . X
DON'T KNOW ....... Z DON'T KNOW ....... Z DON'T KNOW ....... Z
235 GO BACK TO 223 IN NEXT GO BACK TO 223 IN NEXT GO BACK TO 223 IN NEXT
COLUMN; OR, IF NO MORE COLUMN; OR, IF NO MORE COLUMN; OR, IF NO MORE
INPATIENTS, GO TO 301 INPATIENTS, GO TO 301 INPATIENTS, GO TO 301
318 • Appendix E
SECTION 3. KNOWLEDGE ON LOCAL HEALTH PROGRAMS
301 What health programs initiated by your local FREE MEDICAL CONSULTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
government unit (LGU) or barangay are you aware of? FREE MEDICINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
FREE LABORATORY/BLOOD TESTS ....... C
FREE IMMUNIZATION/VACCINES .......... D
FREE TEST SCREENING FOR DISEASES
(EXAMPLE CANCER, HIV, ETC) . . . . . . . . . . E
FREE MINOR SURGERIES
(EXAMPLE EYE CATARACT, CIRCUMCISION) F
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED. FREE DENTAL CHECK UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
DO NOT READ OUT RESPONSES. FREE DENTAL EXTRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
HEALTH AND WELLNESS PROGRAMS . . . . . . . J
MEDICAL ASSISTANCE ON HOSPITALIZATION/
LABORATORY TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . L
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW ........................... Z 303
302 Which of these health programs initiated by your local FREE MEDICAL CONSULTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
government unit (LGU) or barangay did you or any of FREE MEDICINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
your household members avail in the past 30 days? FREE LABORATORY/BLOOD TESTS ....... C
FREE IMMUNIZATION/VACCINES .......... D
FREE TEST SCREENING FOR DISEASES
(EXAMPLE CANCER, HIV, ETC) . . . . . . . . . . E
FREE MINOR SURGERIES
(EXAMPLE EYE CATARACT, CIRCUMCISION) F
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED. FREE DENTAL CHECK UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
DO NOT READ OUT RESPONSES. FREE DENTAL EXTRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
HEALTH AND WELLNESS PROGRAMS . . . . . . . J
MEDICAL ASSISTANCE ON HOSPITALIZATION/
LABORATORY TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . L
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
NONE ................................. Y
DON'T KNOW ........................... Z
303 In the past 30 days, did you avail/purchase any YES ................................. 1
medicines or vitamins for either you or your household NO ................................. 2 306
members?
304 In the past 30 days, where did you usually PUBLIC HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
avail/purchase the medicines and vitamins for you or PRIVATE HOSPITAL ..................... 12
your household members? DRUGSTORE ........................... 13
SARI-SARI STORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
SUPERMARKET/GROCERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED. BARANGAY HEALTH STATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
DO NOT READ OUT RESPONSES. RURAL HEALTH UNIT / URBAN HEALTH CENTER 17
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
Appendix E • 319
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP
305 Why did you usually avail/purchase the medicines and ACCESSIBLE LOCATION/NEAR TO
vitamins from (SOURCE IN 304)? HOUSE/WORKPLACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
HAS AFFORDABLE MEDICINES/VITAMINS . . . . . 12
HAS FRESH/NEW STOCKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
MEDICINES/VITAMINS ARE ALWAYS AVAILABLE 14
OFFERS FREE MEDICINES/VITAMINS . . . . . . . 15
OFFERS FREE MEDICAL CONSULTATIONS
/SERVICES (EXAMPLE BP MEASUREMENT,
BLOOD SUGAR TEST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
306 Have you ever heard of supplements and/or vitamin YES ................................. 1
products advertised in television, radio, or print with NO ................................. 2 401
reminder “Mahalagang Paalala: Ang (name of product)
ay hindi gamot at hindi dapat gamiting panggamot as
anumang uri ng sakit”?
307 Have you ever bought any supplements and/or vitamin YES ................................. 1
products advertised in television, radio or print with NO ................................. 2 401
reminder as “Mahalagang Paalala: Ang (name of
product) ay hindi gamot at hindi dapat gamiting
panggamot sa anumang uri ng sakit”?
308 Why did you buy supplements and vitamin products NEEDS SUPPLEMENTS/VITAMINS . . . . . . . . . . A
advertised in television, radio or print with reminder as AFFORDABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
“Mahalagang Paalala: Ang (name of product) ay hindi PRESCRIBED BY DOCTOR ................ C
gamot at hindi dapat gamiting panggamot sa anumang PREFERS ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS . . . . . . . D
uri ng sakit.”? PREFERS TRADITIONAL HERBAL/
NATURAL/ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES . . . . . E
RECOMMENDED BY FRIENDS,RELATIVES . . . . . F
320 • Appendix E
SECTION 4. NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
401 Now, I would like to ask about your knowledge and AVOID TOO MUCH FAT/FATTY FOOD . . . . . . . . . . A
opinions regarding some diseases and health practices. AVOID EXCESS INTAKE OF SALT
AND SALTY FOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
What do you do to keep yourself healthy? AVOID EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF/
DRINK MODERATELY
PROBE: Anything else?
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
AVOID SMOKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
BE PHYSICALLY ACTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
CHECK UP BY DOCTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
CONSUME MILK /MILK PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
EAT ADEQUATE/BALANCED DIET/
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED. ON TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
DO NOT READ OUT RESPONSES. EAT FISH, LEAN MEAT, POULTRY
AND SOYA BEANS ..................... I
EAT PLENTY OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES
AND ROOTCROPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
HAVE ENOUGH SLEEP ..................... K
MAINTAIN GOOD HYGIENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L
MAINTAIN HAPPY PERSONALITY ............. M
MONITOR BLOOD PRESSURE ................ N
TAKE VITAMINS/FOOD SUPPLEMENT . . . . . . . . . . O
DRINK PLENTY OF WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P
OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X
NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y
402 Have you ever heard of a disease called cancer? YES ...................................... 1
NO ...................................... 2 407
403 What kind of symptoms would make you suspect that a BLEEDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
person may have cancer? CHANGE OF BOWEL MOVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
HOARSENESS OF VOICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
IRREGULAR URINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
LUMP OR MASS IN ANY PART
OF THE BODY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
PERSISTENT PAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED. SORE (WOUND) THAT DOES
DO NOT READ OUT RESPONSES. NOT HEAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
SUDDEN WEIGHT LOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
WEAK/PALE .............................. I
FEVER ................................. J
HAIR LOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K
OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X
NONE ................................... Y
DON'T KNOW .............................. Z
404 Have you ever been screened/examined for cancer? YES ...................................... 1
NO ...................................... 2 407
Appendix E • 321
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP
407 Have you been told on more than one occasion that YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
your blood pressure is high? NO ...................................... 2
BLOOD PRESSURE WAS
NEVER TAKEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
409 Who is likely to have heart disease? THOSE WHO SMOKE HEAVILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
THOSE WHO ARE FAT (OBESE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
PROBE: Anyone else? THOSE WHO DRINK HEAVILY ................ C
THOSE WHO EAT HIGH FAT, HIGH
SALT DIET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
THOSE WHO ARE UNDER STRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
THOSE WHO DO NOT EXERCISE ............. F
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED. THOSE WHO HAVE ELEVATED
DO NOT READ OUT RESPONSES. BLOOD PRESSURE ..................... G
THOSE WITH FAMILY HISTORY
OF HEART DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H
THOSE WHO LACK SLEEP ................... I
OTHER ................................. X
DON'T KNOW .............................. Z
322 • Appendix E
SECTION 5. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
502 How does dengue spread from one person to another? BLOOD BORNE/BLOOD
TRANSFUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
PROBE: Anything else? CONTACT WITH DENGUE PATIENT . . . . . . . . . . B
DRINKING CONTAMINATED WATER . . . . . . . . . . C
DROPLETS/AIRBORNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
MOSQUITO BITE ........................ E
CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED. POLLUTED AIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
DO NOT READ OUT RESPONSES. OTHER .............................. X
DON'T KNOW ........................... Z
507 Did you seek consultation or treatment for the YES ................................. 1 509
symptoms? NO ................................. 2
508 Why didn’t you seek treatment for the symptoms? SYMPTOMS HARMLESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
COST ................................. B
DISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C
EMBARASSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
SELF MEDICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
Appendix E • 323
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP
509 Have you ever heard of an illness called tuberculosis or YES ................................. 1
TB? NO ................................. 2 515A
510 What signs and symptoms would make you think that COUGHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
someone might have tuberculosis? COUGHING WITH SPUTUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
COUGHING FOR SEVERAL WEEKS . . . . . . . . . . C
PROBE: Anything else? FEVER .............................. D
BLOOD IN SPUTUM ..................... E
LOSS OF APPETITE ..................... F
NIGHT SWEATING ..................... G
PAIN IN CHEST OR BACK ................ H
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. TIREDNESS / FATIGUE ................... I
WEIGHT LOSS ........................ J
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
DON’T KNOW ........................... Z
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
DON’T KNOW ........................... Z
512 How does TB spread from one person to another? THROUGH THE AIR WHEN
COUGHING OR SNEEZING ............. A
PROBE: Anything else? THROUGH SHARING UTENSILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
THROUGH TOUCHING A PERSON
WITH TB ........................... C
THROUGH SHARING FOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
THROUGH SEXUAL CONTACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. THROUGH MOSQUITO BITES ............. F
THROUGH SALIVA ..................... G
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW ........................... Z
514 Would you be willing to work with someone who has YES ................................. 1
been previously treated for tuberculosis? NO ................................... 2
DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS ....... 8
MINUTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
324 • Appendix E
INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS
SUPERVISOR'S OBSERVATIONS
Appendix E • 325
326 • Appendix E
AUTHORITY: Section 6 of RA 10625 authorizes FORMATTING DATE: 10 July 2017
the Philippine Statistics Authority to conduct the 2017 NATIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC ENGLISH LANGUAGE: 8 August 2017
survey in order to collect information on fertility, AND HEALTH SURVEY
family planning, and health. PSA APPROVAL NO: PSA-1713
CONFIDENTIALITY: Section 26 of Republic Act WOMAN'S QUESTIONNAIRE EXPIRES ON 31 APRIL 2018
10625 provides that all information obtained from
Respondent is held STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL .
