antnquake Engineering, Tenth World Conerence’ 1992 Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN90 54100605 Effect of bond and dowel action on shear capacity of RC beams Katsumi Kobayashi Fukui University Japan ABSTRACT: ‘The effect of the dowel action and the bond deterioration caused by it on the shear capacity and on the failure node was analytically discussed. Next, the condition of the bond ‘and dowel behavior for obtaining the large shear capacity was also analytically discussed. Based on those discussions, the intensive shear reinforcing arrangement was proposed. and its effectiveness was proved by experiment. 1 INTRODUCTION ‘The shear failure mode of RC bean changes from the shear tension failure mode to the shear compression failure mode and also the ultinate shear strength increases, according to the increase of the anount of shear rein~ forcement. ‘The shear force causes the in- clined shear crack. The dovel shear force facte on the main bar when the inclined shear crack reaches the main bar. If the amount of Shear reinforcement is small, the shear crack develops to the splitting crack along the main bar and the bond deterioration oc- curs in a wide region as shown in Fig.l. Finally the concrete in the compressive zone fat beam ends crushes and the bearing force decreases. This is called the shear tension failure and the large shear capacity can not. be expected. If the dowel action would be restrained and the propagation of the splitting crack along the main bar would be also restrained, the shear failure mode would move to the shear conpression failure side and also the shear capacity would increase. Of course, it agrees with this thinking to place the large amount of shear reinforcement. ‘The heavy shear reinforcement, however, disturb the good concrete casting. ‘The objective of this study is to propose ‘splitting crack Fig.1 Concept of shear tension failure 3t0t the reasonable intensive shear reinforcing arrangement, which can avoid the dense spaced arrangenent and can contribute the increase of the shear capacity, considering the effect of the bond and dowel action on the shear capacity and the failure mode. 2 CORRELATION BETWEEN BOND AND DOWEL ACTION The experiment was carried out simulating the main bar in RC beam which the shear crack crossed. Based on the experimental Feaulte, the bond etvese-alip relation model was proposed, considering the correlation with the dowel action (Kobayashi 1989, 1990). The proposed model is shown in Pig-2. The maximum bond stresa( Tay.) is 4.9HPa- Tyyy is, novever, reduced inthe region of 2 t5°S Lines of bor dismeter(d) from the position where the crack crosses the bar. Initial ond stitfonsa(ky) is 98KN/eR3. Tho second degrading bot aif tueas(@k,) (8 affected by the positional relation between the crossing crack and the stirrup, and by the magnitule Fig.2 Blond stress~slip relation modelof dowel shear force. If there is no dowel affection Gis 0.2. And @ increases up to 1.0, according to the increase of dowel af- fection. When the splitting crack along the main bar occurs, immediately the bond deteriorates fron 5,)- The deteriora tion of boga streesiBt ) vcs formeloted or at T42/ Tyay_ based on the experimental resulte. At forthe increasing slip( 4S), no correlation could be found with any parameter. Here the experimental average value (60.2) was adopted. 3 BOND AND DOWEL BEHAVIOR IN SHEAR FAILURE 3.1 Analytical model ‘The analytical model for the discussion is shown in Fig.3, The dimensions were assumed to be those of the tested beam show in Fig.6. The concrete truss connected by nodes A, By C and D represents the diagonal stress tronsfer called the arch action. ‘The other elements construct the bean mechanisn. ‘The boundary elements, which consisted of two springs, were introduced between A-E and AC, and between B-F and B-D. It is assumed that the spring, which is orthogonal to the main bar, is sufficiently rigid against the compressive force and carries some tensile force. Tf the tensile force exceeds the ten- sile strength, however, the tensile force Aisappear and the splitting crack opens. The spring, which is parallel to the main bar, represents the bond resistance and has the characteristics shown in Fig.2. 