Pfi Es-24
Pfi Es-24
Pfi Es-24
Prepared by
Pipe Fabrication Institute Engineering Committee
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Copyright by
WEB SITE
www.pfi-institute.org
METRIC CONVERSIONS
The conversion of quantities between systems of units involves a determination of the number of significant digits to be retained.
All conversions depend upon the intended precision of the original quantity and are rounded to the appropriate accuracy.
Pipe sizes together with applicable wall thicknesses are not shown with metric equivalents.
The SI (metric) values where included with the customary U.S. values in this Standard are the rounded equivalents of the U.S.
values and are for reference only.
Metric units were derived utilizing the following conversion factor:
FIGURE 2.1
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3.3 While the bending equipment used in many of the HEATING DEVICE
methods is generically the same, there may be
differences in bending procedures, material
allowances, hold and pull legs, wall thickness,
etc., between bending fabricators.
4. Welds in Bends
4.1 In some instances it is not practical to utilize pipe
ROTATING BEND DIE of sufficient length to satisfy the required arc
length of the bend. When it becomes necessary to
join lengths of pipe resulting in a circumferential
FIGURE 3.5.1
butt weld in the arc of a pipe bend, the following
ROTARY DRAW BENDING
practices should be considered:
3.5.2 RAM BENDING:
In ram bending, the pipe is held by two 4.1.1 Pipes to be welded should be selected to
supporting dies and a force is applied by provide the best uniformity possible at the
means of a hydraulic ram to a forming shoe mating ends. Pipe wall thickness shall not be
located at the center of the workpiece. The less than the design minimum plus bend
supporting dies rotate on their mounting thinning allowance (see section 7.0).
pins so that they follow the pipe and 4.1.2 End preparation for welding shall be in
maintain external support throughout the accordance with the qualified welding
operation. procedure to be used. Internal counterboring
should be avoided wherever possible. During
SUPPORT
DIE
fit-up of the joint, the pipes should be rotated
HYDRAULIC RAM
or aligned as necessary to provide the least
amount of I.D. and/or O.D. mismatch and the
best transition across the weld.
4.1.3 The welding procedure must be qualified in
accordance with the governing Code for the
FORMING SHOE thermal exposures, (if any) excepted in
bending and heat treatment.
4.1.4 After completion of the circumferential butt
FIGURE 3.5.2 weld, but before bending, the O.D. and I.D.
RAM BENDING (where accessible) of the weld should be
ground to remove excess weld reinforcement
3.5.3 ROLL BENDING: and blended smoothly into the base metal.
In roll bending, three forming rolls of
approximately the same diameter arranged in 4.1.5 It is good practice to examine the
a pyramid are used. The two fixed rolls circumferential butt weld by radiography
oppose the adjustable center roll. The pipe is prior to and after bending, whether or not
passed through the rolls with the position of such radiography is required by the
the adjustable roll controlling the bend applicable Code.
radius.
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6.6 Two examples are given for the determination of the minimum bending radius by the design
minimum recommended wall thickness and engineer.
bending radius combinations for a given pipe
size. 6.8 Cold bending ranges can vary significantly with
the process and degree of specialized tool used.
Example A: Determine minimum permissible Figure 6.8.1 can be used to select the type of bend
bending radius required for furnace or the process required.
bending 12"-Extra Strong carbon
steel pipe per ASTM A 106-Grade
B.
(1) Determine the diameter to wall thickness
ratio. 12" X-Stg. is 12.75" O.D. with a .500"
nominal wall. Under ASTM A 106, the
minimum wall is .438". Therefore Dn/T =
12.75/.438 = 29.l.
TA MA
RO
W
7 LL M manufacturing tolerance, and tm is derived from
M
B A
RA
I-
6 ULT
WIT
HM
I-BAL
L equation (3) of B31.1, par. 104.1.2. The most
5 AW MULT
Y DR AW WITH IE conservative values over that range of pipe sizes
R D
4 TAR RY D IPER
RO ROTA ND W and wall thicknesses where used.
3 REL A
MAND
2
1 TABLE 7.2.1
0 FURNACE BENDING
0 25 50 75 100 125 150
Bend Minimum Thickness Factored
FIGURE 6.8.1 Radius Prior to Bending Thickness
COLD BENDING RANGE
6D 1.06 tm 1.03 tm
7. Material Allowances 5D 1.08 tm 1.04 tm
4D 1.14 tm 1.09 tm
7.1 The following recommendations for material 3D 1.25 tm 1.19 tm
allowances will vary with the bending method,
material, pipe size, bend radius and the bend TABLE 7.2.2
fabricator's equipment. It is suggested that the INDUCTION AND INCREMENTAL BENDING
purchaser contact the fabricator for specific
information. Bend Minimum Thickness Factored
Radius Prior to Bending Thickness
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Nominal pipe size 1" thru 2" 2½" thru 3½" 4" thru 48"
Pulling End 6" 8" 2D (10" min)
Holding End 6" 8" 1.5D (10" min)
Tangent Between Bends (Tm) 6" 9" 1D (12" min)*
*Note: 9" min for 4" pipe. 10" min for 5" pipe.
TABLE 7.5.1
MINIMUM TANGENT LENGTHS FOR FURNACE BENDS
R
various processes are given in Tables 7.5.1, 7.5.2,
and 7.5.3. Definition of these tangent lengths can
R
TABLE 7.5.3
MINIMUM TANGENT LENGTHS FOR COLD BENDING
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Radius of
Bend (Dim C) Plane of Bend
(Angle between
Two Bend Planes)
Ovality Tolerence :
Minor The difference
Dia. between the major
and minor axis (percent)
Tangent Line
Flat Plane
Nom. Major
of Bend
Dia. Dia.
Degree of
Bend
Ovality
(2 x size)
Tangent Line
Elevation
Figure 9.3
Tolerences
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PIPE BEND ORDER FORM
FORM 9.1