REGION
PROVINCE
CITY/MUNICIPALITY
BARANGAY
EA ...........................................................................
ADDRESS
INTERVIEWER VISITS
1 2 3 FINAL VISIT
DATE DAY
MONTH
YEAR 2 0 1 7
INTERVIEWER'S
NAME INT. NO.
RESULT* RESULT*
0 1
LANGUAGE OF LANGUAGE OF LOCAL LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR USED
QUESTIONNAIRE** INTERVIEW** OF RESPONDENT** (YES = 1, NO = 2)
LANGUAGE OF
QUESTIONNAIRE** ENGLISH **LANGUAGE CODES:
01 ENGLISH
03 ILOCANO
04 BIKOL
06 HILIGAYNON
07 CEBUANO
02 TAGALOG 05 WARAY
NAME TS NUMBER
Appendix E • 327
INTRODUCTION AND CONSENT
Hello. My name is _______________________________________. I am working with the Philippine Statistics Authority. We are conducting a
survey about health and other topics all over the Philippines. The information we collect will help the government to plan health services. Your
household was selected for the survey. The questions usually take about 30 to 60 minutes. All of the answers you give will be confidential and
will not be shared with anyone other than members of our survey team. You don't have to be in the survey, but we hope you will agree to answer
the questions since your views are important. If I ask you any question you don't want to answer, just let me know and I will go on to the next
question or you can stop the interview at any time.
In case you need more information about the survey, you may contact the Philippine Statistics Authority Provincial Statistical Officer in your
province.
MINUTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102 How long have you been living continuously in (NAME LESS THAN 1 YEAR ..................... 00
OF CURRENT CITY, TOWN OR VILLAGE OF 12-23 MONTHS ........................ 01
RESIDENCE)?
103
2-49 YEARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ALWAYS/SINCE BIRTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
104A
IF 2-49 YEARS, ENTER NUMBER OF YEARS. VISITOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
103 Before you moved here, did you live in a city, in a town CITY ................................. 1
proper/poblacion, or in a barrio or rural area, or abroad? TOWN PROPER/POBLACION ............. 2
BARRIO/RURAL AREA ................... 3
ABROAD .............................. 4 104A
104 Before you moved here, which province did you live in?
REGION .....................
PROVINCE .....................
328 • Appendix E
SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
104A Since 2012, have you lived for more than 3 months in YES ................................... 1
another city, town proper/poblacion, barrio or rural area, NO ................................... 2 104C
or abroad?
104B Since 2012, where have you lived for more than 3 CITY ................................. A
months? TOWN PROPER/POBLACION ............. B
BARRIO/RURAL AREA ................... C
ABROAD .............................. D
RECORD ALL MENTIONED DON'T KNOW ........................... Z
104C At the time of your birth, did your mother usually live in a CITY ................................. 1
city, in a town proper/poblacion, in the barrio or rural TOWN PROPER/POBLACION ............. 2
area, or abroad? BARRIO/RURAL AREA ................... 3
ABROAD .............................. 4
DON'T KNOW ........................... 8
YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IF CODE 33 OR 67,
SPECIFY COURSE:
71 = SPED UNDERGRADUATE
72 = SPED GRADUATE
81 = MASTER'S DEG. UNDERGRAD
82 = MASTER'S DEG. GRADUATE
83 = DOCTORATE DEG. UNDERGRAD
84 = DOCTORATE DEG. GRADUATE
Appendix E • 329
SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
113 Do you read a newspaper or magazine at least once a AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
week, less than once a week or not at all? LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NOT AT ALL ........................... 3
114 Do you listen to the radio at least once a week, less than AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
once a week or not at all? LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NOT AT ALL ........................... 3
115 Do you watch television at least once a week, less than AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
once a week or not at all? LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NOT AT ALL ........................... 3
117 Do you use your mobile phone for any financial YES ................................... 1
transactions? NO ................................... 2
121 During the last one month, how often did you use the ALMOST EVERY DAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
internet: almost every day, at least once a week, less AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
than once a week, or not at all? LESS THAN ONCE A WEEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
NOT AT ALL ........................... 4
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
123 What is your ethnicity by blood? Are you Tagalog, Aeta, TAGALOG .............................. 01
Badjao, Waray or what? CEBUANO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02
ILOKANO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03
ILONGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
BIKOLANO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
KAPAMPANGAN ........................ 06
MARANAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
TAUSOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
330 • Appendix E
SECTION 2. REPRODUCTION
201A Now I would like to ask about all the pregnancies you have had during your life. By this I mean all the children born to
you, whether they were born alive or dead, whether they are still living or not, whether they live with you or somewhere
else, and pregnancies which you have had that did not result in a live birth. I understand that it is not easy to talk about all
the children who have died or pregnancies that ended before full term, but it is important that you tell us about all of them,
so that we can develop programs to improve children's health.
202 Do you have any sons or daughters to whom you have YES ..................................... 1
given birth who are now living with you? NO ..................................... 2 204
204 Do you have any sons or daughters to whom you have YES ..................................... 1
given birth who are alive but do not live with you? NO ..................................... 2 206
205 a) How many sons are alive but do not live with you?
a) SONS ELSEWHERE ...........
b) And how many daughters are alive but do not live
with you? b) DAUGHTERS ELSEWHERE .....
IF NONE, RECORD '00'.
206 Have you ever given birth to a boy or girl who was born
alive but later died?
YES ..................................... 1
IF NO, PROBE: Any baby who cried, who made any NO ..................................... 2 208A
movement, sound, or effort to breathe, or who showed
any other signs of life even if for a very short time?
208B In all, how many pregnancies have you had that did not PREGNANCY LOSSES (MISCARRIAGES,
end in live birth? ABORTIONS/STILLBIRTHS) .....
208 SUM ANSWERS TO 203, 205, 207, AND 208B, AND TOTAL PREGNANCIES
ENTER TOTAL. IF NONE, RECORD '00'. AND BIRTHS ..............
Just to make sure that I have this right: you have had in TOTAL _____ pregnancies or births during your life. That
includes:
TOTAL _____ children who are still living (CHECK 203 AND 205)
TOTAL _____ children who have died (CHECK 207) and
TOTAL _____ pregnancies that did not result in a live birth (CHECK 208B).
Is that correct?
YES NO
PROBE AND
CORRECT 201-208
AS NECESSARY.
Appendix E • 331
SECTION 2. REPRODUCTION
211 Now I would like to record all your pregnancies and births, whether born alive, born dead, or lost before full term. Let's start with the first one you had.
RECORD ALL PREGNANCIES. RECORD TWINS AND TRIPLETS ON SEPARATE LINES. IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 6 PREGNANCIES, USE AN
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE, STARTING WITH THE SECOND ROW.
211A 211B 211C 211D 211E 211F 211G 212 213 215 216
BORN ALIVE
P L Think Was the baby Did the How many CHECK 211C: CHECK 211D: What name Is (NAME) On what day, Is (NAME)
R I back to born alive, born baby cry, months did was given to a boy or a month, and year still alive?
E N the time of dead, or lost move, or the IF CODE '1', IF CODE '1', that baby? girl? was (NAME)
G E your (first/ before full term? breathe pregnancy GO TO 212 GO TO 212 born?
N next) when it last?
A N pregnancy was born? IF CODE '2', IF CODE '2',
N U .
GO TO 211G GO TO 220A
C M
Y B Was that
a single or IF CODE '3',
E GO TO 220A
multiple
H R
pregnancy
I
?
S
RECORD
T
RECORD IN NAME.
O COMP-
R LETED
Y MONTHS.
