BIO-101 From Hej
BIO-101 From Hej
BIO-101 From Hej
Characteristic of Life
knowledge or a system of knowledge 1. Organization
covering general truths or the operation of 2. Metabolism
general laws especially as obtained and 3. Growth and development
tested through scientific method (Merriam- 4. Reproduction
Webster) 5. Responsiveness / irritability
derived from the Latin word Scientia 6. Heredity
(knowledge based on demonstrable and 7. Homeostasis
reproducible data) 8. Adaptation through evolution
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Swedish physician and botanist 5. If more than 1 scientific names are given, the
Sought to discover order in the diversity of life first one that got published is adapted and the
“for the greater glory of God” others are considered synonyms.
Systema Naturae (1735)
Father of Taxonomy THE CELL
Developed binomial nomenclature
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
Basic taxa (singular: taxon-category) the first person to see and name CELLS
Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order >
Family > Genus > Species Robert Brown (1773-1858)
Discovered and named the nucleus (1833)
Means of Classifying Organisms:
1. Means of obtaining energy (autotrophic vs. Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804-1881)
heterotrophic) studied plant tissues and concluded that all
2. Modes of reproduction (asexual vs. sexual) plants are aggregates of individual cells
3. Organization (unicellular vs. multicellular) which are fully independent (1838)
4. Type of cell (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic)
5. Appearance Theodore Schwann (1810-1882)
studied animal tissues and concluded that all
Three-domain system (Six-kingdom system) animals are aggregates of individual cells
1. Bacteria which are fully independent (1839)
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902)
a. Protista In 1858, he published “Omnis cellula e
b. Plantae cellula” ("every cell originates from another
c. Fungi existing cell like it")
d. Animalia
Schwann, Schleiden and Virchow are considered
More bases of Classification: the authors of the MODERN CELL THEORY
1. Evolutionary phylogeny (phylogenetic trees)
2. DNA and biochemical analysis Cell is the basic structural and functional unit in
3. Morphology any living thing and these cells arise from
4. Embryology preexisting cells
Rules in Nomenclature:
1. Scientific name should be in Latin.
2. It is composed of the generic and the specific
names. (binomial)
3. It is written either in Italics or underlined
separately. The first letter of the genus name
is capitalized while the rest are in lower case.
(Homo sapiens ; Homo sapiens)
4. Only scientific names given after the
publication of Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae are
considered valid.
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Chemistry of the cell f. High specific heat
The CELL: Chemical Components
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MACROMOLECULES:
POLYMERIZATION
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids
i. Hexoses
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. Water
Unique Properties:
a. Cohesion - water molecules stick to each
other
b. Adhesion - water molecules stick to other
surfaces
c. Surface tension - the ability to support small ii. triose and pentoses
objects
d. Capillary action - the ability to “climb”
structures
e. Universal solvent
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b. disaccharides /double sugars
Biological Roles of Carbohydrates:
ex: maltose
sucrose 1. Energy storage (glycogen and starch)
lactose (C12H22O11) 2. Structural support (cellulose and chitin)
3. Biological recognition processes
a. Triglycerides or Fats/Oils
b. Compound lipids
1) Phospholipids
2) Glycolipids
c. Steroids
a. Triglycerides or Fats/Oils
- composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol
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Saturated (fats) : no double Unsaturated (oils): a double bond Polyunsaturated
bonds; saturated with ("kink") forms (loss of 2 hydrogens) (margarine, crisco) -
hydrogens. hydrogens are added
synthetically
Solid at room temperature - Liquids at room temperature - olive oil, Solids at room temperature -
animal fats (bacon, lard, butter, corn oil, cod liver oil, peanut oil, liquid oil converted to a solid
cheese, shortening, chocolate, almonds, mayo, sunflower oil. shortening - margarine or
coconut oil) semi-solid "soft" margarine
Levels of Structure:
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1. Primary structure - sequence of amino acids
forming a chain connected by peptide bonds
Random Coil
Alpha helix
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Factors affecting Enzyme Activity: e. inhibitors
a. Temperature
b. pH
a. Catalyst
b. Structural
c. Transport
d. regulatory
e. Defense
f. Movement
g. Storage
Nucleic Acids
monomers:
nucleotides
c. Concentration of substrate nucleotide components:
o phosphate group
o pentose sugar
o nitrogenous base (purine:
adenine & guanine) (pyrimidine:
thymine, uracil, cytosine)
d. Concentration of enzyme
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Types of Nucleic Acids:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Biological roles of Nucleic Acids:
a. Carry and transmit genetic information
b. Govern protein synthesis
TYPES OF CELL:
Types of RNA:
Eukaryotes
o Animal Cell
o Plant Cell
Prokaryote
o Bacterial Cell
Functions of Cells:
1. Gas exchange
2. Take in and digest food
3. Energy production (ATP)
4. Build molecules (macromolecules)
5. Excretion/removes waste
6. Controls internal conditions
3. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 7. Respond to external environment
8. Make more cells
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Organelle - a specialized subunit within a cell Osmosis: the diffusion of a solvent (water) down
that has a specific function, and is usually its concentration gradient across a selectively
separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer. permeable membrane
Nucleus
centrioles
Nucleolus
cilia
Mitochondrion
flagella
Lysosome
peroxisome
Ribosome
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vacuole
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Dialysis: the diffusion of a solute (salt, glucose, b. Endocytosis
etc.) across a selectively permeable membrane.
Transport Mechanisms
BULK TRANSPORT:
a. Exocytosis
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Cell Communication: controls adhesiveness Nuclear envelope: porous double-membrane
between cells that encloses it; protects nucleus and regulate
material exchange between nucleoplasm and
Cytoplasm: cytoplasm
the portion of the cell that lies within the cell Nucleolus: spherical body within the nucleus
membrane which is responsible for the manufacture of
holds many cellular constituents, including ribosomes
the organelles Chromosomes: threadlike organized structure
exists in a colloidal state (thus the term of DNA and proteins
cytosol)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): extensive network
Vacuoles and Vesicles – membrane sacs of membranes arranged as tubules and sacs
Functions: separating the lumen from the cytoplasm;
1. storage of food and/or water (food vacuole) connected to the nucleus; 2 distinct regions:
2. Storage of waste (e.g. contractile vacuoles) rough/granular ER (RER) Smooth/agranularER
(SER)
Lysosomes – membrane sacs containing Functions:
hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes; “suicide bags” 1. Manufactures membranes and
Functions: secretoryproteins
1. Digestion of food 2. Plays a role in storage, synthesis and
2. Destroy foreign materials transport of proteins
3. Clean-up and recycle 3. Carbohydrate and lipid synthesis
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Golgi apparatus
and cellular
secretion
Cytoskeleton
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NAD – nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
2. Substrate-level phosphorylation
STEPS:
(1) Anaerobic Respiration: (cytoplasm)
1. Glycolysis
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What happens to PYRUVATE?
DECARBOXYLATION: removal of CO2
DEHYDROGENATION: removal of H2
OXIDATION: loss of electrons
REDUCTION: gain of electrons
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
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SUMMARY
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