UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

C.M. Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City, 9000 Misamis Oriental, Philippines

College of Engineering and Architecture

Electrical Engineering Department

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL

(Subject Code and Descriptive Title)

Prepared by:
Abdul Halil S. Abdullah II
Jamali A. Nagamora

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: AC Machinery Fundamentals Page No.

1
Lecture 1. Title of Topic ………………………….……………………………………
Lecture 2. Title of Topic ………………………….……………………………………

CHAPTER 2: (TITLE)
Lecture __. Title of Topic ………………………….……………………………………
Lecture __. Title of Topic ………………………….……………………………………

CHAPTER 3: (TITLE)

2
1. A simple loop in a uniform magnetic field
- The voltage induced in a simple rotating loop
- The Torque induced in a current-carrying loop

2. The Rotating Magnetic Field

- Proof of the rotating magnetic field concept
- The relationship between Electrical Frequency and the Speed of Magnetic field rotation
- Reversing the direction of magnetic field rotation

3. Magnetomotive Force and Flux Distribution on AC Machines

4. Induced Voltage in AC Machines

- The induced voltage in a coil on a two-pole stator
- The induced voltage in a three-phase set of coils
- The RMS voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

5. Induced Torque in an AC Machines

AC Machines

Synchronous Induction Machines

Machines

Magnetic field current is Field current is supplied

supplied by a separate dc by magnetic induction
power source (transformer action) into
their field windings.

The field circuits are located

on their rotors.

3
 1. A simple loop in a uniform magnetic field

The figure below shows a simple rotating loop in a uniform magnetic field. (a) is the front view
and (b) is the view of the coil. The rotating part is called the rotor, and the stationary part is called
the stator.

This case in not representative of real ac machines (flux in real ac machines is not constant in
either magnitude or direction). However, the factors that control the voltage and torque on the
loop are the same as the factors that control the voltage and torque in real ac machines.

The voltage induced in a simple rotating loop

If the rotor (loop) is rotated, a voltage will be induced in the wire loop. To determine the
magnitude and shape, examine the phasors below:

To determine the total voltage induced etot on the loop, examine each segment of the loop
separately and sum all the resulting voltages. The voltage on each segment is given by equation

eind = (v x B) . l

(Remember that these ideas all revert back to the linear DC machine concepts in Chapter 1).

1. Segment ab

The velocity of the wire is tangential to the path of rotation, while the magnetic field B points to the
right. The quantity v x B points into the page, which is the same direction as segment ab. Thus, the
induced voltage on this segment is:

4
 eba = (v x B) . l
= vBl sin θab into the page

2. Segment bc
In the first half of this segment, the quantity v x B points into the page, and in the second half
of this segment, the quantity v x B points out of the page. Since the length l is in the plane of
the page, v x B is perpendicular to l for both portions of the segment. Thus,
ecb = 0

3. Segment cd
The velocity of the wire is tangential to the path of rotation, while B points to the right. The
quantity
v x B points into the page, which is the same direction as segment cd. Thus,

ecd = (v x B) . l
= vBl sin θcd out of the page

4. Segment da
same as segment bc, v x B is perpendicular to l. Thus,
eda = 0

Total induced voltage on the loop eind = eba + ecb + edc + ead
= vBl sin θab + vBl sin θcd
= 2 vBL sinθ

since θab = 180º - θcd and sin θ = sin

(180º - θ ) Alternative way to express eind:

If the loop is rotating at a constant angular velocity ω, then the angle θ of the loop will increase
linearly with time.
θ = ωt

also, the tangential velocity v of the edges of the loop is:

v= r ω

where r is the radius from axis of rotation out to the edge of the loop and ω is the angular
velocity of the loop. Hence,
eind = 2r ωBl sin ωt
since area, A =
2rl,
eind = ABω sin ωt

Finally, since maximum flux through the loop occurs when the loop is perpendicular to the
magnetic flux density lines, so
= AB
φ max
Thus,

eind
= φ max ω sin ωt
5
From here we may conclude that the induced voltage is dependent upon:
• Flux level (the B component)
• Speed of Rotation (the v component)
• Machine Constants (the l component and machine materials)

The Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop

Assume that the rotor loop is at some arbitrary angle θ wrt the magnetic field, and that current is
flowing in the loop.

To determine the magnitude and direction of the torque, examine the phasors below:

The force on each segment of the loop is given by:

F = i (l x B )
τ = rF sinθ
Torque on that segment,

1. Segment ab
6
 The direction of the current is into the page, while the magnetic field B points to the right. (l x B)
points down. Thus,
F = i (l x B )
= ilB down
Resulting torque, τ = (F )(r sin θ )
ab ab

= rilB sin θ ab clockwise

2. Segment bc
The direction of the current is in the plane of the page, while the magnetic field B points to the right.
(l x B) points into the page. Thus,
F = i (l x B)
= ilB into the page

Resulting torque is zero, since vector r and l are parallel and the angle θbc is 0.