332 • Appendix E
211A 217 218 219 220 220A 220B 221
BORN ALIVE, NOW
BORN ALIVE AND STILL ALIVE BORN DEAD / LOST BEFORE BIRTH
DEAD
P L How old was Is (NAME) RECORD How old was (NAME) On what day, Did you or Were there
R I (NAME) at living with HOUSEHOL when (he/she) died? month, and year someone any other
E N (NAME)'s last you? D LINE did this else do pregnancies
G E birthday? NUMBER IF '12 MONTHS' OR '1 pregnancy end? something between the
N OF CHILD. YR', ASK: Did (NAME) to end this previous
A N have (his/her) first pregnancy pregnancy
N U RECORD birthday? ? and this
C M '00' IF pregnancy?
Y B CHILD NOT THEN ASK: Exactly
E LISTED IN how many months old
HOUSEHOL was (NAME) when
H R
D. (he/she) died?
I
S
T
RECORD AGE
O IN COMPLETED
R YEARS RECORD DAYS IF
Y
LESS THAN 1
MONTH; MONTHS IF
LESS THAN TWO
YEARS; OR YEARS.
01 AGE IN HOUSEHOLD
DAYS 1 MONTH
YEARS YES 1 LINE NUMBER YES 1
MONTHS 2 DAY
NO 2 NO 2
YEARS 3
NEXT
PREGNANCY (NEXT PREGNANCY) YEAR
NO 2
YEARS 3
(GO TO 221) (NEXT
(GO TO 221) YEAR PREGNANCY)
NO 2
YEARS 3
(GO TO 221) (NEXT
(GO TO 221) YEAR PREGNANCY)
NO 2
YEARS 3
(GO TO 221) (NEXT
(GO TO 221) YEAR PREGNANCY)
NO 2
YEARS 3
(GO TO 221) (NEXT
(GO TO 221) YEAR PREGNANCY)
NO 2
YEARS 3
(GO TO 221) (NEXT
(GO TO 221) YEAR PREGNANCY)
Appendix E • 333
SECTION 2. REPRODUCTION
222A Have you had any pregnancy since the last pregnancy YES ..................................... 1
mentioned? (RECORD PREGNANCY(S) IN TABLE)
EXCLUDE ANY CURRENT PREGNANCY NO ..................................... 2
CHECK:
FOR AGE AT DEATH '12 MONTHS' OR '1 YEAR,' PROBE FOR EXACT NUMBER OF MONTHS
NONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
228 When you got pregnant, did you want to get pregnant at YES ..................................... 1 239
that time? NO ..................................... 2
IN MENOPAUSE/
HAS HAD HYSTERECTOMY ........... 994
BEFORE LAST BIRTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
NEVER MENSTRUATED ................. 996 240
239A How old were you when you had your first menstrual
period? AGE ............................
334 • Appendix E
SECTION 2. REPRODUCTION
240 From one menstrual period to the next, are there certain YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
days when a woman is more likely to become pregnant? NO ..................................... 2
242
DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
241 Is this time just before her period begins, during her JUST BEFORE HER PERIOD BEGINS ........ 1
period, right after her period has ended, or halfway DURING HER PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
between two periods? RIGHT AFTER HER PERIOD HAS ENDED . . . . . 3
HALFWAY BETWEEN TWO PERIODS ........ 4
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
242 After the birth of a child, can a woman become pregnant YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
before her menstrual period has returned? NO ..................................... 2
DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
Appendix E • 335
SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION
301 Now I would like to talk about family planning - the various ways or methods that a couple can use to delay or avoid a pregnancy.
Have you ever heard of (METHOD)?
12 Mucus/Billings/Ovulation.
PROBE: Women can monitor their cervical mucus to determine the YES ................................. 1
days of the month they are most likely to get pregnant. NO ................................. 2
336 • Appendix E
SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION
18 Have you heard of any other ways or methods that women or men can YES, MODERN METHOD
use to avoid pregnancy?
A
(SPECIFY)
B
(SPECIFY)
NO ................................. Y
Appendix E • 337
SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION
303 Are you or your partner currently doing something or YES ..................................... 1
using any method to delay or avoid getting pregnant? NO ..................................... 2 314
305A How many pill cycles did you get the last time? NUMBER OF PILL
CYCLES ......................
308C
IF 95 OR MORE, RECORD '95'. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
306A How many condoms did you (your husband/partner) get NUMBER OF
the last time? CONDOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
308C
IF 95 OR MORE, RECORD '95'. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
338 • Appendix E
SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION
307 In what facility did the sterilization take place? PUBLIC SECTOR
GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
RURAL HEALTH CENTER (RHC)/
URBAN HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE. OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR
26
(SPECIFY)
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
YEAR ..............
FREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00000
IF MORE THAN 99994 PHP, RECORD 99994. DONE WITH CAESAREAN
SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99995
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99998
FREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000
IF MORE THAN 995 PHP, RECORD 995. DON'T KNOW ......................... 998
309 Since what month and year have you been using
(CURRENT METHOD) without stopping? MONTH .........................
315
PROBE: For how long have you been using (CURRENT YEAR ..............
METHOD) now without stopping?
Appendix E • 339
SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION
314 Have you ever used anything or tried in any way to delay YES ..................................... 1
326
or avoid getting pregnant? NO ..................................... 2
316 You first started using (CURRENT METHOD) in (DATE PUBLIC SECTOR
FROM 309). Where did you get it at that time? GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
RURAL HEALTH CENTER (RHC)/
URBAN HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
BARANGAY HEALTH STATION ........... 13
BARANGAY SUPPLY/SERVICE
POINT OFFICER/BHW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE. OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR
OTHER SOURCE
PUERICULTURE CENTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
SHOP/STORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CHURCH ............................ 33
FRIEND/RELATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
340 • Appendix E
SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION
318 At that time, were you told about side effects or YES ..................................... 1 321
problems you might have with the method? NO ..................................... 2 320
319 When you got sterilized, were you told about side effects YES ..................................... 1 321
or problems you might have with the method? NO ..................................... 2
320 Were you ever told by a health or family planning worker YES ..................................... 1
about side effects or problems you might have with the NO ..................................... 2 322
method?
321 Were you told what to do if you experienced side effects YES ..................................... 1
or problems? NO ..................................... 2
ANY OTHER
'YES'
323 Were you ever told by a health care worker or family YES ..................................... 1
planning worker about other methods of family planning NO ..................................... 2
that you could use?
Appendix E • 341
SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION
325 Where did you obtain (CURRENT METHOD) the last PUBLIC SECTOR
time? GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL .............. 11
RURAL HEALTH CENTER (RHC)/
URBAN HEALTH CENTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
BARANGAY HEALTH STATION ........... 13
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SOURCE. BARANGAY SUPPLY/SERVICE
POINT OFFICER/BHW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR
SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE.
16
(SPECIFY)
OTHER SOURCE
PUERICULTURE CENTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
SHOP/STORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CHURCH ............................ 33
FRIEND/RELATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
326 Do you know of a place where you can obtain a method YES ..................................... 1
of family planning? NO ..................................... 2
327 In the last 12 months, were you visited by a health care YES ..................................... 1
provider/worker? NO ..................................... 2 329
328 Did the health care provider/worker talk to you about YES ..................................... 1
family planning? NO ..................................... 2
330 Did any staff member at the health facility speak to you YES ..................................... 1
about family planning methods? NO ..................................... 2
342 • Appendix E
SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE
402 CHECK 215. RECORD THE PREGNANCY HISTORY NUMBER IN 403 AND THE NAME AND SURVIVAL STATUS IN 404 FOR
EACH LIVE BIRTH IN 2012-2017. ASK THE QUESTIONS ABOUT ALL OF THESE BIRTHS. BEGIN WITH THE LAST BIRTH.
IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 2 BIRTHS, USE LAST COLUMN OF ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).
Now I would like to ask some questions about your children born in the last five years. (We will talk about each separately.)
405 When you got pregnant with (NAME), did YES ...................... 1 YES ...................... 1
you want to get pregnant at that time? (SKIP TO 408) (SKIP TO 427)
NO ...................... 2 NO ...................... 2
ONLY MORE
ONE THAN ONE
BIRTH BIRTH
a) Did you want to b) Did you want to
have a baby have a baby LATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
later on, or did later on, or did NO MORE/NONE .......... 2 NO MORE/NONE .......... 2
you not want you not want (SKIP TO 407A) (SKIP TO 427)
any children? any more
children?
408 Did you see anyone for prenatal care for YES ...................... 1
this pregnancy? NO ...................... 2
(SKIP TO 413C)
Appendix E • 343
SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE
K
(SPECIFY)
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
(SKIP TO 413)
344 • Appendix E
SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE
(SKIP TO 420)
ONLY MORE
ONE THAN ONE
a) How many years b) How many years
ago did you ago did you
receive that receive the last YEARS AGO .....
tetanus tetanus injection
injection? prior to this
pregnancy?
Appendix E • 345
SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE
NO ...................... 2
(SKIP TO 422)
SHOW TABLETS. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
428 How much did (NAME) weigh? KG FROM CARD KG FROM CARD
1 . 1 .
RECORD WEIGHT IN KILOGRAMS KG FROM RECALL KG FROM RECALL
FROM HEALTH CARD, IF AVAILABLE.
2 . 2 .