5 6 7,8 9 pore lye _ 750 Fig.3 Analytical model BIESS nee The propertios of cach element should be given some general values. In this study, however, they were roughly given from the viewpoint to investigate the qualitative be~ havior. Elements A-E and B-F had the equiv- alent axial and flexural rigidities con- ‘sidering the compression bar and the cover concrete. Elenents £-G and F-H represent the tension bar. Its axial rigidity was given the same value as that of elements A-E and B-F. Its flexural rigidity was infinitely large. The shear reinforcement has the elasto-plastic behavior and its yield stress of S8eMPa was given. The sectional area of C-D element vas determined considering the 3102 ‘Table 1 Properties of elements Hlenents E %, (x10%mpa) (on?) 1.96 8.5 1.96 8.5 0.196 40:0 01196 40.0 01196 320.0 1196 40.0 21058 0256 teneile ments A-Cy area was decided so that the truss consisted of these elements was approximately equiv- alent to the atrut of the arch mechanism stress in beam web. As for the ele- A-D, A-P, B-D, BrC and B-E, the proposed by AIJ guidelines (AIJ 1990). The properties of clement are listed in Table 1. The nodes A and H are pin-supported. The sane vertical displacements were given to ‘the nodes G and B, keeping their horizontal, Gisplacerent equal. Then, the anti-symnetric bending moment condition was produced. 3.2 Analytical result ‘The analyzed relation between the shear capacity(Q,) and the amount of shear reinforcenent(P,.,gy) is shown in Pig.d. The ultimate state was’ judged when the stress of A-C and B-D reach some critical value. In the analysis, the interval of the shear reinforcement was fixed and the area wae changed. Here, P, is the shear reinforcement ratio and ,q, is"its yield strength. When the’ drea of shear reinforcement is large, the tensile stiffness becones large land the elongation becomes small. Then, the dowel displacement of main bar and the open- ing of splitting crack are much restrained. As a result, the core concrete and the main bar act ina body together with the cover concrete, ‘Then, the compressive stress of concrete becomes small and the crush of con- crete delays. That leads to the increase of the shear capacity. Tu (MPa) 6 expected line by (nrakawa 1970) shear reinforcenent ° yielded @ cia not yield BOTS Pwrwy (MPa) Fig.4 Analyzed 0, ~ Pyyay relation‘Tho expected line by Arakawa formula (rrakawa 1970) is also indicated in Fig.4. The general characteristics of the relation between Q, and Py,g, could be well explained by this analytical fogel, 3.3 Intensive shear reinforcing In Fig.3, the most effective place is the position where the shear crack crose the main bar, in order to restrain the dowel @isplacenent and the propagation of split ting crack. Here the bean, whose P,,0, was 3.38MPa in Fig.4 was selected for ‘the! dis cussion. ‘The Nou3 and No.7 stirrups of Fig.2 were replaced by large size reinforcement. ‘Table 2 shows the shear force carried by the shear reinforcenent, the dowel action fand the other factors. It is characteristic of the intensive shear reinforcing that the shear force carried by the dowel action in= creases. It is natural that the shear capacity increases by the intensive shear reinforcement, The increase of shear capacity was, however, larger than that by the uniformly dispersed shear reinforcement. Figure 5 shows the strain distribution on main bar and shear reinforcement. Not so much difference can be seen, because the shear reinforcement does not yield, Even in such a case, the intensive shear reinforcing increase the dowel shear force of main bar. ment is If the intensive shear reinforce placed at the position of No.2 and No.8 in Fig.3, they act as the shear reinforcements as well as the confining reinforcements against the dowel action and carry the shear force directly. Any way, the intensive shear reinforcement has more effectiveness than the uniformly placed ehear reinforcement. 4 EXPERIMENT SERTES-I ON INTENSIVE SHEAR REINFORCING 4.1 Specimens The cross section (bxO) is 13cm x 25cm and the shear span to depth ratio is 1.5. The specinens were longitudinally reinforced by Geforned bars of 16 mm in diameter. Fifteen stirrups of 4 mm in diameter were arranged in the clear span. No.1 specimen, whose stirrups are uniformly placed, is shown in Pig.é. The tested specimens are listed in table 3. In the specimen No.2 to No.4, three to five stirrups were bundled and placed at the same position. The interval of the stix- rups became wide according to the number of the bundled stirrups. The mechanical properties of reinforcing bars and concrete fare sunmarized in Table 4 and Table 5. je ae eer Ane Teae TGR, 9, Sreee tain Toe Sars soo! ssa Gay NINE 0 se ef a bene Sito Sess Snlsa Va a ‘IsRiintensive Shear Reinforcenent. Case-A and Case-C have the uniformly placed shear reinforcement. Case-8 and Case-C have the same anount of shear xeinforcement Fig.6 Test specimen (No. Table 3 Test specimens Wes? 3 1200 +1 11+ + ie Sexoin of main bar A |_| case-e geo | . i Aol ~ ovo L 4 Broun LARA ORL | Table 4 Properties of reinforcing bars a Strain of {~case-B shear xeinf. |S |) | | ie a, Geax __8f ___ Blongation Ft 3 ced) tMBaF Cro upay (a) Pig.5 strain distribution on ain bar end O18 940.8 1009.81.09 1 shear ceinforcenent, 4g 269.0 363112104 38 3103