τ bc = (F)(r sin θ ab )
=0
3. Segment cd
The direction of the current is out of the page, while the magnetic field B points to the right. (l x B)
points up. Thus,
F = i (l x B)
= ilB up
Resulting torque, τ cd = (F)(r sin θ cd )

= rilB sin θ cd Clockwise

4. Segment da
The direction of the current is in the plane of the page, while the magnetic field B points to the right.
(l x B) points out of the page. Thus,
F = i (l x B)
= ilB out of the page

Resulting torque is zero, since vector r and l are parallel and the angle θda is 0.

τ da = (F)(r sin θ da )
=0
The total induced torque on the loop:

τ ind = τ ab + τ bc + τ cd + τ da

= rilB sin θ ab + rilB sin θ cd

= rilB sin θ
7
Note : the torque is maximum when the plane of the loop is parallel to the magnetic field, and the torque
is zero when the plane of the loop is perpendicular to the magnetic field.

An alternative way to express the torque equation can be done which clearly relates the behaviour of the
single loop to the behaviour of larger ac machines. Examine the phasors below:

If the current in the loop is as shown, that current will generate a magnetic flux density Bloop with the
direction shown. The magnitude of Bloop is:
μi
Bloop =
G

Where G is a factor that depends on the geometry of the loop.

The area of the loop A is 2rl and substituting these two equations into the torque equation earlier yields:

AG
τ = B B sin θ
μ
ind loop S

= kBloop BS sin θ
Where k=AG/µ is a factor depending on the construction of the machine, BS is used for the stator
magnetic field to distinguish it from the magnetic field generated by the rotor, and θ is the angle between
Bloop and BS.

Thus, τ ind = kBloop xBS

From here, we may conclude that torque is dependent upon:

• Strength of rotor magnetic field

• Strength of stator magnetic field
• Angle between the 2 fields
• Machine constants

2. The Rotating Magnetic Field

Before we have looked at how if two magnetic fields are present in a machine, then a torque will be
created which will tend to line up the two magnetic fields. If one magnetic field is produced by the stator
of an ac machine and the other by the rotor, then a torque will be induced in the rotor which will cause
the rotor to turn and align itself with the stator magnetic field.

If there were some way to make the stator magnetic field rotate, then the induced torque in the rotor
would cause it to ‘chase’ the stator magnetic field.

How do we make the stator magnetic field to rotate?

Fundamental principle – a 3-phase set of currents, each of equal magnitude and differing in phase by
120º, flows in a 3-phase winding, then it will produce a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude.
The rotating magnetic field concept is illustrated below – empty stator containing 3 coils 120º apart. It is
a 2-pole winding (one north and one south).

8
 (a) A simple three phase stator. Currents in (b) The magnetizing intensity vector Haa’
this stator are assumed positive if they flow (t) produced by a current flowing in coil
into the unprimed end and out the primed end aa’.
of the coils.

Let’s apply a set of currents to the stator above and see what happens at specific instants
of time. Assume currents in the 3 coils are:
iaa ' (t ) = I M sin ωt A
sin( ω t − 120 °) A
i bb ' (t ) = I M

i cc ' (t ) = I M sin( ω t − 240 °) A

The current in coil aa’ flows into the a end of the coil and out the a’ end of the coil. It
produces the magnetic field intensity:

H aa ' (t ) = H M sin ω t∠ 0 ° A • turns / m

H bb ' (t ) = H M sin( ω t − 120 °) ∠120 ° A • turns / m

H cc ' (t ) = H M sin( ω t − 240 °) ∠ 240 ° A • turns / m
The flux densities equations are:

B aa ' (t ) = B M sin ω t∠ 0 ° T

B bb ' (t ) = B M sin( ω t − 120 °) ∠120 ° T

B cc ' (t ) = B M sin( ω t − 240 °) ∠ 240 ° T

Where BM = µ HM.

At time ω t = 0 °

B aa ' = 0
B bb ' = B M sin( − 120 °) ∠120 ° T
B cc ' = B M sin( − 240 °) ∠ 240 ° T
9
The total magnetic field from all three coils added together will be

Bnet = Baa’ + Bbb’ +Bcc’

⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
= 0 + ⎜⎜ − BM ⎟⎟∠120° + ⎜⎜ − BM ⎟⎟∠240°
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= 1.5B M ∠ − 90°

At time ω t = 90 °

B aa ' = B M ∠ 0 °
B bb ' = − 0 .5 B M ∠120 ° T

B cc ' = − 0 .5 B M ∠ 240 ° T

10
The total magnetic field from all three coils added together will be

Bnet = Baa’ + Bbb’

+Bcc’
= BM ∠0 + (− 0.5BM )∠120° + (− 0.5BM )∠240°
= 1.5B M ∠0°

11