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . 99998 DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . 99998
429 Who assisted with the delivery of HEALTH PERSONNEL HEALTH PERSONNEL
(NAME)? DOCTOR ............. A DOCTOR ............. A
NURSE ............. B NURSE ............. B
Anyone else? MIDWIFE ............. C MIDWIFE ............. C
OTHER PERSON OTHER PERSON
PROBE FOR THE TYPE(S) OF TRADITIONAL BIRTH TRADITIONAL BIRTH
PERSON(S) AND RECORD ALL ATTENDANT/HILOT . . . . . D ATTENDANT/HILOT . . . . . D
MENTIONED. BARANGAY HEALTH BARANGAY HEALTH
WORKER .......... E WORKER .......... E
RELATIVE/FRIEND . . . . . . . F RELATIVE/FRIEND . . . . . . . F
IF RESPONDENT SAYS NO ONE OTHER OTHER
ASSISTED, PROBE TO DETERMINE X X
WHETHER ANY ADULTS WERE (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
PRESENT AT THE DELIVERY. NO ONE ASSISTED ....... Y NO ONE ASSISTED ....... Y
346 • Appendix E
SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE
429A How much did you pay in total for the COST IN PHP
delivery of (NAME)?
1 ..........
26 26
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
36 36
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
OTHER 96 OTHER 96
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
(SKIP TO 434) (SKIP TO 434)
DAYS ....... 2
IF LESS THAN ONE DAY,
RECORD HOURS; WEEKS ....... 3
IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK,
RECORD DAYS. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
433 When was the decision made to have the BEFORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 BEFORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
caesarean section? Was it before or after AFTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 AFTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
your labor pains started?
Appendix E • 347
SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE
434 Immediately after the birth, was (NAME) YES ...................... 1 YES ...................... 1
put on your chest? NO ...................... 2 NO ...................... 2
(SKIP TO 434B) (SKIP TO 459)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
(SKIP TO 448B)
DAYS . . . . . . . . . . 2
IF LESS THAN ONE DAY,
RECORD HOURS; WEEKS ....... 3
IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK,
RECORD DAYS. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
348 • Appendix E
SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE
DAYS . . . . . . . . . . 2
IF LESS THAN ONE DAY,
RECORD HOURS; WEEKS ....... 3
IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK,
RECORD DAYS. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
DAYS . . . . . . . . . . 2
IF LESS THAN ONE DAY,
RECORD HOURS; WEEKS ....... 3
IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK,
RECORD DAYS. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
Appendix E • 349
SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE
26
(SPECIFY)
36
(SPECIFY)
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
350 • Appendix E
SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE
(NAME OF PLACE) 26
(SPECIFY)
36
(SPECIFY)
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
(SKIP TO 457)
448B Why didn't you deliver in the health COST TOO MUCH . . . . . . . . . . A
facility? FACILITY NOT OPEN . . . . . . . B
TOO FAR/NO TRANSPORT . . C
Any other reason? DON'T TRUST FACILITY/
POOR QUALITY SERVICE . . D
NO FEMALE PROVIDER
RECORD ALL MENTIONED AT FACILITY .......... E
HUSBAND/FAMILY DID NOT
ALLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
NOT NECESSARY . . . . . . . . . . G
NOT CUSTOMARY . . . . . . . . . . H
OTHER
X
(SPECIFY)
DAYS . . . . . . . . . . 2
IF LESS THAN ONE DAY,
RECORD HOURS; WEEKS ....... 3
IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK,
RECORD DAYS. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
Appendix E • 351
SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
(NAME OF PLACE) 26
(SPECIFY)
36
(SPECIFY)
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
352 • Appendix E
SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE
454 How many hours, days or weeks after the HOURS AFTER
birth of (NAME) did the first check take BIRTH ..... 1
place? DAYS AFTER
BIRTH ..... 2
IF LESS THAN ONE DAY, WEEKS AFTER
RECORD HOURS; BIRTH ..... 3
IF LESS THAN ONE WEEK,
RECORD DAYS. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
26
(SPECIFY)
36
(SPECIFY)
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
Appendix E • 353
SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE
YES NO DK
459 Did your period return between the birth YES ...................... 1
of (NAME) and your next pregnancy? NO ...................... 2
(SKIP TO 463)
464 Did you ever breastfeed (NAME)? YES ...................... 1 YES ...................... 1
(SKIP TO 466)
NO ...................... 2 NO ...................... 2
467 In the first three days after delivery, was YES ...................... 1
(NAME) given anything to drink other NO ...................... 2
than breast milk? (SKIP TO 467B)
354 • Appendix E
SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL CARE
Appendix E • 355
SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAST BIRTH)
501A CHECK 215 IN THE PREGNANCY HISTORY: ANY LIVE BIRTHS IN 2014-2017?
502A RECORD THE NAME AND PREGNANCY HISTORY NUMBER FROM 211A OF THE LAST CHILD BORN IN 2014-
2017.
PREGNANCY
NAME OF LAST BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER ..........
LIVING DEAD
501B
504A Do you have a card or other document where (NAME)'s YES, HAS ONLY A CARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 507A
vaccinations are written down? YES, HAS ONLY AN OTHER DOCUMENT ..... 2
YES, HAS CARD AND OTHER DOCUMENT .. 3 507A
NO, NO CARD AND NO OTHER DOCUMENT .. 4
505A Did you ever have a vaccination card for (NAME)? YES .................................... 1
NO .................................... 2
507A May I see the card or other document where (NAME)'s YES, ONLY CARD SEEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
vaccinations are written down? YES, ONLY OTHER DOCUMENT SEEN ..... 2
YES, CARD AND OTHER DOCUMENT SEEN .. 3
NO CARD AND NO OTHER DOCUMENT SEEN 4 511A
507AB CHECK CARD OR OTHER DOCUMENT CARD FROM DOH/PUBLIC SOURCE ....... 1
CARD FROM PRIVATE SOURCE .......... 2
CARDS FROM PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SOURCES 3
507AC The last time (NAME) received a vaccination, was it from PUBLIC FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
a public facility or a private facility? PRIVATE FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW ........................... 8
356 • Appendix E
SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAST BIRTH)
BCG
HEPATITIS B AT BIRTH
PENTAVALENT 1/DPT-HEPB-HIB 1
PENTAVALENT 2/DPT-HEPB-HIB 2
PENTAVALENT 3/DPT-HEPB-HIB 3
509A CHECK 508A: 'BCG' TO 'MEASLES, MUMPS, RUBELLA 2' ALL RECORDED?
NO YES
526A
Appendix E • 357
SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAST BIRTH)
BCG
HEPATITIS B AT BIRTH
DPT 1
DPT 2
DPT 3
HEPATITIS B (HEPB) 1
HEPATITIS B (HEPB) 2
HEPATITIS B (HEPB) 3
510AD CHECK 510AA: 'BCG' TO ''MEASLES, MUMPS, RUBELLA 2' ALL RECORDED?
NO YES
526A
358 • Appendix E
SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAST BIRTH)
511AB The last time (NAME) received a vaccination, was it from PUBLIC FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
a public facility or a private facility? PRIVATE FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW ........................... 8
514A Has (NAME) ever received oral polio vaccine, that is, YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
about two drops in the mouth to prevent polio? NO .................................... 2
516AA
DON'T KNOW ........................... 8
516A How many times did (NAME) receive the oral polio
vaccine? NUMBER OF TIMES ...................
516AE Did (NAME) receive the last dose of Pentavalent PUBLIC FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
vaccine from a public or private facility? PRIVATE FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW ........................... 8
Appendix E • 359
SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAST BIRTH)
360 • Appendix E
SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH)
501B CHECK 215 IN THE PREGNANCY HISTORY: ANY MORE LIVE BIRTHS IN 2014-2017?
502B RECORD THE NAME AND PREGNANCY HISTORY NUMBER FROM 211A OF THE NEXT-TO-LAST CHILD BORN IN
2014-2017.
LIVING DEAD
526B
504B Do you have a card or other document where (NAME)'s YES, HAS ONLY A CARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 507B
vaccinations are written down? YES, HAS ONLY AN OTHER DOCUMENT ..... 2
YES, HAS CARD AND OTHER DOCUMENT . . . . . 3 507B
NO, NO CARD AND NO OTHER DOCUMENT .. 4
505B Did you ever have a vaccination card for (NAME)? YES .................................... 1
NO .................................... 2
507B May I see the card or other document where (NAME)'s YES, ONLY CARD SEEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
vaccinations are written down? YES, ONLY OTHER DOCUMENT SEEN . . . . . . . 2
YES, CARD AND OTHER DOCUMENT SEEN .. 3
NO CARD AND NO OTHER DOCUMENT SEEN . . 4 511B
507BB CHECK CARD OR OTHER DOCUMENT CARD FROM DOH/PUBLIC SOURCE ....... 1
CARD FROM PRIVATE SOURCE .......... 2
CARDS FROM PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SOURCES 3
507BC The last time (NAME) received a vaccination, was it PUBLIC FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
from a public facility or a private facility? PRIVATE FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW ........................... 8
Appendix E • 361
SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH)
NAME OF NEXT-TO-
LAST BIRTH PREGNANCY HISTORY NUMBER . . . . .
BCG
HEPATITIS B AT BIRTH
PENTAVALENT 1/DPT-HEPB-HIB 1
PENTAVALENT 2/DPT-HEPB-HIB 2
PENTAVALENT 3/DPT-HEPB-HIB 3
509B CHECK 508B: 'BCG' TO ''MEASLES, MUMPS, RUBELLA 2' ALL RECORDED?
NO YES
526B
362 • Appendix E
SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH)
NAME OF NEXT-TO-
LAST BIRTH PREGNANCY HISTORY NUMBER . . . . .
BCG
HEPATITIS B AT BIRTH
DPT 1
DPT 2
DPT 3
HEPATITIS B (HEPB) 1
HEPATITIS B (HEPB) 2
HEPATITIS B (HEPB) 3
510AD CHECK 510BA: 'BCG' TO 'MEASLES, MUMPS, RUBELLA 2' ALL RECORDED?
NO YES
526B
Appendix E • 363
SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH)
NAME OF NEXT-TO-
LAST BIRTH PREGNANCY HISTORY NUMBER . . . . .
511BB The last time (NAME) received a vaccination, was it from PUBLIC FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
a public facility or a private facility? PRIVATE FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW ........................... 8
514B Has (NAME) ever received oral polio vaccine, that is, YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
about two drops in the mouth to prevent polio? NO .................................... 2
516BA
DON'T KNOW ........................... 8
516B How many times did (NAME) receive the oral polio
vaccine? NUMBER OF TIMES ...................
516BE Did (NAME) receive the last dose of Pentavalent PUBLIC FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
vaccine from a public or private facility? PRIVATE FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
DON'T KNOW ........................... 8
364 • Appendix E
SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH)
NAME OF NEXT-TO-
LAST BIRTH PREGNANCY HISTORY NUMBER . . . . .
(GO TO 502B IN AN
ADDITIONAL
QUESTIONNAIRE)
Appendix E • 365
SECTION 6. CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION
602 CHECK 215: RECORD THE BIRTH HISTORY NUMBER IN 603 AND THE NAME AND SURVIVAL STATUS IN 604 FOR EACH
LIVE BIRTH IN 2012-2017. ASK THE QUESTIONS ABOUT ALL OF THESE BIRTHS. BEGIN WITH THE LAST BIRTH.
IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 2 BIRTHS, USE LAST COLUMN OF ADDITIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE(S).
Now I would like to ask some questions about your children born in the last five years. (We will talk about each separately.)
607 Was (NAME) given any drug for intestinal YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
worms in the last six months? NO ..................... 2 NO ..................... 2
DON'T KNOW ............. 8 DON'T KNOW ............. 8
608 Has (NAME) had diarrhea in the last 2 YES ..................... 1 YES ..................... 1
weeks? NO ..................... 2 NO ..................... 2
(SKIP TO 618) (SKIP TO 618)
DON'T KNOW ............. 8 DON'T KNOW ............. 8
366 • Appendix E
SECTION 6. CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION
610 When (NAME) had diarrhea, was (NAME) MUCH LESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 MUCH LESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
given less than usual to eat, about the SOMEWHAT LESS . . . . . . . . . . 2 SOMEWHAT LESS . . . . . . . . . . 2
same amount, more than usual, or ABOUT THE SAME . . . . . . . . . . 3 ABOUT THE SAME . . . . . . . . . . 3
nothing to eat? MORE ................... 4 MORE ................... 4
STOPPED FOOD .......... 5 STOPPED FOOD .......... 5
IF LESS, PROBE: Was (NAME) given NEVER GAVE FOOD . . . . . . . 6 NEVER GAVE FOOD . . . . . . . 6
much less than usual to eat or somewhat DON'T KNOW ............. 8 DON'T KNOW ............. 8
less?
611 Did you seek advice or treatment for the YES ..................... 1 YES ..................... 1
diarrhea from any source? NO ..................... 2 NO ..................... 2
(SKIP TO 615) (SKIP TO 615)
Appendix E • 367
SECTION 6. CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION
612 Where did you seek advice or treatment? PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR
GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . A GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . A
Anywhere else? RURAL HEALTH UNIT (RHU)/ RURAL HEALTH UNIT (RHU)/
URBAN HEALTH CENTER URBAN HEALTH CENTER
(UHC) ............. B (UHC) ............. B
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF BARANGAY HEALTH BARANGAY HEALTH
SOURCE. STATION (BHS) . . . . . . . C STATION (BHS) . . . . . . . C
BARANGAY SUPPLY BARANGAY SUPPLY
SERVICE POINT SERVICE POINT
OFFICER (BHW) . . . . . . . D OFFICER (BHW) . . . . . . . D
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR
OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE
NAME OF THE PLACE(S). E E
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
L L
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
OTHER X OTHER X
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
368 • Appendix E
SECTION 6. CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION
OTHER X OTHER X
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
618 Has (NAME) been ill with a fever at any YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
time in the last 2 weeks? NO ..................... 2 NO ..................... 2
DON'T KNOW ............. 8 DON'T KNOW ............. 8
Appendix E • 369
SECTION 6. CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION
621 Has (NAME) had fast, short, rapid YES ..................... 1 YES ..................... 1
breaths or difficulty breathing at any time NO ..................... 2 NO ..................... 2
in the last 2 weeks? (SKIP TO 623) (SKIP TO 623)
DON'T KNOW ............. 8 DON'T KNOW ............. 8
622 Was the fast or difficult breathing due to a CHEST ONLY ............. 1 CHEST ONLY ............. 1
problem in the chest or to a blocked or NOSE ONLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 NOSE ONLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
runny nose? BOTH ................... 3 BOTH ................... 3
OTHER 6 OTHER 6
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW ............. 8 DON'T KNOW ............. 8
(SKIP TO 623A) (SKIP TO 623A)
623A Now I would like to know how much MUCH LESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 MUCH LESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(NAME) was given to drink (including SOMEWHAT LESS . . . . . . . . . . 2 SOMEWHAT LESS . . . . . . . . . . 2
breastmilk) during the illness with a ABOUT THE SAME . . . . . . . . . . 3 ABOUT THE SAME . . . . . . . . . . 3
(fever/cough). Was (NAME) given less MORE ................... 4 MORE ................... 4
than usual to drink, about the same NOTHING TO DRINK . . . . . . . 5 NOTHING TO DRINK . . . . . . . 5
amount, more than usual or nothing to DON'T KNOW ............. 8 DON'T KNOW ............. 8
drink?
623B When (NAME) had a (fever/cough), was MUCH LESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 MUCH LESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(NAME) given less than usual to eat, SOMEWHAT LESS . . . . . . . . . . 2 SOMEWHAT LESS . . . . . . . . . . 2
about the same amount, more than usual ABOUT THE SAME . . . . . . . . . . 3 ABOUT THE SAME . . . . . . . . . . 3
or nothing to eat? MORE ................... 4 MORE ................... 4
STOPPED FOOD .......... 5 STOPPED FOOD .......... 5
IF LESS, PROBE: Was (NAME) given NEVER GAVE FOOD . . . . . . . 6 NEVER GAVE FOOD . . . . . . . 6
much less than usual to eat or somewhat DON'T KNOW ............. 8 DON'T KNOW ............. 8
less?
624 Did you seek advice or treatment for the YES ..................... 1 YES ..................... 1
illness from any source? NO ..................... 2 NO ..................... 2
(SKIP TO 629) (SKIP TO 629)
370 • Appendix E
SECTION 6. CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION
625 Where did you seek advice or treatment? PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR
GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . A GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . A
Anywhere else? RURAL HEALTH UNIT (RHU)/ RURAL HEALTH UNIT (RHU)/
URBAN HEALTH CENTER URBAN HEALTH CENTER
(UHC) ............. B (UHC) ............. B
PROBE TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF BARANGAY HEALTH BARANGAY HEALTH
SOURCE. STATION (BHS) . . . . . . . C STATION (BHS) . . . . . . . C
BARANGAY SUPPLY BARANGAY SUPPLY
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC SERVICE POINT SERVICE POINT
OR PRIVATE SECTOR, WRITE THE OFFICER (BHW) . . . . . . . D OFFICER (BHW) . . . . . . . D
NAME OF THE PLACE(S). OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR
E E
(NAME OF PLACE(S)) (SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
L L
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
OTHER X OTHER X
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
Appendix E • 371
SECTION 6. CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION
629 At any time during the illness, did (NAME) YES ..................... 1 YES ..................... 1
take any drugs for the illness? NO ..................... 2 NO ..................... 2
(SKIP TO 646) (SKIP TO 646)
DON'T KNOW ............. 8 DON'T KNOW ............. 8
630 What drugs did (NAME) take? ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
ARTEMISININ ARTEMISININ
Any other drugs? COMBINATION COMBINATION
THERAPY (ACT) ..... A THERAPY (ACT) ..... A
SP/FANSIDAR . . . . . . . . . . B SP/FANSIDAR . . . . . . . . . . B
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. CHLOROQUINE . . . . . . . . . . C CHLOROQUINE . . . . . . . . . . C
AMODIAQUINE . . . . . . . . . . D AMODIAQUINE . . . . . . . . . . D
QUININE QUININE
PILLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E PILLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
INJECTION/IV . . . . . . . F INJECTION/IV . . . . . . . F
ARTESUNATE ARTESUNATE
RECTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . G RECTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
INJECTION/IV . . . . . . . H INJECTION/IV . . . . . . . H
I I
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
OTHER X OTHER X
(SPECIFY) (SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW ............. Z DON'T KNOW ............. Z
372 • Appendix E
SECTION 6. CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITION
649 CHECK 215 AND 218, ALL ROWS: NUMBER OF CHILDREN BORN IN 2015-2017 LIVING WITH THE
RESPONDENT
652 Did (NAME FROM 649) eat any solid, semi-solid, or soft YES ..................................... 1
foods yesterday during the day or at night? NO ..................................... 2 654
653 How many times did (NAME FROM 649) eat solid, semi-
solid, or soft foods yesterday during the day or at night? NUMBER OF TIMES ...................
654 The last time (NAME FROM 649) passed stools, what CHILD USED TOILET OR LATRINE . . . . . . . . . . . 01
was done to dispose of the stools? PUT/RINSED
INTO TOILET OR LATRINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02
PUT/RINSED
INTO DRAIN OR DITCH ................. 03
THROWN INTO GARBAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
BURIED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
LEFT IN THE OPEN ...................... 06
THROWN INTO RIVER/SEA ................. 07
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
Appendix E • 373
SECTION 7. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY
701 Are you currently married or living together with a man YES, CURRENTLY MARRIED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
704
as if married? YES, LIVING WITH A MAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NO, NOT IN UNION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
702 Have you ever been married or lived together with a YES, FORMERLY MARRIED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
man as if married? YES, LIVED WITH A MAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NO .................................... 3 712
703 What is your marital status now: are you widowed, WIDOWED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
divorced, or separated? DIVORCED/ANNULLED ................... 2 709
SEPARATED ............................ 3
704 Is your (husband/partner) living with you now or is he LIVING WITH HER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
staying elsewhere? STAYING ELSEWHERE ................... 2
HUSBAND/PARTNER HUSBAND/PARTNER
705C
LIVING WITH HER STAYING ELSEWHERE
705C In the last 24 months, how many months in total did you LESS THAN ONE MONTH ................ 00 709
and your (husband/partner) live separately?
705D In the last 24 months, were you and your YES .................................... 1
husband/partner ever living separately because one of NO .................................... 2
you lived overseas?
709 Have you been married or lived with a man only once or ONLY ONCE ............................ 1
more than once? MORE THAN ONCE ...................... 2
MARRIED/
MARRIED/ LIVED WITH A
LIVED WITH A MAN MAN MORE MONTH .........................
ONLY ONCE THAN ONCE
a) In what month and year b) Now I would like to ask DON'T KNOW MONTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
did you start living with about your first
your (husband/partner)? (husband/partner). In
what month and year 711A
YEAR .............
did you start living with
him?
711 How old were you when you first started living with him?
AGE ............................
374 • Appendix E
SECTION 7. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY
MARRIED MARRIED
ONLY ONCE MORE MONTH .........................
THAN ONCE
a) In what month and year b) In what month and year DON'T KNOW MONTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
did you marry your did you marry your first
husband? husband?
YEAR .............
712 CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF OTHERS. BEFORE CONTINUING, MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO ENSURE PRIVACY.
714 I would like to ask you about your recent sexual activity.
When was the last time you had sexual intercourse? DAYS AGO ............. 1
Appendix E • 375
SECTION 7. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY
716 The last time you had sexual intercourse with this person, YES ................................... 1
was a condom used? NO ................................... 2 718
717 Was a condom used every time you had sexual YES ................................... 1
intercourse with this person in the last 12 months? NO ................................... 2
718 What was your relationship to this person with whom you HUSBAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
had sexual intercourse? LIVE-IN PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
BOYFRIEND NOT LIVING WITH RESPONDENT 3
IF BOYFRIEND: Were you living together as if married? CASUAL ACQUAINTANCE ................ 4
CLIENT/SEX WORKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
IF YES, RECORD '2'. OTHER 6
IF NO, RECORD '3'. (SPECIFY)
719 How long ago did you first have sexual intercourse with
this person? DAYS AGO ................ 1
720 How many times during the last 12 months did you have
sexual intercourse with this person?
NUMBER OF
IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN TIMES .....................
ESTIMATE. IF NUMBER OF TIMES IS 95 OR MORE,
RECORD '95'.
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
722 Apart from this person, have you had sexual intercourse YES ................................... 1
with any other person in the last 12 months? NO ................................... 2 724
723 In total, with how many different people have you had
sexual intercourse in the last 12 months? NUMBER OF PARTNERS LAST
12 MONTHS ...................
IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN
ESTIMATE. IF NUMBER OF PARTNERS IS 95 OR
MORE, RECORD '95'. DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
376 • Appendix E
SECTION 7. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY
727 In total, with how many different people have you had
sexual intercourse in your lifetime? NUMBER OF PARTNERS
IN LIFETIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IF NON-NUMERIC ANSWER, PROBE TO GET AN
ESTIMATE. IF NUMBER OF PARTNERS IS 95 OR DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
MORE, RECORD '95'.
NO,
731
YES, CONDOM
CONDOM USED NOT USED NOT
ASKED 731
730 You told me that a condom was used the last time you PUBLIC SECTOR
had sex. From where did you or your partner obtain the GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
condom the last time? RURAL/URBAN HEALTH CENTER ........ 12
BARANGAY HEALTH STATION ........... 13
BARANGAY SUPPLY SERVICE POINT
PROBE TO IDENTIFY TYPE OF SOURCE. OFFICER/BHW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR
IF UNABLE TO DETERMINE IF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE 16
SECTOR, WRITE THE NAME OF THE PLACE. (SPECIFY)
OTHER SOURCE
PUERICULTURE CENTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
SHOP/STORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CHURCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
FRIEND/RELATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Appendix E • 377
SECTION 8. FERTILITY PREFERENCES
NEITHER HE OR SHE
813
STERILIZED STERILIZED
803 Now I have some questions about the future. After the HAVE ANOTHER CHILD ................... 1 805
child you are expecting now, would you like to have NO MORE ............................... 2
812
another child, or would you prefer not to have any more UNDECIDED/DON'T KNOW ................. 8
children?
804 Now I have some questions about the future. Would you HAVE (A/ANOTHER) CHILD ................. 1
like to have (a/another) child, or would you prefer not to NO MORE/NONE ......................... 2 807
have any (more) children? SAYS SHE CAN'T GET PREGNANT . . . . . . . . . . . 3 813
UNDECIDED/DON'T KNOW ................. 8 811
a) How long would you like b) After the birth of the SOON/NOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993 811
to wait from now before child you are expecting SAYS SHE CAN'T GET PREGNANT . . . . . . . . . . . 994 813
the birth of (a/another) now, how long would AFTER MARRIAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
child? you like to wait before
the birth of another OTHER 996 811
child? (SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
NOT CURRENTLY
CURRENTLY USING 813
USING
YEARS
811
DAYS, WEEKS OR AGO
MONTHS AGO NOT
ASKED 811
378 • Appendix E
SECTION 8. FERTILITY PREFERENCES
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE
KNOWS NO METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M
RECORD ALL REASONS MENTIONED. KNOWS NO SOURCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N
METHOD-RELATED REASONS
SIDE EFFECTS/HEALTH
CONCERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O
LACK OF ACCESS/TOO FAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P
COSTS TOO MUCH ................... Q
PREFERRED METHOD
NOT AVAILABLE ................... R
NO METHOD AVAILABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
INCONVENIENT TO USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T
INTERFERES WITH BODY'S
NORMAL PROCESSES .............. U
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW ............................ Z
812A Which contraceptive method would you prefer to use? FEMALE STERILIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01
MALE STERILIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02
IUD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03
INJECTABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
IMPLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
PATCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06
PILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
CONDOM ............................... 08
FEMALE CONDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09
EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 813
MUCUS/BILLINGS/OVULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE .............. 12
SYMPTOTHERMAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
STANDARD DAYS METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD . . . . . . . . 15
CALENDAR/RHYTHM METHOD ........... 16
WITHDRAWAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
OTHER MODERN METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
OTHER TRADITIONAL METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Appendix E • 379
SECTION 8. FERTILITY PREFERENCES
812B What is the main reason you think you will not use a NOT MARRIED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
contraceptive method at any time in the future?
FERTILITY-RELATED REASONS
NOT HAVING SEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
INFREQUENT SEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
MENOPAUSAL/HYSTERECTOMY ........ 23
CAN'T GET PREGNANT ................. 24
NOT MENSTRUATED SINCE
LAST BIRTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
BREASTFEEDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
UP TO GOD/FATALISTIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
WANTS AS MANY CHILDREN AS
POSSIBLE/ WANTS TO HAVE
CHILDREN ...................... 28
OPPOSITION TO USE
RESPONDENT OPPOSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
HUSBAND/PARTNER OPPOSED . . . . . . . . . . . 32
OTHERS OPPOSED ................... 33
RELIGIOUS PROHIBITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
813
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE
KNOWS NO METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
KNOWS NO SOURCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
METHOD-RELATED REASONS
SIDE EFFECTS/HEALTH
CONCERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
LACK OF ACCESS/TOO FAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
COSTS TOO MUCH ................... 53
PREFERRED METHOD
NOT AVAILABLE ................... 54
NO METHOD AVAILABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
INCONVENIENT TO USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
INTERFERES WITH BODY'S
NORMAL PROCESSES .............. 57
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
812C Would you ever use a contraceptive method if you were YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
married? NO ..................................... 2
DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
814 How many of these children would you like to be boys, BOYS GIRLS EITHER
how many would you like to be girls and for how many
would it not matter if it’s a boy or a girl? NUMBER . .
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
380 • Appendix E
SECTION 8. FERTILITY PREFERENCES
NOT
CURRENTLY CURRENTLY
820
USING USING
NOT
ASKED 822
819 Would you say that using contraception is mainly your MAINLY RESPONDENT ................... 1
decision, mainly your (husband's/partner's) decision, or MAINLY HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
did you both decide together? JOINT DECISION ......................... 3 821
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
820 Would you say that not using contraception is mainly MAINLY RESPONDENT ................... 1
your decision, mainly your (husband's/partner's) MAINLY HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
decision, or did you both decide together? JOINT DECISION ......................... 3
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
822 Does your (husband/partner) want the same number of SAME NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
children that you want, or does he want more or fewer MORE CHILDREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
than you want? FEWER CHILDREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
Appendix E • 381
SECTION 9. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND WOMAN'S WORK
IF CODE 33 OR 67,
SPECIFY COURSE:
71 = SPED UNDERGRADUATE
72 = SPED GRADUATE
98 = DON'T KNOW
906 Has your (husband/partner) done any work in the last 7 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 908
days? NO ..................................... 2
DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
907 Has your (husband/partner) done any work in the last 12 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
months? NO ..................................... 2
909
DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
909 Aside from your own housework, have you done any YES ..................................... 1 913
work in the last seven days? NO ..................................... 2
382 • Appendix E
SECTION 9. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND WOMAN'S WORK
910 As you know, some women take up jobs for which they
are paid in cash or kind. Others sell things, have a small
business or work on the family farm or in the family YES ..................................... 1 913
business. In the last seven days, have you done any of NO ..................................... 2
these things or any other work?
911 Although you did not work in the last seven days, do you
have any job or business from which you were absent YES ..................................... 1 913
for leave, illness, vacation, maternity leave, or any other NO ..................................... 2
such reason?
912 Have you done any work in the last 12 months? YES ..................................... 1
NO ..................................... 2 917
914 Do you do this work for a member of your family, for FOR FAMILY MEMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
someone else, or are you self-employed? FOR SOMEONE ELSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
SELF-EMPLOYED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
915 Do you usually work throughout the year, or do you work THROUGHOUT THE YEAR ................. 1
seasonally, or only once in a while? SEASONALLY/PART OF THE YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ONCE IN A WHILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
916 Are you paid in cash or kind for this work or are you not CASH ONLY ............................ 1
paid at all? CASH AND KIND ......................... 2
IN KIND ONLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
NOT PAID ............................... 4
919 Who usually decides how the money you earn will be RESPONDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
used: you, your (husband/partner), or you and your HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(husband/partner) jointly? RESPONDENT AND
HUSBAND/PARTNER JOINTLY ........... 3
OTHER 6
(SPECIFY)
920 Would you say that the money that you earn is more MORE THAN HIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
than what your (husband/partner) earns, less than what LESS THAN HIM ......................... 2
he earns, or about the same? ABOUT THE SAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
HUSBAND/PARTNER HAS NO EARNINGS . . . . . 4 922
DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
Appendix E • 383
SECTION 9. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND WOMAN'S WORK
922 Who usually makes decisions about health care for RESPONDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
yourself: you, your (husband/partner), you and your HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(husband/partner) jointly, or someone else? RESPONDENT AND
HUSBAND/PARTNER JOINTLY ........... 3
SOMEONE ELSE ......................... 4
OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
924 Who usually makes decisions about visits to your family RESPONDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
or relatives? HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
RESPONDENT AND
HUSBAND/PARTNER JOINTLY ........... 3
SOMEONE ELSE ......................... 4
OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
925 Do you own this or any other house either alone or ALONE ONLY ............................ 1
jointly with someone else? JOINTLY ONLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
BOTH ALONE AND JOINTLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DOES NOT OWN ......................... 4
928 Do you own any agricultural or non-agricultural land ALONE ONLY ............................ 1
either alone or jointly with someone else? JOINTLY ONLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
BOTH ALONE AND JOINTLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DOES NOT OWN ......................... 4
CHILDREN < 10 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3
HUSBAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3
OTHER MALES . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3
OTHER FEMALES . . . . . . . . 1 2 3
YES NO DK
933 In your opinion, if a minor (those ages 15 to 17) wants to YES ..................................... 1
use a contraceptive method, should she or he first seek NO ..................................... 2
written permission from their parents?
384 • Appendix E
SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS
1001 Now I would like to talk about something else. Have you YES ..................................... 1
ever heard of HIV or AIDS? NO ..................................... 2 1051
1002 HIV is the virus that can lead to AIDS. Can people YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
reduce their chance of getting HIV by having just one NO ..................................... 2
uninfected sex partner who has no other sex partners? DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
1004 Can people reduce their chance of getting HIV by using YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
a condom every time they have sex? NO ..................................... 2
DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
1005 Can people get HIV by sharing food with a person who YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
has HIV? NO ..................................... 2
DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
1006 Can people get HIV by hugging or shaking hands with a YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
person who is infected? NO ..................................... 2
DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
AT LEAST OTHER
1027
ONE 'YES'
1010 Are there any special drugs that a doctor or a nurse can YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
give to a woman infected with HIV to reduce the risk of NO ..................................... 2
transmission to the baby? DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
1027 I don't want to know the results, but have you ever been YES ..................................... 1
tested for HIV? NO ..................................... 2 1031
1028 How many months ago was your most recent HIV test?
MONTHS AGO ...................
1029 I don't want to know the results, but did you get the YES ..................................... 1
results of the test? NO ..................................... 2
Appendix E • 385
SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS
16
(SPECIFY)
PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR
(NAME OF PLACE) PRIVATE HOSPITAL/CLINIC/
PRIVATE DOCTOR ................. 21
STAND-ALONE HTC CENTER ........... 22 1035
PHARMACY ......................... 23
MOBILE HTC SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
OTHER PRIVATE MEDICAL SECTOR
26
(SPECIFY)
OTHER SOURCE
HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
WORKPLACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CORRECTIONAL FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
1031 Do you know of a place where people can go to get an YES ..................................... 1
HIV test? NO ..................................... 2 1035
K
(SPECIFY)
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
386 • Appendix E
SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS
1036 Do you think children living with HIV should be allowed YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
to attend school with children who do not have HIV? NO ..................................... 2
DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1038 Do people talk badly about people living with HIV, or YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
who are thought to be living with HIV? NO ..................................... 2
DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1041 Do you fear that you could get HIV if you come into YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
contact with the saliva of a person living with HIV? NO ..................................... 2
SAYS SHE HAS HIV ...................... 3
DON'T KNOW/NOT SURE/DEPENDS . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1051 If a wife knows her husband has a disease that she can YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
get during sexual intercourse, is she justified in asking NO ..................................... 2
that they use a condom when they have sex? DON'T KNOW ............................ 8
Appendix E • 387
SECTION 11. OTHER HEALTH ISSUES
1104 Do you currently smoke cigarettes every day, some EVERY DAY ............................ 1
days, or not at all? SOME DAYS ............................ 2
1106
NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1106 Do you currently smoke or use any other type of tobacco EVERY DAY ............................ 1
every day, some days, or not at all? SOME DAYS ............................ 2
NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1107A
1107 What other type of tobacco do you currently smoke or KRETEKS ............................... A
use? PIPES FULL OF TOBACCO ................. B
CIGARS, CHEROOTS, OR CIGARILLOS . . . . . . . . C
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. WATER PIPE/SHISHA/HOOKAH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
SNUFF BY MOUTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
SNUFF BY NOSE ......................... F
CHEWING TOBACCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
BETEL QUID WITH TOBACCO .............. H
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
1107A Do you currently drink alcohol every day, some days, or EVERY DAY ............................ 1
not at all? SOME DAYS ............................ 2
1108
NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
388 • Appendix E
WOMEN'S SAFETY MODULE
1200 CHECK COVER PAGE: WOMAN SELECTED FOR WOMEN'S SAFETY MODULE?
1201 CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF OTHERS: DO NOT CONTINUE UNTIL PRIVACY IS ENSURED.
1203 First, I am going to ask you about some situations which happen
to some women. Please tell me if these apply to your relationship
with your (last) (husband/partner)?
YES NO DK
c) He (does/did) not permit you to meet your female friends? NOT MEET FRIENDS .. 1 2 8
1204 Now I need to ask some more questions about your relationship
with your (last) (husband/partner).
A. Did your (last) (husband/partner) ever: B. How often did this happen during the last
12 months: often, only sometimes, or not at
all in the last 12 months?
Appendix E • 389
WOMEN'S SAFETY MODULE
1205 A. Did your (last) (husband/partner) ever do any of the following B. How often did this happen during the last
things to you: 12 months: often, only sometimes, or not at
all in the last 12 months?
1207 How long after you first (got married/started living together) with
your (last) (husband/partner) did (this/any of these things) first NUMBER OF YEARS .....
happen?
BEFORE MARRIAGE/BEFORE
IF LESS THAN ONE YEAR, RECORD '00'. LIVING TOGETHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
1208 Did the following ever happen as a result of what your (last)
(husband/partner) did to you:
c) You had deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or any YES ........................... 1
other serious injury? NO ........................... 2
390 • Appendix E
WOMEN'S SAFETY MODULE
1209 Have you ever hit, slapped, kicked, or done anything else to YES ........................... 1
physically hurt your (last) (husband/partner) at times when he was NO ........................... 2 1211
not already beating or physically hurting you?
1210 In the last 12 months, how often have you done this to your (last) OFTEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(husband/partner): often, only sometimes, or not at all? SOMETIMES ................... 2
NOT AT ALL ................... 3
1211 Does (did) your (last) (husband/partner) drink alcohol? YES ........................... 1
NO ........................... 2 1213
1212 How often does (did) he get drunk: often, only sometimes, or OFTEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
never? SOMETIMES ................... 2
NEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1213 Are (Were) you afraid of your (last) (husband/partner): most of the MOST OF THE TIME AFRAID . . . . . . . 1
time, sometimes, or never? SOMETIMES AFRAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NEVER AFRAID ................ 3
1215 A. So far we have been talking about the behavior of your B. How long ago did this last happen?
(current/last) (husband/partner). Now I want to ask you about
the behavior of any previous (husband/partner).
0 - 11 12+
EVER MONTHS MONTHS DON'T
AGO AGO REMEMBER
a) From the time you were 15 b) From the time you were 15 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
years old has anyone other years old has anyone hit you, NO ........................... 2
than (your/any) slapped you, kicked you, or REFUSED TO ANSWER/ 1219
(husband/partner) hit you, done anything else to hurt you NO ANSWER ................ 3
slapped you, kicked you, or physically?
done anything else to hurt
you physically?
Appendix E • 391
WOMEN'S SAFETY MODULE
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
1218 In the last 12 months, how often has (this person/have these OFTEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
persons) physically hurt you: often, only sometimes, or not at all? SOMETIMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
NOT AT ALL ................... 3
1220 Has any one ever hit, slapped, kicked, or done anything else to YES ........................... 1
hurt you physically while you were pregnant? NO ........................... 2 1222
1221 Who has done any of these things to physically hurt you while you CURRENT HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . A
were pregnant? MOTHER/STEP-MOTHER . . . . . . . . . . B
FATHER/STEP-FATHER . . . . . . . . . . C
Anyone else? SISTER/BROTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
DAUGHTER/SON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. OTHER RELATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
FORMER HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . G
CURRENT BOYFRIEND .......... H
FORMER BOYFRIEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
MOTHER-IN-LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
FATHER-IN-LAW ................ K
OTHER IN-LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L
TEACHER ...................... M
EMPLOYER/SOMEONE AT WORK. . . . . N
POLICE/SOLDIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
1222A Now I want to ask you about things that may have been done to you
by someone other than (your/any) (husband/partner). At any time in YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1223
your life, as a child or as an adult, has anyone ever forced you in any NO ........................... 2
way to have sexual intercourse or perform any other sexual acts REFUSED TO ANSWER/ 1224A
when you did not want to?
NO ANSWER ................ 3
1222B At any time in your life, as a child or as an adult, has anyone ever YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
forced you in any way to have sexual intercourse or perform any NO ........................... 2
other sexual acts when you did not want to? REFUSED TO ANSWER/ 1226
NO ANSWER ................ 3
392 • Appendix E
WOMEN'S SAFETY MODULE
1223 Who was the person who was forcing you the very first time this CURRENT HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . 01
happened? FORMER HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . 02
CURRENT/FORMER BOYFRIEND .. 03
FATHER/STEP-FATHER . . . . . . . . . . 04
BROTHER/STEP-BROTHER . . . . . . . 05
OTHER RELATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06
IN-LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
OWN FRIEND/ACQUAINTANCE . . . . . 08
FAMILY FRIEND ................ 09
TEACHER ...................... 10
EMPLOYER/SOMEONE AT WORK . . 11
POLICE/SOLDIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
PRIEST/RELIGIOUS LEADER . . . . . . . 13
STRANGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
a) How old were you the first time b) How old were you the first
you were forced to have time you were forced to AGE IN COMPLETED
sexual intercourse or perform have sexual intercourse or YEARS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
any other sexual acts by perform any other sexual
anyone, including (your/any) acts?
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
husband/partner?
1226 CHECK 1205A (a-j), 1215A (a,b), 1216, 1220, 1222A, AND 1222B:
1227 Thinking about what you yourself have experienced among the YES ........................... 1
different things we have been talking about, have you ever tried to NO ........................... 2 1229
seek help?
1228 From whom have you sought help? OWN FAMILY ................... A
HUSBAND'S/PARTNER'S FAMILY .. B
Anyone else? CURRENT/FORMER
HUSBAND/PARTNER . . . . . . . . . . C
RECORD ALL MENTIONED. CURRENT/FORMER BOYFRIEND .. D
FRIEND ...................... E
NEIGHBOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F 1229A
RELIGIOUS LEADER G
DOCTOR/MEDICAL PERSONNEL . . . . . H
POLICE ...................... I
LAWYER ...................... J
SOCIAL SERVICE ORGANIZATION. . . . . K
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
Appendix E • 393
WOMEN'S SAFETY MODULE
1229 Have you ever told any one about this? YES ........................... 1
NO ........................... 2
1229A Are you aware of the following protection orders issued under RA
9262 Anti Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004?
a) Barangay Protection Order? BPO refers to the protection order YES ........................... 1
issued by the Punong Barangay, or in his absence the Barangay NO ........................... 2
Kagawad, ordering the perpetrator to desist from committing acts
of violence against the family or household members particularly
women and their children under Sections 5a and 5b of R.A. No.
9262.
b) Temporary Protection Order? TPO refers to the protection order YES ........................... 1
issued by the court on the filing of the application and after ex NO ........................... 2
parte determination of its need. It may also be issued in the
course of a hearing, motu proprio or upon motion.
c) Permanent Protection Order? PPO refers to the protection order YES ........................... 1
issued by the court after notice and hearing. NO ........................... 2
1229B Are you aware of the following places where you could seek help
in case you need it?
1230 As far as you know, did your father ever beat your mother? YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
NO ........................... 2
DON'T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
THANK THE RESPONDENT FOR HER COOPERATION AND REASSURE HER ABOUT THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF
HER ANSWERS. FILL OUT THE QUESTIONS BELOW WITH REFERENCE TO THE WOMEN'S SAFETY MODULE
ONLY.
1232 INTERVIEWER'S COMMENTS/EXPLANATION FOR NOT COMPLETING THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODULE.
MINUTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
394 • Appendix E
INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS
SUPERVISOR'S OBSERVATIONS
Appendix E • 395
SOME CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
396 • Appendix E
16 June 2017
2017 NATIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY
FIELDWORKER QUESTIONNAIRE
PHILIPPINES LANGUAGE OF
PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY QUESTIONNAIRE
ENGLISH
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP
NAME
INSTRUCTIONS
Information on all NDHS field workers is collected as part of the NDHS survey. Please fill out the questions below. The information you provide
will be part of the survey data file; however, your name will be removed and will not be part of the data file. Thank you for providing the
information needed.
108 Have you ever had a child who died? YES ..................................... 1
NO ..................................... 2
Appendix E • 397
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP
IF CODE 33 OR 67,
SPECIFY COURSE:
71 = SPED UNDERGRADUATE
72 = SPED GRADUATE
NO RELIGION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
112 What is your ethnicity by blood? Are you Tagalog, Aeta, TAGALOG ............................... 01
Badjao, Waray, or what? CEBUANO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02
ILOKANO ............................... 03
ILONGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
BIKOLANO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05
KAPAMPANGAN ......................... 06
MARANAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
TAUSOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
398 • Appendix E
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP
OTHER X
(SPECIFY)
OTHER 96
(SPECIFY)
115 Have you ever worked on a DHS survey prior to this YES ..................................... 1
one? NO ..................................... 2
116 Have you ever worked on any other survey prior to this YES ..................................... 1
one (not a DHS)? NO ..................................... 2
117 Were you already working for the Philippine Statistics YES, PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY .. 1
Authority or the Department of Health at the time you YES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ........... 2
were employed to work on this DHS?
NO ..................................... 3 119
Appendix E • 399
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